Teeth Febrero 2010

Teeth
by Esther Veas & Paula Gonzlez (3 E)

A) Introduction

We have chosen this topic because it is quite interesting, and important as well:
thanks to our teeth we can chew food and so make digestion much easier.

If we want to look good, a key part of our beauty are our teeth: if a person has
straight, white teeth, they look better. A nice smile is something lots of us want.
Many people are not really aware of these little structures in their mouths, and
through this report we have become more acquainted with the big world of
dentistry; although we have left many topics untouched, this report practically
sums up all the basics about our teeth.

B) Questions & Answers

1. What are teeth

Teeth (singular tooth) are the small, hard, calcified white objects in the jaws,
which are used for biting and chewing. Some carnivores also use them for
hunting or defense. The roots are covered by the gums. Teeth are made of
tissues of varying densities and hardness. Usually, adult humans have 32 teeth
(16 in each jaw).

2. What are teeth made of?

They are made of substances called enamel, dentine*, pulp* and cementum*.
They are divided into two parts, crown* and root*. Sometimes the middle part is
called neck.

Pgina 1 de 16 Document - Teeth
27/02/2010 http://docs.google.com/Doc?docid=0Ad4QkVp480leZGZuY2pqdnpfMmNjcG4yd2Q...

3. What is enamel?

Enamel (esmalte) is the hardest substance found in the body, and the visible
(and outermost) part of the teeth. It is one of the four major tissues forming the
teeth. It contains 96% of mineral, while water and organic material make up the
other 4%. Its color ranges from light yellow to grayish white.

4. What is dentin?

Dentin (dentina), also spelled dentine in British English, is a calcified tissue
found in the teeth. It surrounds the pulp and is covered by enamel in the crown
and cementum in the root. Minerals compose 70% of it, while water and organic
material make up the other 30%. Its color is yellow. There are three layers of
dentin in the teeth, called primary, secondary and tertiary dentin.

5. What is cementum?

Cementum (cemento dental) is a calcified substance which covers the root of a
tooth. Its color is pale yellow, and it is softer than dentin. It is one of the four
tissues which support the tooth in the jaw (the periodontium). There are three
types of cementumnamed afibrillar, acellular and cellular cementum.

6. What is pulp?

Pulp (pulpa) is the central part of the tooth, and it is formed by soft tissue as
well as odontoblasts, cells which secrete dentin (which engulfs the pulp). It
contains nerves and blood vessels. Apart from the dentin-making function, the
dental pulp also nourishes* the surrounding mineralized tissue and when
something is wrong (extremes in temperature, pressure, or trauma to the dentin
or pulp) its response is pain.


7. Which tissues support the root?

Apart from cementum, the teeth are supported by the alveolar bone, the
periodontal ligament and the gingivae.

8. What is the alveolar bone?

It is a bony structure which supports the teeth. The bone is thin and compact,
and it makes up the socket in which the tooth is placed.

9. What is the periodontal ligament?

Commonly abbreviated PDL, it is a group of fibers of connective tissue attaching
the tooth to the alveolar bone. They are meant to help teeth withstand the forces
that appear during chewing.

10. What are the gingivae?

More commonly known as gums, and gingiva in singular, these are the mucosal
tissue on the alveolar bone. It is divided into marginal, attached and interdental
gingiva. They surround the teeth and seal them in place. Their usual color is a
coral pink.

11. Which types of teeth are there?

We have four different kinds of teeth: incisors, canines, premolars and molars.

12. What are the incisors and what are they used for?

The incisors are the foremost teeth. They are a total of 8, 4 in the upper arch
and 4 in the lower. Their main function is for shearing* or to cut food as we
chew. The maxillary central incisor is the most visible tooth, being the two center
top teeth. The mandibular incisors are their corresponding, but in the jaw. The
maxillary lateral incisors are one on each side of the central ones, opposite from
the mandibular lateral incisors. Incisors measure an average length of 16 mm,
the root measuring 10 and the crown, 6.

13. What are the canines and what are they used for?

The canines are the teeth between the incisors and the premolars, and they are
sometimes called cuspids. There are 4 canines, 2 in the upper arch and 2 in the
lower. All of them are located 3 teeth away from the midline*. They have a dual
function: their main one is to tear food, whilst they also complement the incisors
and premolars during chewing.The maxillary canines are the ones in the upper
arch; the ones in the jaw are the mandibular ones.

14. What are the premolars and what are they used for?

Also called bicuspids, the premolars are found between the canines and the
molars. They are divided into first and second premolars, and there are four in
each jaw. They are flat teeth with pronounced cusps* that grind* and mash*
food. The maxillary first premolars are located between the canines and maxillary
second premolars, in the upper jaw. The first and second mandibular premolars
occupy these same positions, but in the lower jaw.

15. What are the molars and what are they used for?

The molars are the teeth farthest back in the mouth. There are 12 of them3
sets of 2 molars in each jawreferred to as the first, second, and third molars.
Their function is to mash and grind food as well, but they chew more strongly
than the premolars. The ones in the upper jaw are maxillary first, second and
third molars respectively, whilst the ones in the lower jaw are mandibular first,
second and third molars.

16. What are wisdom teeth?

Third molars are also called wisdom teeth. These teeth developed when the
most primitive humans needed extra strength to chew raw and unprocessed food.
Today they are not used, and therefore they are often removed because they can
use up space needed by other teeth.

17. What are baby teeth?

Baby, deciduous or primary teeth are the first set of teeth that we grow,
consisting of 20 of them. They start coming out between six and ten months of
age.

Tooth Eruption Cart
Tooth Primary Permanent

19. How can we avoid dental problems?

Dental problems are never any fun, but they can be easily prevented by:
Brushing teeth and tonge twice a day.
Flossing* daily.
Eating properly ( Healthy foods ).
Regular dental check ups.
Regular dental cleanings*.
Not using tobacco products.
Avoiding snacks and drinks high in sugar.

20. What is periodontal disease or gumdisease?

It is an infection in the gums surrounding the teeth. Is mainly caused by
bacteria from plaque* and tartar* build up. There are two major stages of gum
disease: gingivitis and periodontitis.

21. What is gingivitis?

It is the early stage of gum disease, which can be treated and reversed if
diagnosed early. This stage of disease c. Their signs and symptoms are:.

Upper Teeth
Central Incisor 8-12 months 7-8 years
Lateral Incisor 9-13 months 8-9 years
Canine 16-22 months 11-12 years
1st Premolar - 10-11 years
2nd Premolar - 10-12 years
1st Molar 13-19 months 6-7 years
2nd Molar 25-33 months 12-13 years
Wisdom Tooth - 17-21 years
Lower Teeth
Central Incisor 6-10 months 6-7 years
Lateral Incisor 10-16 months 7-8 years
Canine 17-23 months 9-10 years
1st Premolar - 10-12 years
2nd Premolar - 11-12 years
1st Molar 14-18 months 6-7 years
2nd Molar 23-31 months 11-13 years
Wisdom Tooth - 17-21 years
Gingivitis is the earliest stage of gum disease:

22. What is periodontitis?

It is the more serious stage of gum disease which includes bone loss and is not
reversible. It is the main causes of tooth loss in adults.

Periodontitis: At this stage:

Advanced Periodontitis

STAGES OF PERIODONTAL DISEASE

Inflammation of the gums
Plaque and tartar build up is present at the gum line
Gums are red and puffy
Gums may bleed when you brush or floss
Bone and fibers holding your teeth in place have not yet been affected.
With treatment, gingivitis can be reversed.
Plaque has spread to the roots of your teeth
Infection continues to worsen
This infection has damaged the supporting bone and fibers that hold your teeth in
place
Gums may have begun to pull away from your teeth forming a "pocket" below the
gum line, which traps food, bacteria, plaque
Immediate treatment can stop further damage and tooth loss.
23. Is there a relationship between gum disease and your overall health?

Yes, studies suggest gingivitis may increase the risk of heart disease and
stroke* because of the high levels of bacteria found in the mouth. As the level of
periodontal disease increases, the risk of cardiovascular disease increase with it.
Periodontitis could also be caused by higher blood sugar levels (Diabetes).

24. What is dental caries?

It is also known as tooth cavities* and tooth decay*. It is a dental disease which
damages the teeth structure. It is caused by bacteria, saliva and pieces of food
(plaque*) that remain between our teeth and around our gums. Dental caries is
caused by the acids produced by bacteria digesting sugars in the plaque. The
acids dissolve the enamel of the teeth causing tooth decay.

25. How is dental caries treated?

In the early stage do not produce any pain, but the damaged part of the tooth
cannot be regenerated.
It is treated by removing the damaged part of the tooth, by drilling* and then
filling* the hole with gold , dental amalgam or composite resin. If it is untreated,
it may cause tooth decay and tooth loss.

26-What is an abscessed tooth?

It is an infection and include pus* and swelling of the gum tissues surrounding
the tooth. It can develop from tooth decay* when infect the pulp (centre) of the
tooth.


27. What is tooth erosion?

It is the wearing away of tooth enamel by acids in the food (fruit juices) and
drinks (carbonated drinks). Also due to a decrease in saliva that contains calcium
wisch helps to remineralize the teeth.
Tooth erosion can cause tooth discoloration* and tooth sensitivity*.

28. How to prevent tooth erosion?

Carbonated drinks must be replaced with water, milk
After eating acidic foods, rinse your mouth with water.
Chewing sugar-face gum can increase the saliva flow, allowing for your teeth
to remineralize.

29. What is bad breath or halitosis?

It is an unpleasant odour in the mouth caused by the degradation of proteins by
bacteria ( Food that remain in the mouth ).
Having a bad breath can negatively affect your quality of life.


30. What causes bad breath?

It can be caused by many factors:
Poor oral hygiene.
Particular foods, such as cheese.
Dry mouth.
Gum disease.
Cavities.
Smoking and drinking alcohol.
Others health problems: sinusitis, diabetes, etc.

31. What is tooth sensitivity?

It is the experience of tooth pain or discomfort when you eat sweets, ice
cream, drinking hot or cold. Several factors can contribute, including cavities,
gum disease and teeth whitening procedures.
Our face is our identity, and teeth make an important part of our face, besides
giving us a beautiful smile. Smile adds a new dimension to our personality. This
smile can be ruined if teeth are placed anormally, our teeth have bad appearance
or we have a bad breath.

32. What are stained teeth?

Is a teeth discoloration, which may be caused by many different factors:
As people age their teeth become darker in general.
Foods and drinks people consume: chocolate, coffee, red wine, blueberries...
Tobacco.
Dentists may suggest teeth whitening* to remove the stains.

33.What is an orthodontics treatment?

A cosmetic dental work made by an orthodontist who treat the irregularities of
teeth. Help teeth to grow straight when they have not been growing correctly.


34. What are dental problems associated with tobacco use?

Greatly increase the risk for oral cancer.
Increases the risk of gum disease.
Could increase the risk of tooth decay and cause hot/cold sensitivity.
Can cause bad breath and stains on teeth.
Can cause a build up of tartar.

C) Glossary

Shearing (Cortar)
To clip or cut.

Root (Raz)
Part of the tooth inside the gum.

Crown (Corona)
Visible part of the tooth.

Midline (Lnea media)
A medial line, especially the medial line or plane of the body.

Cusp (Cspide [de un diente])
A point on the grinding surface of a tooth.

Grind (Moler)
Reduce to small pieces.

Mash (Moler, hacer pur)
Reduce to small pieces.

Nourish (Alimentar)
Give food.
Plaque (Placa bacteriana)
It is an invisible sticky layer of germs that forms naturally on the teeth and gums.
Plaque contains bacteria, which produce toxins and acids that irritate and damage
the gums and teeth.

Tartar (Sarro)
It is a hard substance that forms on your teeth if the dental plaque is not
removed daily. Tartar is firmly attached to the teeth and cannot be removed by
brushing and flossing.

Swollen (Hinchadas)
An area of your body that has become larger than normal, because of illness or
injury.

Puffy (Infladas)
If a part of your body is puffy, it is swollen.
Cavity (Hueco, agujero)
It is a hole in the tooth that is caused by dental caries.

Tooth decay (Caries, cariarse, pudrirse)
It is the destruction of tooth structure. If decay reaches the pulp of the tooth, a
root canal* may be necessary to save the tooth.

Root canal (Endodoncia)
A treatment in which a dentist removes a diseased area in the root of a tooth.

Dry mouth (Boca seca)
It is a decrease in saliva flow. Saliva remove the food particles remaining in your
mouth after eating and reduce plaque by neutralizing the acids.

Pus (Pus)
A thick yellowish liquid produced in an infected part of your body.

Tooth discoloration (Desteido de dientes)
The tooth change colour, so that it looks unattractive.

Teeth whitening (Blanqueo de dientes)
Is a popular dental cosmetic procedure to improve your teeth appearance by
reducing teeth discoloration and making teeth whiter.

Anesthetized tooth is
prepared to allow access
to pulp chamber.
Length of each canal is
determined.
Canals are
widened and
cleaned.

Canals are filled. Tooth may require
protection and
reinforcement with a
crown.


Flossing (Seda dental)
A thin thread that you use to remove the plaque between your teeth, that the
toothbrush cannot reach.

Cleaning (Limpieza de boca)
A treatment in which dentist clean the surface of your teeth.

Filling (Empastar)
A small amount of metal or amalgamthat is put into your tooth to cover a cavity.

Drilling (Torno)
To clean a tooth cavity using a drill.

Stroke (Apopleja)
If someone has a stroke, an artery in their brain suddenly becomes blocked, so
that they may die or be unable to use some muscles.

D) Bibliography

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tooth
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental_anatomy
http://dictionary.cambridge.org/define.asp?key=83744&dict=CALD&topic=the-
teeth
http://www.becomehealthynow.com/article/bodydigestive/678/
http://mistupid.com/health/teeth.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tooth_enamel
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dentin
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cementum
http://www.dentalfind.com/glossary/cementum.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulp_%28tooth%29
http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/dental+pulp
http://dictionary.webmd.com/terms/alveolar-bone
http://www.dentalfind.com/glossary/alveolar-bone.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodontal_ligament
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gingiva
http://www.healthmantra.com/pt-art6.shtml
http://dentistry.about.com/od/toothmouthconditions/tp/10-Common-Dental-
Problems.htm
http://dentistry.about.com/od/dentalhealth/a/smoking.htm
http://kidshealth.org/teen/diseases_conditions/mouth/gum_disease.html
http://www.perio.org/consumer/2a.html
http://www.dentalgentlecare.com/picture_gum_disease.htm
http://www.teeth-diseases.com/


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Teeth

by Esther Veas & Paula Gonzlez (3 E)

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