SSM POLYTECHNIC

COLLEGE TIRUR
ELECTRONICS
2014-2015
Arya.K
Reg No : 12040747
Roll No: 6
PAPER BATTARY
Arya.K Reg No:12040747 Paper Battery
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Any achievement, be it schoastic or other!ise "oes not "epen" soey on the in"ivi"#a
e$$orts b#t on the g#i"ance, enco#ragement an" cooperation o$ inteect#as, e"ers an"
$rien"s. A n#mber o$ personaities, in their o!n capacities have hepe" me in carrying
o#t this seminar !or%. & !o#" i%e to ta%e this opport#nity to than% them a.
& !o#" i%e to e'press my hearty gratit#"e to Subair Sir, (ea" o$ the
)epartment o$ *ectronics $or provi"ing permission an" $aciities to con"#ct the seminar
in a systematic !ay
& !o#" i%e to e'press my hearty gratit#"e to N M Yahya Sir, seminar
coor"inator, )epartment o$ *ectronics, $or his g#i"ance, reg#ar so#rce o$
enco#ragement an" assistance thro#gho#t this seminar.
& am than%$# to a the faculty members in the )epartment $or their constant
s#pport.
& !o#" i%e to than% my parents an" friens $or their mora s#pport. +han%s
$or being a!ays there. ,inay, & than% G!, $or his bessings.

Arya"K
2 - P a g e
*.*/+R0N&/1 )*P+. 2 113P+/, +&R4R 201452016
Arya.K Reg No:12040747 Paper Battery
A#ST$ACT
+he Batteries $orm a signi$icant part o$ many eectronic "evices. +ypica
eectrochemica batteries or ces convert chemica energy into eectrica energy.
Batteries base" on the charging abiity are cassi$ie" into primary an" secon"ary ces.
1econ"ary ces are !i"ey #se" beca#se o$ their rechargeabe nat#re.
Presenty, battery ta%es #p a h#ge amo#nt o$ space an" contrib#tes to a arge part
o$ the "evice7s !eight. +here is strong recent interest in #trathin, $e'ibe, sa$e energy
storage "evices to meet the vario#s "esign an" po!er nee"s o$ mo"ern ga"gets. Ne!
research s#ggests that carbon nanot#bes may event#ay provi"e the best hope o$
impementing the $e'ibe batteries !hich can shrin% o#r ga"gets even more.
+he paper batteries co#" meet the energy "eman"s o$ the ne't generation
ga"gets. A paper battery is a $e'ibe, #tra5thin energy storage an" pro"#ction "evice
$orme" by combining carbon nanot#bes !ith a conventiona sheet o$ ce#ose5base"
paper. A paper battery acts as both a high5energy battery an" s#per capacitor, combining
t!o components that are separate in tra"itiona eectronics. +his combination ao!s the
battery to provi"e both ong5term, stea"y po!er pro"#ction an" b#rsts o$ energy. Non5
to'ic, $e'ibe paper batteries have the potentia to po!er the ne't generation o$
eectronics, me"ica "evices an" hybri" vehices, ao!ing $or ra"ica ne! "esigns an"
me"ica technoogies.
+he vario#s types o$ batteries $oo!e" by the operation principe, man#$act#ring
an" !or%ing o$ paper batteries are "isc#sse" in "etai.
Key%!rs: paper batteries, $e'ibe, carbon nanot#bes
8 - P a g e
*.*/+R0N&/1 )*P+. 2 113P+/, +&R4R 201452016
Arya.K Reg No:12040747 Paper Battery
Table !f C!ntents
Chapter &a'e n!
(" )ntr!ucti!n t! batteries *************+
("( Termin!l!'ies **************""",
("- &rinciple !f !perati!n !f cell ******"**"".
("/ Types !f battery *************""""0
("1 $ecent e2el!pments ***********""""3
("+ Life !f battery **************"""3
(", 4a5ars """********"********"(6
-" &aper #attery **********"*******"((
/" Carb!n nan!tubes *********"*****"""""(-
1" 7abricati!n !f paper battery *****"****"*"""(/
+" W!r8in' !f paper battery *******"***""*"""(1
," A2anta'es !f paper battery ********"""**""(+
." Limitati!ns !f paper battery *******""***""""(,
0" Applicati!ns !f paper battery ******"""****"(.
3" C!nclusi!n **************""****""(0
4 - P a g e
*.*/+R0N&/1 )*P+. 2 113P+/, +&R4R 201452016
Arya.K Reg No:12040747 Paper Battery
$eferences*******************""(0
List !f 7i'ures
7i'ures Descripti!n
7i'ure (a**************Symb!lic 9ie% !f the #attery
7i'ure (b*************"""C!n2enti!nal #attery
7i'ure ("-*************""&rinciple Operati!n !f
#attery
7i'ure ("/a************""""&rimary cell
7i'ure ("/b************""""Sec!nary cell
7i'ure ("1************""*:S# cell
7i'ure ("+************""*Life !f #attery
7i'ure (",************""*Electr!nic Waste
7i'ure -*************"""""&aper #attery
7i'ure /*************"""""Carb!n nan!tubes
7i'ure 1*************"""""7abricati!n &r!cess
7i'ure +*************"""""W!r8in' &r!cess
6 - P a g e
*.*/+R0N&/1 )*P+. 2 113P+/, +&R4R 201452016
Arya.K Reg No:12040747 Paper Battery
(" )NT$OD:CT)ON TO #ATTE$)ES
An eectrica battery is one or more eectrochemica ces that convert store"
chemica energy into eectrica energy. 1ince the invention o$ the $irst battery in 1900 by
Aessan"ro :ota, batteries have become a common po!er so#rce $or many ho#seho"
an" in"#stria appications.
Batteries are represente" symboicay as
7i'" (a Symb!lic 2ie% 7i'" (b c!n2enti!nal battery
*ectrons $o! $rom the negative termina to!ar"s the positive termina.
Base" on the rechargeabe nat#re batteries are cassi$ie" as
a. Non rechargeabe or primary ces
b. Rechargeabe or secon"ary ces
Base" on the si;e they are cassi$ie" as
a. 3iniat#re batteries
b. &n"#stria batteries
Base" on nat#re o$ eectroyte
a. )ry ce
< - P a g e
*.*/+R0N&/1 )*P+. 2 113P+/, +&R4R 201452016
Arya.K Reg No:12040747 Paper Battery
b. =et ce
("( Termin!l!'ies
1.1.1 Acc#m#ator 5 A rechargeabe battery or ce
1.1.2 Ampere5(o#r /apacity 5 +he n#mber o$ ampere5ho#rs !hich can be
"eivere" by a battery on a singe "ischarge.
1.1.8 Ano"e 5 )#ring "ischarge, the negative eectro"e o$ the ce is the ano"e.
)#ring charge, that reverses an" the positive eectro"e o$ the ce is the ano"e.
+he ano"e gives #p eectrons to the oa" circ#it an" "issoves into the eectroyte.
1.1.4 Battery /apacity 5 +he eectric o#tp#t o$ a ce or battery on a service
test "eivere" be$ore the ce reaches a speci$ie" $ina eectrica con"ition an" may
be e'presse" in ampere5ho#rs, !att5 ho#rs, or simiar #nits. +he capacity in !att5
ho#rs is e>#a to the capacity in ampere5ho#rs m#tipie" by the battery votage.
1.1.6 /#to$$ :otage $ina 5 +he prescribe" o!er5imit votage at !hich
battery "ischarge is consi"ere" compete. +he c#to$$ or $ina votage is #s#ay
chosen so that the ma'im#m #se$# capacity o$ the battery is reai;e".
1.1.< / 5 4se" to signi$y a charge or "ischarge rate e>#a to the capacity o$ a
battery "ivi"e" by 1 ho#r. +h#s / $or a 1<00 mAh battery !o#" be 1.< A, /?6
$or the same battery !o#" be 820 mA an" /?10 !o#" be 1<0 mA.
7 - P a g e
*.*/+R0N&/1 )*P+. 2 113P+/, +&R4R 201452016
Arya.K Reg No:12040747 Paper Battery
1.1.7 /apacity 5 +he capacity o$ a battery is a meas#re o$ the amo#nt o$
energy that it can "eiver in a singe "ischarge. Battery capacity is normay iste"
as amp5ho#rs @or mii amp5ho#rsA or as !att5ho#rs.
1.1.9 /atho"e 5 &s an eectro"e that, in e$$ect, o'i"i;es the ano"e or absorbs
the eectrons. )#ring "ischarge, the positive eectro"e o$ a votaic ce is the
catho"e. =hen charging, that reverses an" the negative eectro"e o$ the ce is the
catho"e.
1.1.B /yce 5 0ne se>#ence o$ charge an" "ischarge.
1.1.10 /yce .i$e 5 ,or rechargeabe batteries, the tota n#mber o$
charge?"ischarge cyces the ce can s#stain be$ore its capacity is signi$icanty
re"#ce". *n" o$ i$e is #s#ay consi"ere" to be reache" !hen the ce or battery
"eivers ony 90C o$ rate" ampere5 ho#r capacity.
1.1.11 *ectrochemica /o#pe 5 +he system o$ active materias !ithin a ce
that provi"es eectrica energy storage thro#gh an eectrochemica reaction.
1.1.12 *ectro"e 5 An eectrica con"#ctor thro#gh !hich an eectric c#rrent
enters or eaves a con"#cting me"i#m
1.1.18 *ectroyte 5 A chemica compo#n" !hich, !hen $#se" or "issove" in
certain sovents, #s#ay !ater, !i con"#ct an eectric c#rrent.
1.1.14 &nterna Resistance 5 +he resistance to the $o! o$ an eectric c#rrent
!ithin the ce or battery.
1.1.16 0pen5/irc#it :otage 5 +he "i$$erence in potentia bet!een the
terminas o$ a ce !hen the circ#it is open @i.e., a no5oa" con"itionA.
9 - P a g e
*.*/+R0N&/1 )*P+. 2 113P+/, +&R4R 201452016
Arya.K Reg No:12040747 Paper Battery
1.1.1< :otage, c#to$$ 5 :otage at the en" o$ #se$# "ischarge. @1ee :otage,
en"5point.A
1.1.17 :otage, en"5point 5 /e votage beo! !hich the connecte"
e>#ipment !i not operate or beo! !hich operation is not recommen"e".
("- &rincipal !f Operati!n !f cell
A battery is a "evice that converts chemica energy "irecty to eectrica energy. &t
consists o$ a n#mber o$ votaic ces. *ach votaic ce consists o$ t!o ha$ ces
connecte" in series by a con"#ctive eectroyte containing anions an" cations. 0ne ha$5
ce inc#"es eectroyte an" the eectro"e to !hich anions @negativey charge" ionsA
migrate, i.e., the ano"e or negative eectro"e. +he other ha$5ce inc#"es eectroyte an"
the eectro"e to !hich cations @positivey charge" ionsA migrate, i.e., the catho"e or
positive eectro"e. &n the re"o' reaction that po!ers the battery, cations are re"#ce"
@eectrons are a""e"A at the catho"e, !hie anions are o'i"i;e" @eectrons are remove"A at
the ano"e. +he eectro"es "o not to#ch each other b#t are eectricay connecte" by the
eectroyte. 1ome ces #se t!o ha$5ces !ith "i$$erent eectroytes. A separator bet!een
ha$ ces ao!s ions to $o!, b#t prevents mi'ing o$ the eectroytes.
7i'" ("- principle !perati!n
*ach ha$ ce has an eectromotive $orce @or em$A, "etermine" by its abiity to
"rive eectric c#rrent $rom the interior to the e'terior o$ the ce. +he votage "eveope"
across a ce7s terminas "epen"s on the energy reease o$ the chemica reactions o$ its
eectro"es an" eectroyte. A%aine an" carbon5;inc ces have "i$$erent chemistries b#t
appro'imatey the same em$ o$ 1.6 vots. .i%e!ise Ni/" an" Ni3( ces have "i$$erent
chemistries, b#t appro'imatey the same em$ o$ 1.2 vots. 0n the other han" the high
eectrochemica potentia changes in the reactions o$ ithi#m compo#n"s give ithi#m
ces em$ o$ 8 vots or more.
B - P a g e
*.*/+R0N&/1 )*P+. 2 113P+/, +&R4R 201452016
Arya.K Reg No:12040747 Paper Battery
("/ Types !f batteries
Batteries are cassi$ie" into t!o broa" categories. Primary batteries irreversiby
@!ithin imits o$ practicaityA trans$orm chemica energy to eectrica energy. =hen the
initia s#ppy o$ reactants is e'ha#ste", energy cannot be rea"iy restore" to the battery
by eectrica means. 1econ"ary batteries can be recharge". +hat is, they can have their
chemica reactions reverse" by s#ppying eectrica energy to the ce, restoring their
origina composition.
&rimary batteries; +his can pro"#ce c#rrent imme"iatey on assemby.
)isposabe batteries are inten"e" to be #se" once an" "iscar"e". +hese are most
commony #se" in portabe "evices that have o! c#rrent "rain, are ony #se"
intermittenty, or are #se" !e a!ay $rom an aternative po!er so#rce, s#ch as in aarm
an" comm#nication circ#its !here other eectric po!er is ony intermittenty avaiabe.
)isposabe primary ces cannot be reiaby recharge", since the chemica reactions are
not easiy reversibe an" active materias may not ret#rn to their origina $orms. Battery
man#$act#rers recommen" against attempting recharging primary ces.
/ommon types o$ "isposabe batteries inc#"e ;inc5carbon batteries an" a%aine
batteries.
Sec!nary batteries; +hese batteries m#st be charge" be$ore #se. +hey are
#s#ay assembe" !ith active materias in the "ischarge" state. Rechargeabe batteries or
secon"ary ces can be recharge" by appying eectric c#rrent, !hich reverses the
chemica reactions that occ#r "#ring its #se. )evices to s#ppy the appropriate c#rrent
are cae" chargers or rechargers.
10 - P a g e
*.*/+R0N&/1 )*P+. 2 113P+/, +&R4R 201452016
Arya.K Reg No:12040747 Paper Battery
7i'" ("/a &rimary cell 7i'" ("/b Sec!nary cell
("1 $ecent e2el!pments
Recent "eveopments inc#"e batteries !ith embe""e" $#nctionaity s#ch as
41B/*.., !ith a b#it5in charger an" 41B connector !ithin the AA $ormat, enabing
the battery to be charge" by p#gging into a 41B port !itho#t a charger 41B /e is the
bran" o$ Ni3( rechargeabe battery pro"#ce" by a company cae" 3oi'a *nergy. +he
batteries inc#"e a 41B connector to ao! recharging #sing a po!ere" 41B port. +he
pro"#ct range c#rrenty avaiabe is imite" to a 1800 mAh.
7i'" ("1 :S# cell
("+ Life !f battery
*ven i$ never ta%en o#t o$ the origina pac%age, "isposabe @or DprimaryDA
batteries can ose 9 to 20 percent o$ their origina charge every year at a temperat#re o$
abo#t 20E280E/. F64G +his is %no!n as the Dse$5"ischargeD rate an" is
"#e to non5c#rrent5pro"#cing Dsi"eD chemica reactions, !hich
occ#r !ithin the ce even i$ no oa" is appie" to it. +he rate o$ the si"e
11 - P a g e
*.*/+R0N&/1 )*P+. 2 113P+/, +&R4R 201452016
7i' ("+ Life cycle
Arya.K Reg No:12040747 Paper Battery
reactions is re"#ce" i$ the batteries are store" at o! temperat#re, atho#gh some
batteries can be "amage" by $ree;ing. (igh or o! temperat#res may re"#ce battery
per$ormance. +his !i a$$ect the initia votage o$ the battery. ,or an AA a%aine battery
this initia votage is appro'imatey normay "istrib#te" aro#n" 1.< vots.
Rechargeabe batteries se$5"ischarge more rapi"y than "isposabe a%aine batteries,
especiay nic%e5base" batteries a $reshy charge" Ni/" oses 10C o$ its charge in the
$irst 24 ho#rs, an" therea$ter "ischarges at a rate o$ abo#t 10C a month. 3ost nic%e5
base" batteries are partiay "ischarge" !hen p#rchase", an" m#st be charge" be$ore $irst
#se.
(", 4a5ars relate t! batteries
(","( E<pl!si!n
A battery e'posion is ca#se" by the mis#se or ma$#nction o$ a battery, s#ch as
attempting to recharge a primary @non5rechargeabeA battery, or short circ#iting a battery.
(","- C!rr!si!n
3any battery chemicas are corrosive, poisono#s, or both. &$ ea%age occ#rs, either
spontaneo#sy or thro#gh acci"ent, the chemicas reease" may be "angero#s
(","/ En2ir!nmental p!lluti!n
+he !i"esprea" #se o$ batteries has create" many environmenta concerns, s#ch as to'ic
meta po#tion. Battery man#$act#re cons#mes reso#rces an" o$ten invoves ha;ar"o#s
chemicas. 4se" batteries aso contrib#te to eectronic !aste.
Americans p#rchase neary three biion batteries ann#ay, an" abo#t 17B,000 tons o$
those en" #p in an"$is across the co#ntry.
(","1 )n'esti!n
1ma b#tton?"is% batteries can be s!ao!e" by yo#ng chi"ren. =hie in the "igestive
tract the battery7s eectrica "ischarge can b#rn the tiss#es an" can be serio#s eno#gh to
ea" to "eath.
12 - P a g e
*.*/+R0N&/1 )*P+. 2 113P+/, +&R4R 201452016
Arya.K Reg No:12040747 Paper Battery
7i' (", Electr!nic %aste
-" &A&E$ #ATTE$Y
*nergy has a!ays been spotighte". &n the past $e! years a ot o$ inventions have
been ma"e in this partic#ar $ie". +he tiny n#cear batteries that can provi"e energy $or
10 years, b#t they #se ra"ioactive eements an" are >#ite e'pensive. ,e! years bac%
some researchers $rom 1tan$or" 4niversity starte" e'periments concerning the !ays in
!hich a copier paper co#" be #se" as a battery so#rce. A$ter a ong !ay o$ str#gge they,
recenty, conc#"e" that the i"ea !as right. +he batteries ma"e $rom a pain copier paper
co#" ma%e $or the $#t#re energy storage that is tr#y thin.
+he anatomy o$ paper battery is base" on the #se o$ /arbon Nanot#bes tiny
cyin"ers to coect eectric charge. +he paper is "ippe" in ithi#m containing so#tion.
+he nanot#bes !i act as eectro"es ao!ing storage "evice to con"#ct eectricity. &tHs
asto#n"ing to %no! that a the components o$ a conventiona battery are integrate" in a
singe paper str#ct#reI hence the compete mechanism $or a battery is minimi;e" to a si;e
o$ paper.
0ne o$ the many reasons behin" choosing the paper as a me"i#m $or
battery is the !e5"esigne" str#ct#re o$ miions o$ interconnecte" $ibers in it. +hese
$ibers can ho" on carbon nanot#bes easiy. Aso a paper has the capabiity to bent or
c#r.
Jo# can $o" it in "i$$erent shapes an" $orms p#s it as ight as $eather.
0#tp#t votage is mo"est b#t it co#" be increase" i$ !e #se a stac% o$ papers. (ence the
votage iss#es can be easiy controe" !itho#t "i$$ic#ty. 4sage o$ paper as a battery !i
#timatey ea" to !eight "imin#tion o$ batteries many times as compare" to tra"itiona
batteries.
18 - P a g e
*.*/+R0N&/1 )*P+. 2 113P+/, +&R4R 201452016
Arya.K Reg No:12040747 Paper Battery
&t is sai" that the paper battery aso has the capabiity o$ reeasing the energy
>#ic%y. +hat ma%es it best #tii;ation $or "evices that nee"s b#rst o$ energy, mosty
eectric vehices. ,#rther, the me"ica #ses are partic#ary attractive beca#se they "o not
contain any to'ic materias.
7i'"- paper battery
/" CA$#ON NANOT:#ES
/arbon nanot#bes @/N+sA are aotropes o$ carbon !ith a cyin"rica
nanostr#ct#re. Nanot#bes have been constr#cte" !ith ength5to5"iameter ratio o$ #p to
182,000,000:1, signi$icanty arger than any other materia. +hese cyin"rica carbon
moec#es have nove properties, ma%ing them potentiay #se$# in many appications in
nanotechnoogy, eectronics, optics, an" other $ie"s o$ materias science, as !e as
potentia #ses in architect#ra $ie"s.
+hey may aso have appications in the constr#ction o$ bo"y armor. +hey e'hibit
e'traor"inary strength an" #ni>#e eectrica properties, an" are e$$icient therma
con"#ctors.
+heir name is "erive" $rom their si;e, since the "iameter o$ a nanot#be is on the
or"er o$ a $e! nanometers @appro'imatey 1?60,000th o$ the !i"th o$ a h#man hairA,
!hie they can be #p to 19 centimeters in ength @as o$ 2010A. Nanot#bes are categori;e"
as singe5!ae" nanot#bes @1=N+sA an" m#ti5!ae" nanot#bes @3=N+sA.
&n theory, metaic nanot#bes can carry an eectric c#rrent "ensity o$ 4 K 10B
A?cm2 !hich is more than 1,000 times greater than metas s#ch as copper, !here $or
copper interconnects c#rrent "ensities are imite" by eectro migration.
&n paper batteries the nanot#bes act as eectro"es, ao!ing the storage "evices to
con"#ct eectricity. +he battery, !hich $#nctions as both a ithi#m5ion battery an" a s#per
capacitor, can provi"e a ong, stea"y po!er o#tp#t comparabe to a conventiona battery,
as !e as a s#per capacitorHs >#ic% b#rst o$ high energy an" !hie a conventiona battery
14 - P a g e
*.*/+R0N&/1 )*P+. 2 113P+/, +&R4R 201452016
Arya.K Reg No:12040747 Paper Battery
contains a n#mber o$ separate components, the paper battery integrates a o$ the battery
components in a singe str#ct#re, ma%ing it more energy e$$icient.
/arbon nanot#bes have been impemente" in Nano eectromechnica systems,
inc#"ing mechanica memory eements@NRA3 being "eveope" by Nantero &nc.A
7i' /" Carb!n nan!tubes
1" 7A#$)CAT)ON O7 &A&E$ #ATTE$Y
+he materias re>#ire" $or the preparation o$ paper battery are
a. /opier paper
b. /arbon nano in%
c. 0ven
+he steps invove" in the preparation o$ the paper battery are as $oo!s
1tep 1: +he copier paper is ta%en.
1tep 2: carbon Nano in% !hich is bac% in coor is ta%en. /arbon nano in% is a so#tion o$
nano ro"s, s#r$ace a"hesive agent an" ionic sat so#tions. /arbon nano in% is sprea" on
one si"e o$ the paper.
1tep 8: the paper is %ept insi"e the oven at 160/ temperat#re. +his evaporates the !ater
content on the paper. +he paper an" the nano ro"s get attache" to each other.
1tep 4: pace the m#ti meter on the si"es o$ the paper an" !e can see votage "rop is
generate".
16 - P a g e
*.*/+R0N&/1 )*P+. 2 113P+/, +&R4R 201452016
Arya.K Reg No:12040747 Paper Battery
7i' 1" 7abricati!n pr!cess
A$ter "rying the paper becomes $e'ibe, ight !eight in nat#re. +he paper is scratche"
an" roe" to protect the nano ro"s on paper.
+" WO$K)NG O7 &A&E$ #ATTE$Y
+he battery pro"#ces eectricity in the same !ay as the conventiona ithi#m5ion
batteries that po!er so many o$ to"ay7s ga"gets, b#t a the components have been
incorporate" into a ight!eight, $e'ibe sheet o$ paper.
+he "evices are $orme" by combining ce#ose !ith an in$#sion o$ aigne"
carbon nanot#bes. +he carbon is !hat gives the batteries their bac% coor.
+hese tiny $iaments act i%e the eectro"es $o#n" in a tra"itiona battery,
con"#cting eectricity !hen the paper comes into contact !ith an ionic i>#i" so#tion.
&onic i>#i"s contain no !ater, !hich means that there is nothing to $ree;e or
evaporate in e'treme environmenta con"itions. As a res#t, paper batteries can $#nction
bet!een 576 an" 1600/.
+he paper is ma"e con"#cting materia by "ipping in in%. +he paper !or%s as a
con"#ctive ayer. +!o sheets o$ paper %ept $acing in!ar" act i%e parae pates @high
energy eectro"esA. &t can store energy i%e a s#per capacitor an" it can "ischarge b#rsts
o$ energy beca#se o$ arge s#r$ace area o$ nano t#bes.
1< - P a g e
*.*/+R0N&/1 )*P+. 2 113P+/, +&R4R 201452016
Arya.K Reg No:12040747 Paper Battery
7i'"+ %!r8in' !f a paper battery
/horine ions $o! $rom the positive eectro"e to the negative one, !hie
eectrons trave thro#gh the e'terna circ#it, provi"ing c#rrent. +he paper eectro"e stores
charge !hie recharging in tens o$ secon"s beca#se ions $o! thro#gh the thin eectro"e
>#ic%y. &n contrast, ithi#m batteries ta%e 20 min#tes to recharge.
," AD9ANTAGES
+he $e'ibe shape ao!s the paper battery to be #se" sma or irreg#ary5shape"
eectronics:
0ne o$ the #ni>#e $eat#res o$ the paper battery is that it can be bent to any s#ch shape or
"esign that the #ser might have in min". +he battery can easiy s>#ee;e into tight
crevasses an" can be c#t m#tipe times !itho#t r#ining the battery7s i$e. ,or e'ampe i$
a battery is c#t in ha$, each piece !i $#nction, ho!ever, each piece !i ony contain
1?2 the amo#nt o$ origina po!er. /onversey, pacing t!o sheets o$ paper battery on top
o$ one5another !i "o#be the po!er.
+he paper battery may repace conventiona batteries competey:
By ayering sheets o$ this paper, the battery7s votage an" c#rrent can be increase"
that many times. 1ince the main components o$ the paper battery are carbon nanot#bes
an" ce#ose, the bo"y str#ct#re o$ the battery is very thin, Dpaper5thinD. +h#s to
ma'imi;e even more po!er, the sheets o$ battery paper can be stac%e" on top o$ one
another to give o$$ tremen"o#s po!er. +his can ao! the battery to have a m#ch higher
amo#nt o$ po!er $or the same si;e o$ storage as a c#rrent battery an" aso be
environmentay $rien"y at the same time.
1#ppy po!er to an impante" pacema%er in the h#man bo"y by #sing the
eectroytes in h#man boo":
17 - P a g e
*.*/+R0N&/1 )*P+. 2 113P+/, +&R4R 201452016
Arya.K Reg No:12040747 Paper Battery
An improvement in the techni>#es #se" in the heath $ie" can be ai"e" by the paper
battery. *'periments have ta%en pace sho!ing that batteries can be energi;e" by the
eectroyte emitte" $rom one7s o!n boo" or bo"y s!eat. +his can conserve the #sage o$
battery aci" an" rey on an environmenta $rien"y mechanism o$ $#eing battery ces
!ith the hep $rom o#r bo"ies.
+he paper battery can be mo"e" to ta%e the shape o$ arge obLects, i%e a car
"oor:
As state" earier, the %ey characteristics that ma%e the paper battery very appeaing are
that it can be trans$orme" into any shape or si;e, it can be c#t m#tipe times !itho#t
"amaging it, an" it can be $#ee" thro#gh vario#s !ays besi"es the typica harm$#
battery aci" that is #se" in the c#rrent "ay battery.
." L)M)TAT)ONS
M Presenty, the "evices are ony a $e! inches across an" they have to be scae" #p
to sheets o$ ne!spaper si;e to ma%e it commerciay viabe.
M /arbon nanot#bes are very e'pensive, an" batteries !ith arge eno#gh po!er are
#ni%ey to be cost e$$ective.
M /#tting o$ trees ea"ing to "estroying o$ the nat#re.
0" A&&L)CAT)ONS
Pace ma%ers in heart @#ses boo" as eectroyteA

4se" as aternate to conventiona batteries in ga"gets
19 - P a g e
*.*/+R0N&/1 )*P+. 2 113P+/, +&R4R 201452016
Arya.K Reg No:12040747 Paper Battery

Po!ere" smart car"s R, i" tags

1mart toys, chi"ren so#n" boo%s

*5car"s, greetings, ta%ing posters
Nirs?boysH appare
3" CONCL:S)ON
=e have "isc#sse" the vario#s terminoogies, principe o$ operation o$ a battery
an" recent "eveopments reate" to it. +he i$e o$ a battery is an important parameter
!hich "eci"es the area o$ appication o$ the battery. &ncrease" #se o$ batteries gives rise
to *5!aste !hich poses great "amage to o#r environment.
&n the year 2007 paper battery !as man#$act#re". +he technoogy is capabe o$
repacing o" b#%y batteries. +he paper batteries can $#rther re"#ce the !eight o$ the
eectronic ga"gets.
+he a"aptations to the paper battery techni>#e in the $#t#re co#" ao! $or simpy
painting the nanot#be in% an" active materias onto s#r$aces s#ch as !as. +hese
s#r$aces can pro"#ce energy.
1B - P a g e
*.*/+R0N&/1 )*P+. 2 113P+/, +&R4R 201452016
Arya.K Reg No:12040747 Paper Battery
$E7E$ENCES
+hin, ,e'ibe 1econ"ary .i5&on Paper Batteries .iangbing (#, (#i =#, ,abio
.a 3antia, J#an Jang, an" Ji /#i
)epartment o$ 3aterias 1cience an" *ngineering, 1tan$or" 4niversity, 1tan$or",
/ai$ornia B4806.
)avi" .in"en O(an"boo% o$ batteriesP
20 - P a g e
*.*/+R0N&/1 )*P+. 2 113P+/, +&R4R 201452016