Created by HOMER PABLO ZPG & Associates

CASE DOCTRINES AND ADDITIONAL

NOTES CRIMINAL LAW II (Culled from
Florenz Regalados Conspe!us and
Or!egas No!es"
Ar!#le $$%& TREASON
The details of the testimoy o
the acts testified by !itesses
eed ot be idetical" #Peo$le
%s& Abad'
The t!o(!itess r)le is ot
re*)ired to $ro%e adherece to
the eemy" #Peo$le %s&
Alita+ta+'
Treaso absorbs crimes
committed i the f)rtherace
thereof" #Peo$le %s& ,illa)e%a'
Ri+hteo)s Actio- as !he the
collaborator also hel$ed sa%e
some +)errillas from death at
the hads of the i%ader is
illo+ical ad baseless" #Peo$le
%s& ,ictoria'
.efese of /)s$eded
Alle+iace by reaso of cha+e
of so%erei+ty !as )teable
sice a citi0e o!es a absol)te
alle+iace to his co)try #La)rel
%s& Misa'
A assembla+e e%e !itho)t a
armed $)blic )$risi+ is
s)fficiet&
Ar!#le $$'& CONS(IRAC) AND
(RO(OSAL TO COMMIT TREASON&
/e$arately $)ished oly if
Treaso !as ot committed&
12A t!o(!itess r)le
ARTICLE $$*& MIS(RISION OF TREASON&
3eloy by omissio& Mere
silece is $)ishable e%e
!itho)t attem$t to coceal&
#ACT4AL E56/TE1CE O3
CO1/P6RAC7 is the BA/6/'
12A t!o(!itess r)le
ARTICLE $+,& CORRES(ONDENCE WIT-
-OSTILE CO.NTR)&
E8$ress Prohibitio by
Go%ermet of Corres$odece
is a mala $rohibit)m therefore
$)ishable e%e if cotaied
iocet matters&
12A t!o(!itess r)le
ARTICLE $+$& FLI/-T TO ENEM)S
CO.NTR)&
E8$ress Prohibitio by
Com$etet A)thority is a mala
$rohibit)m therefore $)ishable
for !hate%er $)r$ose of the
offeder& Mere Attem$t
cos)mmates crime&
ARTICLE $+%& AR0ITRAR) DETENTION&
A $ri%ate $erso ca be liable
ad $)ished if he acted i
cos$iracy !ith $)blic officers&"
#Peo$le %s& Camerio'
Mista9e of 3act- Good 3aith-
acted !itho)t c)l$able
e+li+ece are %alid defeses-
e%e if it t)rs o)t that the
$erso !as iocet&" #Peo$le
%s& Acheta'
1o le+al +ro)d- !itho)t itet
to deli%er to :)dicial a)thorities&
#Arbitrary .etetio'
1o Le+al +ro)d- !ith itet to
t)r o%er to :)dicial a)thorities
#4la!f)l Arrest'
Le+al Gro)d !ith itet to
deli%er to :)dicial a)thorities b)t
)reasoably delays #4d)e
.elay )der ;<='
1o itet to detai- b)t
)la!f)lly $re%eted for a
a$$reciable le+th of time from
free mo%emet #Coercio'
,ictim is a !oma ad detaied
!ith le!d desi+s from the
o)tset #abd)ctio'
Offeses caot be com$le8ed&
Psycholo+ical ad ot oly
$hysical restrait is s)fficiet for
the crime of arbitrary detetio-
as !he %ictim !as $ermitted to
ta9e meals o)tside of detetio
b)t !as too terrori0ed ot to
ret)r&" #Peo$le %s& Oli%a'
;
Created by HOMER PABLO ZPG & Associates
ARTICLE $+'& DELA) IN T-E DELI1ER)
OF DETAINED (ERSONS TO T-E
(RO(ER 2.DICIAL A.T-ORITIES&
Pro%isio a$$lies to arrests
!itho)t !arrat ad it is la!f)l&
.eli%ery refers to fili+ of
com$lait> ?)dicial A)thority
refers to co)rts of :)stice ot the
$)blic $rosec)tor" #/ayo et al&
%s& Chief of Police'
3ail)re to deli%er the arrestee
does ot ma9e detetio ille+al-
it :)st ma9es the arresti+ officer
crimially liable" #Peo$le %s&
Mabo+'
Article a$$lies to s$ecial la!s&
#&&"or their e*)i%alet"- referri+
to $ealty cate+ories'
The ho)rs d)ri+ !hich the
co)rts are closed ad o deli%er
ca be made are ot to be
co)ted" #Peo$le %s& Acasio'
Arrested $erso may be
detaied beyod stated $eriods
if he demads $relimiary
i%esti+atio #/ec& @ R)le ;;<
Re%& R)les Crim& Pro&'
Art& ;<= made a$$licable to
sec)rity +)ards em$loyed by a
com$ay !ho arrested ad
delayed the t)ro%er of $)blic
officers !hom they held i
c)stody #Peo$le %s& /ali'
ARTICLE $+*& DELA)IN/ RELEASE&
Order of release may be +i%e
%erbally&" #Peo$le %s& Misa'
ARTILCE $+3& E4(.LSION&
Oly Chief E8ec)ti%e ca order
de$ortatio&
ARTICLE $+5& 1IOLATION OF DOMICILE&
6m$lied ob:ectio- !here etry
!as effected thro)+h a
o$ei+ ot iteded for that
$)r$ose& #first mode liable'
6f Offeder is a $ri%ate
idi%id)al- tres$ass to d!elli+"
is committed
A $)blic officer eteri+
aotherAs d!elli+ to $re%et
some serio)s harm to himself or
the d!elli+As occ)$ats or a
third $erso or etry ito ta%ers
ad other $)blic ho)ses
absol%es a $erso from crimial
liability&
ARTICLE $+6& SEARC- WARRANTS
MALICIO.SL) O0TAINED AND A0.SE
IN T-E SER1ICE OF T-OSE LE/ALL)
O0TAINED&
Per:)ry ad others crime
se$arate&
6f a $ri%ate idi%id)al cos$ired
he is liable )der this article&
#4/ %s& Pote'
ARTICLE $7,& SEARC-IN/ DOMICILE
WIT-O.T WITNESSES&
A$$licable i searches !ith a
!arrat or %alid !arratless
searches> also !here there is
coset of o!er- or icidetal
to a la!f)l arrest&
ARTICLE $7$& (RO-I0ITION8
INTERR.(TION AND DISSOL.TION OF
(EACEF.L MEETIN/S&
P)blic Officers %s& ;=B( Pri%ate
6di%id)als
This caot be committed by a
$erso !ho is a $artici$at i
the meeti+" #Peo$le %s&
Calera'( C4:)st ,e8atio-
$ro$er crime hereD
ARTICLE $7+& INTERR.(TION OF
RELI/IO.S WORS-I(
P)blic Officers %s& ;=B( Pri%ate
6di%id)als
C)stomarily obser%ed ad
a)thori0ed by a)thorities of a
reli+io&
There m)st act)ally be a
reli+io)s ceremoy& 6f the
offese !as committed oly i a
meeti+ or a rally of a sect it
<
Created by HOMER PABLO ZPG & Associates
!o)ld be $)ishable )der Art&
;B;" #Peo$le %s& Reyes'
ARTICLE $77& OFFENDIN/ RELI/IO.S
FEELIN/S&
P)blic Officer2Pri%ate 6di%id)als
A $)blic rally by itself
cod)cted by a reli+io)s +ro)$
is ot reli+io)s ceremoy&"
#Peo$le %s& Madoriao- ?r&'
6f acts committed i a $lace
de%oted to reli+io)s !orshi$-
)ecessary that a reli+io)s
ceremoy is cod)cted&
ARTICLE $7%& RE0ELLION OR
INS.RRECTION&
ARTICLE $7%9A& CO.( DETAT&
Both crimes ca be committed
i $eace or !ar time
A armed $)blic )$risi+ by a
s)bstatial )mber of rebels is
+eerally re*)ired&
Rebellio caot be com$le8ed
!ith b)t absorbs acts committed
i the f)rtherace of the
rebellio)s mo%emet&" #Peo$le
%s& Herade0> Erile %s&
/ala0ar'
Offeses committed for
$ersoal reasos or other
moti%es are $)ished se$arately
e%e if committed
sim)ltaeo)sly !ith the
rebellio)s acts" #Peo$le %s&
Oli%a'
6lle+al Possessio of firearm i
f)rtherace of rebellio )der
P. ;EFF is distict from the
crime of rebellio )der the
RPC& Therefore %iolatio of P.
;EFF bei+ mal)m $rohibit)m-
i%alidates the defeses of +ood
faith ad absece of crimial
itet&" #Peo$le %s& de Gracia'
A crime )der the RPC caot
be absorbed by a stat)tory
offese- therefore char+i+ oe
of ille+al $ossessio of firearms
i f)rtherace of rebellio is
$ro$er&" #Peo$le %s& Tio0o'&
1o crime of mis$risio of
rebellio" #4/ %s& Ra%idas'
GMis$risio is oly to treasoH
Cocealmet by the offeder of
the rebellio)s acti%ities may
ma9e him a accessory&
ARTICLE $73& DISLO)ALT) OF (.0LIC
OFFICERS OR EM(LO)EES&
1o Crime )der this article if
$rici$al crime is treaso&
ARTICLE $76& SEDITION&
Arms ot ecessary as lo+ as
there is t)m)lt)o)s $)blic
)$risi+&
/editio does ot absorb
m)rder committed by reaso or
i f)rtherace of the seditio)s
acti%ities&" #Peo$le %s& Cabrera'
MA2OR CRIMES A/AINST NATIONAL
SEC.RIT) AND (.0LIC ORDER&

;& TreasoI Cos$iracy ad
$ro$osal #Art& ;;='- Mis$risio
of Treaso #Art& ;;F' CNo Crime
of Inciting to Treason>
<& RebellioI Cos$iracy ad
Pro$osal #Art& ;BF'- .isloyalty of
P)blic Officers #Art& ;B@'-
iciti+ #Art& ;BE'
B& Co)$ dAetatI Cos$iracy ad
$ro$osal #Art& ;BF'
J& /editioI Cos$iracy #Art& ;J;'-
6citi+ #Art& ;J<'
0ASIC R.LEI Cos$iracy-
$ro$osal ad iciti+ are
$)ishable oly if ma:or crimes"
are NOT COMMITTED&
Other!ise they are absorbed
ad offeders !ill be $rici$al
by id)cemet&
Acts or !ords of icitemet
m)st ha%e bee $remeditated-
other!ise if they !ere oly
s$otaeo)s the crime !ill be
t)m)lt)o)s dist)rbace as a
o)tcry tedi+ to icite rebellio
or seditio #Art&;=B'
The assembla+e of $ersos
$reset m)st ot ha%e bee
B
Created by HOMER PABLO ZPG & Associates
called for the $)r$ose of
listei+ to s)ch icitemet-
other!ise the crime !ill be
ille+al assembly #Art& ;JF'&
Mis$risio of Treaso ad
disloyalty of $)blic officers ca
be $rosec)ted ide$edetly&
6 reI /editio- Knowingly
conceal such evil practices
<Art. 1!> principal not
accessory"
ARTICLE $%7& ACTS TENDIN/ TO
(RE1ENT T-E MEETIN/ OF T-E
CON/RESS AND SIMILAR 0ODIES&
ARTICLE $%%& DIST.R0ANCE OF
(ROCEEDIN/S&
1o $)blic )$risi+ i%ol%ed&
3orce $rod)ci+ $hysical
i:)ries- or 3ra)d i%ol%i+
falsificatio& /aid offeses are
com$le8ed as ecessary meas
em$loyed&
ARTICLE $%*& ILLE/AL ASSEM0LIES&
Assembly !as for the $)r$ose
of committi+ offeses other
tha treaso- rebellio- seditio
or assa)lt& Pres)m$tio is that
there are $ersos armed
other!ise it !ill be co%ered by
P)blic .isorder #Art& ;=B' or
)la!f)l )tteraces #Art& ;=JK<L'
ARTICLE $%5& DIRECT ASSA.LT&
FIRST FORM: (Fore;In!#m#da!#on <
O=>e!#?es of Re=ell#on;Sed#!#on @ (u=l#
.pr#s#ng
To costit)te direct assa)lt
a+aist a agent of a person in
authority the %iolece-
itimidatio or resistace
em$loyed by the offeder m)st
be serio)s&" #4/ %s& Tabiaa'
6f the %ictim is a person in
authority the de+ree of force
em$loyed a+aist him is
immaterial as the mere layi+ of
hads o him is s)fficiet" #4/
%s& G)mba'
6 all forms of assa)lt-
resistace or disobediece- it is
re*)ired that #a' the acc)sed
9e! the idetity of the %ictim
ad #b' the %ictim !as the
acti+ i the d)e ad la!f)l
$erformace of his d)ties- or the
reaso for the attac9 a+aist
him !as his $erformace of
s)ch official d)ties&" #Peo$le %s&
Relli'
6f both are acc)sed ad %ictim
are $)blic officers- 1O .6RECT
A//A4LT- beca)se it
$res)$$oses that the acc)sed
!as ot dischar+i+ his official
d)ties d)ri+ the attac9& Offese
may be coercio or $hysical
i:)ries C66 ,iada <JFD
Attac9 !as o the occasio of
the $erformace by %ictim of his
official d)ties- moti%e is
immaterial&" #4/ %s& Garcia'
6f the ca)se of the direct
assa)lt !as the $ast
$erformace by the %ictim of his
official d)ties !hich the acc)sed
reseted- the acc)sed is +)ilty
of direct assa)lt e%e if he
attac9ed the %ictim !hile both
!ere +oi+ o)t to fi+ht #?)sto %s&
CA'
.irect assa)lt is committed
e%e if se%eral days had
tras$ired bet!ee the %ictimAs
$erformace of his official d)ty
ad the assa)lt- as !here the
:)d+e !as attac9ed by the
offeder by reaso of a
cotem$t order he iss)ed for the
icarceratio of the latter
se%eral days before the offese"
#Peo$le %s& Torrecario'
6f moti%e !ill ot be
established- as !he a :)d+e
!as bo8ed o)t !hile it is
stadi+ o a rail!ay statio-
crime !ill be $hysical i:)ries"
#Peo$le %s& /aMiel'
6f a school teacher !as sla$$ed
by the acc)sed ot !hile she
!as $erformi+ her school
f)ctios or by reaso thereof-
b)t i the $resece of her
$)$ils- the crime !as held to be
J
Created by HOMER PABLO ZPG & Associates
slader by deed" #Peo$le %s&
Gamo'
6f direct assa)lt !as committed
!ith sli+ht $hysical i:)ries ad
the %ictim is a $erso i
a)thority- they !ill be se$arate
crimes> b)t if the %ictim is a
a+et of a $erso i a)thority-
the sli+ht $hysical i:)ries !ill be
absorbed i the direct assa)lt"
#Peo$le %s& Acierto'
6f the $)blic officer !as acti+
!ith ab)se of his official
f)ctios- he is deemed to be
acti+ i a $ri%ate ca$acity ad
if he is attac9ed- there !o)ld be
o crime of direct assa)lt& Th)s-
!here t!o co)cillors fo)+ht i
the sessio hall- there co)ld be
o direct assa)lt if the ca)se of
the fi+ht !as a $ri%ate matter&"
#Peo$le %s& 7osoya'
ARTICLE $%6& INDIRECT ASSA.LT&
Nhether or ot there is re*)est
or order from the $erso i
a)thority to aid the latter& #/aid
$erso is cosidered a a+et
of a $erso i a)thority'
6f the a+et of a $erso i
a)thority is attac9ed ad a third
$erso comes to aid- ad the
latter !as also attac9ed- the
offeder is liable for $hysical
i:)ries or coercio de$edi+
o the acts committed&
ARTICLE $'7& T.M.LTS AND OT-ER
DIST.R0ANCES OF (.0LIC ORDER&
There ca be se$arate crimes
of $hysical i:)ries thr) rec9less
im$r)dece ad t)m)lt)o)s
dist)rbace ca)sed by the firi+
of a s)bmachie +)& #Peo$le
%s& Bacolod'
A acc)sed co)ld also be liable
for the com$le8 crime of assa)lt
ad t)m)lt)o)s dist)rbace if
the latter offese !as committed
o the same occasio ad by
the same meas of attac9i+
some electio is$ectors&"
#,illa)e%a %s& Orti0'
ARTICLE $'%& .NLAWF.L .SE OF
MEANS OF (.0LICATION AND
.NLAWF.L .TTERANCES&
Para+ra$h <- sho)ld be
disti+)ished from iciti+ to
seditio as the latter re*)ires
offeder at the same time to
icite the $eo$le to rise $)blicly
a+aist the +o%ermet&"
#Peo$le %s& Arro+ate'
ARTICLE $'*& DELI1ER) OF (RISONERS
FROM 2AIL&
Cos$irators are liable )der
the article- b)t the !arde or :ail
c)stodia of $risoers is liable
for ifidelity i the c)stody of
$risoers" #Alberto %s& dela
Cr)0'
Bribery shall be a se$arate
crime&
6f the $risoer is detaied for the
crime of treaso- $arricide-
m)rder or a attem$t a+aist
the PresidetAs life it has bee
s)++ested that those !ho
deli%ered him from :ail are
accessories to those crimes&
Nhe a +)ard !ho !as off d)ty
too9 o)t a $risoer from :ail for =
ho)rs re$laci+ him i his cell
aother $risoer- +)ard is liable
)der the article" #Peo$le %s&
.el Barrio'
ARTICLE $'3&E1ASION OF SER1ICE OF
SENTENCE
ARTICLE $'5& E1ASION OF SER1ICE OF
SENTENCE ON T-E OCCASION OF
DISORDERS8 CONFLA/RATIONS8
EART-A.ABES8 OR OT-ER
CALAMITIES&
ARTICLE $'6& OT-ER CASES OF
E1ASION OF SER1ICE OF SENTENCE&
There is o e%asio of ser%ice
of setece if the esca$ee is #a'
=
Created by HOMER PABLO ZPG & Associates
oly a detetio $risoer- #b' is
a yo)thf)l offeder committed to
a rehabilitatio ceter- #c' is a
de$ortee !ho %iolates the
de$ortatio order&" #4/ %s& Loo
Hoe'
Article ;=@& A$$licable to
.estierro #Peo$le %s& Abilo+'
Article ;=E& 6m$risomet& 12A
.estierro
Article ;=O& A$$licable to
.estierro
Acc)sed !as forced by some
detaiees to lea%e the :ail- b)t
he ret)red thereafter& There
!as o m)tiy&" #Peo$le %s&
Padilla'
,iolatio )der Art& ;=O is
s)bstati%e if $ealty remitted is
F years or less sice a $ealty
is im$osed therei" #Peo$le %s&
Marti'
ARTICLE $*,& A.ASI9RECIDI1ISM
The offese committed !hile
the acc)sed is ser%i+ setece
m)st be a feloy- ot a crime
$)ished by a s$ecial la!& Nith
re+ard to the offese of !hich
the acc)sed !as already
seteced by fial :)d+met- it
does ot matter !hether it !as
also a feloy or a crime
$)ished by a s$ecial la!&"
#Peo$le %s& Peralta'
P)asi(recidi%ism ca also be
committed !hile offeder !as at
lar+e after esca$i+ from the
$eal istit)tio" #Peo$le %s&
Materal' or !hile he !as i
the act of esca$i+ therefrom"
#Peo$le %s& Tio+so'
ARTICLE $*$& CO.NTERFEITIN/ T-E
/REAT SEAL OF T-E /O1T& OF T-E
(-ILI((INES8 FOR/IN/ T-E
SI/NAT.RE OR STAM( OF T-E C-IEF
E4EC.TI1E&
ARTICLE $*+& .SIN/ FOR/ED
SI/NAT.RE OR CO.NTERFEIT SEAL OR
STAM(&
6f the doc)met is oe
s)$$osedly si+ed by the
Presidet i a $ri%ate ca$acity
the crime !o)ld be falsificatio
ad ot for+ery )der the Article
;F;&
ARTICLE $**9$*6& FOR/IN/ TREAS.R)
OR 0ANB NOTES8 O0LI/ATIONS AND
SEC.RITIESC IM(ORTIN/ AND
.TTERIN/ FALSE OR FOR/ED NOTES8
O0LI/ATIONS AND SEC.RITIES&
A Phili$$ie Charity
/!ee$sta9es tic9et has bee
declared to be a +o%ermetal
obli+atio" #Peo$le %s&
Balmores'
6tet to )se ille+ally $ossessed
co)terfeit otes ad
istr)mets of credit may be
determied from the %ol)me or
)mber of said otes ad the
acts of the acc)sed ta9e i
coectio there!ith&
1o im$ossible crime here- as it
deals !ith crimes a+aist
$ersos ad $ro$erty oly&
Nhere the acc)sed ecashed a
treas)ry !arrat- !hich is a
+o%ermetal obli+atio- b)t he
did so by $osi+ ad si+i+ as
the $ayee thereof- the crime is
falsificatio ad ot for+ery"
#Peo$le %s& /amso' CArt& ;@;
Par& <D
ARTICLE $3$& FALSIFICATION 0)
(.0LIC OFFICER8 EM(LO)EE OR
NOTAR) OR ECCLESIASTIC MINISTER&
6 imitati+ or co)terfeiti+
there m)st be some similarity or
resemblace bet!ee the
ori+ial ad the co)terfeit" #4/
%s& Lam$a'
,oti+ i $lace of a re+istered
%oter- a e8am$le of %iolatio
)der $ar& <" #Peo$le %s&
Ab)ba9ar'
Para+ra$h JI
Ma9i+ false statemets i a
a$$licatio form for $atrolma
e8amiatio #Ci%il /er%ice 3orm
1o& <'- )der oath as re*)ired
F
Created by HOMER PABLO ZPG & Associates
costit)tes $er:)ry ot
falsificatio" #Peo$le %s& Cr)0'
1o s)ch le+al obli+atio i the
$re$aratio of the formatio
$a$ers of a cor$oratio to state
the tr)th- so there is o
falsificatio" #Peo$le %s&
P)asha'
There !as o le+al obli+atio
to disclose the fact of a $re%io)s
co%ictio i the $ersoal data
form s)bmitted by the offeder
to the $olice de$artmet sice
that form !as ot a official
doc)met- hece o falsificatio
!as committed&"#Peo$le %s&
Poserio'
There is a le+al obli+atio to
disclose the tr)th i etries
made i a residece certificate-
hece the acc)sed !as liable
for falsificatio&" #Peo$le %s& Po
Gio9 To'
1B6 $ersoal data sheet is a
official doc)met" #Peo$le %s&
4y'
Nhere force !as em$loyed to
com$el aother to e8ec)te a
cotract- the offeder is ot
liable for falsificatio as s)ch
com$)lsio does ot ma9e it a
false istr)met- b)t oly a
%oidable oe&" #4/ %s& Milla'
3alsificatio ca be committed
by im$r)dece- either by a
$ri%ate idi%id)al #Peo$le %s&
BaMas' or by a $)blic officer"
#Peo$le %s& Castillo'
The $erso i $ossessio of a
falsified doc)met is $res)med
to ha%e falsified the same-
es$ecially so if he had the
o$$ort)ity ad the moti%e to do
so&" #Peo$le %s& Maasala'
Nhat is re*)ired to be tr)e is
a assertio of fact by the
acc)sed> hece !here the
declarat stated that she !as
eli+ible" for the $)blic $ositio-
a iacc)racy therei co)ld ot
hold her liable for falsificatio as
she !as act)ally e8$ressi+
oly a o$iio&" #Peo$le %s&
7a0a' /imilar to the case of
claimat of lad #Peo$le %s& /a
?ose'&
Ma9i+ alteratios or
correctios i a doc)met to
ma9e it s$ea9 the tr)th- e%e if
)ilaterally doe- caot be
falsificatio as the essece of
this offese is to ma9e the
doc)met tell a lie&" #4/ %s& /a
Mateo'
ARTICLE $3+& FALSIFICATION 0)
(RI1ATE INDI1ID.ALS&
.ama+e or itet to ca)se
dama+e is a essetial elemet&
.ama+e to hoor is s)fficiet&"
#Peo$le %s& Marasi+a'
1o crime of estafa thr)
falsificatio of a $ri%ate
doc)met&
3alsificatio is ot a coti)i+
offese ad is cos)mmated
!he the doc)met is act)ally
falsified- re+ardless of !hether
or ot it !as thereafter $)t to
ille+al )se&" #Alfelor et al %s&
6tia'
.ama+e is ot re*)ired if the
falsified doc)met is itrod)ced
as e%idece i a :)dicial
$roceedi+& .ama+e is a
elemet oly !he the
doc)met is itrod)ced i a
$roceedi+ or trasactio other
tha :)dicial& #Peo$le %s&
Pr)dete'
@