Analog Communication Student Manual - Experiments

Electrical Circuits Lab Manual
Experiment No:1(a)
Date: 1.(a) Verification of Theenin!s Theorem
"im: To verify Thevenins theorem for the given circuit.
Circuit:
"pparatus:
Table 1.1:"pparatus #e$uire%
&.
No
Name of the apparatus #an'e T(pe )uantit(
1 Variac
2 Voltmeter
3 Ammeter
4 Resistors
5 Connecting Wires
&tatement:
Theenin!s theorem:
t states that any linear! active net"or# "ith t"o o$en terminals can %e
re$lace& %y an e'uivalent circuit consisting of Thevenins e'uivalent voltage source V
T(
in series
"ith Thevenins e'uivalent resistance R
T(.
Where V
T(
is the o$en circuit voltage across the t"o
terminals an& R
T(
is the resistance seen from the same t"o terminals.
Department of EEE *a'e 1
Circuit %ia'rams:+
To fin% V
th
:
,i'ure1.-. To fin% V
th
To fin% #
th
:
,i'ure1... To fin% #
th
To fin% /
L
:
,i'ure 1.0. To fin% /
L
Theor(:
The values of V
T(
an& R
T(
are &etermine& as mentione& in thevenins theorem. )nce
the thevenin e'uivalent circuit is o%taine&! then current through any loa& resistance R*
connecte& across A+ is given %y!
Thevenins theorem is a$$lie& to &.c. circuits as state& %elo",
i. Any net"or# having terminals A an& + can %e re$lace& %y a single source of e.m.f. V
T(
in series "ith a source resistance R
T(
.
ii. The e.m.f the voltage o%taine& across the terminals A an& + "ith loa&! if any remove&
i.e.! it is o$en circuite& voltage %et"een terminals A an& +.
iii. The resistance R
T(
is the resistance of the net"or# measure& %et"een the terminals A an&
+ "ith loa& remove& an& sources of e.m.f re$lace& %y their internal resistances. &eal
voltage sources are re$lace& "ith short circuits an& i&eal current sources are re$lace&
"ith o$en circuits.
To fin& V
T(!
the loa& resistor -R
*
is &isconnecte&! then V
T(
.
To fin& R
T(
! RT( .
Thevenins theorem is also calle& as /(elmolt0 theorem1
Theoritical calculations :
V
T(
.
R
T(
.
*
.
*roce%ure:
1. Connect as $er the V
T(
circuit.2i.e fig 1.23
2. A&4ust the out$ut voltage of the single $hase variac su$$ly to 15V.
3. 6ote &o"n the voltage across the loa& terminals that gives V
T(
.
4. Re&uce the out$ut voltage of the single $hase variac to 5V an& s"itch7off the su$$ly.
5. 8isconnect the circuit an& connect as $er the R
T(
9. A&4ust the out$ut voltage of the single $hase variac to a$$ro$riate value 2:ay V . 35V3.
;. 6ote &o"n the current 23 su$$lie& %y the source an& &isconnect the circuit.
<. The ratio of V an& gives the R
T(
.
=. 8isconnect the fig 1.3 an& connect as $er
*
circuit 2i.e fig 1.43
15. A&4ust the out$ut voltage of the single $hase variac to an a$$ro$riate value 2:ay 5.5V3.
11. 6ote &o"n the res$onse current 2
*
3 through the %ranch of interest .
13. 8isconnect the circuit.
#esult:+(ence Thevenins theorem is stu&ie& an& verifie&.
Table1.-: Comparision of Theritical an% *ractical Values
Theoritical alues *ractical alues
R
T(
.
*
.

V
th
.
R
T(
.

*
.

V
th
.

Via $uestions:
1. :tate Thevenins theorem>
2. What is Thevenins resistance>
3. 8ra" Thevenins e'uivalent circuit>
4. ?ormula for loa& current from e'uivalent circuit>
5. What is the 6ortons e'uivalent circuit of Thevenins>
Experiment No:12%3
Date: 1.(b) Verification of Norton!s Theorem
"im: To verify 6ortons theorem for the given circuit.
1ien Circuit:
,i'ure 1.2 Circuit for Verification of Norton!s Theorem
"pparatus:
Table 1..:"pparatus re$uire%
&.
No
1 Variac
2 Voltmeter
3 Ammeter
4 Resistors
5 Connecting Wires
&tatement:
t states that any linear! active net"or# "ith t"o o$en terminals can %e re$lace&
%y an e'uivalent circuit consisting of 6ortons e'uivalent current source
6
in $arallel "ith
6ortons e'uivalent resistance R
6.
"here
6
is the short circuit current through the t"o terminals
an& R
6
is the resistance seen from the same t"o terminals.
Circuit %ia'rams:+
To fin% /
N
:
N
To fin% #
N
:
,i'ure 1.4. To fin% #
N
To fin% /
N
:
N
Theor(:
6ortons theorem is a$$lie& to &.c circuits may %e state& as %elo".
i. Any linear net"or# having t"o terminals -A an& -+ can %e re$lace& %y a current source
of current out$ut
6
in $arallel "ith a resistance R
6
.
ii. The out$ut
6
of the current source is e'ual to the current that "oul& flo" through A+
"hen A@+ are short circuite&.
iii. The resistance R
6
is the resistance of net"or# measure& %et"een A an& + "ith loa&
remove& an& the sources of e.m.f re$lace& %y their internal resistances.
iv. &eal voltage source are re$lace& "ith short circuits an& i&eal current sources are re$lace&
"ith o$en circuits .
6ortons theorem is converse of thevenins theorem. n this 6orton e'uivalent
circuit uses a current generator instea& of voltage generator an& the resistance R
6
is $arallel "ith
generator instea& of %eing series "ith it.
*roce%ure:
1. Connect as $er the
6
3. 6ote &o"n the Current flo"ing through the short circuit terminals that gives
6
.
6
circuit.2i.e fig 1.;3
6
.
=. 8isconnect the fig 1.; an& connect as $er
*
circuit 2i.e fig 1.<3
15. A&4ust the out$ut voltage of the single $hase variac to an a$$ro$riate value 2:ay <.<V3.
11. 6ote &o"n the res$onse current 2
*
3 through the %ranch of interest .
*recautions:
1. nitially #ee$ the single $hase variac out$ut voltage #no% in 0ero volt $osition.
2. :et the ammeter $ointer at 0ero $osition.
3. Ta#e the rea&ings "ithout $arallaA error.
4. Avoi& loose connections.
5.Avoi& short circuit of single $hase variac out$ut terminals
Theoritical calculations :
R6 .
VT( .
6.
* . 6 BRT(C2RT(DR*3 .
#esult: (ence 6ortons theorem is verifie&
Table 1.0: Comparision of Theoretical an% *ractical alues
Theoritical alues *ractical alues
R
6
.
*
.
6
.
R
6
.
*
.
6
.
Via $uestions:
1. :tate 6ortons theorem>
2. What is 6ortons resistance>
3. 8ra" 6ortons e'uivalent circuit>
4. ?ormula for loa& current from e'uivalent circuit>
5. What is the Thevenins e'uivalent circuit of 6ortons>
Experiment No:22a3
Date: -.(a) Verification of &uperposition Theorem
"im: To verify the su$er$osition theorem for the given circuit.
1ien circuit:
,i'ure -.1.1ien Circuit for &uperposition Theorem
&tatement:
&uperposition Theorem:
n any linear! %ilateral! multi source net"or# the res$onse in any element
is e'ual to the alge%raic sum of the res$onses o%taine& %y each source acting se$arately "hile all
other sources are set e'ual to 0ero.
"pparatus:
Table -.1:"pparatus #e$uire%
&.No Name of the apparatus #an'e T(pe )uantit(
1 Variac
2 Ammeter
3 Resistors
4 Connecting "ires
Circuit %ia'rams:
6hen V
1
7V
-
sources actin' (to fin% /):+
?igure 2.2. When V
1
@V
2
:ources acting alone
6hen V
1
source actin' alone (to fin% /
1
):+
?igure 2.1. When V
1
:ource acting alone
6hen V
-
source actin' alone (to fin% /
-
):+
?igure 2.2. When V
2
:ource acting alone
Theor(:+
:u$er$osition theorem states that in a linear %ilateral net"or# consisting 6 num%er of
sources each %ranch current is the alge%raic sum of 6 currents through 2 %ranch voltage3! each of
"hich is &etermine& %y consi&ering one source at a time an& removing all other sources. n
removing the sources! voltage sources are short circuite& or re$lace& %y resistances e'ual to their
internal resistances for no i&eal sources! "hile the i&eal current sources are o$en circuite&.
*roce%ure:
1. Connect the circuit "hen V
1
@V
2
sources acting 2to fin& flo"ing through 55 E3.
2. A&4ust the out$ut voltage of sources F an& G to a$$ro$riate values 2:ay 15V an&25V
res$ectively3 using a single $hase variac.
3. 6ote &o"n the res$onse current! 23 through the %ranch of interest .
4. 6o" set the source G 225V3 to 5V an& source F to 15V.
5. 6ote &o"n the res$onse 2current!
1
3 through the %ranch A+ 2ammeter rea&ing3.
9. 6o" set the source F 215V3 to 5V an& source G to 25V.
;. 6ote &o"n the res$onse 2current!
2
3 through the %ranch A+ 2ammeter rea&ing3.
<. Re&uce the out$ut voltage of the sources F an& G to 5V an& s"itch off the su$$ly.
=. 8isconnect the circuit.
Table -.-: 6hen 8oth &ouces are actin'
&. No
"pplie% olta'e
(V
1
) Volt
"pplie% olta'e
(V
-
) Volt
Current
/
L
(m")
Table -..: 6hen Volta'e source V
1
is actin' alone
&. No "pplie% olta'e (V
1
) Volt Current /
1
(m")
Table-.0: 6hen Volta'e source V
-
is actin' alone
&. No "pplie% olta'e (V
-
) Volt Current /
1
(m")
Theoritical calculations:
?rom figure 2.3

1
.

*
l
.
?rom ?igure 2.4

2
.

*
l1
.

* .
*
l
D
*
l1
.
*recautions:
5.Avoi& short circuit of single $hase variac out$ut terminals.
#E&9LT: (ence :u$er$osition Theorem is verifie&.
Table -.2: Comparision of Theoritical an% *ractical Values
&.No Loa% current Theoritical alues *ractical Values
1 When +oth sources are acting!
*
2 When only source F is acting!
1
3 When only source G is acting!
2
C:NCL9&/:N:
1. The given circuit is linear! since the res$onse is alge%raic sum of the in&ivi&ual
res$onses.
2. :u$er$osition theorem is not vali& for $o"er res$onse.
Experiment No:22%3
Date: -.(b)Verification of Maximum *o;er Transfer Theorem
"im: To verify maAimum $o"er transfer theorem in a &.c circuit .
&tatement:
The statement of maAimum $o"er transfer is / n &.c circuits! maAimum $o"er is
transferre& from a source to loa& "hen the loa& resistance is ma&e e'ual to the internal resistance
of the source as vie"e& from the loa& terminal "ith loa& remove& an& all e.m.f sources re$lace&
%y their internal resistance.
1ien circuit:
,i'ure -.2 Circuit for Maximum *o;er Transfer Theorem
"pparatus:
Table -.3 :"pparatus #e$uire%
&.
No
1 Variac
2 Voltmeter
3 Ammeter
4 Rheostats
5 Connecting "ires
Circuit %ia'rams:
To fin% V
th
:
?igure 2.3. To ?in& V
T(
To fin% #
th
:
?igure 2.4. To ?in& R
T(
To fin% Maximum *o;er:
?igure 2.5. To ?in& HaAimum Io"er
Theor(:
The statement of maAimum $o"er transfer is / n &.c circuits! maAimum $o"er is
transferre& from a source to loa& "hen the loa& resistance is ma&e e'ual to the internal resistance
of the source as vie"e& from the loa& terminal "ith loa& remove& an& all e.m.f sources re$lace&
%y their internal resistance.
Consi&er a voltage source of V of internal resistance R &elivering $o"er to aloa& R*. We
shall $rove that "hen R
*
. R
:
!the $o"er transferre& is maAimum.
*roce%ure:
1. Connect as $er the V
T(
3. 6ote &o"n the voltage across the loa& terminals that gives V
T(
.
T(
circuit.2i.e fig 2.;3
T(
=. Connect the circuit to fin& maAimum $o"er.2i.e fig 2.<3
15. A&4ust the out$ut voltage of the single $hase variac to an a$$ro$riate value 2:ay 5 V3.
11. Vary the loa& rheostat. in ste$s! an& note &o"n the res$onse 2current3 through the loa& for
each ste$ 2ammeter rea&ing3 @ loa& voltage.
14. Calculate the $o"er a%sor%e& %y the loa&! I
m
for each ste$ using the formula I
m
.
*
2
R
*
.
15. Ilot the gra$h %y ta#ing -R
*
on F7aAis an& I
m
on G7aAis.
19. Jet the $ractical value of the loa& resistance for "hich it "ill gain the maAimum $o"er
from the source.
Mo%el 'raph:
Table -.4: ,or Maximum *o;er Transfer Theorem
&.no.
Loa% resistence
#l (in ohms)
Volta'e
Vl (in olts)
Current
/l (in amps)
*o;er
*m< l = il (a)

Theoretical calculations
Total current .
I .
Io"er is maAimum!"hen &IC&R* .5
*recautions:
5. Avoi& short circuit of single $hase variac out$ut terminals.
#esult:
HaAimum $o"er is transferre& from souce to loa& "hen souce resistance is e'ual to loa&
resistance i.e I
m
.KKKK..at R
s
.R
*
.KKKKK.
Via $uestions:
1. :tate maAimum $o"er transfer theorem>
2. Con&ition for maAimum $o"er transfer in 8.C circuits>
3. Con&ition for maAimum $o"er transfer in A.C circuits>
4. Lfficiency un&er maAimum $o"er con&ition is>
5. A$$lications of maAimum $o"er transfer theorem>
Experiment No:3
Date: ..Verification of Compensation Theorem
"im:+ To verify Com$ensation theorem theoretically an& $ractically for the given circuit.
1ien Circuit:
,i'ure ..1 1ien Circuit
"pparatus:
Table ..1:"pparatus #e$uire%
&. No Name of the apparatus #an'e T(pe )uantit(
1 Regulate& $o"er su$$ly
2 Voltmeter
3 Ammeter
4 Rheostats
5 Connecting "ires
&tatement:
Com$ensation theorem states that in a linear net"or# any im$e&ance M that carries a
current NN can %e re$lace& %y a voltage source "ith emf V.M "ith 0ero internal im$e&ance.
:imilarly if the voltage across im$e&ance is V! then it can %e re$lace& %y a current source
"ith current .VCM.
Circuit %ia'rams:
?igure3.2. Res$onse in $articular element "here change in resistance occurs
?igure3.3. Res$onse &ue a&&ing of a&&itional Resistance
?igure 3.4. Res$onse &ue to Change in resistance %y a$$lying Com$ensation Voltage
Theor(:
Consi&er net"or# 6 in figure 2A3! having %ranch im$e&ance M. *et the current through M
%e an& its voltage %e V.
*et M %e the change in M. Then 2the ne" current3 can %e "ritten as! . V)C C 2MD MDMs3
. 7 . V5CC 2MD MDMs3 7 V)C C 2MD Ms3
. 7 2V)C C 2MD Ms33 2 MC 2MD MDMs33
. 7 MC 2MD MDMs3
. 7 VcC 2MD MDMs3
Where! Vc . M
The e'uation sho"n a%ove follo"s the sho"n %elo" in "hich has the same &irection as .
This sho"s that the change in current &ue to change in any %ranch in a linear net"or#
can %e can %e calculate& %y &etermining the current in that %ranch in a net"or# o%taine& from the
original net"or#! %y nulling all the in&e$en&ent sources an& $lacing a voltage source calle& the
com$ensation source in series "ith the %ranch "hose value is Vc . M! "here is the current
through the %ranch %efore its im$e&ance is change& an& M is the change in the im$e&ance. The
&irection of Vc is o$$osite to that of .
*roce%ure:
1. Connect the circuit as in the fig 3.2.
2. :"itch on the $o"er su$$ly an& note &o"n the rea&ings of ammeter 213.
3. Connect the circuit as in the fig 3.3 "ith increase value of resistance.
4. :"itch on the $o"er su$$ly an& note &o"n the rea&ings of ammeter 223.
5. Connect the circuit as in the fig 3.4
9. :"itch on the $o"er su$$ly an& a$$ly Vc. 72 OR @ note &o"n the rea&ings of ammeter
233.
Table ..-: *ractical Values
:.no Voltage2Volts3 Current2 milli Am$s3
Table ...: *ractical Values
:.no Voltage2Volts3 Current2milli Am$s3
*recautions:
#esult:
+y using Com$ensation theorem change in current in 55 E resistance &ue to change in
resistance isKKKKK.
Experiment No:42a3
Date: 0(a) Verification of #eciprocit( Theorem
"im :To verify reci$rocity theorem for the given circuit .
1ien Circuit:
,i'ure 0.1.1ien Circuit for #eciprocit( Theorem
&tatement:
#eciprocit( theorem:
n any linear! %ilateral! single source net"or#! the ratio of eAcitation to
the res$onse is same even though the $ositions of eAcitation an& res$onse are interchange&.
"pparatus:
Table 0.1: "pparatus re$uire%
1 Variac
2 Voltmeter
3 Ammeter
4 Rheostats
5 Connecting "ires
Circuit Dia'rams:
?igure4.2. When LAcitation an& Res$onse are not nterchange&
?igure 4.3. "hen LAcitation an& res$onse are interchange&
Theor(:+
#eciprocit( theorem:+
This theorem $ermits in to transfer source from one $osition in the circuit to another an&
may %e state& as un&er.
n any linear %ilateral net"or#! if an e.m.f L acting in a %ranch causes a current - in
%ranch -G then the same e.m.f L locate& in %ranch -G "ill cause a current in %ranch.
(o"ever! currents in other %ranches "ill not change.
*roce%ure:+
1. Connect the circuit as $er the fig 4.2.
2. A&4ust the out$ut voltage of single $hase variac to an a$$ro$riate value 2:ay V
1
.15V3.
3. 6ote &o"n the res$onse 2current!
*
3 through Resistor2R
1
3 2ammeter rea&ing3 .
4. Re&uce the out$ut voltage of the signal generator to 5V an& s"itch7off the su$$ly.
5. 8isconnect the circuit an& connect the circuit as $er the fig 4.3.
9. A&4ust the out$ut voltage of single $hase variac to an a$$ro$riate value 2:ayV
2
.15V3.
;. 6ote &o"n the res$onse 2current!
*
1
3 through Resistor2R
3
3 2ammeter rea&ing3 .
<. Re&uce the out$ut voltage of the signal generator to 5V an& s"itch7off the su$$ly.
=. 8isconnect the circuit.
Table 0.-: 6hen Excitation an% #esponse are not /nterchan'e%
:.no A$$lie& voltage 2v
1
3 volts Current i
l
2ma3
Table 0..: 6hen Excitation an% #esponse are /nterchan'e%
:.no A$$lie& voltage 2v
1
3 volts Current i
l
2ma3
Theoritical calculations
*recautions:
5.Avoi& short circuit of single $hase variac out$ut terminals.
9.f voltmeter gives 273 ve rea&ing then interchange the terminals connections of a voltmeter
#esult: (ence Reci$rocity Theorem is Verifie&.
Table 0.0:Comparision of Theoritical an% *ractical Values
&. No *arameter Theoretical alue *ractical alue
1 VC
*
2 VC
*
l
Conclusion:
1. The given circuit is %ilateral! since the ratio of eAcitation to the res$onse is same %efore
an& after interchanging the $ositions of eAcitation an& res$onse.
Experiment No:42%3
Date: 0.(b) Verification of Millman!s Theorem
"im: To verify the Hillmans theorem for the given circuit.
1ien circuit:
?igure 4.4. Jiven Circuit
"pparatus:
1 Variac
2 Voltmeter
3 Ammeter
4 Rheostats
5 Connecting "ires
&tatement:
t states that for a circuit that can %e re&ra"n as a net"or# of $arallel %ranches! "ith each %ranch
consisting of a resistor or a resistor in series "ith a voltage source 2or current source3! the voltage Vm
across all the $arallel %ranches may %e com$ute& as follo"s,
Vm . 2V1CR1 D V2CR2 D V3CR3 D ... D VnCRn3 C 21CR1 D 1CR2 D 1CR3 D ... D 1CRn3.
?or com$utation $ur$oses! the value of the voltage source is e'ual to 0ero in a %ranch that
consists of nothing %ut a resistor.
Circuit Dia'rams:
,i'ure 0.2. To fin% loa% Current
To fin% V
th
:
,i'ure 0.3. To fin% V
th
To fin% #th:
,i'ure 0.4. To fin% #th
To fin% /
L
:
L
Theor(:
t then follo"s that the entire net"or# of $arallel %ranches may %e sim$lifie& into a
circuit consisting of 4ust a voltage source Vm in series "ith a single resistor Rm!
"here Rm . 1C21CR1 D 1CR2 D 1CR3 D ... D 1CRn3.
The current m through this sim$le circuit is given %y, m . Vm C Rm! or
m . V1CR1 D V2CR2 D V3CR3 D ... D VnCRn.
HillmanNs Theorem! therefore! sim$lifies the com$utation of the voltage across the $arallel
%ranches of a circuit. 6ote that HillmanNs Theorem is only a$$lica%le to circuits that can %e
re&ra"n as a net"or# of $arallel %ranches! "ith each %ranch consisting of a resistor or a resistor
in series "ith a voltage source or current source.
HillmanNs Theorem may also %e "ritten in terms of the im$e&ance M or a&mittance G 2M . 1CG3
through each %ranch. Thus!
Vm . 2V1G1 D V2G2 D V3G3 D ... D VnGn3 C 2G1 D G2 D G3 D ... D Gn3P
Mm . 1 C 2G1 D G2 D G3 D ... D Gn3P an&
m . V1G1 D V2G2 D V3G3 D ... D VnGn.
*roce%ure:
1. Connect the circuit as in the fig 4.5
2. :et the su$$ly voltage using a sinle $hase variac as sho"n in circuit &iagram.
3. 6ote the rea&ing ammeter 2
*
3.
4. Connect the circuit as in the fig 4.9. 6ote the rea&ing of voltmeter 2V
th
3.
5. Connect the circuit as in the fig 4.; measure the e'uivalent resistance as Reg "ith hel$ of multi
meter.
9. Connect the circuit as in the fig 4.<! A$$ly 2Vth3. ?rom source! set Reg value.
;. 6ote the rea&ing of Ammeter as 2
1
3.
<. 6o" verify
*
.
1
Thus the HillmanNs theorem is verifie&
*recautions:
Theoritical calculations
Table 0.3:*ractical Values of Theenin!s Volta'e an% Loa% Current
&. N: Theenin!s olta'e V
th
(olts) Current /
L
(m")
#esult:
+y using Hillmans Theorem current flo"ing through the loa& resistance of R
*
.KK
isKKKKKK...
Conclusion:
HillmanNs Theorem treats circuits as a $arallel set of series7com$onent %ranches.
All voltages entere& an& solve& for in HillmanNs Theorem are $olarity7reference& at the same
$oint in the circuit 2ty$ically the %ottom "ire of the $arallel net"or#3.
Experiment No:2
Date: 2. Locus %ia'ram of #Lan% #C &eries Circuits
"im: To &ra" the current locus of R* an& RC circuits "ith * @ C varies res$ectively.
"pparatus:
2 Voltmeter
3 Ammeter
4 Rheostats
5 Connecting "ires
Theor(:
Consi&er a series R7* circuit eAcite& %y a constant %ut alternating voltage source V of
fiAe& fre'uency. To have locus &iagram it is necessary to have one element! varia%le in nature.
The element R can %e varia%le or the element F
*
can %e varia%le in nature.
Consi&er a series R7C circuit eAcite& %y a constant %ut alternating voltage source V of
fiAe& fre'uency. To have locus &iagram it is necessary to have one element! varia%le in nature.
The element R can %e varia%le or the element F
C
can %e varia%le in nature
Circuit for current locus %ia'ram for capacitie circuit:+
?igure 5.1 Circuit for Current *ocus 8iagram "ith Ca$acitance Varying
Circuit for current locus %ia'ram for in%uctie circuit:
?igure 5.2. Circuit for Current *ocus 8iagram "ith n&uctance Varying
*roce%ure: +
#C circuit ;ith >C! ar(in' :
1. All connections are ma&e as $er circuit &iagram.
2. Rheostat is #e$t in maAimum $osition. The ca$acitor varie& ste$ %y ste$.
3. The corres$on&ing ammeter! voltmeter an& "attmeter rea&ings are note&. Mcos) is constant.
4. The locus &iagram is a semi circle of a &iagram VCR.
#L circuit ;ith ?L? ar(in' :
1. All Connections are ma&e as $er circuit &iagram.
2. Rheostat is #e$t in maAimum $osition. The in&uctor is varie& ste$ %y ste$.
3. The corres$on&ing ammeter! voltmeter an& "attmeter rea&ings are note&. Mcos) is constant.
4. The locus &iagram is a semi circle of a &iagram VCR.
Table 2.-: *ractical Values of &eries #L circuits ;ith L as ariable
&.no V / 6 @<Ai
Cos < ;Ai &in @ cos / cos / sin
Table 2..:*ractical Values of &eries #C circuits ;ith C as ariable
&.no V / 6 @<VA/ Cos < 6AV/ &in @ Cos / Cos / &in
1raph:
A gra$h is &ra"n %et"een Cos
@ :in
"hich given the current locus &iagram of R* circuit. The

locus &iagram is a semi circle "ith &iameter VCF*.
Hulti$lication factor for "attmeter . 22Connecte& voltage F Connecte& current3C2?ull scale rea&ing of
"attmeter33 F Cos
.
#esult: *ocus 8iagrams of series R* an& RC circuit "ith * an& C varie& Res$ectively is &ra"n
accor&ing to the o%servation ta#en from eA$eriment.
Experiment No:9
Date: 3.&eries an% *arallel #esonance
"im: To &etermine the $erformance of the series an& $arallel circuit at resonance.
&eries resonance
1ien circuit
*arallel resonance

?igure 9.2 Jiven circuit for Iarallel Resonance
,or series resonance :
?igure 9.3 Iractical circuit for :eries Resonance
?igure 9.1 Jiven circuit for :eries Resonance
,or parallel resonance:
?igure 9.4 Iractical circuit for Iarallel Resonance
"pparatus:+
&.no Name of the apparatus #an'e T(pe )uantit(
Theor(:
Resonance is a $articular ty$e of $henomenon inherently foun& normally in every #in& of
system! electrical! mechanical! o$tical! Acoustical an& even atomic. There are several &efinitions
of resonance. +ut! the most fre'uently use& &efinition of resonance in electrical system is stu&ie&
state o$eration of a circuit or system at that fre'uency for "hich the resultant res$onse is in time
$hase "ith the forcing function.
&eries resonance:
A circuit is sai& to %e un&er resonance! "hen the a$$lie& voltage -V an& current are in
$hase. Thus a series R*C circuit! un&er resonance %ehaves li#e a $ure resistance net"or# an& the
reactance of the circuit shoul& %e 0ero. :ince V @ are in $hase! the $o"er factor is unity at
resonance.
The fre'uency at "hich the resonance "ill occur is #no"n as resonant fre'uency.
Resonant fre'uency! f
r
. 1C2LC
Thus at resonance the im$e&ance M is minimum. :ince . VCM. The current is maAimum . :o
that current am$lification ta#es $lace.
*arallel resonance,
The $arallel circuit consisting %ranches "ith single $ure elements R!* @ C is an i&eal
circuit. (o" ever the $erformance of such a circuit is of interest in the general su%4ect of
resonance. This i&eal $arallel circuit is of interest in the general su%4ect of resonance.
*o"er cut7off fre'uency is a%ove the resonant fre'uency at "hich the current is
re&uce& to 12 times of its minimum value. Q$$er cut7off fre'uency is a%ove.
Ruality factor is the ratio of reactance $o"er in&uctor 2or3 ca$acitor to its resistance. :electivity
is the reci$rocal of the 'uality factors.
*roce%ure:
1. Connections are ma&e as $er the circuit &iagram.
2. +y varying the fre'uency note &o"n the corres$on&ing values of current in %oth cases an&
note &o"n f! V
C!
V
*
an& V
R
.
3. At a $articular value of fre'uency the current reaches its HaAimum Cminimum in
:eriesCIarallel resonance. That instant of fre'uency V
C
. V
*
an& V
R
. V
:
in series Resonance
circuit.
,or series:
Resonance ?re'uency .
LC 2
1
+an& Wi&th . f
2
S f
1
f
1
. f
r
7
L
R
4
f
2
. f
r
D
L
R
4
Ruality ?actor .
Width Band
f
r
,or parallel:
Resonance ?re'uency .
LC 2
1
+an& Wi&th . f
2
S f
1
f
1
. f
r
7
L
R
4
f
2
. f
r
D
L
R
4
Ruality ?actor .
Width Band
f
r

Table 3.-:*ractical alues for series resonance
&.n
o
,re$unc( V(l) V(c) V(r) /(ma)

Table 3..:*ractical alues for parallel resonance:
&.no ,re$unc( V(l) V(c) V(r) /(ma)

*recautions:
5. Avoi& short circuit of single $hase variac out$ut terminals
#esult:+ (ence Resonance con&ition in series an& $arallel A.C circuits is o%serve& an& o%taine&
its +an& "i&th an& R7factor %y #no"ing its resonant fre'uency $ractically.
Table 3.0: Comparision of Theoritical alues an% *ractical alues

&.No
*arameter
&eries #esonant circuit

*arallel #esonant circuit
Theoretical
Values
*ractical
Values
Theoretical
Values
*ractical
Values
1. Resonant
?re'uency! f
r
2.
+an& "i&th
3. Ruality factor
Conclusions:
1. :ince the current at resonance is maAimum! the series resonant circuit is calle& as acce$tor
circuit.
2. As the resistance of the circuit &ecreases! the R7factor increases an& selectivity of the circuit
"ill %e %etter.
3. :ince the current at resonance is minimum! the $arallel resonant circuit is calle& as re4ector
circuit.
4. The variation of the resistance &oes not affect the resonant fre'uency.
Via $uestions:
1. What are the $o"er in$ut an& I? at resonance>
2. At the t"o cut off fre'uencies comment on the $o"er factor>
3. What is the $recaution to %e ta#en "hile &ealing "ith the R7*7C series circuit>
4. What are the a$$lications of a series resonant circuit>
5. What is meant %y resonance>
9. What is the &ifference %et"een the series resonance an& $arallel resonance>
;. At $arallel resonance con&ition current is minimum or maAimum>
<. Iarallel resonance is other"ise #no"n as TTTTTTTTTTTTT
=. What are the a$$lications of a $arallel resonant circuit>
Experiment No:4
Date: 4.Determination of &elf B Mutual /n%uctance an% Coefficient of Couplin'
"im: To measure the self! mutual in&uctance an& coefficient of cou$ling of a given transformer.
"pparatus:
&.no Name T(pe #an'e )t(
1 Transformer
2
Voltmeter
3 Ammeter
4 Wattmeter
Circuit %ia'rams:
To fin% &elf /n%uctance:

?igure ;.1. To fin& :elf n&uctance2*3
To fin% M 7 C:
?igure ;.2. To ?in& Hutual n&uctance2H3 an& Coefficient of Cou$ling2U3
Theor(:
The $ro$erty of the coil "hich o$$oses any change in the current $assing through it is
calle& self in&uctance or only in&uctance. t is analogous to electrical inertia or electromagnetic
inertia.
Ma'nitu%e of self in%uce% emf:
?rom ?ara&ays la" of electromagnetic in&uction! self in&uce& emf can %e eA$resse& as
L. 7 6& C&t 6egative sign in&icate the &irection of emf o$$osing change in current &ue to "hich
it eAists. The fluA can %e eA$resse& as V. 2fluACam$ere3Bam$ere . 2V C3B 6o" as long as
$ermea%ility is constant! ratio of fluA to current remains constant.
Rate of change of fluA. 2 C3Brate of change of current & C&t. 2 C3B2&C&t3
e. 276 C3B2&C&t3
e. 7 26 /I) &C&t
The constant 6 C in this eA$ression is nothing %ut the 'uantitative measure of the
$ro$erty &ue to "hich coil o$$oses any change in current. :o this constant is calle& coefficient of
self in&uctance an& &enote& %y *.
*. 6V C "here its units are henry 2(3
Mutual in%uctance:
The mutual in&uctance %et"een the t"o circuits is &efine& as the fluA lin#age of one
circuit to the current in the other circuit. Thus the in&uctance H12 is given %y
H12.fluA lin#age in circuit 1Ccurrent in circuit 2. 261 V213C2
:imilarly mutual in&uctance H21 is given %y
H21.fluA lin#age in circuit 2Ccurrent in circuit 1. 26
1
V123C1
f the me&ium surroun&ing t"o circuits in linear "ithout ferromagnetic material! then mutual
in&uctance re$resente& in e'uation are e'ual! thus for linear me&ium aroun&! t"o circuits "e can
"rite
H12.H21.H "here units are (enry 2(3
Coefficient of couplin',
When t"o magnetic circuits #e$t close& to each other interact "ith each other
magnetically through fluA lin#age in the circuit! &ue to current in other circuit then the circuits are
calle& magnetically cou$le& circuits.
H.UBWX 2*1B*23Y
Where U is calle& coefficient of cou$ling %et"een t"o coils.
When t"o magnetic circuits are cou$le& together in series ai&ing an& if H is the mutual
in&uctance %et"een them! then effective in&uctance of system is given %y
*e'. 2*1D*2D2H3 (
:imilarly t"o magnetic circuits "ith in&uctance *1 an& *2 are magnetically cou$le& in series
o$$osing then effective in&uctance is given %y
*e'. 2*1D*272H3 (
*roce%ure:
&elf in%uctance:
1. Connect the circuit as $er the circuit &iagram.
2. Jive the su$$ly @ connect s"itch to 171 @ note &o"n rea&ings of V1 an& 1 "hich gives M1.
3. Connect s"itch to 070 1 an& note &o"n the rea&ings of V2 an& 2 "hich gives M2.
4. +y using the multimeter calculate the resistance of $rimary an& secon&ary.
5. Qsing the formula M.RD4Fc! calculate *1 an& *2.
Mutual in%uctance:
1. Ha#e the connections as $er the circuit &iagram.
2. *.V si&e is ta#en as $rimary for magnification of no loa& current.
3. Uee$ the autotransformer at minimum voltage out$ut $osition an&
4. :"itch on the su$$ly.
5. 6o" initially a$$ly some voltage to the $rimary "in&ing an& the corres$on&ing
no loa& current.
9. Wattmeter rea&ing an& e.m.f in&uce& in the secon&ary si&e 2V23 shoul& %e note &o"n.
;. Calculate ZH[ using the formula H. V2 C 2\ m3
<. Re$eat the eA$eriment for &eferent values of voltage.
=. Ta#e one rea&ing 4ust a%ove the rate& voltage.
Theoritical Calculations:
6o loa& $o"er factor! CosV
5
.
C .
m .
V2 . n&uce& e.m.f in the secon&ary si&e .
Hutual in&uction 2H3 .
*recautions:
.
#esult:
:elf n&uctance an& Hutual n&uctance for a :ingle $hase Transformer is calculate& accor&ing to the
o%servation ta#en from eA$eriment.
Table 4.-: To fin% &elf /n%uctance
&.no Voltmeter rea%in'(V) "mmeter rea%in'(") &elf in%uctance L(D)
Table 4..:To fin% Mutual /n%uctance
&.No
*rimar(
olta'e
(V
-
)
*rimar(
current
(/
E
)
6attmeter
rea%in'
(6
E
)
/m < /
E
&inF
E
&econ%ar(
olta'e
(V
-
)
M< V
-
A( G /m)
Experiment No:5
Date: 5.Determination of @ an% H parameters
"im:
To &etermine o$en circuit im$e&ance $arameters 2M3 an& short circuit a&mittance
$arameters 2G3 of the given t"o $ort net"or# .
1ien circuit:
?igure <.1. Jiven Circuit
"pparatus:
&.No Name of the apparatus #an'e T(pe )uantit(
2 Voltmeters
3 Ammeters
4 Resistors
5 LA$erimental %oar&
9 Connecting "ires
Circuit %ia'rams:
6hen V
1
<E
?igure <.2. To fin& G
12
an& G
22
6hen /
1
<E
?igure <.3. To fin& M
12
an& M
22
6hen V
-
<E
?igure <.4 To fin& G
11
an& G
21
6hen /
-
<E
?igure <.5. To fin& M
11
an& M
21
Theor(:
A $ort is normally referre& to a $air of terminals of a net"or# though "hich "e can have
access to net"or# of calculating current in any $art of net"or#. ?re'uently the $ro%lem is move
restrie& in nature an& may %e that of calculating the res$onse at a terminal $air &esignate& an
in$ut "hen eAcitation is a$$lie& at another terminal $air &esignate& as in$ut terminals. t is a
$ro%lem of terminal through "hich it is accessi%le! is calle& /T"o Iort 6et"or#./
f "e relate the voltage of one $ort to the current of the same $ort! "e get &riving $oint
immitance. )n the other han&! if "e relate the voltage of one $ort to the current at another $ort!
"e get transfer immittance. mmitance is a general term use& to re$resent either the im$e&ance
or the a&mittance of a net"or#.
We "ill consi&er a general t"o7$ort net"or# com$ose& of linear! %ilateral elements an&
no in&e$en&ent sources. 8e$en&ent sources are $ermitte&. t is re$resente& as a %lac# %oA "ith
t"o accessi%le terminals $airs as sho"n in. The voltage an& current at $ort 71 are V
1
an&
1
an& at
$ort . are V
2
an&
2
. The $osition of V
1
an& V
2
an& the &irections of
1
an&
2
are customarily
selecte&. out of four varia%les!
1
1
V
2
an&
2
only t"o are in&e$en&ent. The other t"o are
eA$resse& in terms of the in&e$en&ent varia%le of net"or# $arameters.
*roce%ure:
1. Connections are ma&e as $er the circuit &iagram.
2. )$en the $ort S i.e!
1
.5 fin& the values of
1
!
2
! V
1
.
3. :hort circuits the $ort V
2
.5 fin& the values of V
2
!
1
!
2
.
4. Re$eat ste$s 2!3 for $ort S an& fin& the values of V
1
!
1
!
2
an& V
2
!
1
!
2
res$ectively.
5. ?in& all the $arameters of t"o $ort net"or# i.e! M!G $arameters from the a%ove &ata.
*recautions:
2. :et the ammeter $ointer to 0ero $osition.
5. 8o not short7circuit the single $hase variac out$ut terminals
Table 5.-: Theoritical Values

V
1
2volts3
1
2ma3
V
2
2ma3
2
2ma3
V
1.5

1.5

V
2.5

2.5

Table 5..:*ractical Values

V
1
2volts3
1
2ma3
V
2
2ma3

2
2ma3
V
1.5

1.5

V
2.5

2.5

Theoretical calculations:
1. When I1 = 0 (i.e.,) When port is open circuited:
2. When port 2 is open circuited (I2=0):
3. When port 1 is short circuited ( !1=0):
4. When port "II is short " circuited (!2 = 0 ) :
Calculations for parameters:
@+parameters:
M
11
.2V1/I1) C
2
.5 .
M
12
.2V1/I2 3C
1
.5 .
M
21
.2V2/I1)C
2
.5 .
M
22
.2V2/I2C3
1
.5 .
H I parameters:
G
11
. 2I1/V1) C V
2
.5 .
G
12
. 2I1/V2) C V
1
.5 .
G
21
. 2I2/V1) C V
2
. 5 .
G
22
. 2
I2/V2)
C V
1
. 5 .
#esult: (ence o$en Circuit an& :hort Circuit $arameters of the given t"o $ort net"or# is
o%taine& accor&ing to the o%servation ta#en from eA$eriment.
Table 5.0:Comparision of Theoritical an% *ractical Values
&. No *arameter Theoretical Values *ractical Values
1 M
11

2 M
12

3 M
21

4 M
22

5 G
11

9 G
12

; G
21

< G
22

Conclusions:
1. :ince M
12
. M
21
an& G
12
. G
21
the given circuit is reci$rocal.
2. :ince M
11
. M
22
an& G
11
. G
22
the given circuit is symmetrical.
3. There is a small &eviation %et"een theoretical an& $ractical values %ecause internal
resistances of source an& meters are not consi&ere&.
Via $uestions:
1. What is a Iort>
2. What are the LAam$les of t"o $ort net"or#>
3. M $arameters are also #no"n as TTTTTTTTTTTTT
4. G $arameters are also #no"n as TTTTTTTTTTTTT
5. What are im$e&ance $arameters TTTTTTTTTTTTT
Experiment No:J
Date: J. Determination of Transmission an% D(bri% parameters
"im:
To &etermine Transmission 2A+C83 an& (y%ri&2h3 $arameters of the given t"o $ort net"or# .
1ien circuit:
?igure =.1. Jiven Circuit
"pparatus:
Table J.1:"pparatus #e$uire%
2 Voltmeters
3 Ammeters
4 Resistors
5 Connecting "ires
To fin% " 7 C:
?igure =.2. To fin& A @ C
To fin% 8 7 D:
?igure =.3. To fin& + @8
To fin% h
11
7 h
-1
:
?igure =.4. To fin& h
11
@ h
21
To fin% h
1-
7 h
--
:
Theor(:
D(bri%*arameters (h+*arameters):
?igure =.4. To fin& h
12
@ h
22

h7$arameters can %e &efine& %y the follo"ing e'uations
V
1
.h
11
1
Dh
12
V
2
77777777777777777777777777213
2
.h
21
1
Dh
22
V
2
777777777777777777777777777223
n HatriA form
. . KKKKKKKK..233
f $ort 272
1
is short circuite&!i.e V
2
.5

then
. @
h
11
is calle& in$ut im$e&ance an& h
21
is calle& for"ar& current gain.
f $ort 171
1
is o$en circuite&! i.e.!
1
. 5 then
. @
n matriA form
h
22
is calle& out$ut a&mittance an& h
12
is calle& reverse voltage gain.
"8CD *arameters: A+C8 $arameters can %e &efine& %y the follo"ing e'uations
V
1
.AV
2
D+27
2
3............................................................213

1
.CV
2
D 827
2
3............................................................223
n matriA form
. . KKKKKKKK..233
f $ort 272
1
is o$en circuite&!i.e
2
.5

then
A . @
A is calle& reverse voltage ratio an& C isUno"n as transfer a&mittance .
f $ort 171
1
is :hort circuite&! i.e.! V
2
. 5 then
+ . @ 8
+ is calle& transfer im$e&ance an& 8 is #no"n as reverse current gain.
*roce%ure:
1. To fin% " an% C *arameters (/- < E):
Connections are ma&e as $er the circuit &iagram sho"n in fig 223. )ut$ut terminals are #e$t )$en via a
voltmeter. :u$$ly is given to in$ut $ort. 6ote the rea&ings of ammeter as V1 an& Voltmeter as V2.
-. To fin% 8 an% D *arameters (V- < E):
Connections are ma&e as $er the circuit &iagram sho"n in fig 233. )ut$ut terminals are short circuite& via
an ammeter. :u$$ly is given to in$ut $ort. 6ote the rea&ings of ammeters as 1 an& V2.
.. To fin% h11 an% h-1 (V- < E):
Connections are ma&e as $er the circuit &iagram sho"n in fig 243. )ut$ut terminals are short
circuite& via an ammeter. :u$$ly is given to in$ut $ort. 6ote the rea&ings of ammeters as 1 an& V1.
0. To fin% h1- an% h-- (/1 < E):
Connections are ma&e as $er the circuit &iagram sho"n in fig 253.n$ut terminals current is 0ero.
:u$$ly is given to in$ut $ort. 6ote the rea&ings of ammeters as 1! V1 an& 2.
5. A+C8! (y%ri& $arameters using formulae an& verify them "ith theoretical values.
"8CD +parameters:
A .2V
-
AV
1
) C
2
.5 .
+.2V
1
A+/
-
3C V
2
.5 .
C.2/
1
AV
-
)C
2
.5 .
8.2/
1
A+/
-
C3 V
2
.5 .
h I *arameters:
h11 . 2V1C13 C V2.5 .
h12 . 2V1CV23 C 1.5 .
h21 . 22C13 C V2. 5 .
h22 . 22CV23 C 1. 5 .
Table J.-: Theoritical Values
T(pe V
1
(olts) /
1
(m") V
-
(m") /
-
(m")
V
1
<E
/
1
<E
V
-
<E
/
-
<E
Table J..:*ractical Values
T(pe V
1
(olts) /
1
(m") V
-
(m") /
-
(m")
V
1
<E
/
1
<E
V
-
<E
/
-
<E
*recautions:
#esult: (ence A+C8 Iarameters an& (y%ri& $arametersof the given t"o $ort 6et"or# is o%taine&
accor&ing to the o%servation ta#en from eA$eriment.
Table J.0: Comparision of Theoritical Values 7*ractical Values:
&. No *arameter Theoretical alues *ractical alues
1
A
2
+
3
C
4
8
5
h
11
9
h
12
;
h
21
<
h
22
Experiment No:1E
Date: 1E.Measurement of "ctie po;er for &tar an% Delta connecte% balane% loa%s
"im: To measure the three $hase active $o"er for the given star an& &elta net"or# for a
%alance& loa&
"pparatus:
Table 1E.1:"pparatus #e$uire%
&.no Name of e$uipment #an'e T(pe )uantit(
1. Voltmeter
2 Ammeter
3 Wattmeter
4 Rheostats
5 Connecting Wires
Theor(:
A three $hase %alance& voltage is a$$lie& on a %alance& three $hase loa& "hen the
current in each of the $hase lags %y an angle V %ehin& corres$on&ing $hase voltages. Current
through current coil of "
1
.
r
! current through current coil of W
2
.
8
"hile $otential &ifference across voltage coil of W
1
.V
R6
7V
G6
.V
RG
2line voltage3
an& the $otential &ifference across voltage coil of W
2
. V
R6
7V
G6
.V
+G
Also ! $hase &ifference %et"een
R
an& V
RG
is 2355D V3.While that %et"een
+
an& V
+G
is
23557 V3. Thus rea&ing on "attmeter W1 is given %y W
1
.V
RG
G
Cos235
5
D V3 While rea&ing on
"attmeter W
2
is given %y W
2
.V
+G
+
Cos23557 V3
:ince the loa& is %alance&! ]
R
].]
G
].]
+
]. an&
]V
RG
].]V
+G
].V
*
W
1
.V
*
Cos2355D V3
W
2
.V
*
Cos23557 V3.
Thus total $o"er I is given %y W. W
1
DW
2

. V
*
Cos2355D V3 D V
*
Cos235
5
7 V3
. V
*
WCos2355D V3 D Cos23557 V3Y
. W3C2 B2Cos VYV
*

. 3V
*
Cos V.
Circuit %ia'ram for star connecte% net;orK:
Circuit %ia'ram for %elta connecte% net;orK:
?igure 15.1. Heasurement of Active Io"er for a :tar Connecte& using T"o Wattmeters
,i'ure 1E.-. Measurement of "ctie *o;er for a &tar Connecte% usin' T;o 6attmeters
*roce%ure:(star connection)
13 Connect the circuit as sho"n in the figure.
23 Ammeter is connecte& in series "ith "attmeter "hose other en& is connecte& to one of
the loa&s of the %alance& loa&s.
33 The G7$hase is &irectly connecte& to one of the no&es of the 37$h su$$ly.
43 A "attmeter is connecte& across R7$hase @ G7$hase as sho"n in fig. The eAtreme of +7
$hase is connecte& to the thir& terminal of the %alance& 37$h loa&.
53 Another "attmeter is connecte& across G @ + $hase! the eAtreme of +7$hase is connecte&
to the thir& terminal of the %alance& three $hases loa&.
93 Verify the connections %efore s"itching on the 37$h $o"er su$$ly.
(Delta connection):
13 Connect the circuit as sho"n in the figure.
23 Ammeter is connecte& in series "ith "attmeter "hose other en& is connecte& to one of
the loa&s of the %alance& loa&s.
33 The G7$hase is &irectly connecte& to one of the no&es of the 37$h su$$ly.
43 A "attmeter is connecte& across G @ + $hase! the eAtreme of +7$hase is connecte& to the
thir& terminal of the %alance& 37$h loa&.
53 Another "attmeter is connecte& across R @ G$hase! the eAtreme of R7$hase is connecte&
to the thir& terminal of the %alance& three $hases loa&.
93 Verify the connections %efore s"itching on the 37$h $o"er su$$ly.
*recautions:
1.nitially #ee$ the single $hase variac out$ut voltage #no% in 0ero volt $osition.
2.:et the ammeter $ointer to 0ero $osition.
3.Ta#e the rea&ings "ithout $arallaA error.
5.8o not short7circuit the out$ut terminals of single $hase variac.
#esult:
(ence Active $o"er for the given :tar an& 8elta net"or# is o%taine& accor&ing to the
o%servation ta#en from eA$eriment.
Table1E.-: *ractical alues for &tar an% Delta connecte% net;orK
V* * W1 W2 Cos^ Io"er2$3
:tar
8elta
Table 1E..:Theoritical Values for &tar an% Delta connecte% net;orK
V* * Io"er2$3
:tar
8elta
Experiment No:11
Date: 11. Measurement of #eactie po;er for &tar an% Delta connecte%
balance% loa%s
"im:
To measure the reactive $o"er su$$lying to a 37$hase in&uction motor of various loa&s
%y using a 17$hase "attmeter an& to &etermine the $o"er factor.
Table11.1:Name plate %etails
Name #atin'
Io"er
Voltage
Current
:$ee&
?re'uency
"pparatus:
Table 11.-: "pparatus #e$uire%
Name T(pe #an'e )t(
Ammeter
Voltmeter
Wattmeter
37Ihase variac
?use
Wires
Thoer(:
This metho& can %e use& only "hen the loa& is %alance&. The connections are sho"n in
the figure. The current coil is connecte& in one of the lines an& one en& of the $ressure coil to the
same line! other en& %eing connections alternatively to the other t"o lines. Io"er measurements
are ma&e in high voltage circuit connecting the "attmeter to circuit through current an& $otential
transformers. Voltmeters an& Ammeters are affecte& %y only ratio errors "hile "att meters
are influence& in a&&itional %y $hase angle errors.
Circuit %ia'ram:

?igure 11.1 Heasurent of Reactive Io"er for 8elta Connecte& 6et"or# using :ingle Wattmeter
*roce%ure:
1. Connect the c#t as $er the c#t &iagram.
2. The motor is starte& "ith the hel$ of starter.
3. Varying the loa& on the motor %y tighten the s$ring %alance over the $ully of the
4. Ta#e the corres$on&ing rea&ing of the voltmeter! ammeter an& "attmeter.
5. Re$eat the $rocess for &ifferent values u$ to rate& current
9. Calculate the reactive $o"er.
Mo%el calculations:
Io"er factor! cosV . WCV
Reactive $o"er R.3V sinV
Mo%el 'raph:
Table 11..: *ractical Values for fin%in' the #eactie *o;er
&.no Volta'e
()
Current
(/)
6attmeter
(6)
&pee%
(N)
&1 &- cosL <6AV/
)< VL/L&inL
*recautions:
1. *oose connections shoul& %e avoi&e&.
2. )$erate the starter care fully.
3. *oa&s shoul& not eAcee& %eyon& their rating.
4. Iro$er rating meters shoul& %e use&.
5. Chec# the connections %efore giving su$$ly
#esult:
Reactive $o"er su$$lying to a 37^ in&uction motor of various loa&s %y using single
Wattmeter is KKKKKUVAR an& Io"er ?actor is KKKK..
Via+oce:
1. What is electro&ynamometer ty$e "attmeter >
2. What is meant %y UVAR >
3. What is formula for reactive $o"er>
4. What is meant %y QI? "attmeter>
5. What is rating of three $hase in&uction motor>
9. What is meant %y TI:T s"itch>
;. What is meant %y 8)* starter>
<. What is meant %y %alance& loa&>
=. What is meant %y un%alance& loa&>
Experiment No:1-
Date: 1-. Measurement of .+phase po;er usin' T;o 6attmeter Metho% for unbalance%
loa%
"im:
To calcualte the Io"er ?actor an& 37Ihase $o"er using t"o "attmeters
"pparatus:
Table 1-.1:"pparatus #e$uire%
&.no "ppartus #an'e T(pe )uantit(
1 Voltmeter
2 Ammeter
3 Wattmeter
4 Wattmeter
5 *oa&
Circuit %ia'ram:+

?igure 12.1 Heasurement of 37$hase $o"er using t"o Wattmeter for un%alance& loa&
Theor(:
?or a three7$hase system! a single7$hase "attmeter can %e connecte& in each $hase as
sho"n in ?igure. Qsing this three7"attmeter configuration! the total real $o"er can %e o%taine&
%y a&&ing the t"o "attmeter rea&ings.
I.I
1
DI
2
R.
VA.
_.
*roce%ure:
1. The connections are ma&e as $er the circuit &iagram.
2. A$$ly rate& voltage for the circuit an& note &o"n the values of "attmeter @ Ammeter.
3. +y varying the loa& note &o"n the values of "attmeter @ Ammeter.
4. Calculate the $o"er factor using formula.
Table 1-.-: *ractical Values
&.no Volta'e() Current(a
)
6attmeter1(;1
)
6attmeter-(;-
)
*.f an'le <tan
+1
(( ;
1
+;-)A;
1
M;
-
))
*recautions:
1. Avoi& the loose connections.
2. Rea&ings are ta#en "ithout $arallaA error.
#esult:
Three7$hase $o"er for an un%alance& loa& %y using T"o7Wattmeter is KK.UW an&
Io"er ?actor is KKKK..
Experiment No:1.
Date: 1..Verification of No%al "nal(sis usin' *&*/CE
"im:
The o%4ective is to "rite a I:ICL $rogram to fin& the no&e voltages for a given circuit.
*roblem
?or a &c circuit sho"n in figure use I:ICL to calculate an& $rint a3 the voltage at each
no&e
1ien circuit:
,i'ure 1..1 1ien Circuit to fin% No%e olta'e usin' pspice
Dar%;are re$uirements:
7 An +H <54<9! or Ientium7%ase& IC 2or com$ati%le3 com$uter "ith the follo"ing features,
7 945 #ilo%ytes of 8): 2lo"3 memory
7 at least < mega%ytes of eAten&e& memory 2not eA$an&e& or *H3! 19 mega%ytes recommen&e&
7 <5A<; floating7$oint co$rocessor 2com$ati%le "ith the system3
&oft;are re$uirements:
Hicrosim Lval < I:ICL :oft"are Iac#age.
Theor(:
?or the given net"or# the I:ICL is "ritten for calculating the voltages at each no&e forme&
in the circuits. To fin& the current in each element "e nee& to fin& the voltages at each no&e.
*ro'ram:
*roce%ure
1. Re$resent the no&es for a given circuit.
2. Write I:ICL Irogram accor&ing to the flo"chart given %y %elo".
3. LAecute the $rogram in Hicrosim teAt e&itor an& run the $rogram.
4. Ha#e the corrections if re'uire&.
5. )%serve the out$ut an& ta#e $rintouts of that.
,lo; chart
,i'ure 1..- ,lo; Chart to ;rite a pro'ram for the 'ien circuit
*recautions
1. nitiali0e the no&es of the circuit correctly.
2. Qse correct &ot comman&s at the en& of the $rogram.
3. 8ont "rite the $rogram from the first line! first line is reserve& for $rogram title.
4. Connect the 0ero voltage 8C source in the &irection of current.
"pplications:
The mesh analysis is use& to get the voltages across each element! current flo"ing in each
element.
The analysis is use& to get current flo"s an& voltages in the given circuit.
Trouble shootin':
1. f the simulation is not com$lete& successfully! chec# the out$ut file to i&entify the error
location an& ma#e the necessary corrections in the microsim teAt e&itor
2. f convergence $ro%lem occurs chec# the transient analysis range! chec# the in$ut
s$ecifications.
#esult: (ence %y using I:ICL the no&e voltages at all no&es are calculate&.

Experiment No:10
Date: 10. Verification of Mesh "nal(sis usin' *&*/CE
"im:+To fin& the no&e voltages! voltages! %ranch currents of a given circuit using mesh
analysis %y I:ICL :oft"are.
"pparatus:+ I:ICL :oft"are.
1ien circuit:
,i'ure 10.1 1ien circuit to fin% no%e olta'es usin' *&*/CE
Dar%;are re$uirements:
7 An +H <54<9! or Ientium7%ase& IC 2or com$ati%le3 com$uter "ith the follo"ing features,
7 945 #ilo%ytes of 8): 2lo"3 memory
7 at least < mega%ytes of eAten&e& memory 2not eA$an&e& or *H3! 19 mega%ytes recommen&e&
7 <5A<; floating7$oint co$rocessor 2com$ati%le "ith the system3
*ro'ram:
*roce%ure
1. Re$resent the no&es for a given circuit.
2. Write I:ICL Irogram accor&ing to the flo"chart given %y %elo".
3. LAecute the $rogram in Hicrosim teAt e&itor an& run the $rogram.
4. Ha#e the corrections if re'uire&.
5. )%serve the out$ut an& ta#e $rintouts of that.
,lo; chart:
,i'ure 10.- ,lo; Chart to ;rite a pro'ram for the 'ien circuit
Theoritical caluclations:
*recautions:
1. nitiali0e the no&es of the circuit correctly.
2. Qse correct &ot comman&s at the en& of the $rogram.
3. 8ont "rite the $rogram from the first line! first line is reserve& for $rogram title.
4. Connect the 0ero voltage 8C source in the &irection of current
#esult:(ence no&e voltages! %ranch currents of a given circuit %y using I:ICL :oft"are is
o%taine&.

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"hich given the current locus &iagram of R* circuit. The

Department of EEE *a'e 67

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