Lecture 2

Comments: Yours and Ours
1. Please respect your fellow students - please operate only your own clicker
2. Quite a bit of homework this week and building will be closed Sun/Mon
3. Dont panic!......Dont be intimidated by integrals!
Physics 212 Lecture 2, Slide 1
Please go over the integrations one more time and please explain how much
mathematical knowledge is expected in this class.
Will we need to know how to write an integral like the one shown in the prelecture or
in the Question in the prelecture? If so, can we focus a bit more on what each piece
means physically?
The integrals, they went by too quickly
I found infinite lines of charge to be slightly confusing in terms of the integration
involved.
the balloon popping thing was awesome!!! also what the heck is a pre-flight? i know
what a pre-lecture is, we had plenty of those in 211, but pre-flight? is that the same as
Checkpoint or something?
The idea of "force per unit charge" is a little hard to get used to, especially in the idea
of which q is which when we write " F/q = K*(q/r^2). Also, what is the r with the pointy
accent thing over it at the end of the force equation? It isn't mentioned and doesn't
seem to do anything...
Electric fields are pretty powerful things. You should go in to more detail about how
awesome they are.
Electricity & Magnetism
Lecture 2
Todays Concepts:
A) The Electric Field
B) Continuous Charge Distributions
Electricity & Magnetism Lecture 2, Slide 2
I find that relating everything to integrals made me very confused. The concept of electric fields
also baffles me - is it simply just a method of quantifying the force from a charge of a specified
amount onto another a specified distance away?
05
If there are more than two charges present, the total force on any
given charge is just the vector sum of the forces due to each of the
other charges:
+q
1
> q
1
direction reversed
Coulombs Law (from last time)
F
2,1
F
3,1
F
4,1
F
1
q
1
q
2
q
3
q
4
F
2,1
F
3,1
F
4,1
F
1
F
2,1
F
3,1
F
4,1
F
1
F
2,1
F
3,1
F
4,1
F
1
q
1
q
2
q
3
q
4
14
2
14
4 1
13
2
13
3 1
12
2
12
2 1
r
r
q kq
r
r
q kq
r
r
q kq
+ + =
MATH:
1
F
=
14
2
14
4
13
2
13
3
12
2
12
2
1
1
r
r
kq
r
r
kq
r
r
kq
q
F
+ + =
09
The electric field E at a point in space is simply
the force per unit charge at that point.
Electric field due to a point charged particle
Superposition
E
2
E
3
E
4
E
Field points toward negative and
Away from positive charges.
Can you explain the derivations of the equations for electric fields?
What is the essence of an electric field?
Electric Field
q
4
q
2
q
3
q
F
E

=
r
r
Q
k E

2
=
=
i
i
i
i
r
r
Q
k E

2
12
Two equal, but opposite charges are placed on the x axis. The positive charge is placed to
the left of the origin and the negative charge is placed to the right, as shown in the figure
above.
I can't figure out the field directions at all.
CheckPoint
A
B x
y
+Q Q
What is direction at point A
a) Up b) down c) Left d) Right e) zero
What is direction at point B
a) Up b) down c) Left d) Right e) zero
15
E
E
CheckPoint
+Q
+Q
+Q
Q
In which of the two cases
shown below is the
magnitude of the electric
field at the point labeled A
the largest? (Select C if
you think they are equal)
A
A
Case A
Case B
A B Equal
Same because
the forces are not
canceling each
other out
The electric field of
the point charge is
kq/r^2 so if two point
charges are the same
sign the field will be
greater
in case B, the two charges
carry same charges, they will
counteract in the line parallel to
the line connecting them
18
Two charges q
1
and q
2
are fixed at points (-a,0) and (a,0) as shown.
Together they produce an electric field at point (0,d) which is directed
along the negative y-axis.
x
y
q
1
q
2
(a,0)
(a,0)
(0,d)
Which of the following statements is true:
A) Both charges are negative
B) Both charges are positive
C) The charges are opposite
D) There is not enough information to tell how the charges are
related
Two Charges
E
20
_ _
+ +
_
+
21
A B C D
(A LEFT)In Coulomb's law, the distance is squared, so
a doubling of distance is more significant than a
doubling of charge.
(B RIGHT)The distance is squared, so the charge
on the right hand side would need to be 4 times
as large for the particle to remain still..
(C Still) The +2Q is 2r away from the q so the 2 will
cancel out and just be +Q and r which is the same
as on the left.
CheckPoint
INTERESTING: statement is correct, but given
in support of to the left !!
24
Example
Calculate E at point P.
Show me more electric field examples, please!
d
P
d
A)
B)
C) D)
Need to
know d
Need to
know d & q
E)
What is the direction of the electric field
at point P, the unoccupied corner of the
square?
0 = E
( )
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
4
cos
2
4
1
2 2
t
tc
d
q
d
q
E
o
x
( )
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
4
sin
2
4
1
2 2
t
tc
d
q
d
q
E
o
y
q +q
+q
=
i
i
i
i
r
r
Q
k E
2
27
= Q/L
Summation becomes an integral (be careful with vector nature)
I don't understand the whole dq thing and lambda.
WHAT DOES THIS MEAN ?
Integrate over all charges (dq)
r is vector from dq to the point at which E is defined
r
dE
Continuous Charge Distributions
Linear Example:
charges
pt for E
dq = dx
=
i
i
i
i
r
r
Q
k E

2
r
r
dq
k E

2 }
=
30
Charge Density
Linear ( = Q/L) Coulombs/meter
Surface (o = Q/A) Coulombs/meter
2
Volume ( = Q/V) Coulombs/meter
3
What has more net charge?.
A) A sphere w/ radius 2 meters and volume charge density = 2 C/m
3
B) A sphere w/ radius 2 meters and surface charge density o = 2 C/m
2
C) Both A) and B) have the same net charge.
What are the units for charge density (lambda)? .
Some Geometry
2
4 R A
sphere
t =
3
3
4
R V
sphere
t = L R V
cylinder
2
t =
RL A
cylinder
t 2 =
3
3
4
R V Q
A
t = =
2
4 R A Q
B
t o o = =
R
R
R
Q
Q
B
A
o
t o
t
3
1
4
2
3
3
4
= =
33
10)
CheckPoint
A) (E
A
<E
B
) Electric Field at point A cancels out
to be zero and electric field at point B
experiences E field from both line to move
upward.
C) (E
A
>E
B
) A gets more of the field because it
is close to both lines of charge. B gets less of
the field because it is close to one and far away
from the other.
37
How is the integration of dE
over L worked out, step by step?
Calculation
2
x
dx
A)
B)
C) D)
E)
What is ?
2
r
dq
2 2
h a
dx
+
2 2
h a
dx
+
2 2
) ( h x a
dx
+
2
x
dx
Charge is uniformly distributed along
the x-axis from the origin to x = a.
The charge density is C/m. What is
the x-component of the electric field
at point P: (x,y) = (a,h)?
x
y
a
h
P
x
r
dq = dx
We know:
r
r
dq
k E

2 }
=
40
Calculation
We know:
2 2 2
) ( h x a
dx
r
dq
+
=

}
=
x x
dE E
What is ?
A)
B)
C) D)
x
dE
1
cosu dE
2
cosu dE
1
sinu dE
2
sinu dE
x
a
P
x
r
u
1
u
2
u
2
dq = dx
h
x
dE
dE
y
r
r
dq
k E

2 }
=
We want:
42
We know:
cosu
2
DEPENDS ON x!
Calculation
} }
= =
2
cosu dE dE E
x x
2 2 2
) ( h x a
dx
r
dq
+
=

What is ?
A) B)
C) A and B are both OK
x
E
}
+
a
h x a
dx
k
0
2 2
2
) (
cosu
}
+
a
h x a
dx k
0
2 2
2
) (
cosu
x
a
P
x
r
u
1
u
2
u
2
dq = dx
h
x
dE
dE
y
r
r
dq
k E

2 }
=
45
We know:
Calculation
} }
= =
2
cosu dE dE E
x x
2 2 2
) ( h x a
dx
r
dq
+
=

x
a
P
x
r
u
1
u
2
u
2
dq = dx
h
x
dE
dE
y
r
r
dq
k E

2 }
=
2 2
h a
x
+
What is ?
A)
B)
C)
2 2
h a
a
+
2 2
) ( h x a
a
+
D)
2 2
h a
a
+
2 2
) ( h x a
a
+
2 2
) ( h x a
x a
+

2
cosu
47
We know:
x
dE
Calculation
2 2 2
) ( h x a
dx
r
dq
+
=

} }
= =
2
cosu dE dE E
x x
2 2
2
) (
cos
h x a
x a
+

= u
( )
2 / 3
2 2
0
) (
) (
h x a
x a
dx k P E
a
x
+

=
}
What is ? ) (P E
x
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
2 2
1 ) (
a h
h
h
k
P E
x

x
a
P
x
r
u
1
u
2
u
2
dq = dx
h
x
dE
dE
y
r
r
dq
k E

2 }
=

49
Homework Problem
50

Lecture 2

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Lecture 2

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Comments: Yours and Ours

Charge is uniformly distributed along

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