Dental Research Journal

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Comparison of color stability of a composite resin in different color media
Mohammad Reza Malekipour, Ala Sharafi, [...], and Farzaneh Shirani
Additional article information
Abstract
Background:
Color change of composite restorations in different color media during the time is a common
problem in esthetic dentistry, causing the need to replace the restoration, and spending a great deal
of cost and time to patients. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of different common
drinks consumed by patients on one of the widely used composites in dentistry.
Materials and Methods:
Sixty-five disk-shaped specimens were prepared with a light-cured composite (Z100-shade A2) and
divided into five groups of 13 specimens. Samples of each group were immersed in staining
solutions (tea, coffee, lemonade, and cola) and distilled water (as control). Color values (L*, a*, b*)
were measured relative to the standard illuminant D65 over a white background, using the CIE
L*a*b* system. Color change values were calculated before and after 1, 7, and 14 days of
immersion. Repeated measures and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and paired t tests were
applied for statistical analysis.
Results:
Tea and coffee produced the most discoloration, whereas, water exhibited the least color change
after immersion for 14 days in Z100 (P < 0.05). After one day of immersion, coffee caused the
lowest discoloration in the test composite, compared to tea, cola, distilled water, and lemonade (P <
0.05).
Conclusion:
Staining solutions and immersion time are significant factors that affect color stability of composite
resins.
Keywords: Composite resin, discoloration, storage media, time
INTRODUCTION
Nowadays patients seek better color-matching restorations and composite resins to satisfy this
need.[1] Hence, the proper color match to the adjacent tooth is important not only in the first period
of service, but also over a longer period of time.[2] Therefore, the success of composite restorations
is due to their color stability over time and one of the important criteria for the composite selection
is its color stability during its service.[24]
Discoloration of composite resins can be caused by internal or external factors. Internally induced
discolorations are permanent and are related to polymer quality, filler type, and amount, as well as
the synergist added to the photoinitiator system. In light-cured composite resins, if curing is
inadequate, unconverted camphorquinone will cause a yellowish discoloration. Furthermore, other
components of the photoinitiator system namely tertiary aromatic or aliphatic amines tend to cause
yellow or brown discoloration under the influence of light or heat. The resin's affinity for extrinsic
stains is modulated by its conversion rate and physicochemical characteristics, with the water
sorption rate being of particular importance. In the oral cavity, because of superficial degradation or
a slight penetration and adsorption of staining agents at the superficial layer of the composite resins,
discoloration of the surface or subsurface of the resin restorations can result. Moreover, externally
induced discoloration can be related to surface roughness, surface integrity, and the polishing
technique.[5]
Color perception is a psychological issue and is affected by the observer's skill and may be reported
differently on different occasions. To overcome such errors, color evaluating devices were
employed and the data were recorded in the CIE L*a*b* system.[2] The CIE system uses three-
dimensional colorimetric measurements: L* values correspond to the brightness of the color, a*
values to the redgreen content, and b* values to the yellowblue content. The color changes (E)
are calculated from the L*, a*, and b* values for each specimen, according to the following
formula, which determines the three-dimensional color space: Elab* = [(L*)
2
+ (a*)
2
+
(b*)
2
]
1/2
, while luminosity values (DL*) were reached using L* = L* (t
x
)L*(t
0
), where (t
x
)
represents immersion time and (t
0
) the baseline.[6] A perceptible color change that is E* > 1.0 will
be referred to as acceptable up to the value E* = 3.7, in subjective visual determinations made in
vitro under optimal lighting conditions.[7]
Many investigations have been done on color stability of composites in different beverages. Most of
these investigations include the influence of tea and coffee on the color stability of different dental
restorative materials, such as, glass ionomer cements, resin veneers, indirect composites,
provisional resin materials, and compomers. Some of these experiments show that changes in color
and shade are greatest in tea,[8] whereas, some indicated coffee had the most effect in color change
in the samples.[9] Hence, the present study is aimed at investigating the effects of different common
drinks consumed by patients on one of the common composites in dentistry (Z
100
dental restorative
composite), which has been investigated without relying on human color perception. The hypothesis
of this research study is that different color media have no effect on the color stability of composite
resins at different times.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Sixty-five disk-shaped material specimens (10 mm in diameter 2 mm in thickness) were prepared
using a glass mold (ring), with the desired dimensions. The mold was placed on a glass plate and
the material was condensed into the mold from the top. The composite material was delivered
directly from the syringe into the ring on top of the glass plate. The material was pressed using
plastic instruments and a mylar matrix cellulose strip was then placed onto the ring and pressed on
the top surface of the material. The tip of a light-curing unit (Coltolux 4, Coltene / Whaledent, Inc.,
Mahwah, NJ, USA) was positioned at a distance of 2 mm from the material surface and each
material was activated by light according to the manufacturers instruction (Z100 3M ESPE, A2
shade / USA). Following this the composites were cured for 40 seconds using a light curing unit
(coltolux 2.5-Coltene Waledent Inc./ USA). To ensure adequate curing, the specimens were cured
for another 20 seconds after the glass blocks were removed.[10]
The upper side of the composites was marked for color testing. In the next step the specimen
surfaces were polished using grit-1000 silicon carbide paper disks (soflex-3M ESPE-Ultra thin /
USA). It was expected that polishing helped with creating conditions that were closer to the clinical
circumstances. Sixty-five composite specimens were randomly divided into five groups of 13
specimens, and labeled. Before placing the samples in different drinks, restoration colors were
determined using a spectrophotometer. The first group was stored in distilled water to serve as
control. The other groups of specimens were immersed in cola (group 2), Behnoosh Lemonade
(group 3), Ahmad Tea (group 4), and Farmand Turkey Coffee (group 5). The samples were soaked
in different drinks for periods of one day, seven days, and fourteen days. Prior to testing the color
change with a spectrophotometer and after removing the samples from the beverages, the specimens
were sanitized from contaminants with an ultrasonic cleaner (SONICA Mod 2200 mh-Soltec 230 /
240 v / ITALY), washed in distilled water for five minutes, and dried with absorbent paper towels.
The specimens colors were measured by using a Reflective spectrophotometer (Spectroflash 600-
Data Color International/ USA). The aperture size was set to 6 mm and the specimens were exactly
aligned with the device. A white background was selected and measurements were made according
to the CIE L*a*b* color space relative to the CIE standard illuminant D65. The color changes of the
specimens were evaluated using the following formula:[11]

Data were analyzed using the SPSS 12 Software. Repeated measures ANOVA were applied for
each group separately and if it was significant, the Paired t-test was also applied. The analysis of
variance test was used for the end color changes between different groups at different time
durations. P-value less than 0.05 was considered as a significant level.
RESULTS
Table 1 shows that the amount of E in all groups was greater than 3.3, which indicates that the
storage of specimens in different color media and at different time periods causes a clinically
diagnosable color change in comparison to the baseline. The highest color change was caused by
tea, at different time periods, and the minimum color change was caused by water, after seven and
fourteen days, and coffee after one day of submersion.
Table 1
The comparison between average color changes E in each group for different time durations

The difference between the color changes of different groups, at different time periods, was
statistically significant and the paired t test showed that this difference in E was significant
between all time periods in distilled water and coffee. Also DE was significant between the first and
seventh and the first and fourteenth day of submersion in coca-cola. One-way analysis of variance
shows that color changes in each of the specified time durations among the five groups of beverages
are statistically significant (P < 0.05). Least significant difference (LSD) Post Hoc test between
groups showed that discoloration in solutions and different time periods did not follow the same
pattern. On the other hand, after one day of immersion, the discoloration in coffee solution was
significantly lower and after fourteen days discoloration was significantly higher in comparison to
other groups. However, tea had the most discoloration for the whole time period [Figure 1].

Figure 1

Illustrates comparison between color changes of five groups for different time durations
DISCUSSION
One of the features that should be investigated and experimented over time is the color stability of
the composites. This study was carried out to see whether or not the consumption of beverages at
special periods, after placement of restoration, may cause changes in the composite color.
The specific objective of this study was to investigate the cumulative effect of the colorant solutions
on the dental composites. For this purpose the composite resins were used for one, seven, and
fourteen days of immersion treatments, because the composites remained in the oral cavity for a
long time, with various staining substances, at different times and periods.
Color perception is a psychological issue and is affected by the observer's skill and may be reported
differently on different occasions. To overcome such errors color evaluating devices were employed
and the data were recorded in the CIE L*a*b* system.[2] In the present study the color change was
compared using three values of E, namely, the overall color change after a period of
submersion,[12] similar to the research of Bagheri et al.[13,14]
The composite disks were finished using the Soft-Lex system, which has a high filler surface with
higher knoop hardness, and is less susceptible to chemical degradation.[15]
It has been revealed that different beverages are the contributing factors to composite color stability.
Also, the soaking time is of great importance, as it affects the composite color stability as
well.[2,14] In this study, all the solutions, even distilled water, has caused discoloration in the
composite resin, with E higher than 3.7. The rise in the E value of the control sample (distilled
water), after being soaked for one day has probably been caused by the increased water absorption
by the composite and departure of soluble materials from the structure.[2]
If the resin matrix is capable of absorbing water, it is also capable of absorbing any other fluid,
which ultimately leads to discoloration. Water sorption is mostly due to direct absorption in the
resin matrix. Glass filler particles cannot absorb water, yet they can contribute to water adsorption
at the surface of the material. The level of water sorption is a function of the resin content of the
material and the strength of the resin-filler interface. Extreme water sorption causes the expansion
and plasticizing of the resin, which leads to reduced longevity of the composite resin and hydrolysis
of saline, which in turn creates microcracks. As a result, the microcracks or the interfacial gaps at
the interface, between the filler and matrix, allow stain penetration and discoloration.[9] Moreover
Z
100
is a light activated composite, which contains BIS-GMA (Bisphenol A diglycidyl ether
dimethacrylate) and TEGDMA (tri ethylene glycol dimethacrylate) as the resin matrix and 66%
(volume) silica / zirconia. The filler average particle size is 0.6 m. Different studies have shown
that the presence of TEG DMA in materials cause a high amount of hydrophilic capacity and more
sensation of Bis-GMA to tonality and water absorption in comparison to Ultra DMA (UDMA).
UDMA is more resistant to stain than Bis-GMA. Also, lower water sorption happens in the same
situation.[13] Moreover, it has been noted that a composite with large filler particles are more prone
to water aging discoloration than a composite with small filler particles, which is in line with the
hydrolytic degradation matrix filler interfaces. Thus, a composite with large filler particles has more
color permeability than a composite with small filler particles. Accordingly, we can conclude that
the Z
100
composite, in the presence of small-to-large filler particles, with a BIS-GMA and TEG-
DMA resin base, is more prone to color discoloration and water sorption. Clinically, visible
discoloration has been seen in all groups, even in the distilled water.[1618]
As we know composite Z
100
is a microhybrid composite with small and large filler particles, so after
the finishing and polishing procedure, many voids are left on the composite surface, which affect its
quality and also increase the external discoloration.
Adversely, according to Paravina et al.'s study, the apparent color difference is related to rough
surfaces, which are a result of the polishing techniques of composites.[19] Polishing the composite
up to Grit-1000 greatly helps to better stimulate the clinical circumstance. The results signify that
the highest water sorption, and therefore, stain ability occurs during the first day in the samples that
are soaked in tea. Similarly, the most water sorption and color change in the seven-day test occurs
in the tea-soaked samples. After 14 days of being soaked, tea and coffee samples demonstrate
essentially the same color change. The color change in tea and coffee are significantly higher
compared to other drinks, which is compatible with the findings in the Bagheri et al. study, due to
more color changes of specimens in coffee and tea solutions.[13]
In this study all solutions especially coffee, tea, and cola showed visible discoloration in composite.
This is in line with the findings obtained in other investigations.[2023] Coffee had the least and the
most discoloration on the first and fourteenth day, respectively. This may be due to the delayed
effect of coffee on the resin composite discoloration. Adsorption and absorption can be the cause of
coffee discoloration. Coffee includes yellow color causing materials that have low polarity, which
are released with delay and penetrate to the organic part of the materials, which may be due to the
matching of the polymeric materials with the yellow color causing materials in the coffee. Time has
been a dominating factor in a further color change in the coffee-soaked samples, as shown by
different values of E found over time. This finding is in confirmation with the findings of Gupta et
al.[2]
In the present study the color change in coffee and tea drinks were essentially the same after 14
days of immersion. Tea showed the most discoloration at all times, which was similar to another
study that did not study the role of coffee.[24] On account of denaturized materials in Black tea and
a compound with tannins, these materials caused chemical interactions that led to stable
discolorations.[25] Both tea and coffee contained yellow colorants with different polarities. Higher
polarity components (like those in tea) were eluted first, while lower polarity components (like
those in coffee) were eluted at a later time.
Discoloration by tea due to adsorption of polar colorants onto the surface of the resin composite
materials could be removed by brushing the teeth, whereas, discoloration by coffee was due to both
absorption and adsorption of the polar colorants onto the surface of materials. This adsorption and
penetration of colorants into the organic phase of the materials were explained by the authors as
probably being due to the compatibility of the polymer phase with the yellow colorants of coffee.
Furthermore, results of this study showed that the color change in group 2 (Coca) dropped with
time. Ruyter demonstrated that cola had the lowest pH and that it might damage the surface
integrity of the resin composite materials. It did not produce as much discoloration as coffee or tea,
possibly due to its lack of yellow colorant.[26] Furthermore, the findings of Bagheri et al. also lent
support to the present study, in that, coffee, tea, and red wine caused more discoloration than soy
sauce and cola.[13]
The results of the present study provided information on the color stability of the Z
100
resin
composite and the staining potential of some drinks commonly consumed in daily life. Although the
latter could have been well-researched and documented in previous studies, this study showed that
colored solution in different time periods caused the composite's discoloration differently.
CONCLUSIONS
The color stability of Z
100
composite restorative materials was evaluated after one, seven, and
fourteen days of immersion, in various staining solutions. Within the limitations of this study, the
following conclusions were drawn:
1. Filtek Z
100
(the universal resin composite) was found to be susceptible to color change
2. For the Z
100
resin composite restorative material tested, color change values in different
color media were greater than or equal to 3.7. In other words, the color change in these
staining agents was visually perceptible, as well as, clinically unacceptable. In clinical
practice, patients should be aware of the staining effects of the drinks tested in this study,
while practitioners should take into consideration the staining susceptibility of the resin
composites.
Footnotes
Source of Support: Nil.
Conflict of Interest: None declared.
Article information
Dent Res J (Isfahan). 2012 Jul-Aug; 9(4): 441446.
PMCID: PMC3491332
Mohammad Reza Malekipour,
1
Ala Sharafi,
1
Shantia Kazemi,
2
Saber Khazaei,
2
and Farzaneh
Shirani
3

1
Department of Operative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Azad University, Khorasgan (Isfahan
Branch), Isfahan, Iran
2
Dental Students Research Center, School of Dentistry, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences,
Isfahan, Iran
3
Dental Material Research Center and Department of Operative Dentistry, School of Dentistry,
Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
Address for correspondence: Dr. Farzaneh Shirani, Dental Materials Research Center and
Department of Operative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences,
Hezar jerib St, Isfahan, Iran. E-mail: fshirani48/at/yahoo.com
Received March 2012; Accepted June 2012.
Copyright : Dental Research Journal
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Colour Changes of Tooth-Coloured Restorative Dental
Materials Immersed in Food Simulating Solution
Aimi Razak, Ashanti Long, Shivaani Sivananda- DDS Year 5 Student, MAHSA University,
Kuala Lumpur
Dr. Shekhar Bhatia, BDS, MDS, Lecturer in Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry,
MAHSA University, Kuala Lumpur
Dr. Shivani Kohli, BDS, MDS, Lecturer in Prosthetics Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, MAHSA
University, Kuala Lumpur
Dr. Ratnasothy a/l N Subramaniam, Associate Professor, Family Dentistry, Faculty of
Dentistry, MAHSA University, Kuala Lumpur

Abtract
The study examines the surface staining of two different types of photopolymerised
composite by tea. Thirty samples each from two generations of composite with different filler
particle sizes, Filtek Z250 (3M ESPE) microhybrid and Filtek Z350 XT (3M ESPE)
nanohybrid of A2 shade were subjected to an experimental 7-day staining period with each of
them immersed in a solution containing 75gm of Lipton tea and 15gm of sugar and kept in
37 Celsius to simulate the temperature of the oral cavity.
After 1,3,5 and 7 days, visual examination of all samples were done to detect colour
difference of each sample by comparison, using the Lobene Stain Index, which uses a grading
system ranging from 0 to 3.
It was found that both restorative material used in this study were susceptible to staining by
tea. However, Filtek Z350 XT showed more resistance to staining, while Filtek Z250
produced more stained samples. The colour changes of both groups of samples were found to
be statistically significant only for day one of the study (p < 0.05). However, the results
showed insignificant findings on the 3
rd
, 5
th
and 7
th
day (p > 0.05).
In conclusion, composite restorative materials are susceptible to staining regardless of the
composition and particle size, but the degree in which it affects the aesthetic value is
dependent upon specific composition of said material and other external conditions.

Keyword:colour, composite, tea solution, staining.

INTRODUCTION
Aesthetic failure is one of the most common reasons for the replacement of restorations.
1

Currently, resin-based composite (RBC) materials are the most prominent esthetic restorative
materials because of their universal usage, minimal loss of tooth structure, and ability to be


directly placed without laboratory procedures.
2
A good combination of the tooth colour and the
initial colour of the material before curing is an important clinical factor for a successful
outcome. More importantly, this combination must remain after the material is completely cured
and throughout the life time of the restoration. Even though manufacturers found a breakthrough
in light-cured formulations of composite materials, which have considerably better aesthetic
quality due to the exclusion of benzoyl peroxide in its composition, most users note
discolouration of restorative material over a period of years. This still pose as a major problem
for aesthetic restorations.
3-5

Discolouration of tooth-coloured, resin-based materials may be caused by intrinsic or extrinsic
factors. The intrinsic factors in the deeper layers of the materials involve a variery of factors
related to their composition.
1,3
More specifically, the type of photo-initiator, nature of resin
matrix, filler content, filler particle size distribution are related to colour stability. Colour
stability is also influenced by the intensity and duration of polymerization and, consequently, by
the degree of conversion. Staining of composite materials could be a consequence of (1)
alteration of resin matrix, (b) alteration in the interface between matrix and fillers, (c) change in
tertiary amines in composite under heat and light, (d) oxidation in structures of polymer matrix,
and (e) oxidation of unreacted pendant methylacrylate group. In addition to that, water
accumulation has also been reported to be responsible for internal color change. Water plays an
important role in chemical degradation process such as oxidation and hydrolysis and the
subsequent change of the optical properties of the provisional restorative materials.
The extrinsic factor that contributes to staining of composite are : (a) production of coloured
components in plaque by chromogenic bacteria, (b) retention of coloured substances from dietary
constituents passing through the oral cavity, and (c) formation of coloured products from the
chemical transformation of pellicle components. Factors such as diet (coffee, tea, and red wine),
smoking, exposure to antimicrobial agents, and daily teeth cleaning affect extrinsic stain
development.
6-9

This study focuses on evaluating the colour changes of two different tooth-coloured restorative
dental materials immersed in food simulating solutions (i.e. tea) that have been subjected to
accelerated aging, and if possible, to relate staining capability of said materials to the difference
in their composition.
AIMS & OBJECTIVES
There are two main aims and objectives of this research project are as follows:
To evaluate the degree of staining of two different composites (3M Filtek Z 250 & 3M Filtek Z
350 XT ) in a food simulating solution ( Tea ).
To evaluate the effect of duration on the degree of staining in the composites immersed in a food
simulating solution.
MATERIALS & METHODS
Materials

1.Restorative material (Table 1)
Filtek Z250 ( 3M ESPE )
Filtek Z350 XT ( 3M ESPE )
2.Drinking straws
3.Light curing unit ( Motion Blue Life LED 320 )
4.Carborandom disc ( 25 x 0.3 mm Separating Disc Secudisk )
5.Opti Discs ( OptiDisc Kerr Course/ Medium, Fine, Extra Fine )
6.Deionized Distilled Water (DDW)
7.Tea Powder / Tea Bags ( Lipton )
8.Incubator
9.Sugar ( Prai Granulated Sugar )
10.Electronic Digital Caliper ( Kern Germany )
11.Measuring Cylinder 100 ml
12.Electronic Balance ( A & D Company Limited ) Fx 300i
13.Hand Instruments : Plugger, Ball burnisher, Metal ruler
Methodology
This is an in vitro study that has been carried out at MAHSA University. The restorative
materials tested in this study are Filtek Z250 (3M ESPE ) and Filtek Z350 XT (3M ESPE). 60
samples are prepared with 30 samples for each group.
The restorative material is then packed into drinking straws with a diameter of 13 mm and
thickness of 1 mm. These specimens were then light cured for 40 seconds with a light curing
unit (Motion Blue Life LED 320 ) and then sectioned with a carborandom disc ( 25 x 0.3 mm
Separating Disc Secudisk ) according to 1 mm thickness to fabricate a total of 60 individual
discs.
The samples were then polished with Opti Discs (OptiDisc Kerr) from coarse or medium to fine
and then finally extra - fine. This is done by the same operator to reduce variability.
All the 60 specimens are placed in a container containing deionized distilled water (DDW) at
37C for 24 hours as a baseline measurement. After 24 hours, the specimens were taken out from
the deionized distilled water and a baseline colour measurement will be made after blot drying
the specimens.
All the 30 samples from both groups ( 60 samples ) will be immersed into tea solution (Lipton
Brand) where each solution is prepared using 15gm of tea powder, 10 gm sugar (PRAI Brand
Granulated Sugar) and 100ml of hot water. All the discs will be immersed into the solutions after
the solution becomes cold.
The specimens are then kept in each solution for a period of 1 day, 2 days, 3 days, 4 days, 5 days,
6 days and 1 week. This time period is done to stimulate the period of continuous exposure and
the specimens will be stored in an incubator at 37C.
After each period, the discs from each sub group were removed and irrigate under running water
for 20 seconds and blotted dry with tissue paper before colour measurement. Stains were assessed
visually and recorded using Lobene Stain Index10 (which is based on these four scores:
0 = no stain
1 = light stain (yellow to light brown or gray)
2 = moderate stain (medium brown)
3 = heavy stain (dark brown to black)
For this assessment, each sample is measured by two investigators which are by 2 researchers.
Firstly, one researcher will assess the results and then the second researcher will assess the
results. These results are then combined and an average result of both will be taken.
RESULTS
Statistical Analysis
The statistical analysis was analyzed using Independent t-Test.
Mean value was calculated separately for Filtek Z250 and Filetk Z350 XT for day 1, 3, 5 and 7.
Generally, Filtek Z250 marked a higher mean value compared to Filetk Z350 XT for all the days.
The formula for the sample mean is as follows:


The values obtained were summarized in Table 2 and Graph 1 explains the degree of staining
based on the mean value obtained for Filtek Z250 and Filtek Z350 XT for 1 day, 3 days, 5 days
and 7 days.
DISCUSSION
Tea has been proven to play a significant role in causing discolouration of composite resins
through the act of adsorption or absorption. Staining solutions and immersion time were
significant factors that affected colour stability of the composite resins after polishing. 3M ESPE
Filtek Z350 XT, which is a nanohybrid, was chosen because it is currently the choice of
composite restorative material used in many dental clinics. The other composite resin studied was
3M ESPE Filtek Z250 Universal Restoration, a microhybrid composite from the same
manufacturer.
For Filtek Z250, which is the predecessor to Filtek Z350XT, the 3 major components of
composite restorative material are retained from the previous make of composite from the same
brand (Filtek Z100). Here, the majority of TEGDMA has been replaced with a blend of UDMA
and Bis-EMA . Both these compounds are of high molecular weight, and therefore have lesser
double bonds per unit of weight. The high molecular weight results in less shrinkage, decreased
aging, and a slightly softer matrix. These resins impart a greater hydrophobicity and are less
sensitive to changes in atmospheric pressure.5 Filler particle size for this make is also a
breakthrough in the microhybrid region, with particle zirconia/silica particle distribution ranging
from 0.01m to 3.5 m. The average size is around 0.6 m.
Filtek Z350 XT Universal Restorative is a visible light-activated composite designed for use in
anterior and posterior restorations. This material consists of three primary ingredients: an organic
matrix, inorganic filler particles, and a coupling agent. Other ingredients include colour
stabilizers, pigments, and an activation system. The organic resin matrix contains mainly UDMA
((urethane dimethacrylate) and Bis-EMA (Bisphenol A polyethethyleneglycol
dietherdimethacrylate).UDMA and Bis-EMA) resins are of higher molecular weight than
TEGDMA and therefore have fewer double bonds per unit of weight. The higher molecular
weight of the resin results in less shrinkage, improved aging and a slightly softer resin. TEGDMA
and PEGDMA are used in minor amounts to adjust the viscosity. PEGDMA (hydrophobic) was
used to replace part of the TEGDMA (hydrophilic) component to moderate shrinkage in Filtek
Z350 XT restorative.
11

As for the filler particles, the manufacturer used a combination of non-agglomerated/ non
aggregated 0.020 m silica filler, non agglomerated/ non aggregated 0.004 to 0.011 m zirconia
filler, and aggregated zirconia/silica cluster fillers (comprised of 20nm silica and 4 to 11 nm
zirconia filler particles).
In this study, tea was chosen as this beverage is a staple drink in Malaysians daily dietary habits.
Tea contains Tannin (tannic acid), a substance which gives it its yellowish-brown appearance.
Tannin has been found to be the source of discolouration in composite resins. The presence of
tannic acid causes swelling of the restoration, thereby manipulating the susceptibility of the
composite surface to staining.
12

Sugar was added because the presence of sugar in coffee and tea increased the colour difference
compared to coffee or tea without sugar for light-polymerised composite material and
microhybrid composites.
8,10
Also, most Malaysians generally consume tea with sugar as
accompaniment.
The omission of milk in this study is due to established laboratory studies showing the protective
nature of milk against tooth erosion. Milk contains a high concentration of calcium, which, along
with phosphate, may have a protective effect on tooth enamel and consequently resist
deterioration of tooth surface. Cows milk has shown that it can strengthen tooth enamel by
remineralisation after exposure to acidic drinks.
13
Therefore, even though tea is acidic and milk is
alkaline in nature, it is thought that the presence of milk in the solution would offset, if not mar
the actual extent of discolouration tea would have on the samples.
Low consumption of milk was also a reason behind the exclusion of milk from this study, which
is concurrent with a data from the national survey among adults in Malaysia in 2006. The survey
reports that the average consumption of milk among adults was 0.14 serving per day (1 serving =
250 mL; 0.14 serving= 35 mL) compared to the recommendation of one to two servings per day.
Only 17.1% of the adult population consumed milk with the frequency of 1.4 times daily.
8

Samples were kept at 37 Celcius constantly in incubator throughout the entire study to simulate
the average temperature in the oral cavity. Although this contradicts the fact that most people
prefer hot tea, it was presumed that the temperature of the beverage drops soon after
consumption, therefore, the samples remain at normal human body temperature for most of the
period. Furthermore, previous studies on this topic also warranted the selection of the temperature
above.
8,10

The duration of the study considered the cumulative effect of months or years of tea
consumption, which elucidates the constant exposure of samples to the staining solution. It purely
deliberated the extent of staining on composite materials, excluding the effect normal act of oral
hygiene routine such as tooth brushing and the use of mouth rinses.
For the purpose of synchronizing and standardizing the finished products, polishing was done by
a sole operator, using polishing discs (OptiDisc by Kerr) ranging from coarse/medium, fine, to
extra fine. A high-gloss surface is generally considered less-susceptible to staining.
10
Rough
surfaces mechanically retain surface stains more than smooth surfaces. It can be concluded that
the rougher the finished surface, the more vulnerable the restoration is to bacterial and plaque
accumulation.
11
Also, a poorly-finished restoration leads to increased surface area for adsorption
of pigments from food, allowing discolouration along marginal lines of the restoration to occur.
6,11

Discolouration of composite resins can be evaluated via various instruments. In this study,
Lobene (1968)14 Stain Index was used for assessment of the extent of staining by this beverage.
The score was given accordingly from the lightest to the darkest based on four scores from 0 to
3.
10
. This method was chosen due to the limitations of the research team to utilise more accurate
equipment such as a spectrophotometer. It has been found that the human eye is best in detecting
colour difference by comparison. The National Bureau of Standards (NBS) established a
sophisticated classification to describe colour change difference by NBS units. They say that the
acceptable limit for the colour shift is E<3.3. Any value below this mark is considered to be of
acceptable colour shift. The human eye can perceive a colour shift at E<1. Therefore, the use of
Lobene Stain Index, although permitting discrepancies, is an acceptable method to gauge colour
difference between the two samples.
6

Staining is highly influenced by each composite monomer and filler composition. In general, the
hydrophobic materials showed greater colour stability and stain resistance than the hydrophilic
materials. The difference of colour stability in this study might be due to the smaller
nanoparticles in Z350XT which resulted in less staining absorption into this composite resin.
12,15

In addition to matrix content and composition, filler size and distribution may also influence
water discolouration, presumably through hydrolytic degradation of the filler-matrix interface and
modification of the way light is scattered by the particles. The addition of fillers reduces
polymerization shrinkage, coefficient of thermal expansion, and water sorption.
12,16

Water can penetrate the matrix or matrix-filler interface, and, in the case of this study, brings
along the tea molecules with it to bind to the composite surfaces. The variation in the water
sorption rate between materials using Bis-GMA matrix may be due to the different proportions of
TEGDMA. Materials exhibiting high water sorption values are more easily stained by
hydrophilic colourings in aqueous solutions, as the water will act as a penetrating vehicle.
Composites which are mostly hydrophilic will then, allow water molecules to penetrate the
matrix or filler-matrix interface.
Another possible cause of staining is the presence of residual camphorquinone, which is added to
the composite resin materials as a photo-initiator. Colour stability is influenced by the intensity
and duration of polymerization and the degree of conversion. Prolonged polymerization duration
(prolonged light-curing) may increase the degree of conversion and thus, decrease discolouration
of composite resins containing TEGDMA.1
CONCLUSION
The colour stability of two composites restorative materials (Filtek Z250 and Filtek Z350 XT)
were evaluated after 1 day, 3 days, 5 days and 7days of immersion in staining solution (tea in this
case). Within the limits of this study, the following conclusions were drawn:
1. Filtek Z250 (Universal resin composite) exhibited increased staining as to compared to Filtek
Z350 XT, due to its filler particle size.
2. In Filtek Z350 XT the addition of PEGDMA with TEGDMA reduces shrinkage thus increasing
the resistance towards staining.
3. For both resin composite restorative materials tested, their It is noteworthy that both material
contained TEGDMA showed discoloration, meaning that TEGDMA was responsible for the
discolouration due to its hydrophilic character. In clinical practice, patients should be aware of
the staining effects of the drinks tested in this study, while practitioners should take into
consideration the staining susceptibility of the resin composite. Further studies need to be
undertaken to unravel the mechanisms of staining, whereby investigations will require more
complex but more informative methods to measure colour change.
REFERENCES
1.Barutcigil C and Yldz M. Intrinsic and extrinsic discolouration of dimethacrylate composites
and silorane. Journal of Dentistry (January 2012).
2.Dietschi D, Campanile G, Holz J and Meyer JM (1994). Comparison of the color stability of
ten new-generation composites: an in vitro study. Dent Mater, 10(6):353-62.
3.Erta E, Gler AU, Ycel AC, Kprl H and Gler E (2006). Color stability of resin
composites after immersion in different drinks. Dent Mater J, 25(2): 371-376.
4.Ghahramanloo A, Madani A S, Sohrabi K and Sabzevari S (2008). An Evaluation of Color
Stability of Reinforced Composite Resin Compared With Dental Porcelain in Commonly
Consumed Beverages. CDA Journal, 36(9): 673-680.
5.Gupta G and Gupta T (2011).Evaluation of the effect of various beverages and food material
on the color stability of provisional materials An in vitro study. J Conserv Dent, 14(3): 287
292.
6.Omata Y, Uno S, Nakaoki Y, Tanaka T, Sano H, Yoshida S, Sidhu SK (2006). Staining of hybrid
composites with coffee, oolong tea, or red wine. Dental Material Journal, 25(1):125-31.
7.Gross MD and Moser JB (1977). A colorimetric study of coffee and tea staining of four
composite resins. J Oral Rehabilitation, 4:311-22.
8.Guler AU, Yilmaz F, Kulunk T, Guler E and Kurt S (2005). Effect of different drinks on
stainability of resin composite provisional restorative materials. J Prosthet Dent, 94(2):118-24.
9.Mohan M, Vaidyanathan J, Janal M, Munisamy S, Vaidyanathan TK, Shey Z (2008). Color
changes of restorative materials exposed invitro to cola beverages. Pediatr Dent, 30: 309-316.
10.Ibrahim MA, Wan Bakar WZ and Husein A (2009).A comparison of staining resistant of
twocomposite resins. Archives of Orofacial Sciences, 4(1): 13-16.
11.Khokhar NK, Qureshi R and Ali SM (2009). Evaluation of discolouration of some composite
restorative materials. Pakistan Oral & Dental Journal , 29(1):123-130.
12.Topcu FT , Sahinkesen G, Yamanel K, Erdemir U, Oktay EA and Ersahan S (2009). Influence
of Different Drinks on the Colour Stability of Dental Resin Composites. European Journal of
Dentistry, 3(1) : 50-56.
13.Gedalia I, Dakuar A, Shapira L, Lewinstein I, Goultschin J and Rahamim E (1991). Enamel
softening with coca-cola and rehardening with milk or saliva. Am J Dent, 4(3):120-2.
14.Lobene RR (1968). Effect of dentifrices on tooth stains with controlled brushing. J Am Dent
Assoc, 77(4): 849-855.
15.Villalta P, Lu H, Okte Z,Godoy FG, Powers JM (2006). Effects of staining and bleaching on
color change of dental composite resins. J Prosthet Dent, 95:137-42.
16.W M Johnston, M H Reisbick Color and translucency changes during and after curing of
esthetic restorative materials Academy of Dental Materials 1997; 13(2): 89-97.

Table 1: Composites used in the study
Product Name Material
Type
Composition Manufacturer
FILTEK Z350 XT Nano Resin : BIS-GMA, BIS-EMA (6), UDMA
with small amounts of TEGDMA.
Filler : a combination of non-agglomerated/
non aggregated 20nm silica filler, non
agglomerated/ non aggregated 4 to 11 nm
zirconia filler, and aggregated zirconia/silica
cluster fillers (comprised of 20nm silica and
0.004m to 0.011m zirconia filler
particles).

FILTEK Z250 Micro
Hybrid
Z250 resin is based on the Z100 system
which consists of BisGMA (Bisphenol A
diglycidyl ether dimethacrylate) and a low
viscosity resin called TEGDMA

(tri[ethylene glycol] dimethacrylate).
Contains a blend of UDMA (urethane
dimethacrylate) and Bis-EMA (Bisphenol A
polyethylene glycol dietherdimethacrylate)
The cluster particle size range is 0.01m to
3.5m.

Table 2: Comparing the colour changes between 3M Filtek Z250 and 3M Filtek Z350 in the
solution.
Time Composite Resin Mean (SD) T - value P value
1 day Z250
Z350XT
0.80 (0.363)
0.60 (0.392)
2.0513 < 0.05
(Significant)
3 days Z250
Z350XT
1.18 (0.737)
0.9 (0.563)
1.657 > 0.05
(Not Significant)
5 days Z250
Z350XT
1.85 (0.577)
1.83 (0.562)
0.2389 > 0.05
(Not Significant)
7 days Z250
Z350XT
2.15 (0.645)
2.08 (0.671)
0.412 > 0.05
(Not Significant)

Graph 1: Colour changes for 3M Filtek 250 and 3M Filtek 350XT in tea solution.



Pengaruh Lama Perendaman Dalam Larutan Teh Hitam Terhadap Perubahan Warna
Pada Resin Komposit Hybrid
The Effect Of Lengthy Immersion In Black Tea Solution On Hybrid
Composite Resin Color Change
KTI KG 2007
Undergraduate Theses from YOPTUMYFKPP / 2012-06-13 00:20:15
Oleh : Bungawati Aristiana
Dibuat : 2012-06-13, dengan 1 file

Keyword : Resin komposit hybrid, teh hitam, perubahan warna, lama
perendaman
Subjek : Resin komposit hybrid
Kepala Subjek : teh hitam
Nomor Panggil (DDC) : 20070340070
Url : http://FK UMY
Resin komposit hybrid merupakan material tumpatan sewarna gigi. Resin
komposit hybrid mempunyai sifat menyerap air secara difusi pada resin
matriks dan bersifat adsorpsi pada bahan pengisi. Teh hitam merupakan salah
satu jenis minuman yang paling sering dikonsumsi oleh masyarakat Indonesia.
Teh hitam mempunyai zat warna katekin yang bila melalui proses oksidasi
enzimatis memiliki sifat larut dalam air. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk
mengetahui pengaruh lama perendaman larutan teh hitam terhadap
perubahan warna Resin komposit hybrid.Sampel pada penelitian ini adalah
Resin komposit hybrid dengan ukuran diameter 11 mm dan tebal 2 mm,
sebanyak 20 buah yang terbagi dalam 4 kelompok. Kelompok pertama
direndam dalam akuades sebagai kelompok control dan 3 kelompok lainnya
direndam dalam larutan teh hitam yang masing masing selama 5 hari, 1 hari
dan 15 hari. Perubahan warna akan diukur dengan monochromameter. Analisis
data menggunakan Anava 1 jalur dan LSD0,05.Hasil uji Anava satu jalur
menunjukkan adanya pengaruh lama perendaman dalam larutan teh hitam
terhadap perubahan warna Resin komposit hybrid (p0,5).Hasil uji LSD0,05
menunjukkan adanya nilai perubahan warna yang signifikan antara setiap
kelompok.Kesimpulan penelitian ini adalah perubahan warna resin komposit
hybrid paling signifikan terjadi pada kelompok lama perendaman 15 hari.
Deskripsi Alternatif :

Hybrid composite resin is a tooth colored material filling. Hybrid composite
resin has the properties of absorbing water diffusion in the resin matrix and
the character of adsorption on the filler material. Black tea is one of most
popular beverage that consumed by the indonesian people. The cathechin
colorant in black tea which is soluble in water through enzymatic oxidation
process. This study aims is to determine the influence of immersion solution of
black tea to change the color of a hybrid composite resin.The sample of this
study is a hybrid composite resin with a diameter of 11 mm and 2 mm thick,
20 pieces are divided into 4 groups. The first group was immersion in distilled
water as a control group and 3 other group immersed in a solution of black
tea, each for 5 days, 10 days, and 15 days. The color change will be measured
by monochromameter. Data analysis using One Way Anava and LSD0,05.The
result of One Way Anav shows the effect immersion in a solution of black tea
on a hybrid composite resin color changes (p0,05). LSD0,05 results showed a
significant change in color values between each group. The conclusion of this
research is the color transformation of hybrid composite resin is effected
significancy in the most long time immersion, that is 15 days immersion in
black tea solution.
Copyrights : Copyright @ 2001 by Digilib Fakultas Kedokteran UMY. Verbatim
copying and distribution of this entire article is permitted by author in any
medium, provided this notice is preserved.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed

Oper Dent. 2007 Nov-Dec;32(6):616-22.
The effect of curing units and staining solutions on the color stability of
resin composites.
Yazici AR
1
, Celik C, Dayanga B, Ozgnaltay G.
Author information
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of two different light curing units and two staining solutions on
the color stability of a hybrid composite and a nanohybrid composite after different immersion
periods. Thirty disk-shaped specimens (10 mm in diameter, 2-mm thick) were fabricated for each of
the resin composites, Clearfil AP-X and Filtek Supreme. The specimens were randomly divided
into two groups according to the curing unit used: Group I specimens (n = 15) were cured with a
quartz-tungsten-halogen (QTH) light for 40 seconds, and Group II specimens (n = 15) were cured
with a light-emitting diode (LED) unit in standard mode for 40 seconds. The specimens were
incubated in 100% humidity at 37 degrees C for 24 hours. Then, the baseline color values (L*, a*,
b*) of each specimen were measured with a spectrophotometer according to the CIELab color scale.
After baseline color measurements, five randomly selected specimens from each group (Groups I
and II) were immersed in one of two staining solutions (tea or coffee) or distilled water (control).
After 1, 7 and 30 days of immersion, the color values of each specimen were remeasured and the
color change value (deltaE*ab) calculated. Color changes caused by immersion in tea and coffee for
30 days were only perceptible in the Clearfil AP-X specimens cured with QTH or LED. In the
Filtek Supreme specimens, coffee perceptibly stained the teeth after all immersion periods and tea
stained after 30 days. Polymerization with QTH or LED did not cause any significant difference in
the color stability of Clearfil AP-X or Filtek Supreme. While there were no significant differences
between staining solutions in the Clearfil AP-X specimens cured with LED after one and seven
days of storage and one day of storage in the QTH cured specimens, significant differences were
observed between water and coffee after seven days of storage. In the Filtek Supreme specimens
cured with QTH or LED, there were statistically significant differences between the staining
solutions after one and seven days of storage. After 30 days of storage, no significant difference was
found between tea and coffee in either resin composite cured with QTH or LED. The effect of the
staining solutions (tea, coffee) on color changes in composites was immersion time and resin-
material dependent.
PMID: 18051013 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE

Quintessence Int. 2010 Sep;41(8):695-702.
A long-term laboratory test on staining susceptibility of esthetic composite
resin materials.
Ardu S
1
, Braut V, Gutemberg D, Krejci I, Dietschi D, Feilzer AJ.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE:
To evaluate the color stability of composite resin types designed for esthetic anterior restorations
when continuously exposed to various staining agents.
METHOD AND MATERIALS:
Thirty-six disk-shaped specimens were made of each of 12 composite materials (1 microfilled and
11 hybrid composites). After dry storage at 37 degrees C for 24 hours in an incubator (INP-500,
Memmert), the initial color of each specimen was assessed by a calibrated reflectance
spectrophotometer (SpectroShade). Specimens were immersed in five staining solutions or dry
stored (control). All specimens were kept in an incubator at 37 degrees C for 99 days. Test solutions
were changed every 14th day to avoid bacteria or yeast contamination. After 99 days of storage,
spectrophotometric measurements were again performed and L*a*b* scores once more recorded to
determine the color changes.
RESULTS:
Wine proved to have the highest staining potential followed by coffee, tea, orange juice, and cola,
which had the lowest staining potential. The highest color change measured against a white
background was observed for Durafill (Heraeus Kulzer) in wine (DeltaE = 62.3), while the least
staining was found for Enamel HFO (Micerium) in cola (DeltaE = 3.5). The highest color change
measured against a black background was observed for EsthetX (Dentsply) in wine (DeltaE = 46.0),
while the least staining was observed for Enamel HFO in cola (DeltaE = 2.5).
CONCLUSION:
Composite staining susceptibility proved to vary among composite structure and brands. Potential
discoloration might be limited by dietary restriction based on such in vitro evaluation.
J Dent. 2012 Dec;40 Suppl 2:e55-63. doi: 10.1016/j.jdent.2012.06.002. Epub 2012 Jun 17.
Effects of sports drinks on color stability of nanofilled and microhybrid
composites after long-term immersion.
Erdemir U
1
, Yildiz E, Eren MM.
Author information
Abstract
OBJECTIVES:
This study assessed the effects of three sports drinks on the color stability of two nanofilled and two
microhybrid composite materials after 1-month and 6-month periods.
MATERIALS AND METHODS:
Twenty-eight disc-shaped specimens (diameter: 10mm and thickness: 2mm) each were made from
four resin composites (Clearfil Majesty Posterior, Filtek Supreme, Clearfil APX, and Filtek Z250).
All the specimens were stored in distilled water for 24h at 37C. Then, the baseline color values
(L*a*b*) of each specimen were measured using a spectrophotometer according to the CIEL*a*b*
color scale. Seven randomly selected specimens from each composite material were then immersed
in one of the three sports drinks (Powerade, Red Bull, and Burn) or distilled water (control) for 1
and 6 months. After each immersion, the color values of each specimen were remeasured, and the
color change value (E) was calculated. The data were evaluated using the Kruskal-Wallis and
Mann-Whitney U-tests.
RESULTS:
The tested resin composites showed color changes over the 6-month evaluation periods. At 1
month, highest level of color changes was observed in the Clearfil APX specimens immersed in
Burn (p<0.01). Clearfil Majesty Posterior showed less discoloration in all the composite materials
tested after 6 months (p<0.001). Independent of the composite materials tested, Burn resulted in the
highest level of discoloration after both immersion periods (p<0.01).
CONCLUSION:
All the test solutions used in the present study caused greater discoloration than the clinically
acceptable level of threshold (E<3.3) over the 6-month evaluation period except for Clearfil
Majesty Posterior immersed in distilled water (2.910.28). The effect of each solution on the color
stability of the composite materials depended on the type of solution, exposure time, and
composition of the composite material.
CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
The effect of a solution on color stability of composite materials depends on the type of solution,
exposure time, and composition of the material. In clinical practice, patients should be aware of the
staining effects and erosive potential of sports drinks if consumed a longer period of time.
Copyright 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


J Esthet Restor Dent. 2004;16(5):290-301; discussion 301-2.
Effect of bleaching and repolishing procedures on coffee and tea stain
removal from three anterior composite veneering materials.
Trkn LS
1
, Trkn M.
Author information
Abstract
Discolored teeth can be treated with resin veneers, but their color changes when confronted with
staining solutions. Polishing procedures can provide a remedy for highly stained composites, but
they tend to remove some materials as well. However, bleaching procedures are an effective,
nondestructive method for solving the problem. The aim of this study was to compare the color
change of three veneer composites exposed to staining solutions and to evaluate the effectiveness of
a 15% hydrogen peroxide bleaching agent and three polishing systems to remove the stain. Forty-
five disks (12 x 2 mm) each of Clearfil ST (Kuraray Co. Ltd., Osaka, Japan), Esthet-X
(Dentsply/Caulk, Milford DE, USA), and Filtek A110 (3M ESPE, St. Paul, MN, USA) were
prepared. The specimens were polished with Sof-Lex (3M ESPE), Enhance (Dentsply/Caulk), or
PoGo (Dentsply/Caulk). Five specimens for each material-polishing system combination were
immersed in coffee (Nescafe Classic, Nestle SA, Vevey, Switzerland) or tea (Earl Grey, Lipton,
Blackfriars-London, England) for 7 days. The remaining disks were stored in water. Color
measurements were made with a spectrophotometer (X-Rite Seroice SP78, Loaner, Kln, Germany)
at baseline; after 1, 3, 5, and 7 days; and after bleaching and repolishing. After 1 week, one side of
the specimens was bleached with Illumin-office (Dentsply De Trey GmbH, Konstanz, Germany)
for 1 hour, and the other side was repolished for 30 seconds. All comparisons of color change for
the polishing systems, times, and staining solutions were subjected to repeated measurements of
analysis of variance. Paired t-test was used to examine whether significant color differences
(deltaE*) occurred during immersion at the specified time intervals (p < or = .05). Filtek A110 was
the least stained resin composite. Its color remained under a deltaE* value of 2 during the study.
Clearfil ST exhibited the most color change after 1 week. All specimens polished with Enhance
showed less staining, whereas those polished with the Sof-Lex system demonstrated the most color
change. Water did not cause a variance in the deltaE*. There was no difference in the staining
potential of coffee and tea. Bleaching and repolishing were effective in removing the stains. The
resin composites tested reversed nearly to baseline color with the bleaching and to less than values
at 1 day of staining with repolishing. The coffee and tea brands tested stained the composites used
in this study equally. In-office bleaching was found to be more effective than repolishing in the
restitution of the color.
CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
The results of this study suggest that the discoloration of resin veneers can be partially removed by
in-office bleaching and repolishing procedures.
Comment in
Critical appraisal. Effects of bleaching on tooth structure and restorations, part IV: effects on
restorative materials. [J Esthet Restor Dent. 2008]

Dent Mater J. 2006 Jun;25(2):371-6.
Color stability of resin composites after immersion in different drinks.
Erta E
1
, Gler AU, Ycel AC, Kprl H, Gler E.
Author information
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the discoloration of two nanohybrids, two microhybrids,
and a posterior composite resin restorative material upon exposure to different drinks--namely tea,
cola, coffee, red wine, and water. The colors of all specimens before and after storage in the
solutions were measured by a colorimeter based on CIE Lab system, and the color differences
thereby calculated. Data were analyzed by two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's
HSD test. According to ANOVA, the restorative material, staining agent, and their interaction were
found to play a statistically significant role (P = 0.0001) in color change. Among the staining
agents, water consistently showed the lowest deltaE* value for all materials, whereas red wine
showed the highest deltaE* value. In other words, for all the materials tested, their color change in
staining agents ranked in this increasing order: water < cola < tea < coffee < red wine. In terms of
comparison among the five restorative materials, Filtek P60 and Z250 were observed to manifest
less color change than the nanohybrids and Quadrant LC.
J Prosthet Dent. 2005 Aug;94(2):118-24.
Effects of different drinks on stainability of resin composite provisional
restorative materials.
Guler AU
1
, Yilmaz F, Kulunk T, Guler E, Kurt S.
Author information
Abstract
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM:
The ability of tooth-colored restorative materials for provisional restorations to resist stains is
important when interim prostheses are worn for a long period. Discoloration of provisional
restorative materials may result in patient dissatisfaction and additional time and expense for
replacement. However, the effect of different staining agents on the color difference of resin
composite restorative materials has not been completely clarified.
PURPOSE:
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the stainability of auto- and light-polymerized composite
provisional restorative materials, reinforced microfill, and microhybrid resin composite restorative
materials upon exposure to different staining agents.
MATERIAL AND METHODS:
Forty-five cylindrical specimens (15 x 2 mm) were prepared for each of an autopolymerized bis-
acryl composite provisional restorative material (Protemp II), a light-polymerized composite
provisional restorative material (Revotek LC), a reinforced microfill (Micronew), and a
microhybrid composite (Filtek Z250, Herculite XRV) restorative material, using a brass mold. The
specimens were wet-ground with 1000-grit silicon carbide abrasive paper for 10 seconds. The 5
restorative material specimens were divided into 9 groups (n = 5) and stored for 24 hours at 37
degrees C in different types of solutions: water, coffee, coffee with sugar, tea, tea with sugar, coffee
with artificial creamer and sugar, cola, red wine, or sour cherry juice. Color of all specimens was
measured before and after exposure with a colorimeter using CIE L * a * b * relative, and color
changes (DeltaE * ) were then calculated. The data were analyzed with a 2-way analysis of variance
(ANOVA), and mean values were compared by the Tukey HSD test (alpha = .05).
RESULTS:
The interaction of provisional restorative materials and staining agents was statistically significant (
P = .0001). For the 5 restorative materials tested, the lowest DeltaE * values were observed in the
water, cola, and sour cherry juice groups. The highest color difference for all restorative materials
was observed in the red wine groups. For microhybrid composite materials and light-polymerized
composite provisional material, when tea and coffee groups with and without sugar were compared,
both groups with sugar demonstrated a higher color difference than without sugar. When comparing
the 5 different restorative materials, the reinforced microfill material group (Micronew)
demonstrated significantly less color change than the other materials tested. The highest color
difference in this study was observed for specimens in the light-polymerized composite provisional
material group (Revotek LC).
CONCLUSION:
The reinforced microfill restorative material tested was found significantly more color stable than
the autopolymerized bis-acryl, light-polymerized composite provisional restorative materials, and
microhybrid composites tested. The largest color difference was observed in the light-polymerized
composite provisional material. The presence of sugar in coffee and tea increased the color
difference compared to coffee or tea without sugar for light-polymerized composite provisional
material and microhybrid composites.


J Esthet Restor Dent. 2005;17(2):102-8; discussion 109.
Effect of surface roughness on stain resistance of dental resin composites.
Lu H
1
, Roeder LB, Lei L, Powers JM.
Author information

Abstract
BACKGROUND:
Surface quality of dental restorations is one of the important factors that determine the success of
the restoration. Unfortunately, exterior discoloration is still a problem for dental resin composites.
PURPOSE:
The purpose of the study was to investigate the influential factors on stain resistance of dental resin
composites.
MATERIALS AND METHODS:
Filtek Supreme (nanocomposite), Filtek A110 (microfilled composite), Filtek Z250 (microhybrid
composite), and Filtek P60 (microhybrid composite) (all products from 3M ESPE, St. Paul, MN,
USA) were tested. Thirty-six specimens per material were prepared and randomly assigned to 6
groups. The specimens in 5 groups were polished against 1,000-, 1,200-, 1,500-, 2,000-, and 2,500-
grit sandpaper, respectively. The specimens in a sixth group were polished with 2,500-grit or 1,200-
grit sandpaper and used as controls. Surface roughness (Ra) and gloss of the specimens were
measured with a profilometer and a glossmeter, respectively. Specimens were immersed in a coffee
solution (control group in distilled water) and kept in a 37 degrees C incubator. Color was measured
by a spectrophotometer at baseline, 3 days, 7 days, and 14 days, and color change (DeltaE*(ab))
was calculated.
RESULTS:
Coffee, material, Ra, and the interaction of material x Ra had statistically significant influences on
the stain resistance of the dental composites tested. For most materials in coffee solution, time
squared and Ra had significant effects on the discoloration.
CONCLUSIONS:
Coffee had a significant influence on discoloration of the dental resin composite materials tested.
The different composites behaved differently in coffee solution. Discoloration increased as Ra
increased for the composites tested, except with Filtek A110. The discoloration process was
accelerated with time.


Am J Dent. 2010 Feb;23(1):4-8.
Effect of cigarette smoke and whiskey on the color stability of dental
composites.
Wasilewski Mde S
1
, Takahashi MK, Kirsten GA, de Souza EM.
Author information
Abstract
PURPOSE:
To evaluate the effect of cigarette smoke and whiskey on the color stability of resin composites.
METHODS:
Disk-shaped specimens (8 mm x 1 mm) were prepared with five composites in two different shades
(n=10). After light-curing, the specimens were stored in dark containers with artificial saliva at 37
degrees C for 24 hours. Baseline color was measured by CIEL*a*b* using a colorimeter (Easy-
Shade, VITA). Half of the specimens were subjected to a discoloration process in a cigarette
smoking machine (SM) and the other half to an immersion in whiskey (WH) for 24 hours. Another
color measurement was performed for discolored specimens. The samples subjected to smoking
were immersed in whiskey (SM/WH) and those subjected to whiskey immersion were subjected to
cigarette smoking (WH/SM) followed by another color measurement. Color changes (delta E*)
were calculated and submitted to repeated measures 4-way ANOVA and Tukey tests (P<0.05).
RESULTS:
The most significant color change was observed after WH/SM (delta E*= 22.8-31.5) discoloration
process, followed by SM (delta E*= 7.0-18.0), SM/WH (delta E*= 4.9-16.5) and WH (delta E*=
2.0 to 9.5). Translucent shades were more susceptible to discoloration than enamel shades. All the
groups, with the exception of two, showed a significantly high perceptible color change (delta
E*>3.3). Based on the results, the color stability of dental composites was affected by the
discoloration process and was material and shade dependent.

J Dent. 2013 Aug;41 Suppl 3:e53-61. doi: 10.1016/j.jdent.2012.10.008. Epub 2012 Oct 24.
Effect of one-step polishing system on the color stability of
nanocomposites.
Alawjali SS
1
, Lui JL.
Author information
Abstract
OBJECTIVES:
This study was to compare the effect of three different one-step polishing systems on the color
stability of three different types of nanocomposites after immersion in coffee for one day and seven
days and determine which nanocomposite material has the best color stability following polishing
with each of the one-step polishing system.
METHODS:
The nanocomposites tested were Tetric EvoCeram, Grandio and Herculite Prcis. A total of 120
discs (40/nanocomposite, 8mm2mm) were fabricated. Ten specimens for each nanocomposite
cured under Mylar strips served as the control. The other specimens were polished with OptraPol,
OneGloss and Occlubrush immersed in coffee (Nescaf) up to seven days. Color measurements
were made with a spectrophotometer at baseline and after one and seven days. Two way repeated
measure ANOVA, two way ANOVA and Bonferroni tests were used for statistical analyses
(P<0.05).
RESULTS:
The immersion time was a significant factor in the discoloration of the nanocomposites. The effect
of three one-step polishing systems on the color stability was also significant. The color change
values of the materials cured against Mylar strips were the greatest. The lowest mean color change
values were from the Occlubrush polished groups. The effect of the three different types of
nanocomposite on the color change was significant. The highest color change values were with
Tetric EvoCeram groups. The lowest color change values were with Herculite Prcis groups.
CONCLUSION:
The color change of nanocomposite resins is affected by the type of composite, polishing procedure
and the period of immersion in the staining agent.
Copyright 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
KEYWORDS:
Color stability, Nanocomposite resin, Polishing
J Contemp Dent Pract. 2013 Jul 1;14(4):704-11.
Effect of energy drinks on the color stability of nanofilled composite resin.
Al-Dharrab A.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE:
To study the effect of three energy drinks on the color stability of nanofilled composite resins after
different periods of aging time.
MATERIALS AND METHODS:
Composite resin disks, 6 mm diameter, 3 mm thickness were prepared from Filtec Z350 XT, Tetric
EvoCeram, and Filtec Z250 XT. Specimens from each material were tested after aging with Red
Bull, Bison and Power Horse energy drinks and distilled water as a control. Specimens were stored
at 37C in dark containers for 1, 7, 30 and 60 days. Color was assessed in the CIELAB using a
colorimeter before and after each storage period. Color differences E*ab and b* among
specimens were measured. Mean values were statistically analyzed using one-way analysis of
variance (ANOVA), with p < 0.05 as significance level.
RESULTS:
The color change E*ab and b* occurred by Red Bull, Bison and Power Horse energy drinks was
significantly different for all tested materials at all four times p < 0.05 except in the Red Bull group.
All specimens showed increase in color changes toward yellowness b* after a period of 1, 7, 30
and 60 days. The highest total color difference E*ab was found in the Red Bull group after 60
days.
CONCLUSION:
Energy drinks used in this study had staining effect on the tested composite resin materials. The
discoloration increased with aging time toward yellowness; however, it was not perceptible in all
test groups after 60 days.

Oper Dent. 2008 Jul-Aug;33(4):413-20. doi: 10.2341/07-107.
Color stability of nanocomposites polished with one-step systems.
Ergc Z
1
, Trkn LS, Aladag A.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE:
This study compared the color changes of five novel resin composites polished with two one-step
polishing systems when exposed to coffee solution.
METHODS:
The resin composites tested were Filtek Supreme XT, Grandio, CeramX, Premise and Tetric
EvoCeram. A total of 150 discs (30/resin composites, 10 x 2 mm) were fabricated. Ten
specimens/resin composites cured under Mylar strips served as the control. The other samples were
polished with PoGo and OptraPol discs for 30 seconds using a slow speed handpiece and immersed
in coffee (Nescaf) for seven days. Color measurements were made with Vita Easyshade at baseline
and after one and seven days. Repeated Measures ANOVA and Bonferroni tests were used for
statistical analyses (p< or =0.05).
RESULTS:
The differences between the mean DeltaE* values for the resin composites polished with two
different one-step systems were statistically significant (p<0.05). After one week, all materials
exhibited significant color changes compared to baseline. All Mylar finished specimens showed the
most intense staining (p<0.05). There were no significant differences between the OptraPol and
PoGo polished groups. Mylar-finished specimens of CeramX, Tetric EvoCeram, Premise and Filtek
Supreme XT presented the greatest staining (p<0.05). For Grandio, there were no significant
differences between the Mylar and PoGo groups, while the most stain resistant surfaces were
attained with OptraPol.
CONCLUSION:
Removing the outermost resin layer by polishing procedures is essential to achieving a stain
resistant, more esthetically stable surface. One-step polishing systems can be used successfully for
polishing nanocomposites.

Dent Mater J. 2006 Mar;25(1):125-31.
Staining of hybrid composites with coffee, oolong tea, or red wine.
Omata Y
1
, Uno S, Nakaoki Y, Tanaka T, Sano H, Yoshida S, Sidhu SK.
Author information
Abstract
This study examined the surface staining mechanism of a photopolymerized composite by coffee,
oolong tea, and red wine. Dental composite was subjected to an experimental 24-hour staining
cycle: 17-hour immersion in artificial saliva solution containing 0.3% mucin followed by 7-hour
immersion in coffee, tea, or wine. After one, two, and four weeks, digital images of the composite
surface were analyzed in grayscale mode with an imaging analyzer. Specimens polished but not
immersed were used as a baseline measurement for color change. Additionally, the effects of
mechanical brushing and chlorhexidine on drink-induced staining were examined. Wine caused the
most severe staining, followed by tea and coffee. After four weeks of immersion, brushing reduced
surface staining by wine. On the contrary, chlorhexidine increased the staining effect of tea and
coffee (p<0.05) when compared to the control specimens. In conclusion, we showed that common
drinks stained the dental composite, but each by a specific mechanism that depended on external
conditions such as the presence of chlorhexidine.
US National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health