Grade 8 Compilation of Assginments

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COMPILATIONOF
ASSIGNMENTSIN
GRADE8
(1BookReviewand
48Assignments)
TogettheFULLCOMPILATION,pleaseemailme:r_borres@yahoo.com
BOOKREVIEW
TheLittlePrince
AREADINGOFANTOINEDESAINTEXUPERYS
THELITTLEPRINCE
COMPILATIONOF
ASSIGNMENTS
GRADE8
MINANGGINTO
(AlamatngBaguio)
Sa isang nayon sa Baguio na kung tawagin ay Suyuk, naninirahan ang mga

Igorot na pinamumunuan ni Kunto. Si Kunto ay bata pa ngunit siya ang
pinakamalakas at pinakamatapang sa kanilang nayon kaya siya ang ginawang
punongmatatandangpantas.
Angmgananinirahansanayongitoaynamumuhaynangtahimik.Maibiginsila
sakapwaatmaytakotsilasakanilangbathala.Tauntaonaynagdaraossilang
caao bilang parangal sa kanilang mga anito. Noong panahong iyon, ang mga
Igorotaynaniniwalasaibatibanganito.
Kung nagdaraos sila ng caao ay lingguhan ang kanilang handa. Nagpapatay

silangbaboynainiaalaysakanilangbathala.Nagsasayawanatnagkakantahan
sila.
Isang araw ay nagtungo si Kunto sa gubat upang mamana. Hindi pa siya

lubhang nakalalayo nang nakakita siya ng isang uwak. Nakatayo ito sa isang
ANGKATAMARANNGMGAPILIPINO
NiJoseRizal
Nailathalang limang yugto na bahabahagi sa La Solidaridad, ng Madrid,

mulaHulyo15toSetyembre15,1890.
LayuninnitoayangPagtuligsaparatangngmgapraylenaangmgaPilipino
aytamad,walangsilbi,atIresponsable.
IsaangLaIndolenciadelosFilipinossadalawangsanaysayniJoseRizalna
unanglumabassaMadrid,Spain.
DahilanngsinasabingpagigingtamadngmgaPilipinoayonkayRizal:
1. Ang pagiging tamad ng mgaPilipino ay bunga ng kaguluhan atkawalan ng

pagsulongnglipunan;
2. Angkatamaranaybungangklimaatkalikasan;
3. Angkatamaranayhindiminamanaonamamana;
4. AngmababangpagtinginngmgaKastilasamanomanongpaggawaaysanhi
ngkatamaranngmgaPilipino;
5. Matindingepektongpaniniwalasahimala;
6. Diskriminasyonsakulay;
7. Sapilitangpaggawa;
8. Pangaalipinsaatpagbentabilangalipin.
Buod:
Ang sanaysay ni Jose Rizal na "Katamaran ng mga Pilipino" (La indolencia de los
Filipinos)aysinulatniyaparamagbigaytugonsapagbabansagsamgaPilipinona
tamad. Ang ibig sabihin ng sanaysay na ito sa Ingles, "The Indolence of the
Filipinos", ay "little love for work, lack of activities". Ayon kay Rizal, ang
pagbabansagnaitoaymaykatotohanan.Sinabiniyanamaymgadahilanatsanhi
kungbaketmasasabinaangmgaPilipinoaymgatamad.
Ayon sa kanya, ang pangunahing sanhi ay ang mainit na klima ng Pilipinas.

Nahihirapan ang mga Pilipino na gumawa dahil sa init ng araw na tumitinag sa
ANGMGAUNANGKABIHASNAN
Sasinaunangpanahonnatuklasanngtaoanggamitngapoy,paggamitngkagamitanparasa
pangangaso,pagsabasaatpagsulat.
Sasinaunangpanahundinnabuoangunangpamilya,pamayanan,bayan,lungson,kaharianat
imperyo.Ditonalamanngtaonamayisaomaramingpuwersananakahihigitsataoatsiyang
painagmulanonagkontrolngmgabagaybagay.Dahilditto,dapatsiyangigalangatpurihin
sapagkatdittonagsimulaangunangkonseptongrelihiyon.
KatangiangPisikalngmgaUnangKabihasnan
Sakabanatangito,maglalakbaytayosanakaraan.Tatahakinnatinanglandasngmga
sinaunangtaosaFertileCrestatMesopotamiatuladngmga:
Semerian,Babylonian,Hittite,Hebreo,Phoenician,AssyrianatChaldean.
MamamanghatayosamgapiramideitinayongmgaparaonsaEgypt.Matutuklasandinnatin
angKabihasnansaIndia,angMehenjoDearoatHarappa.Matututunannatinangparaanng
mgasinaunangTsinosaChina.Atmatutuklasannatinangmgalihimngibapangsibilisasyong
itintagsaAfrica.
Sapagtuklasngsinaunangkabihasnan,bibigyandiinanghalossabaysabaynapagsikatng
sibilisasyonsakapataganngmgaIlogTigrisEuphrates,Indus,YangtzeatNile.Angmgailogna
itoangnagsilbingdaaanngmgakalakalatmgatao.
FertileCrescentatmgaKambalnailog
LISTOFPATHOGENICBACTERIABYCLINICALCHARACTERISTICS
BACTERIA TRANSMISSION DISEASES TREATMENT PREVENTION LABORATORY DIAGNOSI

Bacillus
anthracis
Contact with sheep,
goats and horses
Inhalation or skin
penetration through
abrasions of spore-
contaminated dust
Cutaneous anthrax
Pulmonary anthrax
Gastrointestinal
anthrax
In early infection:
Penicillin
Doxycycline
Ciprofloxacin
Anthrax vaccine
autoclaving of
instruments
Large, grayish,
nonhemolytic colonies
with irregular borders o
blood sugar
Direct
immunofluorescence
Bordetella
pertussis
Contact with
respiratory droplets
expelled by infected
human hosts.
Whooping cough
Complications:
Secondary bacterial
pneumonia
Macrolide antibiotics
Azithromycin
Erythromycin
Clarithromycin
Pertussis vaccine,
DPT vaccine
Direct
immunofluorescence
PCR amplification
Borrelia
burgdorferi
Ixodes ticks
reservoir in deer,
mice and other
rodents
Lyme disease Early stages:
cephalosporins
amoxicillin
doxycycline
If arthritic symptoms have
appeared:
Longer courses of
antibiotics
Lyme vaccine
wearing clothing
that limits skin
exposure to ticks
insect repellent
Microscopy using Giemsa
or Wright stain
PCR
serology (low precision
rate)
Brucella
abortus
Brucella canis
Brucella
melitensis
Brucella suis
Direct contact with
infected animal
Oral, by ingestion of
unpasteurized milk
or milk products
Brucellosis Combination therapy of:
doxycycline
streptomycin or gentamicin
Culture (difficult and tim
consuming)
Agglutination serology
Campylobacter
jejuni
Fecal/oral from
animals (mammals
and fowl)
Contaminated meat
(especially poultry)
Contaminated water
Acute enteritis Symptomatically by fluid
and electrolyte replacement
Ciprofloxacin in severe
cases
No available vaccine
Good hygiene
Avoiding
contaminated water
Pasteurizing milk
and milk products
Cooking meat
(especially poultry)
Finding campylobacter in
feces
Chlamydia
pneumoniae
Respiratory
droplets
Community-acquired
respiratory infection
Doxycycline
Erythromycin
None None for routine use
Chlamydia
trachomatis
Sexual (NGU, LGV)
Direct or
contaminated
surfaces and flies
(trachoma)
Passage through
birth canal (ICN)
Nongonococcal
urethritis (NGU)
Lymphogranuloma
venereum (LGV)
Trachoma
Inclusion conjunctivitis
of the newborn (ICN)
Azithromycin
Erythromycin
Tetracyclines
Doxycycline
No vaccine
Erythromycin or
silver nitrate in
newborn's eyes
Safe sex
Cellular cytoplasmic
inclusions by
immunofluorescence
DNA hybridization
ELISA for
lipopolysaccharides
Chlamydophila
psittaci
Inhalation of dust
with secretions or
feces from birds
(e.g. parrots)
Psittacosis Tetracycline
Doxycycline
Erythromycin (less
efficient)
Rise in antibody titre
Complement fixation
indirect
immunofluorescence
Clostridium
botulinum
Spores from soil
and aquatic
sediments
contaminating
vegetables, meat
and fish
Botulism Antitoxin (horse antiserum) Proper food
preservation
techniques
Mouse inoculation detect
toxin from food, intestina
contents or serum
Culture in standard
aerobic culture

BACTERIATHATCAUSEDISEASES
PathogenicBacteria:
Pathogenicbacteriaarebacteriathatcausebacterialinfectionordisease.
MajorPathogenicBacteria:
Although the vast majority of bacteria are harmless or beneficial, quite a few
bacteriaarepathogenic.Oneofthebacterialdiseaseswithhighestdiseaseburdenis
tuberculosis, caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which kills
about2millionpeopleayear,mostlyinsubSaharanAfrica.
Pathogenic bacteria contribute to other globally important diseases, such as

pneumonia, which can be caused by bacteria such as Streptococcus and
Pseudomonas, and foodborne illnesses, which can be caused by bacteria such as
Shigella,Campylobacter,andSalmonella.
Pathogenicbacteriaalsocauseinfectionssuchastetanus,typhoidfever,diphtheria,
syphilis,andleprosy.
FAMOUS PEOPLE IN BIOLOGY:
Aristotle
384 BC-322
BC)
Greek
Philosopher
Aristotle is properly recognized as the originator of the sc
Aristotle believed that creatures were arranged in a grad
man, the scala naturae or Great Chain of Being.[25] His sy
degree to which they are infected with potentiality", exp
laid warm and wet creatures alive, the lowest bore theirs
Louis Pasteur 18221895)
French chemist
and
microbiology
Whose contributions were among the most varied and val
he who proved that microorganisms cause fermentation a
for rabies, anthrax, and chicken cholera; he who saved th
His remarkable breakthroughs in the causes and preventio
theory of disease, also reducing mortality from puerperal
for rabies. He was best known to the general public for in
causing sickness - this process came to be called pasteuri
founders of microbiology, together with Ferdinand Cohn a
Charles Darwin (18091882) British naturalist
Eminent as a collector and geologist, who proposed and p
have evolved over time from common ancestors through t
that evolution occurs became accepted by the scientific c
while his theory of natural selection came to be widely se
evolution in the 1930s,[1] and now forms the basis of mod
scientific discovery remains the foundation of biology, as
diversity of life.[2]
Gregor Mendel (18221884)
Czech-Austrian
monk
Who is often called the "father of genetics" or his study of
showed that the inheritance of traits follows particular la
significance of Mendel's work was not recognized until the
the foundation of the discipline of genetics.
Jean-Baptiste
Lamarck
(17441829)
Naturalist,
French
evolutionist,
coined many
terms like
biology and
fossils
He was one of the main contributors to the Cell Theory. I
for a theory of "inheritance of acquired characters", calle
of soft inheritance were accepted by most natural histori
Lamarck's contribution to evolutionary theory consisted o
which an alchemical complexifying force drove organisms
environmental force adapted them to local environments
differentiating them from other organisms.[5]
Antoni van
Leeuwenhoek
(16321723)
Dutch biologist,
developer of the
microscope
He is commonly known as "the Father of Microbiology", an
best known for his work on the improvement of the micro
establishment of microbiology. Using his handcrafted mic
single celled organisms, which he originally referred to as
microorganisms. He was also the first to record microscop
spermatozoa and blood flow in capillaries (small blood ve
BIOLOGYADVANCEMENT
BIOFUELPRODUCTIONNEWADVANCES
May 12, 2013 Advanced biofuels liquid fuels
synthesized from the sugars in cellulosic biomass
offer a clean, green and renewable alternative to
gasoline, diesel and jet fuels. Bringing the costs of
producing these advanced biofuels down to
competitive levels with petrofuels, however, is a
majorchallenge.ResearchersattheU.S.Department
of Energy (DOE)'s Joint BioEnergy Institute (JBEI), a
bioenergy research center led by Berkeley Lab, have
takenanothersteptowardsmeetingthischallengewiththedevelopmentofanewtechniquefor
pretreatingcellulosicbiomasswithionicliquidssaltsthatareliquidsratherthancrystalsatroom
temperature.Thisnewtechniquerequiresnoneoftheexpensiveenzymesusedinpreviousionic
liquidpretreatments,andmakesiteasiertorecoverfuelsugarsandrecycletheionicliquid.
Withtheburningoffossilfuelscontinuingtoadd9billionmetrictonsofexcesscarbondioxideto
the atmosphere each year, the need for carbon neutral, costcompetitive renewable alternative
fuels has never been greater. Advanced biofuels, produced from the microbial fermentation of
sugarsinlignocellulosicbiomass,coulddisplacegasoline,dieselandjetfuelonagallonforgallon
basis and be directly dropped into today's engines and infrastructures without impacting
performance.Ifdonecorrectly,theuseofadvancedbiofuelswouldnotaddexcesscarbontothe
atmosphere.
Environmentally benignionic liquids are used asgreen chemistry substitutes for volatile organic
solvents. While showing great potential as a biomass pretreatment for dissolving lignocellulose
and helping to hydrolyze the resulting aqueous solution into fuel sugars, the best of these ionic
liquids sofarhave requiredthe use of expensive enzymes. Recent studies have shownthat acid
catalysts,suchashydrochloricorBrnsted,caneffectivelyreplaceenzymebasedhydrolysis,but
thesubsequentseparationofsugarsandionicliquidsbecomesadifficultandexpensiveproblem
canrequiretheuseofsignificantamountsofwater.
Guided by molecular dynamics simulations carried out at DOE's National Energy Research
ScientificComputingCenter(NERSC),SimmonsandhiscolleaguesatJBEIsolvedthisproblemby
deployingtheionicliquidimidazoliumchlorideintandemwithanacidcatalyst.
"Imidazolium is the most effective known ionic liquid for breaking down lignocellulose and the
chlorideanionisamenablewiththeacidcatalyst,"Simmonssays."Thecombinationmakesiteasy
toextractfermentablesugarsthathavebeenliberatedfrombiomassandalsoeasytorecoverthe
ionic liquid for recycling. By eliminating the need for enzymes and decreasing the water
consumption requirements of more traditional ionic liquid pretreatments we should be able to
reducethecostsofsugarproductionfromlignocellulose."
BIOLOGY
FieldsofBiology
Biology is a science which is concerned with thestudy of living organisms. It includes study of
theirorigin,structure,function,evolution,growth,distributioninnature,andtaxonomy.
DifferentFieldsofBiologyareasFollows
1. Anatomy is the field of biology which involves the study of form and function of
multicellularorganism.
2. Aerobiologyisthefieldofbiologywhichinvolvesthestudyofairborneorganicparticles
3. Astrobiology is the field of biology which involves the study of evolution, distribution, and
futureoflifeintheuniverse.
4. Biogeography is the field of biology which involves the study of spatial distribution of
organismsontheearth
5. Biochemistryisthefieldofbiologywhichinvolvesthestudyofchemicalreactionsrequired
forlife
6. Botanyisthefieldofbiologywhichinvolvesthestudyofplants
MatthiasJakobSchleiden(5April180423June1881)aGermanBotanist.
Acofounderofthecelltheory,alongwithTheodorSchwannandRudolfVirchow.
SchleidenwasthesonofawelltodomunicipalphysicianofHamburg.Hefirststudiedlawat
the University of Hamburg from 1824 to 1827 and obtained a doctorate. He subsequently
practicedlawinHamburg,butwasunhappywithhiscareerchoiceandchoosetodevelophis
hobby of botany into a fulltime pursuit. In 1833 he began to study natural science at
Gttingen and then transferred to Berlin. In choosing botany he was encouraged by his
botanistuncle,JohannHorkel(17691849).
During these years the famous naturalist Alexander von Humboldt (17691859) and the
ScottishbotanistRobertBrown(17731858)livedinBerlin.Schleidenworkedinthelaboratory
ofJohannesPeterMller(18011858),wherehemetTheodorSchwann.
In this inspiring milieu, Schleiden worked intensively and produced noteworthy publications.
He obtained his doctorate in 1839 at Jena and was then able to give free reign to his
pedagocicalfervor.Helecturedandwrotebothtechnicalandpopularscientificworksonthe
widestrangeoftopics.
Schleidens lectures drew anthusiastic, overflow audiences and his numerous articles
appearedinhighlyrespectedjournals.
He declined an offer from the University of Giessen in 1846, but in 1850 he accepted
nominationastitularprofessorofbotanyatJena.Healsoreceivedmanyhonorsfromlearned
societies. In spite of his success, Schleiden decided to leave Jena. His combative personality
probably contributed tothisdecision; he was often involved in polemicswith leading figures
oftheday.
He soon became a highly regarded popular lecturer and writer, and he was one of the most
popularpopularizersoftheage.
Branches of Biology
Biology, the scientific study of life, includes several relevant branches. Below is a list of major branches of
biology with a brief description for each.
Agriculture - science and practice of producing crops and livestock from the natural resources of the earth
Anatomy - study of the animal form, particularly human body
Astrobiology - branch of biology concerned with the effects of outer space on living organisms and the
search for extraterrestrial life.
Biochemistry - the study of the structure and function of cellular components, such as proteins,
carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and other biomolecules, and of their functions and transformations
during life processes
Bioclimatology - a science concerned with the influence of climates on organisms, for instance the effects
of climate on the development and distribution of plants, animals, and humans
Bioengineering - or biological engineering, is a broad-based engineering discipline that deals with bio-
molecular and molecular processes, product design, sustainability and analysis of biological systems.
Biogeography - a science that attempts to describe the changing distributions and geographic patterns of
living and fossil species of plants and animals
Bioinformatics - information technology as applied to the life sciences, especially the technology used for
the collection, storage, and retrieval of genomic data
Biomathematics - mathematical biology or biomathematics is an interdisciplinary field of academic study
which aims at modelling natural, biological processes using mathematical techniques and tools. It has both
practical and theoretical applications in biological research.
Biophysics - or biological physics is an interdisciplinary science that applies the theories and methods of
physical sciences to questions of biology
Biotechnology - applied science that is concerned with biological systems, living organisms, or derivatives
thereof, to make or modify products or processes for specific use
Botany - the scientific study of plants
Cell biology - the study of cells at the microscopic or at the molecular level. It includes studying the cells
physiological properties, structures, organelles, interactions with their environment, life cycle, division and
apoptosis
Chronobiology - a science that studies time-related phenomena in living organisms
Conservation Biology - concerned with the studies and schemes of habitat preservation and species
protection for the purpose of alleviating extinction crisis and conserving biodiversity
Cryobiology - the study of the effects of low temperatures on living organisms
Developmental Biology - the study of the processes by which an organism develops from a zygote to its full
structure
Ecology - the scientific study of the relationships between plants, animals, and their environment
Ethnobiology - a study of the past and present human interactions with the environment, for instance the
use of diverse flora and fauna by indigenous societies
BRIEFHISTORYOFISRAEL
ThepeopleofIsrael(alsocalledthe"JewishPeople")tracetheirorigintoAbraham,
who established the belief that there is only one God, the creator of the universe
(seeTorah).Abraham,hissonYitshak(Isaac),andgrandsonJacob(Israel),arereferredtoas
the patriarchs of the Israelites. All three patriarchs lived in the Land of Canaan, that later
came to be known as the Land of Israel. They and their wives are buried in the Ma'arat
HaMachpela,theTombofthePatriarchs,inHebron(GenesisChapter23).
"Your name is Jacob, but you will not be called Jacob any longer. From now on your name will be Israel.
The name Israel derives from the name given to Jacob by God when he struggled
withHim(Genesis32:29).His12sonswerethekernelsof12tribesthatlaterdevelopedinto
the Jewishnation.The name Jewderives from Yehuda (Judah) one ofthe 12 sons of Jacob
(Reuben, Shimon, Levi, Yehuda, Dan, Naphtali, Gad, Asher, Yisachar, Zevulun, Yosef,
Binyamin)(Exodus 1:1). So, the names Israel, Israeli or Jewish refer to people of the same
origin.
ThedescendantsofAbrahamcrystallizedintoanationatabout1300BCEaftertheir
Exodus from Egypt under the leadership of Moses (Moshe in Hebrew). Soon after the
Exodus, Moses transmitted to the people of this new emerging nation, the Torah, and the
Ten Commandments (Exodus Chapter 20). After 40 years in the Sinai desert, Moses led
CELLCYCLE
(FUNDAMENTALPROCESS)
CONTROLOFCELLDIVISION
Mostcellshavetwomajorphases:mitosisandinterphaseoftentogetherreferredtoas
thecellcycle
Formosttissuesatanygiventime,onlyafewcellsareinmitosiswhiletherestremain
in interphase which is the period between divisions of the cytoplasm and is where a
typicaleukaryoticcellspendsmostofitslife
Somecellslosethecapacitytodividealtogetherandstayininterphaseindefinitely(for
example in humans: nerve cells and muscle cells), whilesomedivide regularly
andothersonlyoccasionally
CHARACTERISTICSOFINDIANLITERATURE
The characteristics of Indian Literature are naturally an aspect of Indian

consciousness, tradition and culture. It is distinguished from the western
consciousness,uponwhichanIndianisnurturedfrombirthtotheiradulthoodin
aclosednitfamilywithhighbackgroundofreligionandtraditionpracticesbythe
communityandsociety
According to Rudyard Kiplings oftquoted line, East is East, and West is

West,andneverthetwainshallmeet,particularlytheapproachofliterature.Itis
possible for them to meet on a common ground; eastern literature might be of
appealandperennialsourceofcharmforthewritersandreadersintheWest,as
it really has been, and the same, without any fear of carping, might be said of
westernliterature.
To strike a balance and a compromise, as the circumstances permitted,

without losing their native character had been a constant feature of Indian life.
WhatthenarethesecharacteristicsoftheIndianconsciousness,whichtheIndian
Literatures retain even up to this day, in spite of so many inroads from an alien
sourceuponit?WhereinliestheIndiannessoftheIndians?
THECOREOFINDIALITERATURE:INDIANCONSCIOUSNESS
TheseconsciousnessesareatthebackboneofIndianLiterature:
REINCARNATION: It is the widespread belief in Mukti, and in

REINCARNATION.ItisapowerfulobsessionwiththeIndians.Thereisnothinglike
it in western consciousness. A westerner would turn away from it as something
strangeandunknown.ButithappenstobethebasicbeliefoftheIndian.Itishis
life breath. Indians are prepared to sacrifice if he can only attain to this state of
highestbeing,towhichallhisvisibleeffortsandinvisibleaspirationsaredirected.
AperpetualobsessionwiththeIndian,thisbeliefcolourshiswholelife.
KARMA: A belief that is very closely attendant upon the Indians belief in
Mukti, is his belief in the doctrine of KARMA. It is second to the first only in the
determinationofhisattitudetowardslife.Wearesuchandsuchbecausewedid
such and such in the past. Our actionsin a previous birth determine our state in
the present. Charitable deeds are commonly done in the hope of getting a
FAMOUSPEOPLEINBIOLOGY
Aristotle(384BC322BC)GreekPhilosopher
Aristotle is a towering figure in ancient Greek philosophy, making contributions to logic, metaphysics,
mathematics,physics,biology,botany,ethics,politics,agriculture,medicine,danceandtheatre.Hewas
a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates. He was more empiricallyminded than Plato or
SocratesandisfamousforrejectingPlatostheoryofforms.
Aristotle sees the universe as a scale lying between the two extremes: form without matter is on one
end,andmatterwithoutformisontheotherend.Thepassageofmatterintoformmustbeshowninits
various stages in the world of nature. To do this is the object of Aristotles physics, or philosophy of
nature. It is important to keep in mind that the passage from form to matter within nature is a
movement towards ends or purposes. Everything in nature has its end and function, and nothing is
without its purpose. Everywhere we find evidences of design and rational plan. No doctrine of physics
can ignore the fundamental notions of motion, space, and time. Motion is the passage of matter into
form,anditisoffourkinds:(1)motionwhichaffectsthesubstanceofathing,particularlyitsbeginning
anditsending;(2)motionwhichbringsaboutchangesinquality;(3)motionwhichbringsaboutchanges
inquantity,byincreasingitanddecreasingit;and(4)motionwhichbringsaboutlocomotion,orchange
ofplace.Ofthesethelastisthemostfundamentalandimportant.
Aristotleisproperlyrecognizedastheoriginatorofthescientificstudyoflife.
Aristotlebelievedthatcreatureswerearrangedinagradedscaleofperfectionrisingfromplantsonup
toman,thescalanaturaeorGreatChainofBeing.Hissystemhadelevengrades,arrangedaccording"to
the degree to which they are infected with potentiality", expressed in their form at birth. The highest
animalslaidwarmandwetcreaturesalive,thelowestboretheirscold,dry,andinthickeggs.
GENEMUTATION
AgenemutationisapermanentchangeintheDNAsequencethatmakesupa
gene.MutationsrangeinsizefromasingleDNAbuildingblock(DNAbase)toa
largesegmentofachromosome.
Gene mutations occur in two ways: they can be inherited from a parent or
acquiredduringapersonslifetime.Mutationsthatarepassedfromparentto
childarecalledhereditarymutationsorgermlinemutations(becausetheyare
presentintheeggandspermcells,whicharealsocalledgermcells).Thistype
of mutation is present throughout a persons life in virtually every cell in the
body.
Mutationsthatoccuronlyinaneggorspermcell,orthosethatoccurjustafter
fertilization, are called new (de novo) mutations. De novo mutations may
explain genetic disorders in which an affected child has a mutation in every
cell,buthasnofamilyhistoryofthedisorder.
Acquired (or somatic) mutations occur in the DNA of individual cells at some
time during a persons life. These changes can be caused by environmental
factors such as ultraviolet radiation from the sun, or can occur if a mistake is
made as DNA copies itself during cell division. Acquired mutations in somatic
cells (cells other than sperm and egg cells) cannot be passed on to the next
generation.
Mutationsmayalsooccurinasinglecellwithinanearlyembryo.Asallthecells
divideduringgrowthanddevelopment,theindividualwillhavesomecellswith
the mutation and some cells without the genetic change. This situation is
calledmosaicism.
Some genetic changes are very rare; others are common in the population.
Geneticchangesthatoccurinmorethan1percentofthepopulationarecalled
polymorphisms.Theyarecommonenoughtobeconsideredanormalvariation
intheDNA.Polymorphismsareresponsibleformanyofthenormaldifferences
between people such as eye color, hair color, and blood type. Although many
polymorphisms have no negative effects on a persons health, some of these
variationsmayinfluencetheriskofdevelopingcertaindisorders.

HUMANSEXUALITY
(WHATCHILDRENNEEDTOKNOWANDWHEN)
HumanSexualityWhatChildrenNeedtoKnowandWhenAtaGlance
Itsbesttostarttalkingwithchildrenaboutsexualityinearlychildhood
butitsnevertoolatetostart.
Givingourchildrenageappropriateinformationwillhelpthemfeelmore
incontroloftheirbodiesandmakeresponsibledecisions.
Allkidsincludingthosewithdisabilitiesneedtolearnaboutsexuality.
Wewantourchildrentogrowuptohavehealthyandhappylives.Formostofus,thisincludes
havingrewardingrelationshipsandsexlives.
Tohelpthemreachthisgoal,
weneedto
givethemtheinformationtheyneedtomakeresponsiblechoices
encouragethemtotakegoodcareoftheirbodies
helpthembuildtheconfidencetheyneedtorespectthemselvesandother
people
earntheirrespectifwecandothat,theyaremorelikelytolooktous
andothertrustedadultsforinformationwhentheyneedit
Teachingourchildrenaboutsexualityisanongoingprocess.Theyneedalotofinformation.
Theyneedtoknowabouteverythingfromanatomytopubertytomasturbationtohealthy
relationships.
Ourchildrendontalllearnatthesamerate.Butherearesomegeneralguidelinesthatapplyto
mostkids.Theyreaboutwhatchildrenneedtoknowandwhatcommunicationskillstheyneed
tohavewhenitcomestosexandsexuality.Wehavegroupedthemaccordingtowhatis
appropriatefordifferentagegroups.Wehopetheyarehelpful.
HUMANSEXUALITYCARE
SEXUALHEALTHDEFINITIONS
Sexuality:
The sexual knowledge, beliefs,

attitudes, values, and behaviours of
individuals. Its dimensions include the
anatomy, physiology, and
biochemistry of the sexual response
system;identity,orientation,rolesand
personality; and thoughts, feelings,
and relationships. The expression of
sexuality is influenced by ethical,
spiritual,cultural,andmoralconcerns.

SCIENCE

I. INVENTORS AND DISCOVERERS

MP3
History and Development

For LP MPEG-1 Audio Layer 3, more commonly referred to as MP3, is a popular audio
encoding format. It uses a lossy compression algorithm that is designed to greatly reduce the
amount of data required to represent the audio recording, yet still sound like a faithful
reproduction of the original uncompressed audio to most listeners. It was invented by a team
of European engineers of Philips, CCETT (Centre commun d'tudes de tlvision et
tlcommunications), IRT and Fraunhofer Society, who worked in the framework of the
EUREKA 147 DAB digital radio research program, and it became an ISO/IEC standard in 1991.

MP3 is an audio-specific format. The compression takes off certain sounds that cannot
be heard by the listener, i.e. outside the normal human hearing range. It provides a
representation of pulse-code modulationencoded audio in much less space than
straightforward methods, by using psychoacoustic models to discard components less audible
to human hearing, and recording the remaining information in an efficient manner. Similar
principles are used by JPEG, an image compression format.

I-POD
History and design

iPod came from Apple's digital hub strategy,
[3]
when the company began creating
software for the growing market of digital devices being purchased by consumers. Digital
cameras, camcorders and organizers had well-established mainstream markets, but the
company found existing digital music players "big and clunky or small and useless" with user
interfaces that were "unbelievably awful",
[3]
so Apple decided to develop its own. Apple's
hardware engineering chief, Jon Rubinstein, assembled a team of engineers to design it,
including Tony Fadell, hardware engineer Michael Dhuey, and design engineer Jonathan Ive,
with Stan Ng as the marketing manager. The product was developed in less than a year and
unveiled on 23 October 2001. CEO Steve Jobs announced it as a Mac-compatible product with
a 5 GB hard drive that put "1000 songs in your pocket."

The name iPod was proposed by Vinnie Chieco, a freelance copywriter, who (with
others) was called by Apple to figure out how to introduce the new player to the public. After
Chieco saw a prototype, he thought of the movie 2001: A Space Odyssey and the phrase "Open
the pod bay door, Hal!", which refers to the white EVA Pods of the Discovery One spaceship.
Apple had previously registered the name "iPod" for Internet kiosks, but never put it to use.
[3]

JAPANESETRADITIONS
JAPANESETRADITIONALDRESS
ThekimonoisaJapanesetraditionalgarmentwornbymen,womenandchildren.Theword
"kimono",whichliterallymeansa"thingtowear"(ki"wear"andmono"thing"),hascometo
denote these fulllength robes. The standard plural of the word kimono in English is
kimonos,buttheunmarkedJapanesepluralkimonoisalsosometimesused.
Kimono are Tshaped, straightlined robes worn so that the hem falls to the ankle, with
attachedcollarsandlong,widesleeves.Kimonoarewrappedaroundthebody,alwayswith
the left side over the right (except when dressing the dead for burial.), and secured by a
sash called an obi, which is tied at the back. Kimono are generally worn with traditional
footwear(especiallyzriorgeta)andsplittoesocks(tabi).
Today, kimono are most often worn by women, and on special occasions. Traditionally,
unmarriedwomenworeastyleofkimonocalledfurisode,withalmostfloorlengthsleeves,
on special occasions. A few older women and even fewer men still wear the kimono on a
dailybasis.Menwearthekimonomostoftenatweddings,teaceremonies,andothervery
specialorveryformaloccasions.Professionalsumowrestlersareoftenseeninthekimono
becausetheyarerequiredtoweartraditionalJapanesedresswheneverappearinginpublic.
KATAMARANNGMGAPILIPINO
(INDOLENCEOFTHEFILIPINOS)
niJoseRizal
Indolence
saTagalogangibigsabihinaykatamaran;walangsilbi;ayawgumawa.
saInglesnamanaydislikeofwork;laziness,idlenessordispositiontobeidle,thelackof
inclinationtowork.
AngnilalamanngsanaysaynasinulatniRizal:
ItoayisangsanaysaynasinulatniRizalbilang depensaparasamgaIndionakung saan

tinawagnatamadangmgaPilipinongmgakolonyalnaEspanyol.
IpinakitaditoniRizalangmadamingkatwiranathalimbawaupangihayagangsinasabing
indolence ay isang epekto lamang ng dehumanizing conditions na kung saan ang mga
Indioaysapilitangmabuhay.
Dinagdagan ni Rizal ang kahulugan ng indolence. Ito ay the inclination to live off the
laborofothers.
Inamin ni Rizal na tamad ang mga Pilipino. Pero ito ay dahil sa init ng klima sa ating
bansa.
Lubhang nakapagpapapawis at nakapanghihina ang init at madalas silang sumilong sa

lilim.
Ang init ay nakapagpapalusog sa lupa, kaya ang mga pananim ay hindi kailangang
laggingalagaan.
Sinabi ni Rizal na hindi mana o likas ang katamaran sa mga Pilipino noong panahon ng
Kastila. Ang totoo, bago dumating ang mga Kastila, ang mga Pilipino ay may masiglang
pakikipagkalakalansamgaInstik,Hapon,ArabeatMalay.
NaginglaganaplamangangkatamaranngmgaPilipinonoongpanahonngmgaKastila.
Dahilsamasasamangpalakadngpamahalaan,tiwalingpagtuturongrelihiyonatdahilsa
ugalinarinngmgaKastila.
Bago pa man dumating sa Pilipinas ang mga Kastila ay nakikipagkalakalan na tayo sa

ibang bansang Asyano at Gitnang Silangan. Ngunit ito ay naputol ng monopolya ng
Galleon Trade. Sa Espanya lamang via Mehiko maaaring makipagkalakalan ang mga
MGAKAHULUGANNGTRADISYONGPILIPINO
Caao:
Sa Benguet, ang etniko Igorots ng Baguio ay tauntaon dumarating na

magkakasama para sa pagsaulog o pagdidiwang sa Grand Caao, isang sosyo
relihiyoso seremonya na tumatapat sa pangingilin ng araw ng Benguet
(AnniversaryoffoundationdayofBenguit).
Ang pagdiriwang nagsisimula sa isang aktibidad na tinawag nila ang avang.

Ang bawat delegado ng munisipyo ng Benguet ay pumipila at nakikilahok sa
pagkuhangisangtaongmatakawnakumakatawansakanilangbayan.
Ang mataas na saserdote sa lipi, na tinatawag na ang mambunong, ay

magsasagawangpanalanginupangpagpalainangmgababoynalutonasiyang
isangpagkainparasalahat.
BawatisasamgamunisipyongBenguet:Atok,Bakun,Bokod,Buguias,Itogon,
Kabayan,Kapangan,Kibungan,LaTrinidad,Mankayan,Sablan,Tuba,atTublay
aymagsagawangkanilangsarilingmgakatutubongsayawnatinatawagnaang
tayawsakanikanilangmgayugto.
Angsayaw,nabinubuongdalawangtao,isanglalakeatisangbabae,kungsaan
anglalakiaynakasuotngkumotnakanilangtinatawagnaanggatingnamay
katutubongdisenyosabawatbalikatatmay alpombrasagisagngkapisanan,at
MULTIMEDIA
Multimediacomesinmanydifferentformats.Itcanbealmostanythingyoucanhearorsee.
Examples:Pictures,music,sound,videos,records,films,animations,andmore.
Modern Web pages have often embedded multimedia elements, and modern browsers
havesupportforvariousmultimediaformats.
Multimedia is media and content that uses a combination of different content forms. This
contrasts with media that use only rudimentary computer displays such as textonly or
traditionalformsofprintedorhandproducedmaterial.Multimediaincludesacombination
oftext,audio,stillimages,animation,video,orinteractivitycontentforms.
Multimedia is usually recorded and played, displayed, or accessed by information content
processing devices, such as computerized and electronic devices, but can also be part of a
live performance. Multimedia devices are electronic media devices used to store and
experience multimedia content. Multimedia is distinguished from mixed media in fine art;
by including audio, for example, it has a broader scope. The term "rich media" is
synonymous for interactive multimedia. Hypermedia can be considered one particular
multimediaapplication.
MajorCharacteristicsofMultimedia:
Multimedia presentations may be viewed by person on stage, projected, transmitted, or
played locally with a media player. A broadcast may be a live or recorded multimedia
presentation. Broadcasts and recordings can be either analog or digital electronic media
technology. Digital online multimedia may be downloaded or streamed. Streaming
multimediamaybeliveorondemand.
MUSICANDYOURWORKOUT
Howyourworkoutplaylistcangiveyouanedgewhenyouexercise.
ByRobynAbree
WebMDFeature
ReviewedbyBrunildaNazario,MD
Music could make your workout better. You could last longer, be less bored, and actually
enjoyit,foronce!
Butthemusicyoupickmatters.Andyoumightwanttothinktwicebeforeyoustraponthose
headphones.
Here'showtomakemusicyoursecretweaponforexercise.
WorkingOuttoMusic
Music can motivate you to work longer and harder, says DavidLee Priest, PhD, a health
psychologistandresearcheratLondon'sBrunelUniversity.
"Fast music, especially, provides us more information to process, which may distract
someonefromthephysicalsensationsoffatigueandblocksignalstostopexercising,"Priest
says.
Butnotallfastsongsdothat.Ifthemusicistoofast,itisn'tlikelytoboostyourperformance
orendurance,saysBrunelUniversitysportspsychologyexpertCostasKarageorghis,PhD.He
hasstudiedtheeffectsofmusiconexerciseformorethan20years.
"Findings show there is a sweet spot, in terms of tempo, between 120 and 140 beats per
minute,"saysKarageorghis,whohasstudiedtheeffectsofmusiconexerciseformorethan
20 years. "Beyond that, it doesn't improve enjoyment or any other psychological variable
whileexercising."
Italsodependsonwhoyouare.
If you're anelite athlete, or if you work out a very intense level (about 70%80% of your
aerobiccapacity),you'realreadysointoitthatmusicmaynotgiveyouasmuchofanedge.
Butformostpeoplewhoworkoutatamoderatelevelacoupleoftimesaweek,musicis
definitely a plus. It's a pleasant distraction, which can help if you find exercise boring,
Karageorghissays.
Forthem,musicislikethe"cheesesauceontopofthebroccoli,"Priestagrees.Thatis,music
helpsthemtolerateexercise,andmaymotivatethemtoworkoutmoreoften.
MUSICOFTHAILAND
ThemusicofThailandreflectsitsgeographicpositionattheintersectionofChinaandIndia,and
reflects trade routes that have historically included Persia, Africa, Greece and Rome. Thai
musicalinstrumentsarevariedandreflectancientinfluencefromfarafieldincludingtheklong
thapandkhim(Persianorigin),thejakhe(Indianorigin),theklongjin(Chineseorigin),andthe
klong kaek (Indonesian origin). Though Thailand was never colonized by colonial powers, pop
musicandotherformsofmodernAsian,EuropeanandAmericanmusichavebecomeextremely
influential.ThetwomostpopularstylesoftraditionalThaimusicarelukthungandmorlam;the
latterinparticularhascloseaffinitieswiththeMusicofLaos.
AsidefromtheThai,ethnicminoritiessuchastheLao,Lawa,Hmong,Akha,Khmer,Lisu,Karen
andLahupeopleshaveretainedtraditionalmusicalforms.
CLASSICALMUSIC
SiamesetheatergroupwhichperformedinBerlin,Germanyin1900.
Thai classical music is synonymous with those stylized court ensembles and repertoires that
emerged in its present form within the royal centers of Central Thailand some 800 years ago.
These ensembles, while being deeply influenced by Khmer and even older practices and
repertoires from India, are today uniquely Thai expressions. While the three primary classical
MUSICIANS OFISRAEL
EARLYMUSICIANS:
FirstAliyah(FirstJewishImmigrants)andZionist:
The first efforts to create a corpus of music suitable for a new Jewish entity that would
eventuallybecomeIsraelwerein1882.ThiswastheyearoftheFirstAliyah,thefirstwaveof
JewishimmigrantsseekingtocreateanationalhomelandinPalestine.Astherewerenosongs
yetwrittenforthisnationalmovement,ZionistyouthmovementsinGermanyandelsewhere
published songbooks, using traditional German and other folk melodies with new words
written in Hebrew. An example of this is the song that became Israel's national anthem,
"Hatikvah".
NaftaliHerzImber(HebrewPoet):
HeexpressedthelongingoftheJewishpeopletoreturntothelandofZion.Themelodyisa
populareasternEuropeanfolkmelody.
In1895settlersestablishedthefirstJewishorchestrainPalestine.Theorchestrawasawind
band,locatedinthetownofRishonLeZion,andplayedlightclassicsandmarches.
AvrahamZviIdelsohn:
HewasatrainedcantorfromRussiaandamusicologist,settledinJerusalemin1906,withthe
objective of studying and documenting the musics of the various Jewish communities there.
At the time, there were a number of Jewish enclaves in Jerusalem, for Yemenites, Hassids,
SyriansandotherJewishethnicgroups.
Idelsohn:
Meticulously documented the songs and musical idioms of these groups. He also made the
firsteffortstobringthesesongstotheattentionofallJewishsettlers,withtheaimofcreating
anewJewishmusicalgenre.
Idelsohn was joined in Palestine by a few more classically trained musicians and
ethnomusicologists, including Gershon Ephros in 1909 and, later,Joel Engelin 1924. Like
NEWSCIENTIFICINVENTIONSOF2012
This year witnessed the inception of many new scientific breakthroughs by way of inventions
and discoveries! Let's check out some such new scientific inventions of 2012 to see what
scienceofferedusthisyearintermsoftechnologyandprogress.
Sciencedoesnotknowitsdebttoimagination.
~RalphWaldoEmerson
Scienceisallabouthavinganopenimagination,notbeingafraidofmakingmistakesandasking
the right questions. Almost all old and new scientific inventions and discoveries owe their
originsandexistencetothesethreeessentialhumanattitudes!Althoughmostinventionshave
been results of deliberate conceptualization and research, time has also stood testimony to a
numberofaccidentalinventionsthatchangedtheworld!Rightfromtheinventionofthewheel
by prehistoric humans to more advanced inventions that changed the world (like gunpowder,
antibiotics, aircraft, telephone, etc.), science has experienced only progress and advancement
in the hands of humankind. In line with such scientific progress, let us look at some new
scientific inventions of 2012 that have given actual form to various imaginary concepts which
werepreviouslyridiculedastheravingsofamadman!
SomeSmartInventionsofthisYear
Checkoutthefollowingnewinventionstogetanideaoftheinfiniteexpanseofscientificscope.
Lookingatthesenewinventionsanddiscoveriesmakeusboldenoughtohopetoseefictitious
asofnow scientific technologies and concepts, which we have only read about in science
fictionsnovelsandseeninscifimovies,takematerialshape!Indeed,thefollowingitemsgivea
newdefinitiontothephrasegreatestinventionsofalltime.
NUTRITION DEFICIENCIES

I. Protein-energy Malnutrition (PEM)

There are three (3) forms of serious Protein-energy Malnutrition (PEM): marasmus,
kwashiorkor, and marasmic kwashiorkor.

1. Marasmus -. These forms of serious PEM represent a
group of pathologic conditions associated with a
nutritional and energy deficit occurring mainly in
young children from developing countries at the time
of weaning. Marasmus is a condition primarily caused
by a deficiency in calories and energy.

2. Kwashiorkor - A severe malnutrition, seen primarily in
children of tropical and subtropical regions, caused
by deficiency in the quality and quantity of dietary
protein. Kwahiorkor is characterized by failure to
grow, anemia, liver damage, edema, discoloration of
the skin or hair, and bulky stools containing
undigested food.

3. Marasmic Kwashiorkor - Condition that has features of
Marasmus and Kwashiorkor. A malnutrition disease,
primarily of children, resulting from the deficiency of both calories and
protein. The condition is characterized by severe tissue wasting,
dehydration, loss of subcutaneous fat, lethargy, and growth retardation.

NUTRITION DISORDERS

Hypoalimentation/
Malnutrition
Protein-energy
Malnutrition
(PEM)
Marasmus ~ Deficiency in calories and energy)
Kwashiorkor ~ Deficiency in protein
Marasmic Kwashiorkor ~ Condition that has features of
Kwashiorkor
Catabolysis ~ Severe case of PEM because there is no so
carbohydrates and vitamins due to starvation
Avitaminosis
B Vitamins
B1: Beriberi/Wernicke's encephalopathy (
B2: Ariboflavinosis
B3: Pellagra (Niacin deficiency)
B6: Pyridoxine deficiency
B7: Biotin deficiency
B9: Folate deficiency
B12: Vitamin B12 deficiency
Other
Vitamins
A: Vitamin A deficiency/Bitot's spots
C: Scurvy
D: Rickets/Osteomalacia
E: Vitamin E deficiency
K: Vitamin K deficiency
Mineral
Deficiency
Zinc Iron Magnesium Chromium Selenium (Keshan dis
Molybdenum Copper Calcium Potassium
Hyperalimentation
Overweight and
Obesity
Childhood obesity
Obesity hypoventilation syndrome
Abdominal obesity
Vitamin
Poisoning
Hypervitaminosis A
Hypervitaminosis D
Hypervitaminosis E
Mineral
Overload
Inborn errors of metal metabolism
Toxicity

PagibigsaTinubuangLupa
niAndresBonifacio
Alingpagibigpaanghihigitkaya
sapagkadalisayatpagkadakila
gayangpagibigsatinubuanglupa?
Alinpagibigpa?Walananga,wala.
Ulitulitinmangbasahinngisip
atisaisahingtalastasingpilit
angsalitatbuhaynalimbagattitik
ngisangkatauhanitoynamamasid.
Banalnapagibigpagikawangnukal
satapatnapusongsinotalinman,
imbittaonggubat,maralitatmangmang
nagigingdakilaatiginagalang.
Pagpuringlubosangnagiginghangad
sabayanngtaongmaydangalnaingat,
umawit,tumula,kumathatsumulat,
kalakhandinnilayisinisiwalat.
Walangmahalaganghindiinihandog
ngpusongmahalsaBayangnagkupkop,
dugo,yaman,dunong,tiisatpagod,
buhaymayabutingmagkalagotlagot.
Bakit?Anoitongsakdalnanglaki
nahinahanduganngbuongpagkasi
nasalalongmahalkapangyayari
atginugugulanngbuhaynaiwi.
Ay!ItoyangInangBayangtinubuan,
siyayinattanginakinamulatan
ngkawiliwilingliwanagngaraw
nanagbibigayinitsalunongkatawan.
Sakanyayutangangunangpagtanggol
ngsimoynghangingnagbigaylunas,
sainisnapusonasisinghapsinghap,
sabalongmalalimngsiphayothirap.
KalakipdinnitoypagibigsaBayan
anglahatnglalongsagunitaymahal
mulasamasayatgasongkasanggulan.
hanggangsakatawanaymapasalibingan.
PASTRYANDBREAD
PASTRY
Pastry is the name given to various kinds of baked products made from ingredients such as
flour,sugar,milk,butter,shortening,bakingpowder,and/oreggs.Smalltartsandothersweet
bakedproductsarecalled"pastries."
Pastrymayalsorefertothedoughfromwhichsuchbakedproductsaremade.Pastrydoughis
rolled out thinly and used as a base for baked products. Common pastry dishes include pies,
tarts,quichesandpasties.
BREAD
Bread is a staple food prepared by cooking a dough of flour and water and often additional
ingredients,suchasbutterorsalttoimprovethetaste.
Bread is the staple food in Europe, Europeanderived cultures such as the Americas, and the
MiddleEastandNorthAfrica,asopposedtoEastAsiawhosestapleisrice.
DIFFERENCEOFPASTRYANDBREAD
Pastryisdifferentiatedfrombreadbyhavingahigherfatcontent,whichcontributestoaflaky
or crumbly texture. A good pastry is light and airy and fatty, but firm enough to support the
weightofthefilling.Whenmakingashortcrustpastry,caremustbetakentoblendthefatand
flour thoroughly before adding any liquid. This ensures that the flour granules are adequately
coatedwithfatandlesslikelytodevelopgluten.Ontheotherhand,overmixingresultsinlong
gluten strands that toughen the pastry. In other types of pastry, such as Danish pastry and
croissants,thecharacteristicflakytextureisachievedbyrepeatedlyrollingoutadoughsimilar
tothatfor yeast bread,spreading it withbutter, and folding ittoproduce many thinlayersof
folds.
Anotherdifferenceistheraisingagent.Apastry(patisserie)isasmallcakeortart,usuallymade
withbakingpowder.Bread(viennoiserie)suchascroissantsorpainsauchocolatisraisedwith
yeast.

SAAKINGMGAKABATA
TulaniJoseP.Rizal

Kapagka ang bayay sadyang umiibig
Sa langit salitang kaloob ng langit
Sanlang kalayaan nasa ring masapi

Katulad ng ibong nasa himpapawid
Pagkat ang salitay isang kahatulan
Sa bayan, sa nayo't mga kaharian

At ang isang taoy katulad, kabagay
Ng alin mang likha noong kalayaan.
Ang hindi magmahal sa kanyang salita
Mahigit sa hayop at malansang isda

Kaya ang marapat pagyamanin kusa
Na tulad sa inang tunay na nagpala
Ang wikang Tagalog tulad din sa Latin,

Sa Ingles, Kastila, at salitang anghel,
Sapagkat ang Poong maalam tumingin
Ang siyang naggagawad, nagbibigay sa atin.
Ang salita natiy tulad din sa iba

Na may alfabeto at sariling letra,
Na kaya nawalay dinatnan ng sigwa
Ang lunday sa lawa noong dakong una.

Sa edad na walo (8), isunulat ni Rizal ang una niyang tula sa
katutubongwikaatpinamagatang"SAAKINGMGAKABATA".

SANAYSAY
Ayon kay Alejandro G. Abadilla, "nakasulat na karanasan ng isang sanay sa

pagsasalaysay.angsanaysayaynagmulasa2salita,angsanayatpagsasalaysay.Ito
ay panitikang tuluyan na nagalalahad ng kurukuro, damdamin, kaisipan, saloobin,
reaksyon at iba pa ng manunulat hinggil sa isang makabuluhan, mahalaga at
napapanahongpaksaoisyu.
Mahalaga ang pagsusulat at pagbabasa ng sanaysay sapagkat natututo ang

mambabasamulasainilalahadnakaalamanatkaisipangtaglayngisangmanunulat.
nakikilalarinngmgamambabasaangmanunulatdahilsaparaanngpagkasulatnito,
sapaggamitngsalitaatsalawakngkaalamansapaksa.
URINGSANAYSAY:
Pormal o Maanyo sanaysay na tumatalakay sa mga seryosong paksa at

nangangailangan ng masusing pagaaral at malalim na pagkaunawa sa paksa.
Inaakay ng manunulat ang mga manbabasa sa malalim na pagiisip upang
makabuongsarilingpagpapasyaatkumilospagkatapos.
Dipormal, Pamilyar o Palagayan sanaysay na tumatalakay sa mga paksang

magaan, karaniwan, pangarawarawat personal. binibigyang diin ng
manunulat ang mga bagaybagay, mga karanasan o isyung maaaring
magpakilala ng personalidad ng manunulat o pakikisangkot niya sa mga
mambabasa.
SANGKAPNGSANAYSAY:
TemaatNilalamananumanangnilalamanngisangsanaysayayitinuturing
napaksadahilsalayuninsapagkakasulatnitoatkaisipangibinahagi.
Anyo at Istruktura ang anayo sat istruktura ng sanaysay ay isang

mahalagang sangkap sapagkat nakaaapekto ito sa pagkaunawa ng mga
mambabasa, ang maayos na pagkakasunudsunod ng edeya o pangyayari ay
makatututlongsamambabasasapagkaunawasasanaysay.
FAMOUS SCIENTIST

I. LIST OF FOREIGN SCIENTIST:

Niels Bohr

Life: October 7, 1885 - November 18, 1962
Born in Copenhagen, Denmark

Niels Bohr was a Danish scientist who won the Nobel Prize for physics in 1922 for his work in
regards to understanding the structure of atoms. Bohr introduced the theory that electrons
travel in an orbital path around the atom's nucleus. He also theorized that light could have
properties of both a wave and a particle at the same time.

Nicolaus Copernicus

Life: February 19, 1473 - May 24, 1543
Born in Toru, Royal Prussia

Nicolaus Copernicus was the first to publish a full-fledged theory that the earth was
not the center of the universe (as was the current thought in the 1500's) and that the earth
actually revolved around the sun. Copernicus also theorized that the earth rotated on its axis,
which accounted for the daily movement of the stars.

Since 150 AD to the 1500's, the Ptolemy's theory prevailed that the earth was the flat
center of the universe that did not rotate or revolve. This theory was well accepted by both
scientific and religious communities. Nicolaus Copernicus did not publish his theory right away
but chose to publish De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (On the Revolutions of the Celestial
Spheres) near his death in 1543.

FAMOUSFILIPINOSCIENTISTS
GregorioY.Zara,D.Sc.Physics
Hisimportantachievementsinclude:
Theinventionofthetwowaytelevisiontelephone;
ThediscoveryofelectricalkineticresistanceknownastheZaraeffect;
The invention of an airplane engine that runs on alcohol instead of aviation fuel and
methodsbywhichsolarenergycanbeharnessed;and
Zaras airplane engine was successfully tested in a test flight conducted at the Manila
InternationalAirport(nowtheNinoyAquinoInternationalAirport)onSept.30,1954.
For having completed over 40 research papers and making 20 outstanding contributions to
science,Zarareceivedmanyawards,including:
ThePresidentialDiplomaofMerit;
HewasconferredtheDistinguishedServiceMedalin1959forhispioneeringworksand
achievementsinsolarenergyresearch,aeronauticsandtelevision;
ThePresidentialGoldMedalandDiplomaofHonorforScienceandresearchin1966;
TheCulturalHeritageAwardforScienceEducationandAeroEngineeringin1966;and
Proclaimed as National Scientist and Academician in 1978 by the National Academy of
ScienceandTechnologycreatedin1976.
SEIZURES
A seizure is the physical findings or changes in behavior that occur after an

episodeofabnormalelectricalactivityinthebrain.
The term "seizure" is often used interchangeably with "convulsion." Convulsions

are when a person'sbody shakes rapidlyand uncontrollably.During convulsions,
the person's muscles contract and relax repeatedly. There are many different
typesofseizures.Somehavemildsymptomsandnobodyshaking.
Considerations
It may be hard to tell if someone is having a seizure.Someseizures only cause a

persontohavestaringspells.Thesemaygounnoticed.
Specific symptoms depend on what part of the brain is involved. They occur
suddenlyandmayinclude:
Brief blackout followed by period of confusion (the person cannot
rememberaperiodoftime)
Changesinbehaviorsuchaspickingatone'sclothing
Droolingorfrothingatthemouth
Eyemovements
Gruntingandsnorting
Lossofbladderorbowelcontrol
Mood changes such as sudden anger, unexplainable fear, panic, joy, or
laughter
Shakingoftheentirebody
Suddenfalling
Tastingabitterormetallicflavor
Teethclenching
SENATORS OF THE PHILIPPINES
16
th
CONGRESS
FranklinM.Drilon
SenatePresident
Majority(20102016)
RalphG.Recto
SenatePresidentProTempore
Majority(20102016)
AlanPeterCompaeroS.Cayetano
MajorityLeader
(20132019)
JuanPonceEnrile
SINAUNANGKABIHASNANNGMESOPOTAMIA
Mesopotamia:LupainsaPagitanngDalawangIlog(TigrisatEuphrates)
pinangalanan ng mga Griyego na Mesopotamia dahil sa dalawang ilog na

nasapaligidnito,angIlogTigrisatEuphrates
mayroongmatabaatmainamnalupaupangtirhanngtao
MGAKABIHASNANGUMUSBONGSAMESOPOTAMIA
1. Sumeria
2. Babylonia
3. Hittite
4. Assyria
5. Hebreo
5.1.IsraelatJudah
6. Phoenecia
7. Persia
8. Chaldea
STRABISMUS
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Strabismus is a disorder in which the two eyes do not line up in the same
direction, and therefore do not look at the same object at the same time. The
conditionismorecommonlyknownas"crossedeyes."

SYNOPHRYS
Medical term forhypertrichosisin between theeyebrows, thus giving an

appearanceofasinglelongeyebrow(orunibrow)
SynophrysisoneoftheprominentfeaturesofindividualswithCorneliadeLange
syndrome.Conversely,synophrysisalsoseeninindividualswithoutsuchdisorder.
__________________________________________________________________________________
Reference:
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001004.htm
THECELL
TREMORORTREMULOUSNESS
Atremoris an involuntary, somewhat rhythmic,muscle contractionand

relaxation involving to and fro movements (oscillationsor twitching) of one or
more body parts. It is the most common of all involuntary movements and can
affectthehands,arms,eyes,face,head,vocalfolds,trunk,andlegs.Mosttremors
occur in the hands. In some people, tremor is a symptom of
anotherneurologicaldisorder.Averycommonkindoftremoristhechatteringof
teeth, usually induced by cold temperatures or by fear.
Causes:
Tremor can be a symptom associated with disorders in those parts of the brain
that control muscles throughout the body or in particular areas, such as the
hands. Neurological disorders or conditions that can produce tremor
includingmultiple sclerosis,stroke,traumatic brain injury,chronic kidney
diseaseand a number ofneurodegenerative diseasesthat damage or destroy
parts of thebrainstemor thecerebellum,Parkinson's diseasebeing the one most
oftenassociatedwithtremor.
Tuwaang
(EpicofBagobo)
NakatanggapsiTuwaangngmensahebuhatsahanginnanagsasabinakailanganniyangdumalo
ng kasal ng Dalaga ng Monawon. Huwag kang pumunta, Tuwaang, babala ng kanyang tiyahin.
Nararamdaman ko na mayroong masamang mangyayari sa iyo doon. Huwag kang magalala,
tiyang.Kayakongalagaanangsarilikosinabiniyangmatatagatdeterminadongpumunta.Hindi
monaiintindihan,Tuwaang.
Hindiakonatatakotsakahitano,tiyang.Ngayonangtangingnalalamankoaygustokomakita
ang kagandahan ng Dalaga ng Monawon. Hindi pinakinggan ni Tuwaang ang kanyang tiyahin.
Naghanda siya sa pagdalo sa kasal. Isinuot niya ang damit na ginawa ng mga diyos para sa
kanya.Mayroonsiyanghugispusongbasketnamaaaringmakagawangkidlat.Dalarinniyaang
kanyang espada atpanangga at isang mahabang kutsilyo. Sumakay siya sa kidlat at nakarating
sa kapatagan ng Kawkawangan. Doon ay natagpuan niya ang Gungutan, isang
nakapagsasalitangibon.Gustongibonnasumamasakanyasakasalankayadinalananiyaito.
NangmakaratingsaMonawon,siyaaymagalangnapinapasoksaloobngbulwagankungsaan
ginaganapangkasalan.
Nagsimulang magdatingan ang mga bisita. Unang dumating ay ang Binata ng Panayangan,
pagkataposayangBinatangLiwanonatangBinatangSumisikatnaAraw.Hulingdumatingang
lalaking ikakasal, ang Binata ng Sakadna na kasama ang isang daang lalaki. Nang dumating ay
iniutos ng lalaki na paalisin ang mga bisitang hindi nararapatna naroon.Nainsulto si Tuwaang
sasinabinglalakingikakasalnasilanglahataypulangdahon,naangibigsabihinaymgabayani.
Nagsimula ang seremonya sa pagaalay ng mga bisita ng mga mamahaling regalo. Dalawa ang
natira para sa lalaking ikakasal ngunit inamin ng Binata ng Sakadna na wala silang gintong
plauta at gintong gitara na maitutumbas sa mga natira. Tumulong si Tuwaang. Sa kanyang
misteryosonghiningasiyaaynakagawanggintongplauta,gitaraatgong.
Lumabasnaangbabaingikakasalsakanyangsilidatnagsimulangmagbigayngngangasabawa't
isang bisita. Pagkatapos ay tumabi ito kay Tuwaang na naglagay sa lalaking ikakasal sa kahiya
TypesofGraphs
Graphsareveryeffectivevisualtreatbecausetheyhavethecapacitytopresentinformation
quicklyaswellaseasily.Thatisthemainreasonwhygraphsarecommonlyusedbydifferent
mediaandalsoinbusiness.Datacanbeunderstoodbetterwhenitispresentedasagraph
ratherthanasatablebecausethegraphshavetheabilitytorevealatrendorcomparison.In
theworldofstatistics,graphsgiveustherelationshipbetweendifferentvariablesorshowthe
valuespreadofagivenvariableorphenomenon.Inthissection,wewillconcentrateonlyon
the2dimensionalfiguresandgraphs.
TypesofGraphsandCharts
Thegraphicaldemonstrationofstatisticaldatainachartisnormallyspecifiedasstatistical
graphchart.Therearemanykindsofgraphsandchartswhichareusedtoindicateasetofdata.
Thedataiseitherunremittingorseparate.Thesegraphsareveryhelpfultorecognizethe
statisticaldata.
TypesofGraphsandtheirUses
Therearedifferentkindsofgraphicalchartsbasedonstatisticsasfollows:
1. Linegraphs
2. Piecharts
3. Bargraph
4. Scatterplot
5. Stemandplot
6. Histogram
7. Frequencypolygon
8. Frequencycurve
9. Cumulativefrequencyorogives
Letusstudythegraphsandtheirusesindetail.

UHAWANGTIGANGNALUPA
LiwaywayA.Arceo
1
Ilang gabi nang ako ang kapiling niya sa higaan. Tila musmos akong dumarama sa init ng
kanyang dibdib at nikikinig sa pintig ng kanyang puso. Ngunit, patuloy akong nagtataka sa
malalimnapaghinganiya,sakanyangmalungkotnapagtitigsalahatngbagay,paghikbi...
2
Ilang araw ko nang hindi nadadalaw ang aklatan: ilang araw ko nang hindi nasasalamin ang
isang larawang mahal sa akin: bilugang mukha, malapad na noo, hatisakaliawang buhok,
singkit na mga mata, hindi katangusang ilong, mga labing duyan ng isang ngiting puspos
kasiyahan...Sakanyaangakingnooatmgamata.Angakinghawasnamukha,ilongnakawangki
ngtukangisangloro,atmaninipisnalabi,aykayIna...
3
Sa Ina ay hindi palakibo: siya ay babaing abilang at sukat ang pangungusap. Hindi niya ako
inuutusan. Bihira siyang magalit sa akin at kung nagkakagayon ay maikli ang kanyang
pananalita: Lumigkit ka!...At kailangang di ako makita. Kailangang do ko masaksihan ang
kikislap na poot sa kanyang mga mata. Kailangang di ko namamalas ang pagkagat niya sa
kanyang labi. Kailangang do ko na makita ang panginginig ng kanyang mga daliri. Ito rin ang
katumbasngkanyangmariinghuwangkungmayroonsiyangipinagbabawal.
AngngitiniInaaypatakngulankungtagaraw:angbatakongpusoaytigangnalupanguhaw
nauhaw...
Minsan man ay hindi ko narinig na may pinagkagalitan sila ni Ama bagamat hindi ko
mapaniwalaang may magkabiyak ng pusong hindi nagkakahinampuhan. Marahil ay sapagkat
kapwasilamayhawaknakainawaan:angpagbibigayansaisatisaayhindinalilimotkailanman.
4
Kung gabiay hinahanapko ang kaaliwang idinudulat ng isang amang nagsasalaysay tungkol sa
mga kapre at nuno at tungkol sa magagandang ada at prinsesa; ng isang nagmamasid at
nakangitingina;ngisangpulutongngnakikinignamagagandaatmasasayangbata.
VEGETATION
Vegetation is a very general term for the plant life; it refers to the ground
coverprovidedbyplants.
It is a general term, without specific reference to particular taxa, life forms,

structure, spatial extent, or any other specific botanical or geographic
characteristics. It is broader than the term flora which refers exclusively to
species composition. Perhaps the closest synonym is plant community, but
vegetation can, and often does, refer to a wider range of spatial scales than
that term does, including scales as large as the global. Primeval redwood
forests, coastal mangrove stands, sphagnum bogs, desert soil crusts, roadside
weedpatches,wheatfields,cultivatedgardensandlawns;allareencompassed
bythetermvegetation.
NaturalVegetation
Meaning of Natural Vegetation: Natural vegetation refers to a plant
community which has grown naturally without human aid and has been left
undisturbed by humans for a long time. This is termed as virgin vegetation.
Thus, cultivated crops and fruits, orchards form part of vegetation but not
naturalvegetation.
VirginvegetationThevirginvegetation,whicharepurelyIndianareknownas
endemicorindigenousspeciesbutthosewhichhavecomefromoutsideIndia
aretermedasexoticplants.
FloraThetermfloraisusedtodenoteplantsofaparticularregionorperiod.
Faunathespeciesofanimalsarereferredtoasfauna.

VEGETATIONMAP
(SeeVegetationMap)
ThetypesofnaturalvegetationshownonthisNaturalvegetationMapareTundra
and Mountain Vegetation, Needleleaf Evergreen Forest, Mixed Needleleaf
Evergreen and Broadleaf Deciduous Woodland, Broadleaf Deciduous Woodland,
Midlatitude Grassland, Evergreen Broadleaf and Deciduous Trees and Shrubs,
Semidesert Scrub, Desert, Tropical Grassland, Tropical Broadleaf Rainforest and
Monsoon Forest and Subtropical Broadleaf and Needleleaf Forest. The Natural
Vegetation Map shows that the vegetation distribution is so varied throughout
theworld.
Tundra Vegetation is found in the high northern latitudes of the world.
VegetationintheTundraregioncomprisesoflichen,whichgrowsonrocksandis
made of fungus and algae living and growing together. Tundra vegetation
comprises of Polar Tundra and Alpine Tundra. Tundra Vegetation basically
comprisesofgrasses,mossesandlichens.
NeedleleafEvergreenForestsextendintoloweraltitudes.Suchforestsarefound
on plateaus as well. Sierra Nevada and Rockies are examples of Needleleaf
Evergreen Forests. The natural vegetation is under threat due to expanding
agriculture,loggingandfuelwoodconsumption.Around49%oftheforestcoveris
TropicalForests,15%areTropicalRainforests,5%areplantations,24%areBoreal
Forests,13%areTemperateForestsand8%areSubtropicalForests.
Reference:
http://www.mapsofworld.com/thematicmaps/worldnaturalvegetation.htm#
NaturalVegetationMapshowsaworldmap,wheretheregionsoftheworldhave
been shown with different colors according to the natural vegetation in that
particularregionoftheworld.
WRITINGACRITICALANALYSISESSAY
Thepurposeforwritingacritiqueistoevaluatesomebodyswork(abook,anessay,amovie,a
painting)inordertoincreasethereadersunderstandingofit.Acriticalanalysisissubjective
writingbecauseitexpressesthewritersopinionorevaluationofatext.Analysismeansto
breakdownandstudytheparts.
Writingacriticalpaperrequirestwosteps:criticalreadingandcriticalwriting.
Criticalreading
1. Identifytheauthorsthesisandpurpose
2. Analyzethestructureofthepassagebyidentifyingallmainideas
3. Consultadictionaryorencyclopediatounderstandmaterialthatisunfamiliartoyou
4. Makeanoutlineoftheworkorwriteadescriptionofit
5. Writeasummaryofthework
6. Determinethepurposewhichcouldbe
Toinformwithfactualmaterial
Topersuadewithappealtoreasonoremotions
Toentertain(toaffectpeoplesemotions)
7. Evaluatethemeansbywhichtheauthorhasaccomplishedhispurpose
Ifthepurposeistoinform,hasthematerialbeenpresentedclearly,accurately,with
orderandcoherence?
Ifthepurposeistopersuade,lookforevidence,logicalreasoning,contraryevidence
Ifthepurposewastoentertain,determinehowemotionsareaffected:doesitmake
youlaugh,cry,angry?Whydiditaffectyou?

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Email this page to a friendShare on facebookShare on twitterBookmark &

Medical term forhypertrichosisin between theeyebrows, thus giving an

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