Chapter 17 Question

New Biology – a modern approach 3
Chapter 17: Locomotion in humans

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Structured Questions
Core Section
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Complete the following paragraph with suitable words selected from the list below:
fat calcium phosphorus blood supply nerve fibres neurones attachments
contraction water supply red blood cells muscle cells proteins movement
Bones make up about 16% of total adult body weight. They form a supportive framework of the body
and provide (i)_________________ for muscles and ligaments so that (ii)_________________ can take place.
Bones are active living tissues with (iii)_________________ which are involved in the detection of pressure
and pain. As there is a (iv)_________________, bleeding can occur when a bone breaks. Bone contains red
bone marrow to make (v)_________________ and yellow marrow to store (vi)_________________.
(3 marks)
##
(i) attachments (1/2 mark)
(ii) movement (1/2 mark)
(iii) nerve fibres (1/2 mark)
(iv) blood supply (1/2 mark)
(v) red blood cells (1/2 mark)
(vi) fat (1/2 mark)
_______
(3 marks)##
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© Aristo Educational Press Ltd 2007 66
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* Betty got into the starting position for a hundred-metre sprint. As soon as she heard the sound of the pistol,
she started running. The diagram below shows the internal structures of her right leg:
D
C
(i) (1) Choose one of the letters from the figure, to indicate the part which is different from all the others.
(1 mark)
_______________________________________________________________________________
(2) Name this part. (1 mark)
_______________________________________________________________________________
(ii) State the conditions of the following parts in the diagram.
(1) Part A (1 mark)
_______________________________________________________________________________
(2) Part B (1 mark)
_______________________________________________________________________________
(3) Part E (1 mark)
_______________________________________________________________________________
(iii) State TWO precise parts in her head involved in body balance during the race. (2 marks)
_______________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
(iv) The lever system is involved in locomotion. State generally
(1) how an effort is created. (1 mark)
_______________________________________________________________________________
(2) the part which acts as the fulcrum. (1 mark)
_______________________________________________________________________________
##
(i) (1) A. (1 mark)
(2) Tendon. (1 mark)
(ii) (1) Increases in tension. (1 mark)
(2) Relaxes. (1 mark)
(3) Contracts. (1 mark)
(iii) Cerebellum and semicircular canals. (2 marks)
(iv) (1) Contraction of muscles creates an effort. (1 mark)
(2) Joint. (1 mark)
_________
(9 marks)##
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STS Connections
Read the passage below and answer the questions that follow:
OSTEOPOROSIS (骨質疏鬆症)
Osteoporosis, or thinning of bones, occurs as a result of inadequate replacement of the
collagen framework. The basic cause is a hormone deficiency, although poor nutrition, poor
absorption of nutrients and other diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis ( 風濕性關節炎) can
contribute to the condition. The bones become porous and brittle, and fracture easily, often
because of a slight injury. Osteoporosis is to some extent part of the ageing process and is
commonly found in women after the menopause.
(i) Explain why there is an increase of osteoporosis in aged people. (1 mark)
_______________________________________________________________________________
(ii) Name TWO necessary substances in a balanced diet for the formation of bones. (2 marks)
_______________________________________________________________________________
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(iii) A minor fracture in a healthy teenager can heal even without a medical treatment. Why? (2 marks)
_______________________________________________________________________________
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(iv) Suggest and explain TWO methods for middle-aged women to prevent osteoporosis. (4 marks)
_______________________________________________________________________________
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________________________________________________________________________________________
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##
(i) When the age increases, there is a gradual loss of calcium from the bones. (1 mark)
(ii) Calcium and vitamin D. (2 marks)
(iii) Bone is a living tissue. (1 mark)
New bone cells would be formed to unite the bone fragments. (1 mark)
(iv) Increase the intake of calcium by drinking milk. (2 marks)
Daily exposure to sunlight for half an hour to stimulate the skin to form vitamin D. (2 marks)
_________
(9 marks)##
|!|EQA01700004|!|
Jonathan had an accident in a P.E. lesson. The doctor in the casualty told him that his humerus was dislocated
at the shoulder and needed to take an X-ray photograph before medical treatment.
(i) Name the type of the joint shown in the photograph. (1 mark)
_______________________________________________________________________________
(ii) There is a space containing fluid between the bones.
(1) Name the fluid. (1 mark)
_______________________________________________________________________________
(2) State its significance. (2 marks)
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(iii) During normal life activity, dislocation seldom occurs. Why? (2 marks)
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(iv) Actually, there is a tissue covering the head of the humerus which is not shown in the X-ray
photograph.
(1) Name the tissue. (1 mark)
_______________________________________________________________________________
(2) State TWO of its functions. (2 marks)
_______________________________________________________________________________
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##
(i) Ball-and-socket joint. (1 mark)
(ii) (1) Synovial fluid. (1 mark)
(2) It serves as a lubricant to allow smooth movement of humerus. (2 marks)
(iii) There are ligaments holding the bones together. (1 mark)
Ligaments are elastic and strong to prevent dislocation. (1 mark)
(iv) (1) Articular cartilage. (1 mark)
(2) As a shock absorber to protect the humerus. (1 mark)
To reduce friction between bones. (1 mark)
_________
(9 marks)##
|!|EQA01700005|!|
Tammy examined a slide of skeletal muscle fibre under a microscope:
(i) Skeletal muscles are attached to bone surfaces via another tissue.
(1) Name this tissue. (1 mark)
_______________________________________________________________________________
(2) State the difference in elasticity between this tissue and a muscle. (1 mark)
_______________________________________________________________________________
(ii) Skeletal muscles are involved in locomotion. Describe how a driving force is created during moving.
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
(2 marks)
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(iii) Skeletal muscles work in pairs against each other. Give a name for the pairs. (1 mark)
_______________________________________________________________________________
(iv) Describe what would happen when a skeletal muscle is stimulated by a nerve impulse. (2 marks)
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(v) Sometimes a skeletal muscle may become fatigued. Why? (2 marks)
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##
(i) (1) tendon (1 mark)
(2) Tendon is inelastic while a muscle is elastic. (1 mark)
(ii) Muscle contraction creates a driving force. (1 mark)
During contraction, the muscle releases energy in respiration. (1 mark)
(iii) Antagonistic muscles. (1 mark)
(iv) The muscle contracts. It shortens and becomes thicker. (2 marks)
(v) It is due to the accumulation of lactic acid produced in anaerobic respiration. (2 marks)
_________
(9 marks)##
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STS Connections
* The following diagram shows a human skeleton:
(i) Name the TWO types of joints to which A and B belong. (2 marks)
_______________________________________________________________________________
(ii) (1) State ONE function performed by both structures 1 and 2. (1 mark)
_______________________________________________________________________________
(2) State ONE function performed by structure 1 but not structure 2. (1 mark)
_______________________________________________________________________________
(iii) The following passage is about osteoporosis:
Osteoporosis
Bones are growing tissues made up of both organic and inorganic compounds which render
them slightly flexible but hard. When people grow older, bones gradually lose these
compounds.
Osteoporosis refers to the loss of density in bones. The bones in people with this disease
become brittle and more susceptible to fractures. It is common among older people, yet
youngsters also have a chance of getting this disease. People are unaware of the loss in bone
density until fractures occur.
Osteoporosis is highly preventable because people can avoid it by having regular exercise
and a balanced diet.
(1) State the inorganic compound that can harden the bones. (1 mark)
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
(2) Explain why the bones lose density in people suffering from osteoporosis. (2 marks)
_______________________________________________________________________________
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_______________________________________________________________________________
(3) Suggest a reason why regular exercise can prevent osteoporosis. (1 mark)
_______________________________________________________________________________
(4) Which vitamin in the body can help to prevent osteoporosis? Explain your answer.
State ONE dietary source of this vitamin. (3 marks)
_______________________________________________________________________________
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##
(i) A: ball-and-socket joint (1 mark)
B: hinge joint (1 mark)
(ii) (1) Support and maintain the body shape / attachment of skeletal muscles
for movement / production of blood cells / storage of calcium. (1 mark)
(2) Protection of internal organs / helping in breathing. (1 mark)
(iii) (1) Calcium phosphate. (1 mark)
(2) When the loss of the organic and inorganic compounds becomes faster
than their formation in the bones, (1 mark)
the bones become porous and therefore less dense. (1 mark)
(3) Exercise can increase / maintain the bone mass / density. (1 mark)
(4) Vitamin D. (1 mark)
Vitamin D can help in normal bone health / the absorption of calcium and
phosphorus in the gut. (1 mark)
fish liver oil / milk / cheese / egg yolk (any reasonable answer) (1 mark)
(Do not accept its production by the skin under sunlight because this is not dietary.)
__________
(11 marks)##
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* The following diagram shows a human skeleton:
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
(i) The vertebral column is composed of many small bones labelled A. Name structure A and state how
they are joined together. Also state how they can maintain the posture of a person. (3 marks)
_______________________________________________________________________________
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(ii) State ONE structural feature of the vertebral column which allows its bending during movement.
(1 mark)
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(iii) Name the structure which is protected by the vertebral column. (1 mark)
_______________________________________________________________________________
(iv) State the degree of movement of the leg allowed by joint B. (1 mark)
_______________________________________________________________________________
(v) Suggest TWO causes for low back pain. (2 marks)
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##
(i) Vertebrae. (1 mark)
The vertebrae making up the vertebral column are joined together by ligaments. (1 mark)
The vertebrae allow the attachment of skeletal muscles to maintain the posture. (1 mark)
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(ii) Vertebrae are articulated by joints to form the vertebral column (1 mark)
OR
In-between the vertebrae are the cartilage discs (intervertebral discs) which can be compressed.
(1 mark)
(Muscle attachment is NOT accepted because it is not a structural feature of the vertebral column.)
(iii) Spinal cord. (1 mark)
(iv) One plane. (1 mark)
(v) Any two of the following: (2 marks)
Strain from lifting / twisting
OR
Infection of the vertebral column
OR
Rupture or bulging of the intervertebral discs
OR
Fractures of vertebrae due to compression in people having osteoporosis
(any reasonable answers)
__________
(8 marks)##
|!|EQA01700008|!|
The following diagram shows the structure of a human arm:
A
B
(i) Name structure A. State and explain whether it is a flexor or an extensor. (3 marks)
_______________________________________________________________________________
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(ii) The contraction of B is always accompanied by the relaxation of A. How do we describe this pair of
muscles? State what will happen if both muscles contract at the same time. (2 marks)
_______________________________________________________________________________
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(iii) Repetitive movements of the arm in some occupations and exercise can cause stress to structure 1 and
result in painful inflammation. Joint 2 will become swollen and pain is intensified during the
movement of the lower arm.
(1) Describe how the structural properties of structure 1 are related to its function. (2 marks)
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
(2) Name the type of tissue that holds the bones of joint 2 together and state its function. (2 marks)
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
(3) Suggest ONE way to treat this kind of inflammation. (1 mark)
_______________________________________________________________________________
##
(i) Biceps. (1 mark)
Flexor. (1 mark)
Because when it contracts, it bends the limb. (1 mark)
(ii) Antagonistic / opposing muscles. (1 mark)
The lower arm cannot move. (1 mark)
(iii) (1) It is tough and inelastic (1 mark)
so that it can transmit the force of contraction of A to the bone immediately. (1 mark)
(2) Ligaments. (1 mark)
To prevent dislocation of the joint. (1 mark)
(3) Medications / taking a rest / massage / surgery / strengthening exercise. (1 mark)
(any reasonable answer)
__________
(10 marks)##
|!|EQB01700009|!|
* The diagram below shows a human arm lifting a weight (W):
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(i) Draw a diagram to show the lever system involved when the arm lifts the weight (W). Indicate in the
diagram the load, pivot and effort. (3 marks)
(ii) In the lever system, state the effort, pivot and load during the lifting of the weight. (3 marks)
_______________________________________________________________________________
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(iii) What is the advantage of the lever system employed in lifting the weight? Explain. (2 marks)
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##
(i)
Effort
Pivot
Load
Lever system for lifting the weight (W)
Title (1 mark)
Correct direction of arrows (1 mark)
Correct indication of load, effort and pivot (1 mark)
(ii) Effort: force of contraction of muscle A (1 mark)
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
Pivot: the elbow joint (1 mark)
Load: weight of the lower arm + weight (W) (1 mark)
(iii) It allows efficient movement / lifting of the weight (1 mark)
because a small contraction of A can bring about a comparatively large movement of the lower arm.
(1 mark)
_________
(8 marks)##
|!|EQA01700010|!|
STS Connections
The following diagram shows a joint:
ligament
A
fluid C
B
(i) Membrane A secretes fluid C. Name the fluid. (1 mark)

_______________________________________________________________________________
(ii) Describe how the structural features of the ligament facilitate its functions. (4 marks)
_______________________________________________________________________________
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(iii) The following paragraph is about a disease called osteoarthritis (骨關節炎):
Osteoarthritis is a joint disease due to the breakdown of structure B which serves to
protect the joint. Consequently, when the limb moves, the bones rub against each other,
causing pain and swelling. The range of motion is also limited. The causes for osteoarthritis
remain to be unknown.
(1) State TWO ways by which structure B protects the joint during movement. (2 marks)
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
(2) Vitamin D is found to prevent the breakdown of structure B. Apart from dietary intake, suggest
another source of this vitamin. (1 mark)
_______________________________________________________________________________
(3) Suggest ONE way to improve the range of motion in people suffering from osteoarthritis.
(1 mark)
_______________________________________________________________________________
##
(i) Synovial fluid. (1 mark)
(ii) It is tough (1 mark)
to prevent dislocation of the joint. (1 mark)
It is elastic (1 mark)
to allow movement of the bones at the joint. (1 mark)
(iii) (1) It reduces friction when the bones rub against each other (1 mark)
and absorbs shock. (1 mark)
(2) Production by skin under sunlight / UV light. (1 mark)
(3) Exercise. (1 mark)
__________
(9 marks)##
|!|EQA01700011|!|
Explain the following:
(i) When a limb bone is put into a solution of hydrochloric acid, it becomes soft. (2 marks)
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(ii) Incorrect standing postures will have harmful effects on a human. (3 marks)
_______________________________________________________________________________
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(iii) The structures of the elbow joint facilitate the movement of the arm. (4 marks)
_______________________________________________________________________________
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##
(i) The hardness of the bone is due to the presence of calcium compounds (1 mark)
which are dissolved by the acid. (1 mark)
(ii) Internal organs are compressed resulting in malfunctioning. (1 mark)
The vertebral column is dislocated, compressing the spinal cord. (1 mark)
Skeletal muscles are strained too much causing fatigue. (1 mark)
(iii) The bones at the joint are held together by ligaments to prevent dislocation. (1 mark)
Cartilage is present on the bone surfaces at the joint to reduce friction
and absorb shock. (1 mark)
Synovial membrane secretes synovial fluid for lubrication during movement. (1 mark)
Skeletal muscles are attached to the bones via tendons which transmit
the force of muscle contraction immediately for movement. (1 mark)
__________
(9 marks)##
|!|EQA01700012|!|
The following diagram shows the bones and muscles of a human leg:
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
(i) Which types of joints do X and Y belong to? (1 mark)

_______________________________________________________________________________
(ii) If flexor refers to the muscle which bends a limb by its contraction and extensor refers to the muscle
which straightens a limb by its contraction, classify muscles A, B, C and D as flexor or extensor.
(2 marks)
_______________________________________________________________________________
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(iii) State the muscles in the diagram which are responsible for pulling bone W forward and backward by
their contraction. (1 mark)
_______________________________________________________________________________
(iv) When a person is sitting, which muscle will contract if the region under the knee cap is tapped?
(1 mark)
_______________________________________________________________________________
(v) Explain what antagonistic muscles are. (2 marks)
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##
(i) X – ball-and-socket joint
Y - hinge joint (1/2 mark each) (1 mark)
(ii) A - extensor
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________________________________________________________________________________________
B - flexor
C - flexor
D – extensor (1/2 mark each) (2 marks)
(iii) Contraction of muscle E pulls bone W forward.
Contraction of muscle F pulls bone W backward. (1 mark)
(iv) Muscle A. (1 mark)
(v) Antagonistic muscles consist of a flexor and an extensor. This pair of muscles has opposing actions;
when one contracts, the other relaxes. (2 marks)
_________
(7 marks)##
|!|EQA01700013|!|
The diagram below shows the structure of a typical joint:
pelvis
B
C
D
femur
(i) What is A? Name TWO parts of the body where A can be found. (21/2 marks)
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
(ii) What is B? State its function. (11/2 marks)
_______________________________________________________________________________
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(iii) What substance is found in cavity D? Where is it produced? State its function. (3 marks)
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(iv) What type of joint does the diagram illustrate? State another part of the body where this kind of joint
can also be found. (2 marks)
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##
(i) A is cartilage. (1/2 mark)
Cartilage can be found between two vertebrae, at the joints between the ribs and sternum, in the pinna
or in the nose. (any two) (2 marks)
(ii) B is ligament. (1/2 mark)
It holds the bones firmly in place/prevents dislocation. (1 mark)
(iii) synovial fluid (1 mark)
It is produced by synovial membrane. (1 mark)
Its function is to lubricate the joints, enabling the two bones to slide smoothly against each other.
(1 mark)
(iv) ball-and-socket joint (1 mark)
It can also be found at the shoulder. (1 mark)
_________
(9 marks)##
|!|EQA01700014|!|
The diagram below shows a model of the human arm:
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
rubber band Y
rubber band X
D A
. . B
(i) Point out the fulcrum, effort and load in the above diagram. (3 marks)
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
(ii) Which rubber band belongs to flexor in the human arm? Explain your answer. (2 marks)
_______________________________________________________________________________
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(iii) What type of joint does C belong to? (1 mark)
_______________________________________________________________________________
(iv) Give TWO reasons why this model cannot truly represent the human arm? (4 marks)
_______________________________________________________________________________
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##
(i) Fulcrum - point C (1 mark)
Effort - contraction of rubber band X (1 mark)
Load - weight of D (1 mark)
(ii) rubber band X (1 mark)
Its contraction brings about the bending of the elbow joint. (1 mark)
(iii) hinge joint (1 mark)
(iv)
Model Human arm
Part D bends up when at rest. The arm straightens when at rest.
It is pulled by hand. The movement is generated by the muscles of the arm.
(each point 1 mark) (4 marks)
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
__________
(10 marks)##
|!|EQB01700015|!|
* The diagram below shows the bones and muscles of the leg of a man who is sitting:
Joint P
Muscle N
Muscle M
Joint Q
(i) When the foot is at position X, what is the condition of muscles M and N? (2 marks)
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
(ii) When the foot is at position Y, what is the condition of muscles M and N? (2 marks)
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
(iii) Which of the muscles are the flexor and extensor respectively? (2 marks)
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
(iv) What kinds of joints do P and Q belong to? (2 marks)
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
(v) What is the difference in the degree of movement allowed by the joints? (2 marks)
_______________________________________________________________________________
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##
(i) Muscle M: contracted (1 mark)
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________________________________________________________________________________________
Muscle N: relaxed (1 mark)
(ii) Muscle M: relaxed (1 mark)
Muscle N: contracted (1 mark)
(iii) Muscle M: flexor (1 mark)
Muscle N: extensor (1 mark)
(iv) P: hinge joint (1 mark)
Q: ball-and-socket joint (1 mark)
(v) Joint P allows movement in one plane only. (1 mark)
Joint Q allows movement in all directions. (1 mark)
__________
(10 marks)##
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Chapter 17 Question

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New Biology – a modern approach 3

Chapter 17: Locomotion in humans

(i) Membrane A secretes fluid C. Name the fluid. (1 mark)

(i) Which types of joints do X and Y belong to? (1 mark)

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