1

ECB1014
Circuit Theory
Chapter 6
Capacitors and Inductors
2
Lesson Outcome
At the end of this session, you should be able to:
1. Discuss the property of capacitors.
2. Discuss the property of inductors.
3. Analyse the circuit containing capacitors.
4. Analyse the circuit containing inductors.


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Capacitors and Inductors
Chapter 6
6.1 Capacitors
6.2 Series and Parallel Capacitors
6.3 Inductors
6.4 Series and Parallel Inductors
4
Motivation
Antenna
Tuner
Transmitter/Receiver
Amateur Radio Set Up
For maximum power
transfer Impedance
must be matched
5
Antenna Tuner
Roller
inductor
Variable
capacitors
6
6.1 Capacitors (1)
A capacitor is a passive element designed to store energy in its
electric field.
A capacitor consists of two conducting plates separated by an
insulator (or dielectric).
7
6.1 Capacitors (2)
Capacitance C is the ratio of the charge q on one plate of a
capacitor to the voltage difference v between the two plates,
measured in farads (F).
Where c is the permittivity of the dielectric material between the
plates, A is the surface area of each plate, d is the distance
between the plates.
Unit: F, pF (10
12
), nF (10
9
), and F (10
6
)

Cv q =
d
A
C
c
= and
8
6.1 Capacitors (3)
If i is flowing into the +ve terminal of C
Charging => i is +ve
Discharging => i is ve

The current-voltage relationship of capacitor according to above
convention is
dt
dv
C i = ) (
1
0
0
t v idt
C
v
t
t
+ =
}
and
9
6.1 Capacitors (4)
The energy, w, stored in the
capacitor is
A capacitor
is an open circuit to direct current (DC)
(dv/dt = 0, hence i = 0).
Does not allows its voltage to change abruptly.
2
2
1
v C w =
10
6.1 Capacitors (5)
Example 1

The current through a 100-F capacitor is
i(t) = 50 sin(120 tt) mA.
Calculate the voltage across it at t = 1 ms and t = 5 ms.
Take v(0) = 0.


Answer:
v(1ms) = 93.14mV
v(5ms) = 1.7361V
ms
ms
t
t
t v
t v idt
C
v
1
0
6
0
) 120 cos(
) 10 100 )( 120 (
50
) (
1
0
t
t

=
+ =
}
11
6.1 Capacitors (6)
Example 2

An initially uncharged 1-mF capacitor
has the current shown below across it.

Calculate the voltage across it at
t = 2 ms and t = 5 ms.

Answer:
v(2ms) = 100 mV
v(5ms) = 500 mV
) 10 1 (
) 10 100 )( 10 4 (
) 2 ( ) 5 (
) 10 1 ( 2
) 10 100 )( 10 2 (
) 2 (
) (
1
3
3 3
3
3 3
0
0

+ = = =


= =
+ =
}
ms t v ms t v
ms t v
t v idt
C
v
t
t
12
6.2 Series and Parallel
Capacitors (1)
The equivalent capacitance of N parallel-connected capacitors
is the sum of the individual capacitances.

N eq
C C C C + + + = ...
2 1
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6.2 Series and Parallel
Capacitors (2)
The equivalent capacitance of N series-connected capacitors
is the reciprocal of the sum of the reciprocals of the individual
capacitances.

N eq
C C C C
1
...
1 1 1
2 1
+ + + =
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6.2 Series and Parallel
Capacitors (3)
Example 3
Find the equivalent capacitance seen at the terminals of the circuit
in the circuit shown below:

Answer:
C
eq
= 40F
F 40
120 60
120 60
F 120 70 50
F 60 40 20
F 40
120 60
120 60
eq
70 // 50
120 60 // 20
120 60

=
+

=
= + =
= + =
=
+

C
C
C
C
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6.2 Series and Parallel
Capacitors (4)
Example 4
Find the voltage across each of the capacitors in the circuit shown
below (at steady-state):

Answer:
v
1
= 30V
v
2
= 30V
v
3
= 10V
v
4
= 20V
V 20 ) 30 (
30 60
60
V 10 ) 30 (
30 60
30
V 30 ) 60 (
40 40
40
V 30 ) 60 (
40 40
40
4
3
2
1
=
+
=
=
+
=
=
+
=
=
+
=
v
v
v
v
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6.3 Inductors (1)
An inductor is a passive element designed to store energy in its
magnetic field.

An inductor consists of a coil of conducting wire.
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6.3 Inductors (2)
Inductance is the property whereby an inductor exhibits
opposition to the change of current flowing through it, measured
in Henrys (H).

The unit of inductors is Henry (H), mH (10
3
) and H (10
6
).
dt
di
L v =
l
A N
L

2
=
and
is the core permeability
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6.3 Inductors (3)
The current-voltage relationship of an inductor:

The power stored by an inductor:
) ( ) (
1
0
0
t i dt t v
L
i
t
t
+ =
}
2
2
1
Li w=
An inductor acts like a short circuit to DC
(di/dt = 0)

and its current cannot change abruptly.
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6.3 Inductors (4)
Example 5 (pp6.9)
The terminal voltage of a 2-H inductor is
v = 10(1 - t) V
Find the current flowing through it at t = 4 s and
the energy stored in it within 0 < t < 4 s.

Assume i(0) = 2 A.

Answer:
i(4s) = -18A
w(4s) = 320J
| |
) 0 (
2
1
) 4 (
2
1
5 10
2
1
) ( ) (
1
2 2
4
0
2
0
0 0
0
Li Li vidt pdt w
t t i
t i dt t v
L
i
t
t
t
t
ms
ms
t
t
= = =
=
+ =
} }
}
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6.3 Inductors (5)
Example 6 (pp6.10)

Determine v
c
, i
L
, and the energy stored in the capacitor and inductor
in the circuit of circuit shown below under DC conditions.

Answer:
i
L
= 3A
v
C
= 3V
w
L
= 1.125J
w
C
= 9J
DC conditions:
Inductor-shorted
Capacitor-open
J 9
2
1
J 125 . 1
2
1
V 3 1 3
A 3 ) 4 (
1 3
3
2
2
= =
= =
= =
=
+
=
C C
L L
C
L
Cv w
Li w
v
i
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6.4 Series and Parallel
Inductors (1)
The equivalent inductance of series-connected inductors is the
sum of the individual inductances.

N eq
L L L L + + + = ...
2 1
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6.4 Series and Parallel
Inductors (2)
The equivalent capacitance of parallel inductors is the reciprocal
of the sum of the reciprocals of the individual inductances.

N eq
L L L L
1
...
1 1 1
2 1
+ + + =
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6.4 Series and Parallel
Capacitors (3)
Example 7
Calculate the equivalent inductance for the inductive ladder
network in the circuit shown below:


Answer:
L
eq
= 25mH

mH 20
60 30
60 30
mH 60 20 40
20 40 // 30
20 40
=
+

=
= + =

L
L
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6.4 Series and Parallel
Capacitors (4)
Current and voltage relationship for R, L, C


+
+
+
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6.5 Applications (1)

Integrator
}
=
=
= =
=
t
i o
i o
o
C
i
R
C R
dt t v
RC
v
dt v
RC
dv
dt
dv
C i
R
v
i
i i
0
) (
1
1
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6.5 Applications (2)

Differentiator
dt
dv
RC v
dt
dv
C i
R
v
i
i i
i
o
i
C
o
R
C R
=
= =
=