VII.

STRICT LIABILITY TORTS

a. Possessor of Animals (Art. 2183)
The possessor of an animal or whoever may make use of
the same is responsible for the damage which it may
cause, although it may escape or be lost. This responsibility
shall cease only in case the damage should come from
force majeure or from the fault of the person who has suffered
damage.
CASES
!. VSTIL V. CO!RT O" APPALS# 1$% SCRA &$
'. (an)fa*t)rers an+ ,ro*essors of foo+st)ffs (Art. 218$)
"anufacturers and processors of foodstuffs, drinks, toilet
articles and similar goods shall be liable for death or injuries
caused by any no#ious or harmful substances used, although no
contractual relation e#ists between them and the consumers.
CASS-
1. .!ILATCO VS. CITY O" /A.!PA0 ..R. 0O. 11211
*. 3ea+ of "amil4 (Art. 21%3)
The head of a family that lives in a building or a part thereof,
is responsible for damages caused by things thrown or falling
from the same.
CASES
!. /I0.CO0. V. 5A0AA0# $2 P3IL 1&
d. Allie+ La6s- Se* %$7182# Cons)mer A*t9 Se*. 31#
Cor,oration Co+e
P3ILIPPI0 CO0S!(R ACT:C3APTR V: LIABILITY
"OR PRO/!CT A0/ SRVIC-
Arti*le %$. $iability for the %efective &roducts. ; An4 "ili,ino or
forei<n man)fa*t)rer# ,ro+)*er# an+ an4 im,orter# s=all 'e lia'le
for re+ress# in+e,en+entl4 of fa)lt# for +ama<es *a)se+ to
*ons)mers '4 +efe*ts res)ltin< from +esi<n# man)fa*t)re#
*onstr)*tion# assem'l4 an+ ere*tion# form)las an+ =an+lin< an+
ma>in< ),# ,resentation or ,a*>in< of t=eir ,ro+)*ts# as 6ell as
for t=e ins)ffi*ient or ina+e?)ate information on t=e )se an+
=a@ar+s t=ereof.
A ,ro+)*t is +efe*tiAe 6=en it +oes not offer t=e safet4 ri<=tf)ll4
eB,e*te+ of it# ta>in< releAant *ir*)mstan*es into *onsi+eration#
in*l)+in< ')t not limite+ to-
a) ,resentation of ,ro+)*t9
') )se an+ =a@ar+s reasona'l4 eB,e*te+ of it9
*) t=e time it 6as ,)t into *ir*)lation.
A ,ro+)*t is not *onsi+ere+ +efe*tiAe 'e*a)se anot=er 'etter
?)alit4 ,ro+)*t =as 'een ,la*e+ in t=e mar>et.
T=e man)fa*t)rer# ')il+er# ,ro+)*er or im,orter s=all not 'e =el+
lia'le 6=en it eAi+en*es-
a) t=at it +i+ not ,la*e t=e ,ro+)*t on t=e mar>et9
') t=at alt=o)<= it +i+ ,la*e t=e ,ro+)*t on t=e mar>et s)*=
,ro+)*t =as no +efe*t9
*) t=at t=e *ons)mer or a t=ir+ ,art4 is solel4 at fa)lt.
Arti*le %8. $iability of Tradesman or Seller. ; T=e
tra+esman:seller is li>e6ise lia'le# ,)rs)ant to t=e ,re*e+in<
arti*le 6=en9
a) it is not ,ossi'le to i+entif4 t=e man)fa*t)rer# ')il+er# ,ro+)*er
or im,orter.
') t=e ,ro+)*t is s),,lie+# 6it=o)t *lear i+entifi*ation of t=e
man)fa*t)rer# ,ro+)*er# ')il+er or im,orter9
*) =e +oes not a+e?)atel4 ,reserAe ,eris=a'le <oo+s. T=e ,art4
ma>in< ,a4ment to t=e +ama<e+ ,art4 ma4 eBer*ise t=e ri<=t to
re*oAer a ,art of t=e 6=ole of t=e ,a4ment ma+e a<ainst t=e
ot=er res,onsi'le ,arties# in a**or+an*e 6it= t=eir ,art or
res,onsi'ilit4 in t=e *a)se of t=e +ama<e effe*te+.
Arti*le %%. $iability for %efective Services. ; T=e serAi*e s),,lier
is lia'le for re+ress# in+e,en+entl4 of fa)lt# for +ama<es *a)se+
to *ons)mers '4 +efe*ts relatin< to t=e ren+erin< of t=e serAi*es#
as 6ell as for ins)ffi*ient or ina+e?)ate information on t=e fr)ition
an+ =a@ar+s t=ereof.
T=e serAi*e is +efe*tiAe 6=en it +oes not ,roAi+e t=e safet4 t=e
*ons)mer ma4 ri<=tf)ll4 eB,e*t of it# ta>in< t=e releAant
*ir*)mstan*es into *onsi+eration# in*l)+in< ')t not limite+ to-
a) t=e manner in 6=i*= it is ,roAi+e+9
') t=e res)lt of =a@ar+s 6=i*= ma4 reasona'l4 'e eB,e*te+ of it9
*) t=e time 6=en it 6as ,roAi+e+.
A serAi*e is not *onsi+ere+ +efe*tiAe 'e*a)se of t=e )se or
intro+)*tion of ne6 te*=ni?)es.
T=e s),,lier of t=e serAi*es s=all not 'e =el+ lia'le 6=en it is
,roAen-
a) t=at t=ere is no +efe*t in t=e serAi*e ren+ere+9
') t=at t=e *ons)mer or t=ir+ ,art4 is solel4 at fa)lt.
Arti*le 188. $iability for &roduct and Service 'mperfection. ; T=e
s),,liers of +)ra'le or non+)ra'le *ons)mer ,ro+)*ts are Cointl4
lia'le for im,erfe*tions in ?)alit4 t=at ren+er t=e ,ro+)*ts )nfit or
ina+e?)ate for *ons)m,tion for 6=i*= t=e4 are +esi<ne+ or
+e*rease t=eir Aal)e# an+ for t=ose res)ltin< from in*onsisten*4
6it= t=e information ,roAi+e+ on t=e *ontainer# ,a*>a<in<# la'els
or ,)'li*it4 messa<es:a+Aertisement# 6it= +)e re<ar+ to t=e
Aariations res)ltin< from t=eir nat)re# t=e *ons)mer 'ein< a'le to
+eman+ re,la*ement to t=e im,erfe*t ,arts.
If t=e im,erfe*tion is not *orre*te+ 6it=in t=irt4 (38) +a4s# t=e
*ons)mer ma4 alternatiAel4 +eman+ at =is o,tion-
a) t=e re,la*ement of t=e ,ro+)*t '4 anot=er of t=e same >in+# in
a ,erfe*t state of )se9
') t=e imme+iate reim')rsement of t=e amo)nt ,ai+# 6it=
monetar4 ),+atin<# 6it=o)t ,reC)+i*e to an4 losses an+
+ama<es9
*) a ,ro,ortionate ,ri*e re+)*tion.
T=e ,arties ma4 a<ree to re+)*e or in*rease t=e term s,e*ifie+ in
t=e imme+iatel4 ,re*e+in< ,ara<ra,=9 ')t s)*= s=all not 'e less
t=an seAen ($) nor more t=an one =)n+re+ an+ ei<=t4 (188)
+a4s.
T=e *ons)mer ma4 ma>e imme+iate )se of t=e alternatiAes
)n+er t=e se*on+ ,ara<ra,= of t=is Arti*le 6=en '4 Airt)e of t=e
eBtent of t=e im,erfe*tion# t=e re,la*ement of t=e im,erfe*t ,arts
ma4 Ceo,ar+i@e t=e ,ro+)*t ?)alit4 or *=ara*teristi*s# t=)s
+e*reasin< its Aal)e.
If t=e *ons)mer o,ts for t=e alternatiAe )n+er s)'7,ara<ra,= (a)
of t=e se*on+ ,ara<ra,= of t=is Arti*le# an+ re,la*ement of t=e
,ro+)*t is not ,ossi'le# it ma4 'e re,la*e+ '4 anot=er of a
+ifferent >in+# mar> or mo+el- ProAi+e+# T=at an4 +ifferen*e in
,ri*e ma4 res)lt t=ereof s=all 'e s),,lemente+ or reim')rse+ '4
t=e ,art4 6=i*= *a)se+ t=e +ama<e# 6it=o)t ,reC)+i*e to t=e
,roAisions of t=e se*on+# t=ir+ an+ fo)rt= ,ara<ra,=s of t=is
Arti*le.
Arti*le 181. $iability for &roduct (uantity 'mperfection. ;
S),,liers are Cointl4 lia'le for im,erfe*tions in t=e ?)antit4 of t=e
,ro+)*t 6=en# in +)e re<ar+ for Aariations in=erent t=ereto# t=eir
net *ontent is less t=an t=at in+i*ate+ on t=e *ontainer#
,a*>a<in<# la'elin< or a+Aertisement# t=e *ons)mer =aAin<
,o6ers to +eman+# alternatiAel4# at =is o6n o,tion-
a) t=e ,ro,ortionate ,ri*e
') t=e s),,lementin< of 6ei<=t or meas)re +ifferential9
*) t=e re,la*ement of t=e ,ro+)*t '4 anot=er of t=e same >in+#
mar> or mo+el# 6it=o)t sai+ im,erfe*tions9
+) t=e imme+iate reim')rsement of t=e amo)nt ,ai+# 6it=
monetar4 ),+atin< 6it=o)t ,reC)+i*e to losses an+ +ama<es if
an4.
T=e ,roAisions of t=e fift= ,ara<ra,= of Arti*le %% s=all a,,l4 to
t=is Arti*le.
T=e imme+iate s),,lier s=all 'e lia'le if t=e instr)ment )se+ for
6ei<=in< or meas)rin< is not <a)<e+ in a**or+an*e 6it= offi*ial
stan+ar+s.
Arti*le 182. $iability for Service (uality 'mperfection. ; T=e
serAi*e s),,lier is lia'le for an4 ?)alit4 im,erfe*tions t=at ren+er
t=e serAi*es im,ro,er for *ons)m,tion or +e*rease t=eir Aal)e#
an+ for t=ose res)ltin< from in*onsisten*4 6it= t=e information
*ontaine+ in t=e offer or a+Aertisement# t=e *ons)mer 'ein<
entitle+ to +eman+ alternatiAel4 at =is o,tion-
a) t=e ,erforman*e of t=e serAi*es# 6it=o)t an4 a++itional *ost
an+ 6=en a,,li*a'le9
') t=e imme+iate reim')rsement of t=e amo)nt ,ai+# 6it=
monetar4 ),+atin< 6it=o)t ,reC)+i*e to losses an+ +ama<es# if
an49
*) a ,ro,ortionate ,ri*e re+)*tion.
Re,erforman*e of serAi*es ma4 'e entr)ste+ to +)l4 ?)alifie+
t=ir+ ,arties# at t=e s),,lierDs ris> an+ *ost.
Im,ro,er serAi*es are t=ose 6=i*= ,roAe to 'e ina+e?)ate for
,)r,oses reasona'l4 eB,e*te+ of t=em an+ t=ose t=at fail to
meet t=e ,roAisions of t=is A*t re<)latin< serAi*e ren+erin<.
CORPORATIO0 CO/ EE TITL III EE BOAR/ O"
/IRCTORS:TR!STS:O""ICRS
Se*. 31. $iability of directors, trustees or officers. 7 /ire*tors or
tr)stees 6=o 6illf)ll4 an+ >no6in<l4 Aote for or assent to
,atentl4 )nla6f)l a*ts of t=e *or,oration or 6=o are <)ilt4 of
<ross ne<li<en*e or 'a+ fait= in +ire*tin< t=e affairs of t=e
*or,oration or a*?)ire an4 ,ersonal or ,e*)niar4 interest in
*onfli*t 6it= t=eir +)t4 as s)*= +ire*tors or tr)stees s=all 'e
lia'le Cointl4 an+ seAerall4 for all +ama<es res)ltin< t=erefrom
s)ffere+ '4 t=e *or,oration# its sto*>=ol+ers or mem'ers an+
ot=er ,ersons.
F=en a +ire*tor# tr)stee or offi*er attem,ts to a*?)ire or
a*?)ires# in Aiolation of =is +)t4# an4 interest a+Aerse to t=e
*or,oration in res,e*t of an4 matter 6=i*= =as 'een re,ose+
in =im in *onfi+en*e# as to 6=i*= e?)it4 im,oses a +isa'ilit4
),on =im to +eal in =is o6n 'e=alf# =e s=all 'e lia'le as a
tr)stee for t=e *or,oration an+ m)st a**o)nt for t=e ,rofits
6=i*= ot=er6ise 6o)l+ =aAe a**r)e+ to t=e *or,oration.
VIII. 0AT!R A0/ 0"ORC(0T O" LIABILITY
a. Bet6een Tortfeasors- Soli+ar4
Arti*le 21%&. The responsibility of two or more persons
who are liable for a )uasi*delict is solidary.
'. 0o +o)'le re*oAer4 for same a*t or omission
Arti*le 21$1. +hoever by act or omission causes
damage to another, there being fault or negligence, is
obliged to pay for the damage done. Such fault or
negligence, if there is no pre* e#isting contractual relation
between the parties, is called )uasi*delict and is governed
by the provisions of this Chapter.
Cases-
1. Co*a7*ola As. So*ial Se*)rit4 Commission# .R no. 12%323#
G)l4 31# 28889
2.
*. Re?)irement as to ReserAation
R)le 111# Se*tion 3# 2888 R)les of Criminal Pro*e+)re
Se*. 3. F=en *iAil a*tion ma4 ,ro*ee+ in+e,en+entl4.
'n the cases provided in Articles ,-, ,,, ,. and
-!/0 of the Civil Code of the &hilippines, the
independent civil action may be brought by the offended
party. 't shall proceed independently of the criminal action
and shall re)uire only a preponderance of evidence. 'n
no case, however, may the offended party recover
damages twice for the same act or omission charged
in the criminal action.
+. (anner of enfor*ement +istin<)is=e+ from-
1.
+.1 *)l,a *riminal9
+.2 *)l,a *ontra*t)al.
IH. SPCIAL TORTS
Cases-
1. I!JO0 CITY .OVR0(0T# T. AL. V. /ACARA# .R
0O. 12838&# G!0 12# 28829
2. /BP V. CA# T. AL.# .R 0O. 13$%11# /C. 8# 288&9
3. (VRS P!BLICATIO0 T AL VS ISLA(IC /AKFA CO!0CIL O" T3
P3ILIPPI0S# .R 0O. 132381# GA0. 28# 2883.
&. LA.O0 V. CA# T. AL.# .R 0O. 11%18$# (AR. 18# 2882
5. !7BIH V. (ILLI5A0# .R 0O. 1$3318# SPT. 23# 2888
H. 5I0/R/ TORTS- (/ICAL (ALPRACTIC
Cases-
1. RYS V SISTRS O" (RCY 3os,ital ..R. 1382&$ O*to'er
3# 28889
2. PRO"SSIO0AL SRVICS# I0C. V. A.A0A# .R 0O.
1212%$# GA0. 31# 288$ A0/ .R 0O. 1212%$# "B. 2# 28189
3. .ARCIA7R!/A V. PASCASIO# T. AL.# .R 0O. 1181&1#
SPT. 2# 1%%$9
&. RA(OS V. CA# T. AL.# .R 0O. 12&32&# /C. 2%# 1%%%9
2. SPS. "LORS V. SPS. PI0/A# .R 0O. 128%%1# 0OV. 1&#
28889
PART II. /A(A.S
I. I0TRO/!CTORY CO0CPTS
a. /ama<es# +efine+.9

'. /ama<es +istin<)is=e+ from-

'.1. /ama<e
'.2. InC)r4
*. 5in+s of +ama<es re*oAera'le
Art. 21%$# 0CC. %amages may be

!1Actual or compensatory2
-1"oral2
,1 3ominal2
.1 Temperate or moderate2
41 $i)uidated2 or
01 E#emplary or corrective.
ACT!AL OR CO(P0SATORY
a. /efinition
Art. 21%%# 0CC. E#cept as provided for by law or stipulation,
one is entitled to an ade)uate compensation only for such
pecuniary loss suffered by him as he has duly proved. Such
compensation is referred to as actual or compensatory damages.
Art. 2288# 0CC. 'ndemnification for damages shall comprehend
not only the value of the loss suffered, but also that of the
profits which the oblige failed to obtain.
'. Com,onents of a*t)al +ama<es
'.1. Aal)e of loss s)ffere+ (+aLo emer<ente) 7 Art. 2288
'.2 ,rofits not o'taine+ or reali@e+ (l)*ro *esante) 7 Art. 2288
'.3. loss of earnin< *a,a*it4 for ,ersonal inC)r4
'.3.1. "orm)la in +eterminin< loss of earnin< *a,a*it4
2:3 B (88 AT/) B .AI
Cases-
1. POPL V. (!YCO# 331 SCRA 1%29
2. VICTORY LI0R V. .A((A/# T. AL.# .R 0O. 12%131#
0OV. 22# 288&9
3. P3IL 3AF5 CORP V. VIVIA0 TA0 L# .R 0O. 11181%#
"B. 11# 28189
'.&. Attorne4Ks fees an+ interest
Art. 2288. In t=e a'sen*e of sti,)lation# attorne4Ds fees an+
eB,enses of liti<ation# ot=er t=an C)+i*ial *osts# *annot 'e
re*oAere+# eB*e,t-
(1) F=en eBem,lar4 +ama<es are a6ar+e+9 (2) F=en t=e
+efen+antDs a*t or omission =as *om,elle+ t=e ,laintiff to liti<ate
6it= t=ir+ ,ersons or to in*)r eB,enses to ,rote*t =is interest9 (3)
In *riminal *ases of mali*io)s ,rose*)tion a<ainst t=e ,laintiff9 (&)
In *ase of a *learl4 )nfo)n+e+ *iAil a*tion or ,ro*ee+in< a<ainst
t=e ,laintiff9 (2) F=ere t=e +efen+ant a*te+ in <ross an+ eAi+ent
'a+ fait= in ref)sin< to satisf4 t=e ,laintiffDs ,lainl4 Aali+# C)st an+
+eman+a'le *laim9 (1) In a*tions for le<al s),,ort9 ($) In a*tions
for t=e re*oAer4 of 6a<es of =o)se=ol+ =el,ers# la'orers an+
s>ille+ 6or>ers9 (8) In a*tions for in+emnit4 )n+er 6or>menDs
*om,ensation an+ em,lo4erDs lia'ilit4 la6s9 (%) In a se,arate *iAil
a*tion to re*oAer *iAil lia'ilit4 arisin< from a *rime9 (18) F=en at
least +o)'le C)+i*ial *osts are a6ar+e+9 (11) In an4 ot=er *ase
6=ere t=e *o)rt +eems it C)st an+ e?)ita'le t=at attorne4Ds fees
an+ eB,enses of liti<ation s=o)l+ 'e re*oAere+.
In all *ases# t=e attorne4Ds fees an+ eB,enses of liti<ation m)st 'e
reasona'le.
Art. 228%. If t=e o'li<ation *onsists in t=e ,a4ment of a s)m of
mone4# an+ t=e +e'tor in*)rs in +ela4# t=e in+emnit4 for
+ama<es# t=ere 'ein< no sti,)lation to t=e *ontrar4# s=all 'e t=e
,a4ment of t=e interest a<ree+ ),on# an+ in t=e a'sen*e of
sti,)lation# t=e le<al interest# 6=i*= is siB ,er *ent ,er ann)m.
(1188)Art. 228%# 0CC.

Art. 2212. Interest +)e s=all earn le<al interest from t=e time it is
C)+i*iall4 +eman+e+# alt=o)<= t=e o'li<ation ma4 'e silent ),on
t=is ,oint. (118%a)
CASS-
1. I!IRA0T V. IAC# .R 0O. $3881# GA0. 31# 1%8%9
2. P0B V. CA# APRIL 22# 1%%19
3. PA/ILLO V. CA# 3$1 SCRA 2$9
&. ASTR0 S3IPPI0. LI0S# I0C. V. CA# 23& SCRA
$8 (1%%&)9
2. S!0.A7C3A0 V. CA# .R 0O. 11&&81# G!0 22#
28889
1. AIR "RA0C V. / CASTRO# .R 0O. 1881%1# OCT.
31# 288%9
*. Btent of Re*oAera'le /ama<es
*.1. In *ontra*ts an+ ?)asi7*ontra*ts 6=ere t=ere is-
*.1.a. .oo+ fait= on o'li<or
Art. 2281# 0CC.
'n contracts and )uasi*contracts, the damages for
which the obligor who acted in good faith is liable
shall be those that are the natural and probable
conse)uences of the breach of the obligation, and
which the parties have foreseen or could have
reasonably foreseen at the time the obligation was
constituted.
CASES
!. BATO0. B!3AY V. CA# 1&$ SCRA &9
*.1.'. Ba+ fait= in o'li<or
CASS-
1. .0RAL 0TRPRISS V. LIA0.A BAY# 11 SCRA
$39
*.2. In *rimes an+ ?)asi7+eli*ts
Art. 2282# 0CC. 'n crimes and )uasi*delicts,
the defendant is liable for all the damages which are the
natural and probable conse)uences of the act or
omission complained of. 't is not necessary that such
damages have been foreseen or could have reasonably
been foreseen by the defendant.
CASS-
1. (ARI5I0A A!TO LI0 TRA0SPORT
CORPORATIO0 V. POPL# T. AL.# .R 0O.
1228&8# (ARC3 31# 28819

*.3. In *rimes an+ ?)asi7+eli*ts res)ltin< in +eat=
Art. 2281. T=e amo)nt of +ama<es for +eat=
*a)se+ '4 a *rime or ?)asi7+eli*t s=all 'e at least
t=ree t=o)san+ ,esos# eAen t=o)<= t=ere ma4 =aAe
'een miti<atin< *ir*)mstan*es. In a++ition-
1) T=e +efen+ant s=all 'e lia'le for t=e loss of t=e
earnin< *a,a*it4 of t=e +e*ease+# an+ t=e
in+emnit4 s=all 'e ,ai+ to t=e =eirs of t=e latter9
s)*= in+emnit4 s=all in eAer4 *ase 'e assesse+
an+ a6ar+e+ '4 t=e *o)rt# )nless t=e +e*ease+ on
a**o)nt of ,ermanent ,=4si*al +isa'ilit4 not
*a)se+ '4 t=e +efen+ant# =a+ no earnin< *a,a*it4
at t=e time of =is +eat=9
2) If t=e +e*ease+ 6as o'li<e+ to <iAe s),,ort
a**or+in< to t=e ,roAisions of Arti*le 2%1# t=e
re*i,ient 6=o is not an =eir *alle+ to t=e
+e*e+entDs in=eritan*e '4 t=e la6 of testate or
intestate s)**ession# ma4 +eman+ s),,ort from
t=e ,erson *a)sin< t=e +eat=# for a ,erio+ not
eB*ee+in< fiAe 4ears# t=e eBa*t +)ration to 'e
fiBe+ '4 t=e *o)rt9
3) T=e s,o)se# le<itimate an+ ille<itimate
+es*en+ants an+ as*en+ants of t=e +e*ease+
ma4 +eman+ moral +ama<es for mental an<)is=
'4 reason of t=e +eat= of t=e +e*ease+.
Art. 221&. In ?)asi7+eli*ts# t=e *ontri')tor4 ne<li<en*e
of t=e ,laintiff s=all re+)*e t=e +ama<es t=at =e ma4
re*oAer.
+. (iti<ation an+ assessment of a*t)al +ama<es
Art. 2283. T=e ,art4 s)fferin< loss or inC)r4 m)st eBer*ise t=e
+ili<en*e of a <oo+ fat=er of a famil4 to minimi@e t=e +ama<es
res)ltin< from t=e a*t or omission in ?)estion.
Art. 221&. In ?)asi7+eli*ts# t=e *ontri')tor4 ne<li<en*e of t=e
,laintiff s=all re+)*e t=e +ama<es t=at =e ma4 re*oAer.
e. S)'ro<ator4 Ri<=t of Ins)rer
Art. 228$. If t=e ,laintiffDs ,ro,ert4 =as 'een ins)re+# an+ =e =as
re*eiAe+ in+emnit4 from t=e ins)ran*e *om,an4 for t=e inC)r4 or
loss arisin< o)t of t=e 6ron< or 'rea*= of *ontra*t *om,laine+ of#
t=e ins)ran*e *om,an4 s=all 'e s)'ro<ate+ to t=e ri<=ts of t=e
ins)re+ a<ainst t=e 6ron<+oer or t=e ,erson 6=o =as Aiolate+ t=e
*ontra*t. If t=e amo)nt ,ai+ '4 t=e ins)ran*e *om,an4 +oes not
f)ll4 *oAer t=e inC)r4 or loss# t=e a<<rieAe+ ,art4 s=all 'e entitle+
to re*oAer t=e +efi*ien*4 from t=e ,erson *a)sin< t=e loss or
inC)r4.
III. (ORAL /A(A.S
a. /efinition
Art. 221$. (oral +ama<es in*l)+e ,=4si*al s)fferin<# mental an<)is=# fri<=t#
serio)s anBiet4# 'esmir*=e+ re,)tation# 6o)n+e+ feelin<s# moral s=o*># so*ial
=)miliation# an+ similar inC)r4. T=o)<= in*a,a'le of ,e*)niar4 *om,)tation#
moral +ama<es ma4 'e re*oAere+ if t=e4 are t=e ,roBimate res)lt of t=e
+efen+antDs 6ron<f)l a*t for omission.
'. P)r,ose.
Cases-
1. SI(H I0TR0ATIO0AL V. CA# .R. 0O. 88813# (ARC3 1%# 1%%89
2. (A5ABALI V. CA# .R 0O. &18$$# GA0. 22# 1%88
*. B)r+en of Proof9 I)ant)m of Ai+en*e.
Cases-
1. P0B V. CA# .R 0O. &2$$1# (ARC3 38# 1%889
2. RAA.AS V. RAYA# 22 SCRA 83%9
3. SA0 (I.!L BRFRY# I0C. V. (A.0O# 21 SCRA 2%29
*.1. As +istin<)is=e+ from a*t)al +ama<es
+. F=en a6ar+a'le# 6=en not
Art. 2218. In t=e a+C)+i*ation of moral +ama<es# t=e sentimental Aal)e of
,ro,ert4# real or ,ersonal# ma4 'e *onsi+ere+.
Art. 221%. (oral +ama<es ma4 'e re*oAere+ in t=e follo6in< an+
analo<o)s *ases-
(1) A *riminal offense res)ltin< in ,=4si*al inC)ries9 (2) I)asi7+eli*ts
*a)sin< ,=4si*al inC)ries9 (3) Se+)*tion# a'+)*tion# ra,e# or ot=er
las*iAio)s a*ts9 (&) A+)lter4 or *on*)'ina<e9 (2) Ille<al or ar'itrar4
+etention or arrest9 (1) Ille<al sear*=9 ($) Li'el# slan+er or an4 ot=er form
of +efamation9 (8) (ali*io)s ,rose*)tion9 (%) A*ts mentione+ in Arti*le
38%9 (18) A*ts an+ a*tions referre+ to in Arti*les 21# 21# 2$# 28# 2%# 38# 32#
3&# an+ 32.
T=e ,arents of t=e female se+)*e+# a'+)*te+# ra,e+# or a')se+# referre+
to in 0o. 3 of t=is arti*le# ma4 also re*oAer moral +ama<es.
T=e s,o)se# +es*en+ants# as*en+ants# an+ 'rot=ers an+ sisters ma4
'rin< t=e a*tion mentione+ in 0o. % of t=is arti*le# in t=e or+er name+.
Art. 2228. Fillf)l inC)r4 to ,ro,ert4 ma4 'e a le<al <ro)n+ for a6ar+in<
moral +ama<es if t=e *o)rt s=o)l+ fin+ t=at# )n+er t=e *ir*)mstan*es#
s)*= +ama<es are C)stl4 +)e. T=e same r)le a,,lies to 'rea*=es of
*ontra*t 6=ere t=e +efen+ant a*te+ fra)+)lentl4 or in 'a+ fait=.
Art. 38%# 0CC. Any person who shows disrespect to the dead, or wrongfully
interferes with a funeral shall be liable to the family of the deceased for
damages, material and moral.
Art. 21$# La'or Co+e. G)ris+i*tion of t=e La'or Ar'iters an+ t=e Commission.
5a1 E#cept as otherwise provided under this Code, the $abor Arbiters shall
have original and e#clusive jurisdiction to hear and decide, within thirty 5,61
calendar days after the submission of the case by the parties for decision
without e#tension, even in the absence of stenographic notes, the following
cases involving all workers, whether agricultural or non*agricultural
!. 7nfair labor practice cases2
-. Termination disputes2
,. 'f accompanied with a claim for reinstatement, those cases that workers may file
involving wages, rates of pay, hours of work and other terms and conditions of
employment2
.. Claims for actual, moral, e#emplary and other forms of damages arising from
the employer*employee relations2
4. Cases arising from any violation of Article -0. of this Code, including )uestions
involving the legality of strikes and lockouts2 and
0. E#cept claims for Employees Compensation, Social Security, "edicare and
maternity benefits, all other claims arising from employer*employee relations,
including those of persons in domestic or household service, involving an
amount e#ceeding five thousand pesos 5&4,666.661 regardless of whether
accompanied with a claim for reinstatement.
5b1 The Commission shall have e#clusive appellate jurisdiction over all cases decided
by $abor Arbiters.
5c1 Cases arising from the interpretation or implementation of collective bargaining
agreements and those arising from the interpretation or enforcement of company
personnel policies shall be disposed of by the $abor Arbiter by referring the same
to the grievance machinery and voluntary arbitration as may be provided in
said agreements. 5As amended by Section 8, 9epublic Act 3o. 0/!4, "arch -!,
!8:81.
CASES
!. T!L"O V. POPL# .R 0O. 111832# SPT. 11# 28889
-. .!ILATCO V. CITY O" /A.!PA0# supra.2
,. "ILI0VST V. (0/J# .R 0O. 11&1%# G!LY 31# 1%8$ LOPJ V. PA0A(#
11 SCRA &319
.. LAO V. CA# .R 0O. 88888# G!LY 11# 1%%1# 1%% SCRA 289
4. .!TIRRJ V. VILL.AS# 8 SCRA 22$9
0. RA(OS V. RA(OS# 11 SCRA 28&9
/. .ALA0. V. CA# & SCRA 229
:. (RCA/O V. LIRA# 3 SCRA 12&9
8. PR(H V. 0LRC# 323 SCRA 2319
!6. .!TIRRJ V. VILL.AS# 8 SCRA 228 YASO0A V. / RA(OS# .R 0O.
12133%# OCT. 1# 288&9
!!. I!ITABL BA05I0. CORP. V. CAL/RO0# .R 0O. 121118# /C. 1&#
288&9
!-. SAVLLA0O# T. AL.# V. 0ORT3FST AIRLI0S# .R 0O. 121$83# G!LY 8#
28839
!,. C3I0A AIRLI0S V. C3IO5# .R 0O. 122122# G!LY 38# 2883.
e. Latest r)le on *or,orations
Cases-
1. (A(B!LAO L!(BR V. P0B# 22 SCRA 32%9
2. ABS7CB0 BROA/CASTI0. CORP. V. CA# .R 0O. 1281%8# GA0. 21#
1%%%9
3. 0APOCOR V. P3ILIPP BROT3RS OCA0IC# I0C. # 31% SCRA 12%9
&. "ILIPI0AS BROA/CASTI0. 0TFOR5 V. A.O (/ICAL A0/
/!CATIO0AL C0TR# .R 0O. 1&1%%&# GA0. 1$# 28829
2. RP!BLIC V. T!VRA# .R 0O. 1&82&1# "B. 11# 288$9
1. BO0I"ACIO VS. RTC O" (A5ATI# .R 0O. 18&888# (AY 2# 2818
(on internet li'el)9
IV. 0O(I0AL /A(A.S

Art. 2221. 0ominal +ama<es are a+C)+i*ate+ in or+er t=at a ri<=t of t=e
,laintiff# 6=i*= =as 'een Aiolate+ or inAa+e+ '4 t=e +efen+ant# ma4 'e
Ain+i*ate+ or re*o<ni@e+# an+ not for t=e ,)r,ose of in+emnif4in< t=e ,laintiff
for an4 loss s)ffere+ '4 =im.
Art. 2222. T=e *o)rt ma4 a6ar+ nominal +ama<es in eAer4 o'li<ation arisin<
from an4 so)r*e en)merate+ in Arti*le 112$# or in eAer4 *ase 6=ere an4
,ro,ert4 ri<=t =as 'een inAa+e+.
Art. 2223. T=e a+C)+i*ation of nominal +ama<es s=all ,re*l)+e f)rt=er *ontest
),on t=e ri<=t inAolAe+ an+ all a**essor4 ?)estions# as 'et6een t=e ,arties to
t=e s)it# or t=eir res,e*tiAe =eirs an+ assi<ns.
Cases-
1. .O V. IAC# .R 0O. 18138# (AY 13# 1%%19
2. (/I0A V. CRS0CIA# L781%&# G!LY 11# 1%219
3. V0T0ILLA V. C0TI0O# .R 0O. L71&333# GA0. 28# 1%19
V. T(PRAT OR (O/RAT
Art. 222&. Tem,erate or mo+erate +ama<es# 6=i*= are more t=an
nominal ')t less t=an *om,ensator4 +ama<es# ma4 'e re*oAere+ 6=en
t=e *o)rt fin+s t=at some ,e*)niar4 loss =as 'een s)ffere+ ')t its amo)nt
*an not# from t=e nat)re of t=e *ase# 'e ,roAi+e+ 6it= *ertaint4.
Art. 2222. Tem,erate +ama<es m)st 'e reasona'le )n+er t=e
*ir*)mstan*es.
Cases-
1. PL0O V. CA# .R 0O. 21282# (AY %# 1%889
2. BPI I0VST(0T V. /. CARRO0# 3$1 SCRA 289
3. .SIS V. /A0.# 312 SCRA 1139
&. RA(OS# T. AL. V. CA# T. AL.# supra.2
2. PT M T V. CA# .R 0O. 13%218# SPT. 3# 28829
1. RP!BLIC V. T!VRA# supra.2
$. P3IL. 3AF5 CORP. V. VIVIA0 TA0 L# supra.2
VI. LII!I/AT/
Art. 2221. Li?)i+ate+ +ama<es are t=ose a<ree+ ),on '4 t=e ,arties to a
*ontra*t# to 'e ,ai+ in *ase of 'rea*= t=ereof.
Art. 222$. Li?)i+ate+ +ama<es# 6=et=er inten+e+ as an in+emnit4 or a
,enalt4# s=all 'e e?)ita'l4 re+)*e+ if t=e4 are ini?)ito)s or
)n*ons*iona'le.
Art. 2228. F=en t=e 'rea*= of t=e *ontra*t *ommitte+ '4 t=e +efen+ant
is not t=e one *ontem,late+ '4 t=e ,arties in a<reein< ),on t=e
li?)i+ate+ +ama<es# t=e la6 s=all +etermine t=e meas)re of +ama<es#
an+ not t=e sti,)lation.
Cases-
1. LA(BRT V. "AH# 21 P3IL 2889
2. 3L CARLOS CO0STR!CTIO0 V. (ARI0A PROPRTIS CORP.# .R
0O. 1&$11&# GA0. 2%# 288&9
3. SCOTT A0/ CO0S!LTA0TS A0/ RSO!RCS /VLOP(0T CORP VS.
CA T. AL. ..R. 112%11# (AR. 11# 1%%29
VII. H(PLARY OR CORRCTIV /A(A.S
a. 0at)re
Art. 222%. Bem,lar4 or *orre*tiAe +ama<es are im,ose+# '4 6a4
of eBam,le or *orre*tion for t=e ,)'li* <oo+# in a++ition to t=e
moral# tem,erate# li?)i+ate+ or *om,ensator4 +ama<es.
Art. 2223. T=e a+C)+i*ation of nominal +ama<es s=all ,re*l)+e
f)rt=er *ontest ),on t=e ri<=t inAolAe+ an+ all a**essor4 ?)estions#
as 'et6een t=e ,arties to t=e s)it# or t=eir res,e*tiAe =eirs an+
assi<ns.
Art. 222&. Tem,erate or mo+erate +ama<es# 6=i*= are more t=an
nominal ')t less t=an *om,ensator4 +ama<es# ma4 'e re*oAere+
6=en t=e *o)rt fin+s t=at some ,e*)niar4 loss =as 'een s)ffere+
')t its amo)nt *an not# from t=e nat)re of t=e *ase# 'e ,roAi+e+
6it= *ertaint4.
Art. 2222. Tem,erate +ama<es m)st 'e reasona'le )n+er t=e
*ir*)mstan*es.
Art. 2221. Li?)i+ate+ +ama<es are t=ose a<ree+ ),on '4 t=e
,arties to a *ontra*t# to 'e ,ai+ in *ase of 'rea*= t=ereof.
Art. 222$. Li?)i+ate+ +ama<es# 6=et=er inten+e+ as an in+emnit4
or a ,enalt4# s=all 'e e?)ita'l4 re+)*e+ if t=e4 are ini?)ito)s or
)n*ons*iona'le.
Art. 2228. F=en t=e 'rea*= of t=e *ontra*t *ommitte+ '4 t=e
+efen+ant is not t=e one *ontem,late+ '4 t=e ,arties in a<reein<
),on t=e li?)i+ate+ +ama<es# t=e la6 s=all +etermine t=e meas)re
of +ama<es# an+ not t=e sti,)lation.
Art. 222%. Bem,lar4 or *orre*tiAe +ama<es are im,ose+# '4 6a4
of eBam,le or *orre*tion for t=e ,)'li* <oo+# in a++ition to t=e
moral# tem,erate# li?)i+ate+ or *om,ensator4 +ama<es.
Art. 2238. In *riminal offenses# eBem,lar4 +ama<es as a ,art of t=e
*iAil lia'ilit4 ma4 'e im,ose+ 6=en t=e *rime 6as *ommitte+ 6it=
one or more a<<raAatin< *ir*)mstan*es. S)*= +ama<es are
se,arate an+ +istin*t from fines an+ s=all 'e ,ai+ to t=e offen+e+
,art4.
Art. 2231. In ?)asi7+eli*ts# eBem,lar4 +ama<es ma4 'e <rante+ if
t=e +efen+ant a*te+ 6it= <ross ne<li<en*e.
Art. 2232. In *ontra*ts an+ ?)asi7*ontra*ts# t=e *o)rt ma4 a6ar+
eBem,lar4 +ama<es if t=e +efen+ant a*te+ in a 6anton# fra)+)lent#
re*>less# o,,ressiAe# or maleAolent manner.
Art. 2233. Bem,lar4 +ama<es *annot 'e re*oAere+ as a matter of
ri<=t9 t=e *o)rt 6ill +e*i+e 6=et=er or not t=e4 s=o)l+ 'e
a+C)+i*ate+.
Art. 223&. F=ile t=e amo)nt of t=e eBem,lar4 +ama<es nee+ not
'e ,roAe+# t=e ,laintiff m)st s=o6 t=at =e is entitle+ to moral#
tem,erate or *om,ensator4 +ama<es 'efore t=e *o)rt ma4
*onsi+er t=e ?)estion of 6=et=er or not eBem,lar4 +ama<es s=o)l+
'e a6ar+e+. In *ase li?)i+ate+ +ama<es =aAe 'een a<ree+ ),on#
alt=o)<= no ,roof of loss is ne*essar4 in or+er t=at s)*= li?)i+ate+
+ama<es ma4 'e re*oAere+# neAert=eless# 'efore t=e *o)rt ma4
*onsi+er t=e ?)estion of <rantin< eBem,lar4 in a++ition to t=e
li?)i+ate+ +ama<es# t=e ,laintiff m)st s=o6 t=at =e 6o)l+ 'e
entitle+ to moral# tem,erate or *om,ensator4 +ama<es 6ere it not
for t=e sti,)lation for li?)i+ate+ +ama<es.
Art. 2232. A sti,)lation 6=ere'4 eBem,lar4 +ama<es are
reno)n*e+ in a+Aan*e s=all 'e n)ll an+ Aoi+.
'. F=en a6ar+a'le
Cases-
1. / LO0 V. CA# .R 0O. L731%31# A!.. 31# 1%889
2. OCTOT VS. YBA0J ..R. 0O. L&81&3# GA0!ARY 18# 1%82 E
111 SCRA $%9
VIII. ASSSS(0T O" /A(A.S
Art. 228&. In *rimes# t=e +ama<es to 'e a+C)+i*ate+ ma4 'e
res,e*tiAel4 in*rease+ or lessene+ a**or+in< to t=e a<<raAatin< or
miti<atin< *ir*)mstan*es.
Art. 221&. In ?)asi7+eli*ts# t=e *ontri')tor4 ne<li<en*e of t=e ,laintiff
s=all re+)*e t=e +ama<es t=at =e ma4 re*oAer.
Art. 2212. In *ontra*ts# ?)asi7*ontra*ts# an+ ?)asi7+eli*ts# t=e *o)rt ma4
e?)ita'l4 miti<ate t=e +ama<es )n+er *ir*)mstan*es ot=er t=an t=e *ase
referre+ to in t=e ,re*e+in< arti*le# as in t=e follo6in< instan*es-
(1) T=at t=e ,laintiff =imself =as *ontraAene+ t=e terms of t=e *ontra*t9
(2) T=at t=e ,laintiff =as +eriAe+ some 'enefit as a res)lt of t=e
*ontra*t9 (3) In *ases 6=ere eBem,lar4 +ama<es are to 'e a6ar+e+#
t=at t=e +efen+ant a*te+ ),on t=e a+Ai*e of *o)nsel9 (&) T=at t=e loss
6o)l+ =aAe res)lte+ in an4 eAent9 (2) T=at sin*e t=e filin< of t=e a*tion#
t=e +efen+ant =as +one =is 'est to lessen t=e ,laintiffDs loss or inC)r4.

Art. 2283. T=e ,art4 s)fferin< loss or inC)r4 m)st eBer*ise t=e +ili<en*e
of a <oo+ fat=er of a famil4 to minimi@e t=e +ama<es res)ltin< from t=e
a*t or omission in ?)estion.
Cases-
1. I03L/R CORPORATIO0 V. CA# .R 0O. L722328# 122 SCRA 2$19
2. RAA.AS V. TRAYA# T. AL.# .R 0O. L728881# "B. 2$# 1%189