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=
=
=
C
r
r j
C
r
r j r j
j
Ih
Ip Ih
1
,
1
, ,
Ih = 1
Ih = 1
Open hydrant
Open hydrant
Ih = 0
Ih = 0
Close hydrant
Close hydrant
Ip = 1
Ip = 1
H
H
H
min
H
min
Ip = 0
Ip = 0
< << <
< << < H
H
H
min
H
min
900
1200
1500
D
i
s
c
h
a
r
g
e
(
l
/
s
)
0
300
600
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1
0
1
1
1
2
1
3
1
4
1
5
1
6
1
7
1
8
1
9
2
0
2
1
2
2
2
3
2
4
Time (h)
D
i
s
c
h
a
r
g
e
(
l
/
s
)
900
1200
1500
D
i
s
c
h
a
r
g
e
(
l
/
s
)
DEMANDE
HYDROGRAPH
Low Pressure
High Pressure
0
300
600
900
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1
0
1
1
1
2
1
3
1
4
1
5
1
6
1
7
1
8
1
9
2
0
2
1
2
2
2
3
2
4
Time (h)
D
i
s
c
h
a
r
g
e
(
l
/
s
)
0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
(
H
-
H
m
i
n
)
/
H
m
i
n
Hydrants Analysis
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
-5.0
-4.5
-4.0
-3.5
-3.0
-2.5
-2.0
-1.5
-1.0
-0.5
Hydrants numbering
(
H
-
H
m
i
n
)
/
H
m
i
n
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
R
e
l
i
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
Hydrants Analysis (reliability)
0 90 180 270 360 450 540 630 720 810 900
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
Hydrants numbering
R
e
l
i
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
Maps selection and
up-dating
Digitizing
TECHNICAL SOLUTIONS TECHNICAL SOLUTIONS
Transformation model
I
n
p
u
t
D
a
t
a
b
a
s
e
ArcView GIS
Simulation with AKLA
Output
Data assessment
Input
5
7
6
8
9
10
Cerignola
District distribution conduit
Venturimeter
Boundary of the scheme
Boundary of the district
Number of the district
4
5
CAPACCIOTTI DAM
Conveyance conduit
Venturimeter
District distribution conduits
Ofanto river
Reservoir
Conveyance conduit
5
7
6
8
9
10
Cerignola
District distribution conduit
Venturimeter
Boundary of the scheme
Boundary of the district
Number of the district
4
5
CAPACCIOTTI DAM
Conveyance conduit
Venturimeter
District distribution conduits
Ofanto river
Reservoir
Conveyance conduit
DEFICIT DE PRESSION (H-Hmin)/Hmin Q=1200 l/s
DEFICIT DE PRESSION (H-Hmin)/Hmin - Q= 700 l/s
V
in
E= V
out
/V
in
V
out
0,96
0,97
0,98
0,99
1,00
E
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
DISTRIBUTION EFFICIENCY DISTRIBUTION EFFICIENCY
0,94
0,95
0,96
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
Year
E
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
P
r
e
s
s
i
o
n
e
(
m
)
Working parameters of the on-
farm network
H=33 m
Q=15.31 l/sec
Hmax=54 m
Hmin =26 m
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Portata (l/sec)
P
r
e
s
s
i
o
n
e
(
m
)
H=21 m
Q=12.84 l/sec
H= 21 m
CU = 63%
DU = 67%
DE
90
= 60%
dn
90
= 3mm/h
H = 33 m
CU = 74%
DU = 80%
DE
90
= 80%
dn
90
= 4.5mm/h
CAS 1:
E
G,1
= 0.95 x 0.60 = 0.57
CAS 1:
E
G,1
= 0.95 x 0.60 = 0.57
SIMPLE CALCULATION: SIMPLE CALCULATION:
CAS 2:
E = 0.95 x 0.80 = 0.76
CAS 2:
E = 0.95 x 0.80 = 0.76
E = (0.76 0.57)/0.57= 0.33 = + 33% E = (0.76 0.57)/0.57= 0.33 = + 33%
E
G,2
= 0.95 x 0.80 = 0.76 E
G,2
= 0.95 x 0.80 = 0.76
RESEARCH
INSTITUTES
MANAGERS
MANUFACTURERS
TECHNOLOGICAL
INNOVATIONS
ENERGY ENERGY
CONSUMPTION
Q
t
Da
AGADIR
(MAROCCO)
Z ( m a.s.l.)
UPPER ENVELOPE
Z
max
P
0
Z
0
Representative points of the hydraulic performance of a network
LOWER ENVELOPE
UPSTREAM DISCHARGE (l s
-1
)
Q
0
Q
max
X %
79
85
91
97
103
10%
90%
P
i
e
z
o
m
e
t
r
i
c
E
l
e
v
a
t
i
o
n
(
m
a
.
s
.
l
.
)
Configuration Analysis
93%
50 105 160 215 270 325 380 435 490 545 600
43
49
55
61
67
73
Discharges (l/s)
P
i
e
z
o
m
e
t
r
i
c
E
l
e
v
a
t
i
o
n
(
m
a
.
s
.
l
.
)
10%
SET POINT
55
60
65
70
U
P
S
T
R
E
A
M
H
E
A
D
(
m
)
P
0
4
a
a
b
a
2
5
3
62
40
45
50
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
DISCHARGE (l/s)
U
P
S
T
R
E
A
M
H
E
A
D
(
m
)
PP
1
c
d
b
a
a
b
b
2
93% indexed characteristic curve
325
150
180
210
240
270
P
O
W
E
R
(
K
W
)
30
60
90
120
50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300 325 350
DISCHARGE (l/s)
P
O
W
E
R
(
K
W
)
PLANT A
PLANT B
Energy consumption and energy saving Energy consumption and energy saving
Type of regulation
Energy
consuption
(KWh)
Energy saving
respect to the
current regulation
(%)
Dist 1a Dist 1b Dist 1a Dist 1b Type of regulation Dist 1a Dist 1b Dist 1a Dist 1b
Regulation 3 223434 127004
27 35
Regulation 1-2 234613 135784
24 30
Current regulation 308700 196094
0 0
Constant speed 329223 211615
- 7 -8
NON NON--TECHNICAL TECHNICAL
APPROACHES APPROACHES
NON NON--TECHNICAL TECHNICAL
APPROACHES APPROACHES
WHAT IS PARTICIPATORY
IRRIGATION MANAGEMENT
(PIM)
Involvement of irrigation users in all Involvement of irrigation users in all
aspects aspects and at all and at all levels levels of irrigation of irrigation aspects aspects and at all and at all levels levels of irrigation of irrigation
management. management.
Transfer of irrigation systems from Transfer of irrigation systems from
public organizations (Gov public organizations (Govts) to ts) to
WUAs. WUAs.
Different priorities:
Government vs. Water Users
Conflicting objectives of two main stakeholders:
Government
Water users
Promote efficiency and economy
Government
- Reduce the burden on national
budget by shifting responsibility
for O&M to the users
- Promote efficiency and economy
in water use
Farmers
- Reliable water supply
- Low water delivery costs
- Increase Income
GOVERNMENT HAS LIMITED RESOURCES
PRIORITY GIVEN TO
INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT
RESULTS
LIMITED RESOURCES FOR MAINTENANCE
GOVERNMENT HAS LIMITED RESOURCES
PRIORITY GIVEN TO
INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT
RESULTS
LIMITED RESOURCES FOR MAINTENANCE
- FARMERS ARE NOT - FARMERS ARE NOT
- SYSTEM DETERIORATION
- LOW PERFORMANCE
- UNRELIABLE WATER SUPPLY
- SYSTEM DETERIORATION
- LOW PERFORMANCE
- UNRELIABLE WATER SUPPLY
- FARMERS ARE NOT
SATISFIED WITH
SERVICE
- THEY ARE RELUCTANT
TO CONTRIBUTE TO
THE SYSTEM
MANTAINANCE
- FARMERS ARE NOT
SATISFIED WITH
SERVICE
- THEY ARE RELUCTANT
TO CONTRIBUTE TO
THE SYSTEM
MANTAINANCE
COLTIVATORI DIRETTI
(small farms)
(farmers who coltivate
COLTIVATORI DIRETTI
(small farms)
(farmers who coltivate
FARMERS ASSOCIATIONS FARMERS ASSOCIATIONS
UNIONE AGRICOLTORI
(large farms)
(Farmers)
UNIONE AGRICOLTORI
(large farms)
(Farmers)
CONFEDER. AGRICOLTORI
(small farms)
(farmers who coltivate
CONFEDER. AGRICOLTORI
(small farms)
(farmers who coltivate
CONSORZIO DI BONIFICA OF CAPITANATA (Italy) CONSORZIO DI BONIFICA OF CAPITANATA (Italy)
(farmers who coltivate
their own land)
(farmers who coltivate
their own land)
(Farmers) (Farmers)
(farmers who coltivate
their own land)
(farmers who coltivate
their own land)
ELECTION OF THE
GOVERNING BOARD
(79 600 owners)
BOARD OF DELEGATES BOARD OF DELEGATES
90 PEOPLE
(Direct election)
90 PEOPLE
(Direct election)
18 PEOPLE
(Representative of
Communes and Region)
18 PEOPLE
(Representative of
Communes and Region)
SELECTION
BOARD OF DELEGATES BOARD OF DELEGATES
IRRIGATION IRRIGATION
1
PRESIDENT
1
PRESIDENT
COMMISSIONS
(1 President)
COMMISSIONS
(1 President)
AUDITORS AUDITORS
ADMINISTRATIVE
DEPUTATION
ADMINISTRATIVE
DEPUTATION
2 Vice-
PRESIDENT
2 Vice-
PRESIDENT
PERSONNEL PERSONNEL MANTEINANCE MANTEINANCE BUDGET BUDGET ............ ............
GENERAL DIRECTOR GENERAL DIRECTOR
WATERSHED
MANAGEMENT
WATERSHED
MANAGEMENT
DIRECTOR OF
ADMINISTRATION
DIRECTOR OF
ADMINISTRATION
DIRECTOR OF
AGRICULTURAL SERVICE
DIRECTOR OF
AGRICULTURAL SERVICE
DIRECTOR OF
ENGINEERING SERVICE
DIRECTOR OF
ENGINEERING SERVICE
LEGAL SESSION LEGAL SESSION
BIG WORKS
- Design
- Supervision
BIG WORKS
- Design
- Supervision
PERSONNEL PERSONNEL
EXTENSION
SERVICE
EXTENSION
SERVICE
IRRIGATION IRRIGATION
- 1 pick-up for each
group of workers
- 1 Truck
- 1 Excavator
- 1 pick-up for each
group of workers
- 1 Truck
- 1 Excavator
PERIFERICAL OFFICE (1 each 10 000 - 15 000 ha)
1 Head + 1 Assigned at the office job +
3 Workers (in charge for repairing)
2-3 Groups of 2 Workers (in charge for controlling
and maintanance)
PERIFERICAL OFFICE (1 each 10 000 - 15 000 ha)
1 Head + 1 Assigned at the office job +
3 Workers (in charge for repairing)
2-3 Groups of 2 Workers (in charge for controlling
and maintanance)
- Supervision
- Manteinance
..................
- Supervision
- Manteinance
..................
ESPROPRIATIONS ESPROPRIATIONS
CONTRACTS CONTRACTS
....................... .......................
TARIFF RULES TARIFF RULES
COST OF MAINTENANCE
(on the base of the
previous Year Budget)
COST OF MAINTENANCE
(on the base of the
previous Year Budget)
WATER AVAILABILITY WATER AVAILABILITY
BUDGET BUDGET
Available water volume
Irrigable Area
Available water volume
Irrigable Area
OTHER COSTS
(on the base of the
OTHER COSTS
(on the base of the
previous Year Budget) previous Year Budget)
VARIABLE RATE
(/m
3
)
VARIABLE RATE
(/m
3
)
Irrigable Area
=
2000 m
3
/ha
Irrigable Area
=
2000 m
3
/ha
(on the base of the
previous Year Budget)
(on the base of the
previous Year Budget)
FIXED RATE
(/ha)
FIXED RATE
(/ha)
0.09 /m
3
0 - 2000 m
3
/ha 0.09 /m
3
0 - 2000 m
3
/ha
0.24 /m
3
2500 - 3000 " 0.24 /m
3
2500 - 3000 "
0.18 /m
3
2000 - 2500 " 0.18 /m
3
2000 - 2500 "
0.32 /m
3
> 3000 " 0.32 /m
3
> 3000 "
Cost of maintenance
Irrigable Area
=
15 /ha
Cost of maintenance
Irrigable Area
=
15 /ha
Other Costs
Available Water Volume
=
Price of Water - P ($/m
3
)
Other Costs
Available Water Volume
=
Price of Water - P ($/m
3
)
DISTRICT 4 Sx Ofanto
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
Q
s
(
l
/
(
s
h
a
)
)
Qs Computed
Qs Measured
0
0.2
0.4
60 90 120 150 180
June July August September
IMPORTANCE OF THE TRAINING:
FROM THE CLASSROOM TO THE FIELD