Chapter 2

DC Machines
DC Machines
DC Machines are motors that convert
dc electric energy to mechanical
energy and generators that convert
mechanical energy to dc electrical
energy
Construction
Stator of dc machines
Construction
Rotor of dc machines
Construction
dc machines with housing
Part of the dc machines
Stator (Field): does not move, the outer frame of the machines and
its made from ferromagnetic materials.
Rotor (Armature): free to move, the inner part of the machine and
its made from ferromagnetic materials.
Field winding: is wound on the stator poles to produce magnetic
field (flux) in the air gap.
Armature winding: is composed of coils placed in the armature
slots.
Commutator: is composed of copper bars, insulated from each
other. The armature winding is connected to the commutator.
Brush: is placed against the commutator surface. Brush is used to
connect the armature winding to external circuit through
commutator.
Introduction to DC Motors
Earliest power systems is dc systems.
1890s ac power systems were winning
out over dc power systems.
Why dc motors so common, when dc
power systems were fairly rare? Reasons:-
Vehicle has a dc power system, it make
sense to consider using dc motor.
Provide the desired speed control.
There are still some applications where dc
motor are preferred.
Speed Regulation (SR)
DC Motor are often compared by their speed regulation.
, ,
,
, ,
,
SR= 100%
SR= 100%
m nl m fl
m fl
m nl m fl
m fl
n n
n

A positive speed regulation means a motors speed drops with increasing load.
A negative speed regulation means a motors speed increase with increasing load.
Types of dc motors
The separately excited dc motor
The shunt dc motor
The series dc motor
The compounded dc motor
The permanent-magnet dc motor
The Equivalent Circuit of a DC Motor
A m
E K =
ind A
K I =
Internal generated voltage
Induced torque developed
The Magnetization Curve
mmf =
F F
N I
Separately Excited DC Motors
Shunt DC Motors
The Terminal Characteristic of a
Shunt DC Motor
( )
2
T A
m ind
V R
K
K

=
It is important to realize in order for the speed of the motor to vary
linearly with torque, the terminal voltage supplied by the dc power source
is assumed to be constant.
Motors Speed
A terminal characteristic of a machine is a plot of the machines
output versus each other. For a motor, the output quantities are
shaft torque and speed.
The Terminal Characteristic of a
Shunt DC Motor
If terminal voltage is not constant, then
the voltage variations will affect the shape
of the torque-speed curve.
Another effect internal to the motor that
can also affect the shape of the torque-
speed curve is armature reaction. If a
motor has armature reaction, then as its
load increase, the flux-weakening effect
reduce its flux.
The Terminal Characteristic of a
Shunt DC Motor
If a motor has compensating winding,
of course there will be no flux-weakening
problems in the machine, and flux in
the machines will be constant.
Nonlinear Analysis of a Shunt DC Motor
net AR F F
N I = F F
Magnetomotive force due to armature reaction (AR),
The equivalent field current of a shunt dc motor is given by,
*
AR
F F
F
I I
N
=
F
Induced Voltage,
'
A m
E K n =
Internal generated voltage is related to speed by,
0 0
m A
A
n E
E n
=
Speed Control of Shunt DC Motors
Common Method
1. Adjusting the field resistance
F
R
2. Adjusting the terminal voltage
Less Common Method
3. Inserting a resistor in series with the armature circuit
Speed Control of Shunt DC Motors
1. Changing the field resistance
Speed Control of Shunt DC Motors
2. Changing the armature voltage
Speed Control of Shunt DC Motors
2. Changing the armature voltage
Speed Control of Shunt DC Motors
3. Insert a resistor in series with the armature circuit
The Series DC Motor
ind A
K I =
The Terminal Characteristic of a
Series DC Motor
Speed Control of DC Series Motors
Unlike with the shunt dc motor, there are only one
efficient way to change the speed of a series dc motor.
That method is to change the terminal voltage of the
motor. If the terminal voltage is increase, the first term in
Equation torque-speed relationship is increase, resulting
in a higher speed for any given torque.
1
A S T
m
ind
R R V
Kc
Kc

+
=
The Compounded DC Motor
( )
T A A A S
V E I R R = + +
A L F
I I I =
T
F
F
V
I
R
=
The Torque-Speed Characteristic of a
Cumulatively Compounded DC Motor
The torque-speed full-load rating
The Torque-Speed Characteristic of a
Cumulatively Compounded DC Motor
The torque-speed no-load rating
The Torque-Speed Characteristic of a
Differentially Compounded DC Motor
DC Motor Efficiency Calculations
Copper losses
Brush drop losses
Mechanical losses
Core losses
Stray losses
Introduction to DC Generators
Separately excited generator
Shunt generator
Series generator
Cumulatively compounded generator
Differentially compounded generator
* There is no real difference between a generator and a motor except for
the direction of power flow.
Power Flow Diagram for DC Machines
Equivalent Circuit DC Generator
Voltage Regulation
nl fl
fl
V V
VR= 100%
V

The Separately Excited Generator
Terminal Characteristic Separately
Excited Generator
With compensating windings
Without compensating windings
Control of Terminal Voltage
1. Change the speed of rotation.
2. Change the field current.
,
F
F
F
A m
T A A A
V
I
R
E K
V E I R

=
=
A m
T A A A
E K
V E I R
=
=
Effect of Decrease in Field Resistance on the Output Voltage
The Shunt DC Generator
Terminal Characteristic Shunt DC
Generator
The Series DC Generator
Terminal Characteristic Series DC
Generator
The Cumulatively Compounded DC
Generator
Terminal Characteristic Cumulatively
Compounded DC Generator
Thank You
saufiahmad@unimap.edu.my