Chapter 24 Question

New Biology – a modern approach 3
Chapter 24: Genetics

________________________________________________________________________________________
Structured Questions
Core Section
|!|EQA02400001|!|
Complete the following paragraph with suitable words selected from the list below:
carbohydrate fat DNA gamete reproduction genetics
protein gene metabolism allele duplication mitosis
(i)_______________ is the study of how characteristics are transferred from one generation to the next.
A characteristic is controlled by a (ii)_______________ which is part of a chromosome. It is made up of a
chemical substance called (iii)_______________. It is located at a particular position on homologous
chromosomes as (iv)_______________.
The particular sequence of the bases in a gene provides instructions to the cell for forming a specific
(v)_______________. The substance formed is used for making new tissues or controlling
(vi)_______________ in the cells.
(3 marks)
##
(i) Genetics (1/2 mark)
(ii) gene (1/2 mark)
(iii) DNA (1/2 mark)
(iv) allele (1/2 mark)
(v) protein (1/2 mark)
(vi) metabolism (1/2 mark)
_________
(3 marks)##
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© Aristo Educational Press Ltd 2007 151
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|!|EQA02400002|!|
Read the passage below and answer the questions that follow:
CAN CHARACTERISTICS BE CHANGED
Genetic modification is a technique of altering genes by changing them or inserting
new ones. It allows genes to be transferred from one organism to another within the same
species or between different species so as to develop particular characteristics that would be
very difficult or impossible to acquire through traditional breeding.
(i) Name the chemical substance that makes up genes. (1 mark)
_______________________________________________________________________________
(ii) Name the part in a cell that contains genes. (1 mark)
_______________________________________________________________________________
(iii) Describe how genes help the development of characteristics in a species. (4 marks)
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
(iv) (1) Name the gene pair at a particular position on a pair of homologous chromosomes. (1 mark)
_______________________________________________________________________________
(2) Use a term to describe an individual with identical gene pair. (1 mark)
_______________________________________________________________________________
(v) Name a term for the differences between organisms. (1 mark)
_______________________________________________________________________________
##
(i) DNA (1 mark)
(ii) nucleus (1 mark)
(iii) Genes provides instructions for forming specific proteins (1 mark)
which make new tissues or control metabolism. (2 marks)
Expression of genes controls the inherited characteristics of an organism. (1 mark)
(iv) (1) alleles (1 mark)
(2) homozygous (1 mark)
(v) variations (1 mark)
_________
(9 marks)##
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
|!|EQB02400003|!|
* Richard obtained 25 green and 25 yellow garden peas from his teacher to study the inheritance of seed colour.
He first carried out a series of procedures to make sure that the peas of each colour were pure-breeding. Then
he sowed the pure-breeding peas and crossed a green plant with a yellow plant. All of the peas resulting from
this cross were yellow in colour.
P Plant with green peas X Plant with yellow peas
F1 All with yellow peas
(i) Describe the procedures to obtain pure-breeding plants with yellow peas. (3 marks)
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
(ii) State the dominant colour of the peas. Explain your answer. (3 marks)
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
(iii) There are three possible genotypes resulting in the cross between individuals in the F1 generation. Give
the probability of each of the following genotypes:
(1) Homozygous dominant; (1 mark)
_______________________________________________________________________________
(2) Heterozygous; (1 mark)
_______________________________________________________________________________
(3) Homozygous recessive. (1 mark)
_______________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
##
(i) Allow the yellow peas to germinate. Artificially transfer the pollen to the stigma on the same plant.
(1 mark)
Discard the green peas and select the yellow peas of the next generation. (1 mark)
Repeat the procedures for several generations until no green peas are found in the next generation.
(1 mark)
(ii) Both parents are pure-breeding, i.e. homozygous. The yellow pea carries two yellow alleles while the
green carries two green alleles. (1 mark)
Each of the seeds from the cross has one yellow and one green allele. (1 mark)
The expressed colour is dominant. This concludes that yellow colour is dominant. (1 mark)
(iii) (1) 25% (1 mark)
(2) 50% (1 mark)
(3) 25% (1 mark)
_________
(9 marks)##
|!|EQA02400004|!|
Tony visited a trout hatchery and got data about the growth of the fish from fertilised eggs. All of the fertilised
eggs were allowed to develop in the same controlled environment.
The table below shows the number of young trout in each length interval from a sample of 500:
Length interval (cm) Number of young trout
7.0-7.4 0
7.5-7.9 4
8.0-8.4 10
8.5-8.9 16
9.0-9.4 34
9.5-9.9 80
10.0-10.4 100
10.5-10.9 108
11.0-11.4 68
11.5-11.9 40
12.0-12.4 16
12.5-12.9 12
13.0-13.4 8
13.5-13.9 4
(i) Name THREE environmental factors which should be kept constant for comparing the length.
(3 marks)
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
(iv) Calculate the percentage of trout with length more than 11.9 cm. Show your working. (2 marks)
_______________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
(iii) State the internal factor which causes variation between individuals. (1 mark)
_______________________________________________________________________________
(iv) State this type of variation. (1 mark)
_______________________________________________________________________________
(v) Give any TWO examples of this type of variations occurring in human. (2 marks)
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
##
(i) Temperature of the water, (1 mark)
Oxygen level in water and (1 mark)
daily amount of nutrients provided. (1 mark)
(ii) Percentage of trout with length more than 11.9 cm
= (16 + 12 + 8 + 4)/500 x 100% (1 mark)
=8% (1 mark)
(iii) Genes. (1 mark)
(iv) Continuous variation. (1 mark)
(v) Height in human, IQ in human or weight in human. (any two) (2 marks)
_________
(9 marks)##
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
|!|EQA02400005|!|
Margaret reared two rats. The female, named Mimi, had black hair while the male, named Ricky, had white
hair. The female gave birth to 10 babies and all of them were black. As the babies grew up, Margaret allowed
them to interbreed. In the second generation, white and black babies appeared.
P Mimi (Black hair) X Ricky (White hair)
F1 Black hair
F2 Black hair and white hair
It is known that white hair in rats is a recessive characteristic.

Use B for the dominant allele for black hair and b for the recessive one for white hair.
(i) State, with reason, the genotype of:
(1) Ricky; (2 marks)
_______________________________________________________________________________
(2) an individual in F1. (3 marks)
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
(ii) (1) Draw a genetic diagram to show the result of the cross between individuals of F1. (2 marks)
(2) Find the ratio of the two phenotypes. (1 mark)

________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
(3) Find the probability of a rat in F2 with the same genotype as its grandfather. (1 mark)
_______________________________________________________________________________
##
(i) (1) Ricky: bb (1 mark)
because the recessive white colour can only be expressed out in homozygous state. (1 mark)
(2) F1: Bb. (1 mark)
It must receive one ‘b’ from Ricky. (1 mark)
It must have a ‘B’ because its hair colour is black. (1 mark)
(ii) (1)
F1 Bb Bb
(1 mark)
G B b B b
F2 BB Bb Bb bb
(1 mark)
Phenotypes Black hair White hair
(2) Black hair: White hair = 3 : 1 (1 mark)

(3) 25% (1 mark)
_________
(91marks)## 2
|!|EQA02400006|!|
4
Huntington chorea, also known as Huntington disease (HD), is a hereditary disease and3is controlled by a pair
of alleles. The pedigree below shows the inheritance of this disease in a family:
5
1 2
Key: Normal male

3 4 Male with the disease
Normal female
5 Female with the disease
Key: Normal male

Male with the disease
Normal female
Female with the disease
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
(i) Deduce, with reasons, whether the allele for this disease is dominant or recessive.
(No marks will be awarded for genetic diagrams) (5 marks)
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
(ii) State the possible genotype(s) of individual 2. (3 marks)
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
(iii) What is the probability for individual 5 to give birth to a boy without the disease if he marries a normal
woman? Explain. (3 marks)
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
##
(i) Individuals 3 and 4 have chorea, therefore each of them must possess at least
one allele for the disease. (1 mark)
Their child (individual 5) is normal, suggesting that at least one of the parents
must also possess one allele for the normal character. (1 mark)
At least one of the parents is heterozygous. (1 mark)
In a heterozygous condition, only the dominant allele is expressed. (1 mark)
Thus the allele for this disease is dominant. (1 mark)
(ii) Let C be the allele for the disease and c be the allele for the normal character. (1 mark)
Possible genotype(s) of individual 2: Cc or CC (2 marks)
(iii) 1/2. (1 mark)
Both parents are homozygous recessive, so they must have a normal child. (1 mark)
Giving birth to a boy but not a girl has the probability of 1/2. (1 mark)
__________
(11 marks)##
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|!|EQB02400007|!|
* In humans, tongue rolling is determined by the presence of a dominant allele ‘R’, whose recessive allele is
represented by ‘r’. The following diagram represents a family tree for a number of individuals:
female tongue roller female non-tongue roller

male tongue roller male non-tongue roller
(i) State and explain the genotypes of individuals
(1) 1; (11/2 marks)
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
(2) 3 and 4. (2 marks)
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
(ii) Individual 13 and his non-tongue roller wife have a daughter, Alice, who is a tongue roller. Individual
21’s husband is a non-tongue roller. But her son, Tom, is a tongue roller. Tom is Alice’s husband.
(1) Draw a diagram to show the cross and the result between Alice and Tom. (3 marks)
(2) State the ratios of the phenotypes and genotypes of the offspring in the cross in (1) (2 marks)
_______________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
(iii) Why is it not possible to determine the genotypes of individual 14? (1 mark)
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
(iv) If individual 5 marries a non-tongue roller woman, what is the probability that their first child is a
tongue roller? (4 marks)
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
##
(i) (1) The genotype of individual 1 is Rr because one of his children is a non-tongue roller (rr) who must
have received one r allele from him. (11/2 marks)
(2) The genotype of both individuals 3 and 4 is Rr because some of their children are non--tongue
rollers who must have received one recessive allele from each of their parents. (2 marks)
(ii) (1)
all or none, no 1/2 mark (3 marks)

(2) Phenotypic ratio = roller : non-roller = 3:1 (1 mark)
Genotypic ratio = RR : Rr : rr = 1:2:1 (1 mark)
(iii) It is impossible to determine the genotype of individual 14 because the genotype of her father
(individual 7) may be RR or Rr. (1 mark)
(iv) 1
/2 or 50%. (1 mark)
Reason:
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
parents
gametes
(3 marks)
F1
____________
(131/2 marks)##
|!|EQA02400008|!|
The following diagram shows a pedigree for the appearance of a human hereditary characteristic:
female with the characteristic female without the characteristic

male with the characteristic male without the characteristic
(i) Determine whether the allele causing this effect is dominant or recessive. Explain your answer.
(2 marks)
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
(ii) Write down the possible genotype(s) of each individual in the above pedigree. (Use the symbol B for
dominant allele and b for recessive allele) (7 marks)
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
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_______________________________________________________________________________
(iii) What is the probability for the third child of individuals 7 and 8 not to have this characteristic? Explain
your answer. (4 marks)
_______________________________________________________________________________
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________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
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##
(i) Individuals (1) and (2) have a son with the characteristic, this shows that they are heterozygous. The
character that shows in heterozygous condition is dominant. Since (1) and (2) do not show the
characteristic, therefore the allele controlling the characteristic is recessive. (2 marks)
(ii) The genotype(s) of individuals:
1, 2 – Bb 7, 8 – Bb
3 – bb 9 – Bb
4 – Bb 10 – bb
5 – BB or Bb 11 – bb
6 – bb 12 – BB or Bb (1/2 mark each)
(7 marks)
(iii) 3
/4 or 75 %. (1 mark)
Reason:
parents
gametes
F1
(3 marks)
_________
(13 marks)##
|!|EQB02400009|!|
* The black hair of guinea pigs is produced by a dominant allele B and the recessive allele b gives rise to white
hair. The following diagram shows a family tree of guinea pigs:
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
female guinea pigs with black hair female guinea pigs with white hair
male guinea pigs with black hair male guinea pigs with white hair
Assume that individuals 3 and 6 do not carry the recessive allele.

(i) State and explain the genotype of individual 7. (3 marks)
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
(ii) What are the genotypes of individuals 1 and 2? Explain your answer. (2 marks)
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
(iii) What is the probability that individual 5 is heterozygous? Explain by means of a genetic diagram.
(3 marks)
(iv) What is the probability that individual 8 is heterozygous? Explain by means of a genetic diagram.
(4 marks)
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
(v) Calculate the probability that an offspring produced by the mating of individual 7 and 8 will have white
hair. (4 marks)
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
##
(i) Bb. (1 mark)
Reason: Since the genotype of individual 3 is BB (It does not carry the recessive allele) and the
genotype of individual 4 is bb (It is white). (2 marks)
(ii) The genotype of individual 1 and 2 must be Bb, since they are black-haired and have a white-haired
offspring. (2 marks)
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
(iii) 2
/3. (1 mark)
Explanation:
parents
gametes
F1
BB:Bb:bb = 1:2:1
BB:Bb:bb = 1:2:1
bb can be excluded because individual 5 is black-haired. Therefore the probability of individual 5 being
a heterozygote is 2/3. (2 marks)
(iv) The probability of individual 5 to be Bb is 2/3 (from (iii)). The genotype of individual 6 is BB as it does
not carry the recessive allele.
P X
G (2 marks)
F1
Therefore, the probability of individual 8 being a heterozygote

= Probability of individual 5 to be Bb x 1/2
= 2/3 x 1/2
= 1/3 (2 marks)
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
(v) From (i), the genotype of individual 7 is Bb.
From (iv), the probability of individual 8 to be heterozygous is 1/3.
parents X
gametes
F1
(2 marks)
Therefore, the probability that the offspring will be white-haired
= Probability of individual 8 to be Bb x 1/4
= 1/3 x 1/4
= 1/12 (2 marks)
_________
(16 marks)##
|!|EQA02400010|!|
The following diagram shows a family tree:
parents:
F 1:
F 2:
: male with black hair

: male with red hair
: female with black hair
: female with red hair
(i) Which is the dominant character, black hair or red hair? Explain your answer. (2 marks)
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
(ii) Using symbols B for the dominant allele and b for the recessive allele, state and explain the genotypes
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
of individuals 2, 7 and 13. (41/2 marks)
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
(iii) What is the probability that another child of individuals 7 and 8 is red-haired? Explain your answer by
drawing a genetic diagram. (4 marks)
##
(i) Black hair is a dominant character because individuals 7 and 8 are heterozygous and their phenotypes
are black hair. The character shown in heterozygous condition is dominant. (2 marks)
(ii) The genotype of individual 2 is BB or Bb because she is black-haired. (11/2 marks)
The genotype of individual 7 is Bb. Since her father has genotype bb, therefore she should have
received one recessive allele from his father. As she is black-haired, she must be heterozygous.
(11/2 marks)
The genotype of individual 13 is bb because he is red-haired. As the allele for red hair is recessive, he
must be homozygous recessive. (11/2 marks)
(iii) 1
/4 or 25%. (1 mark)
Explanation:
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
parents X
gametes
(3 marks)
F1
____________
(101/2 marks)##
|!|EQA02400011|!|
Study the following family tree:
male with black hair male with red hair
female with black hair female with red hair
(i) Which characteristic is dominant, black hair or red hair? Explain your answer. (2 marks)
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
(ii) Using symbols R and r, state and explain briefly the genotypes of individuals
(1) 1; (11/2 marks)
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
(2) 8 and 9; (2 marks)
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
(3) 2. (11/2 marks)
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
(iii) What is the probability that another child of individuals 8 and 9 is red-haired? Explain your answer by
drawing a genetic diagram. (4 marks)
(iv) Using symbols R and r again, make a diagram to show the cross between individuals 6 and 14. What is
the chance for them to have a red-haired child? (4 marks)
##
(i) Black hair is the dominant characteristic because individual 8 and individual 9, who are black-haired,
have a daughter (individual 15) who is red-haired. They must be heterozygous. In the heterozygous
condition, the dominant allele is expressed, which is the allele for black hair. (2 marks)
(ii) (1) The genotype of individual 1 is Rr because he contributed one recessive allele to his daughter
(individual 6) who is red-haired. (11/2 marks)
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
(2) The genotype of both individuals 8 and 9 is Rr since they have a red- haired son who must have
received one recessive allele from each of them. (2 marks)
(3) The genotype of individual 2 is rr because red hair is a recessive characteristic. (11/2 marks)
(iii) 1
/4 or 25%. (1 mark)
Reason:
Individual 8 Individual 9
parents X
gametes
(3 marks)
F1
Black hair Red hair
(iv)
Individual 6 Individual 14
parents ×
gametes (3 marks)
F1
Black hair Red hair
Therefore the chance for them to have a red-haired child is 1/2 or 50%. (1 mark)
_________
(15 marks)##
|!|EQB02400012|!|
* Two garden pea plants with purple petals were crossed. 89 seeds were taken and allowed to germinate. It was
found that only 65 offspring had purple petals while the others had white ones.
(i) Which petal colour, do you think, is the dominant characteristic? Explain your answer. (3 marks)
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
(ii) Using symbol P for the dominant allele and p for the recessive allele, draw a diagram to show the cross.
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
(3 marks)
(iii) Find the ratio of

(1) phenotype of the cross in (ii), and (1 mark)
__________________________________________________________________
(2) genotype of the cross in (ii). (1 mark)
_______________________________________________________________________________
(iv) What would be the result if the offspring with white petals were crossed with one of their parents?
Explain your answer by drawing a genetic diagram. (4 marks)
##
(i) Both parents were phenotypically identical and possessed purple petals but they gave rise to offspring
with white petals who must have received one white allele from each parent. Therefore the parents
were heterozygous. The character that showed in heterozygote is dominant i.e. purple petal.
(3 marks)
(ii)
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
parents Pp X Pp
gametes P p P p
F1 PP Pp Pp pp
phenotypes purple petal white
3 : 1
(3 marks)
(iii) (1) Ratio of phenotype
Purple petal: white petal = 3:1 (1 mark)
(2) Ratio of genotype
PP: Pp: pp = 1 : 2 : 1 (1 mark)
(iv) The genotype of the offspring with white petals is pp and that of the parents is Pp.
parent white petal
parents Pp X pp
gametes P p p
(3 marks)
F1 Pp pp
phenotypes purple petal white petal
1 : 1
Half of the offspring of this cross had purple petals. (1 mark)

_________
(12 marks)##
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
|!|EQB02400013|!|
* The inheritance of seed colour in garden peas follows Mendel’s first law. Yellow seed colour is dominant to
green. In each of the following experiments, a number of offspring were obtained by crossing the parents with
phenotypes shown in the following table:
Parents Offspring
Yellow Green
(A) Yellow x Yellow 88 0
(B) Yellow x Yellow 114 37
(C) Yellow x Green 54 58
(D) Yellow x Green 97 0
(E) Green x Green 0 77
(i) Using the symbol Y for the dominant allele and symbol y for the recessive allele, write down the most
probable genotypes of each parent in each cross. (5 marks)
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
(ii) Theoretically, in cross (B) how many yellow offspring produced in F1 would be expected to produce
green progeny when self-pollinated? Show your calculation. (3 marks)
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
(iii) (1) Using the symbols Y and y again, draw a diagram to show the cross between the yellow offspring
produced in crosses (C) and (D). (3 marks)
(2) State the phenotypic and genotypic ratios of the offspring in the cross in (1). (2 marks)
_______________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
##
(i)
Cross Genotypes
A YY and YY / YY andYy / Yy and YY
B Yy and Yy
C Yy and yy
D YY and yy
E yy and yy
(1 mark each) (5 marks)
(ii) in cross B:
parents
gametes
F1
produce green progeny

when self-pollinated
yellow offspring
The number of yellow offspring = 2/3 x 114 = 76 (3 marks)

(iii) (1) The genotype of the yellow offspring in cross (C) is Yy.
The genotype of the yellow offspring in cross (D) is also Yy.
parents
gametes
(3 marks)
F1
green
yellow
(2) Phenotypic ratio: yellow: green = 3 : 1 (1 mark)

Genotypic ratio: YY : Yy : yy = 1 : 2: 1 (1 mark)
_________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
(13 marks)##
|!|EQA02400014|!|
Albinism, the lack of pigmentation, in man is the result of a recessive allele (a) and normal pigmentation is
the result of a dominant allele (A). A married couple wants to know the probability of having any albino
children. Show, by diagrams, the probability that their children would be albinos if
(i) both are normally pigmented, but each has one albino parent. (4 marks)
(ii) the male is an albino and no albinos have been recorded in the female’s family. (4 marks)
(iii) the male is an albino, the female is normal, but her father is an albino. (4 marks)
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
##
(i) Both of the parents are heterozygous (Aa).
parents Aa X Aa
gametes A a A a
(3 marks)
F1 AA Aa Aa aa
phenotypes normal pigmented albino
The probability that their children would be albino is 1/4 or 25 %. (1 mark)

(ii)
male female
parents aa X AA
gametes a A (3 marks)
F1 Aa
Phenotypes all normal pigmented
The probability that their children would be albino is zero. (1 mark)
(iii) male female
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
parents aa X Aa
gametes a A a
(3 marks)
F1 Aa aa
phenotypes normal pigmented albino
1 : 1
The probability that their children would be albino is 1/2 or 50 %. (1 mark)

_________
(12 marks)##
|!|EQA02400015|!|
The ability to roll one’s tongue is an inherited characteristic controlled by a dominant allele ‘R’ (its recessive
allele is represented by ‘ r’). The diagram below represents part of a family tree. Some members of the family
can roll their tongues (rollers) while others cannot (non-rollers).
grandmother grandfather
(roller) (non -roller)
father mother
(non -roller) (roller)
daughter A daughter B son

(non -roller) (roller) (roller)
Answer the following questions, expressing your answers in terms of ‘ R’ and ‘r’.
(i) Explain what genotype(s) is / are possessed by
(1) daughter A?
(2) mother?
(3) grandmother? (41/2 marks)
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
(ii) Daughter B marries a man who is homozygous for the tongue-rolling characteristic. Show the possible
genotypes of their children. (3 marks)
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
(iii) Daughter A marries a man who is heterozygous for the tongue-rolling characteristic. Calculate the
probability for them to have a roller child. (4 marks)
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
##
(i) (1) The genotype of daughter A is rr since she is a non-roller which is a recessive characteristic.
(11/2 marks)
(2) The genotype of the mother is Rr because her daughter A is a non-roller who must have received
one recessive allele from each of her parents. (11/2 marks)
(3) The genotype of grandmother is Rr because the father is a non-roller and must have received one
recessive allele from each of his parents. (11/2 marks)
(ii) The genotype of daughter B is Rr.
The genotype of the man that daughter B married is RR.
(3 marks)
The possible genotypes of their children will be RR or Rr.
(iii) The genotype of daughter A is rr [Refer to (i)].
The genotype of the man whom daughter A married is Rr. (1 mark)
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
X
(2 marks)
The probability for them to have a roller child is 1/2. (1 mark)
___________
(111/2 marks)##
|!|EQB02400016|!|
* A gardener found that some garden pea plants had smooth seeds while others had wrinkled seeds. He crossed
different plants and the results are shown in the following table:
Cross Parents Offspring
Smooth Wrinkled
#1 smooth x wrinkled 52 50
#2 smooth x smooth 102 0
wrinkled x wrinkled
#3 smooth x wrinkled 0 96
smooth x smooth
#4 98 0
#5 74 24
(i) Which phenotype is dominant? Explain your answer. (2 marks)

_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
(ii) Using symbols S and s, give the genotypes of the parents of each cross. (5 marks)
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
(iii) Find the genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring formed by crossing the “smooth” parents in cross
#5. (4 marks)
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
(iv) Find the genotypic and phenotypic ratios of the offspring formed by self-fertilising the “smooth”
parents in cross #1. (5 marks)
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
##
(i) Smooth seeds are dominant because in cross #4 when smooth-seeded plants crossed with those with
wrinkled seeds, only smooth-seeded offspring were formed. / In cross #5 if smooth seed is recessive
they would not have produced wrinkled offspring. (2 marks)
(ii)
Cross Phenotype of Parents Genotype of Parents
#1 smooth x wrinkled Ss x ss
#2 smooth x smooth SS x SS/Ss or SS/Ss x SS
#3 wrinkled x wrinkled ss x ss
#4 smooth x wrinkled SS x ss
#5 smooth x smooth Ss x Ss
(1 mark each) (5 marks)
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
(iii) The genotypes of both “smooth” parents of cross #5 are Ss.
The cross of these two plants is shown below:
parents X
gametes
(4 marks)
F1
smooth wrinkled
(iv) The genotype of the “smooth” parent in cross #1 is Ss.

The self-fertilising of “smooth” plant in cross #1 is shown in the following diagram:
parents X
gametes
(3 marks)
F1
Genotypic ratio of offspring:- SS : Ss : ss = 1:2:1 (1 mark)

Phenotypic ratio offspring:- smooth : wrinkled = 3:1 (1 mark)
_________
(16 marks)##
|!|EQB02400017|!|
* When a certain strain of pure breeding red flower is crossed with a pure white, all offspring of the first filial
generation are pink. This condition is known as incomplete dominance. This is also a case of Mendelian
inheritance.
(i) Using symbols R for red flower and r for white flower, construct a diagram to show the cross between
two pink flowers. What are the genotypic and phenotypic ratios in the F1 generation? (5 marks)
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
(ii) What would be the result if

(1) a pink flower is crossed with a white one? (2 marks)
(2) a red flower is crossed with a pink one? (2 marks)
##
(i)
Phenotype Genotype
Red RR
Pink Rr
White rr
pink pink
parents X
gametes
(3 marks)
F1
red pink white
Genotypic ratio of offspring RR : Rr : rr = 1: 2:1 (1 mark)

Phenotypic ratio of offspring Red : pink : white = 1:2:1 (1 mark)
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
(ii) (1)
pink white
parents X
gametes
(2 marks)
F1
pink white
(2)
red pink
parents X
gametes
(2 marks)
F1
red pink
__________
(9 marks)##
|!|EQA02400018|!|
In pea plants, the allele for green pods is dominant (G) and that for yellow pods is recessive (g). A cross was
made between a pea plant with green pods and another plant with yellow pods. In the first filial generation,
there were 388 plants with green pods and 410 with yellow pods.
(i) Show clearly with a full explanation, what genotypes are possessed by the parent plants? (3 marks)
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
(ii) What will be the results if
(1) the green parent plant, (5 marks)
(2) the yellow parent plant, (2 marks)
is self-pollinated?
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
##
(i) The genotype of the parent plant with yellow pods is gg because this is a recessive characteristic.
(11/2 marks)
The genotype of the parent plant with green pods in Gg because half of its daughter plants have yellow
pods. (11/2 marks)
OR
parent plants parent plants with

with green pods yellow pods
parents X
gametes
F1
green pods yellow pods
(ii) (1) If the green parent plant is self-pollinated:
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
parents
gametes
F1
green pods yellow pods
(3 marks)
3
/4 of the offspring will have green pods. (1 mark)
1
/4 of the offspring will have yellow pods. (1 mark)
(2) If the yellow parent plant is self-pollinated:
parents
gametes
(1 mark)
F1
All offspring will have yellow pods. (1 mark)

_________
(10 marks)##
|!|EQA02400019|!|
The inheritance of fur colour in mice follows the Mendel’s first law. When a pure breeding black mouse is
crossed with a pure breeding chocolate one, all F1 offspring are black.
(i) (1) What is the genotype of the offspring of F1 generation (Use symbols B and b)? Explain your
answer with a genetic diagram. (3 marks)
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
(2) Draw a genetic diagram to show the cross and the results between two mice of the F1 generation.
(3 marks)
(ii) Describe and explain how you can determine the genotype of the F2 black mice resulting from the
above cross. (6 marks)
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
##
(i) (1) The genotype of the offspring of the F1 generation is Bb. (1 mark)
Reason:
pure breeding pure breeding

black chocolate
parents
gametes
F1
all black
(2 marks)
(2)
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
F1
gametes
(3 marks)
F2
chocolate
all black
(ii) Cross each of the F2 black mice with a chocolate mouse and check the phenotypes of the offspring:
If all the offspring are black, the F2 black mice must be homozygous.
If some of the offspring are black and some are chocolate, the F2 black mice must be heterozygous.
(6 marks)
__________
(12 marks)##
|!|EQB02400020|!|
* There is a hereditary characteristic of limb abnormality known as polydactyly in humans. A polydactylous
man marries a normal woman. The diagram below shows the resultant pedigree:
Father Mother
Alice Betty Bruce George Eileen Joseph Nancy Jacob Olive Robert
normal male polydactylous male

normal female polydactylous female
(i) Which characteristic is dominant? Explain your answer. (11/2 marks)

_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
(ii) Using symbols P for dominant allele and p for recessive, write the genotypes of the father and mother.
(1 mark)
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
(iii) Using symbols P and p again, make diagrams to show the cross between
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
(1) George and Eileen. (Assuming that the allele for polydactyly is very rare.) (2 marks)
(2) Olive and Robert. (2 marks)
(iv) State the phenotypic and genotypic ratios of the children of Olive and Robert. (2 marks)
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
(v) The mother has no history of this defect in her parents or grandparents. Suggest how and where the
defect arose in her case. (2 marks)
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
(vi) Give ONE example of each of the following:
(1) a heritable variation (characteristic) normally not affected by the environment.
(2) a heritable variation which can be affected by the environment.
(3) a non-heritable variation occurring in an animal.
(4) a non-heritable variation occurring in a plant. (4 marks)
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
##
(i) Normal limb is dominant. (1/2 mark)
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
Both Olive and Robert are normal but give rise to polydactyly offspring who must have received one
polydactyly allele from each parent. Therefore they are heterozygous. The character that shows in the
heterozygote is dominant. (1 mark)
(ii) Father – pp (1/2 mark)
Mother – Pp (1/2 mark)
(iii) (1)
George Eileen
parents Pp X PP
gametes P p P (2 marks)
F1 PP Pp
all normal
(2)
Olive Robert
parents Pp X Pp
gametes P p P p
F1 PP Pp Pp pp
phenotypes normal polydactylous
(2 marks)
(iv) Ratio of phenotype Normal : polydactylous = 3:1 (1 mark)
Ratio of genotype PP : Pp : pp = 1:2:1 (1 mark)
(v) By mutation during gamete formation. (2 marks)
(vi) (1) tongue rolling/ear lobe (1 mark)
(2) height/body weight (1 mark)
(3) In humans, people using their right hands to play tennis have their right hands more well
developed. (1 mark)
(4) etiolation of plant shoots (1 mark)
___________
(141/2 marks)##
Extension Section
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
|!|EQA02400021|!|
STS Connections
The diagram below shows the principle of human insulin production using a bacterium:
insulin gene
human cell
2 3
bacterium
1
vector
(i) Describe the actions of insulin in the human body. (4 marks)

_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
(ii) Explain why a DNA-cutting enzyme is used in process 1. (2 marks)
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
(iii) Another bacterium takes up the vector with the insulin gene inserted as shown in process 2. Before this,
the bacterium is treated, for example with calcium, in such a way that the cell membrane would allow
the passage of the vector into the cytoplasm. If the bacterium is untreated, it is much less likely to take
up the vector.
State the property of the cell membrane in the untreated condition with reference to this phenomenon.
(1 mark)
_______________________________________________________________________________
(iv) With reference to process 3, explain how a genetically modified bacterium can produce a satisfactory
amount of insulin for consumption. (4 marks)
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
##
(i) Insulin can stimulate the liver cells (1 mark)
to convert excess glucose into glycogen for storage, (1 mark)
and promote the uptake of glucose by body cells (1 mark)
as well as its oxidation / breakdown. (1 mark)
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
(ii) Vector is a circular DNA that must be cut open (1 mark)
for insertion of the insulin gene. (1 mark)
(iii) Selective permeability. (1 mark)
(iv) A bacterium can reproduce / multiply rapidly (1 mark)
by means of asexual reproduction / binary fission. (1 mark)
As a result, the insulin gene is replicated / copied many times. (1 mark)
With more bacteria (from a single clone), more insulin can thus be produced. (1 mark)
___________
(11 marks)##
________________________________________________________________________________________

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New Biology – a modern approach 3

Chapter 24: Genetics

P Plant with green peas X Plant with yellow peas

F1 All with yellow peas

P Mimi (Black hair) X Ricky (White hair)

F2 Black hair and white hair

It is known that white hair in rats is a recessive characteristic.

(2) Find the ratio of the two phenotypes. (1 mark)

(2) Black hair: White hair = 3 : 1 (1 mark)

Key: Normal male

5 Female with the disease

Key: Normal male

female tongue roller female non-tongue roller

all or none, no 1/2 mark (3 marks)

female with the characteristic female without the characteristic

Assume that individuals 3 and 6 do not carry the recessive allele.

Therefore, the probability of individual 8 being a heterozygote

: male with black hair

male with black hair male with red hair

female with black hair female with red hair

Black hair Red hair

(iii) Find the ratio of

Half of the offspring of this cross had purple petals. (1 mark)

produce green progeny

The number of yellow offspring = 2/3 x 114 = 76 (3 marks)

(2) Phenotypic ratio: yellow: green = 3 : 1 (1 mark)

The probability that their children would be albino is 1/4 or 25 %. (1 mark)

The probability that their children would be albino is zero. (1 mark)

(iii) male female

The probability that their children would be albino is 1/2 or 50 %. (1 mark)

daughter A daughter B son

(i) Which phenotype is dominant? Explain your answer. (2 marks)

(iv) The genotype of the “smooth” parent in cross #1 is Ss.

Genotypic ratio of offspring:- SS : Ss : ss = 1:2:1 (1 mark)

(ii) What would be the result if

(2) a red flower is crossed with a pink one? (2 marks)

red pink white

Genotypic ratio of offspring RR : Rr : rr = 1: 2:1 (1 mark)

parent plants parent plants with

(ii) (1) If the green parent plant is self-pollinated:

green pods yellow pods

All offspring will have yellow pods. (1 mark)

pure breeding pure breeding

normal male polydactylous male

(i) Which characteristic is dominant? Explain your answer. (11/2 marks)

(2) Olive and Robert. (2 marks)

(i) Describe the actions of insulin in the human body. (4 marks)

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