32pt

Practice Improvement Cooperation Innovation

NR Electric Co., Ltd.
PSCS
TM
: Power Stability Control System
------Well-Proven Solution to Prevent Blackouts
32pt
2 www.nrelect.com
Power Stability Challenges in Electrical Network
Innovative & Effective Power Stability Control System
Case Study
Content
32pt
3 www.nrelect.com
The power system is the most complex machine ever
built by human beings
Power grid characteristics:
- large-scale
- time-critical
- dynamic
- non-linear
The power stability is one of the most challenging issues
faced by electrical engineers
Power Stability Challenges
32pt
4 www.nrelect.com
Ranked Event
People
affected
Location Date
1
st
2012 India Blackout 600 Million North India 2012-07-30
2
nd
2012 India Blackout 330 Million
North India
and East India
2012-07-31
3
rd
2011 India Blackout 230 Million India 2001-01-02
4
th
2005 Java-Bali Blackout 100 Million Indonesia 2005-08-18
5
th
1999 Southern Brazil blackout 97 Million
Brazil, south and
southeastern
1999-03-11
6
th
2009 Brazil and Paraguay
blackout
87 Million Brazil and Paraguay
2009-11-
10/2009-11-
11
7
th
Northeast Blackout of 2003 55 Million
North America,
northeastern
2003-08-
14/2003-08-
15
8
th
2003 Europe blackout 55Million
Italy, Switzerland,
Austria, Slovenia,
Croatia
2003-09-28
9
th
Northeast Blackout of 1965 30 Million
North America,
northeastern
1965-11-09
Source: www.wikipedia.org
Largest Blackouts in History
32pt
5 www.nrelect.com
Electromagnetic coupled network
- HV line tripping will transfer power to LV line, causing transient
stability, voltage stability and serious overload
Typical Instability Cases
500kV
220kV 220kV
32pt
6 www.nrelect.com
Weak interconnection
- Sudden change in one grid may cause tie line beyond their stability
limits
Typical Instability Cases
Grid A Grid B
Gen.
32pt
7 www.nrelect.com
Power grid highly relying on external power injection
- Tripping of tie line may cause frequency instability
Typical Instability Cases
Grid A Grid B
32pt
8 www.nrelect.com
Large generator occupying large proportion of power
- Shut-down of large generator may cause frequency instability
Typical Instability Cases
Grid A
High percentage
32pt
9 www.nrelect.com
Power grid with cross-over power flowing
Generator shut-down of injection grid and load increase in
receiving grid may cause instability
Typical Instability Cases
Grid A Grid B Grid C
Gen.
Load
32pt
10 www.nrelect.com
Weakness in primary network
- Electromagnetic coupled network: HV line tripping transfers
electricity to LV lines
- Large generator in small power grid: Large generator tripping may
lead to instability
- Weak interconnection: Sudden power change may cause tie line
beyond their stability limits
Reasons Causing Blackouts
32pt
11 www.nrelect.com
Improper operations of protective relays
- Zone 3 distance protection without load encroachment
- Power swing blocking logic
- Mal or slow operation of protective relay
Ineffective power stability control
- Delayed decisions and actions by operator
- No well calculated and predicted remedial measurements for a
serious disturbance
- No enough load shedding capacity and scheme
- Improper islanding locations
Reasons Causing Blackouts
32pt
12 www.nrelect.com
Choice
Bear the losses of power blackout
- Million of dollars losses
- Social impact
Improve the primary system
- Environment pressure
- Huge investment
- Long period
Install power system stability control (PSCS)
- Low cost
- Short period
How to Meet the Challenges?
Power Stability Control System (PSCS
TM
) as Pay
penny, Earn Millions solution
32pt
13 www.nrelect.com
Transmit More Energy with PSCS
TM
PSCS could improve the stability margin and help utilities
transfer more power
Choices to meet transmission stability requirements
- Construct new transmission lines
- Reduce the power flow on tie lines
- Adopt remedial action schemes
Evaluation of an example project per choices
32pt
14 www.nrelect.com
From Triggering Events to Blackouts
Faults Happened
Typical
Characteristics
Frequency
Change
Power Swing
Overload...
System Isolated
Impacts
On System
Generator Reject
Voltage Collapse
Load Shed...
Blackout
Triggering
Events
Trip Lines
Protection Relay
Operations
Trip Generators
Trip Transformers
Trip Loads...
Cascading Process
32pt
15 www.nrelect.com
Typical Evolvement of Blackout
- 5 stages: Slow Cascading, Fast Cascading, Oscillation, Collapse &
Restoration
t
Normal State
Trigger
Event
Slow Cascading Restoration
Fast
Cascading
Oscillation Collapse
Five-stage of Cascading Process
32pt
16 www.nrelect.com
Aug 14, 2003 Northeastern Blackout Example
Stage 1: slow cascading progress
12-14:14pm, several lines and one gen outage
15:05-15:41pm, three FE 345KV lines outage
15:39-15:59pm, collapse of 138KV system
16:05pm, trigger event: outage of Sammis-Star
line
16:05-16:09pm, two 345KV & 138KV lines
outages
Stage 2: fast cascading progress
16:09-16:11pm, multiple power plants tripped
16:11-16:13pm, fully cascade in neighboring
areas
Aug 14, 2003 Blackout, US-Canada
32pt
17 www.nrelect.com
Aug 14, 2003 Blackout, US-Canada
Load shedding at 15:41pm, 16:05pm or 16:09pm could
have prevented this blackout
----line trip at
16:10:38 EDT was
the point when the
Northeast entered
a period of
transient instability
and a loss of
generator
synchronism.
Source: Aug. 14, 2003 blackout final report
32pt
18 www.nrelect.com
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Slow Cascading
F
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Restoration
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1
st
Event
2
nd
3
rd
4
th
5
th
3
min
62 min
10
sec
29 hr
2
min
5-stage of 2003 US-Canada Blackout
Lessons from 2003 Blackout
32pt
19 www.nrelect.com
Largest T&D Network in World
- China T&D network ranked 1st in the world
- 485,700kmHVAC transmission lines as of 2012
(220kV&above)
- 7,085km HVDC transmission lines as of 2012
- World highest HVAC (1000kV) and World highest HVDC
(800kV)
Ranked 1st Generation in World
- China power generation ranked 1st in the world
- Installed Generation Capacity as of 2013: 1250GW
- Average annual growth of installed capacity (2005 2012) : 6-
8% (70~90GW)
Power Grid in China
32pt
20 www.nrelect.com
Power Capacity of China
Interconnected Grid (2006)
Hybrid Grid in China
32pt
21 www.nrelect.com
Power System Stability in China
One of the Most Stable Power Grids in the World
0
50
100
150
200
250
1970-1979 1980-1989 1990-1999 2000-2009
210
81
20
2
Statistic of Power Blackouts in China
32pt
22 www.nrelect.com
Slow Cascading
F
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Restoration
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EC CC
Safeguard implemented in EACH STAGE
- Preventive Control (PC): small-disturbance, actions taken by operators or
auto-control devices
- Emergency Control (EC): large-disturbance, actions taken by PSCS,
SPS or WAMS, including slow cascading & fast cascading stages
- Corrective Control (CC): remedial actions taken by out-of-step relay, F/V
control
RC PC
Full-Scheme Strategy to Prevent Blackout
32pt
23 www.nrelect.com
Well-Proven Three-Defense-Line securely maintain
Chinese power systems
First Defense Line: Clear faults by protective relays Quickly and
Accurately
Second Defense Line: Implement load-shedding and generator
shutting-down by Power Stability Control System (PSCS)
Third Defense Line: Island regional power grid by Out-of-Step relays
or F/V control devices
All regional grids in China have been defended by PSCS
Full-Scheme Strategy to Prevent Blackout
PSCS
TM
is an efficient solution based on 20+ years
research & 10+ years experience
32pt
24 www.nrelect.com
3-Defense-Line to Protect Grid
Take actions
before the
system goes into
instability
32pt
25 www.nrelect.com
3-Defense-Line covers all stages of cascading progress
t
Slow Cascading
Fast
Cascading
Restoration
Oscillation Collapse
Trigger
Event
Protection
Power Stability Control System
Out-of-Step Relay,
F/V Control Scheme
3-Defense-Line to Cover All Stages
32pt
26 www.nrelect.com
Three-Defense-Line
Severity of Disturbance
Occurrence
Possibility
1
st
Level 2
nd
Level 3
rd
Level
High-Speed
Protection:
Isolate faults & keep
the network integrity
Power Stability Control:
Prevent oscillation but allow
loss of partial loads
Out-of-Step Islanding:
Prevent blackout &
minimize loss of loads
32pt
27 www.nrelect.com
Power Stability Challenges in Electrical Network
Innovative & Effective Power Stability Control System
Case Study
Content
32pt
28 www.nrelect.com
NRs 3-Defense-Line Solution
First Defense Line:
- PCS-900/9000 series numerical protective relays
Second Defense Line:
- PSCS
TM
Power Stability Control System
Third Defense Line:
- PCS-993 Out-of-Step Protection
- PCS-994 Frequency & Voltage Emergency Control Device
32pt
29 www.nrelect.com
Power Stability Control System
Control Strategy Calculation
Control Output Monitoring Power System States
Possibility of
Instability ?
Required
quantity of
stability
control
PSCS
Power Grid
Generators
Loads
32pt
30 www.nrelect.com
Power Stability Control System

Substation D
Execution 1
Generation A
Execution n
Substation E
Execution 1
Generation B
Execution n

Substation C
Slave Station n
Substation B
Slave Station 2
Substation A
Slave Station 1
Dispatching Center
Optical Fiber
Optional Software Packages
On-line Calculation of Tactic
Data Management System
Power System Analysis Software
Master Station
Optical Fiber
Optical Fiber
32pt
31 www.nrelect.com
PSCS
TM
Working Flow
Stability analysis based on system
data
Design Tactic Table considering N-
2 online or offline
Distribute tactic table into IEDs in
different stations
IEDs measure real-time data &
detect contingencies
Collect required data & exchange it
among stations
Seek in Tactic Table & determine to
take actions or not
Take actions to prevent instability
Before They Starts
Generator Shutdown
Load Shedding
Inter-tie Tripping
HVDC Power Modulation
Location Event Pre-state Condition Action
Line 1 Event 1 State 1 Condition 1 Action 1
Line 2 Event 2 State 2 Condition 2 Action 2

Tactic Table
32pt
32 www.nrelect.com
PSCS
TM
Features
System-level algorithm, not local algorithm
Real-time measurement: 24 samples/cycle, i.e. 1.44kHz
sampling rate
Event-based control, not response-based control
Distributed Tactic table, not centralized scheme
High operating speed, typical close-loop time <90ms
32pt
33 www.nrelect.com
Response-based Control
Response-based control
Definition:
If (parameter A) exceed or below
then .
e.g.
If frequency below 49.0 Hz for 200ms
then shed 4-7% of total load.
Feature:
Slow relatively
32pt
34 www.nrelect.com
Event-based Control
Event-based control
Definition:
If (event A) occur when
then .
e.g.
If loss of two lines due to the phase-to-ground fault
when its power flow exceed 800MW,
then reject 2 generators in xxx power plant
Feature:
Faster
32pt
35 www.nrelect.com
Distributed Tactic Table of PSCS
TM
Centralized Decision-Making Structure
IED IED IED IED
IED
IED
Computer
32pt
36 www.nrelect.com
Distributed Tactic Table of PSCS
TM
Distributed Tactic Table for fast decision-making during
emergency

Table
X
Table
X
32pt
37 www.nrelect.com
Source: CIGRE Study Committee 38 and the IEEE Power System Dynamic Performance Committee
Time-Critical Stability Control
Time is vital to stability
control, just as
Emergency Treatment
32pt
38 www.nrelect.com
Time-Critical Stability Control
Angle Stability Frequency Stability Voltage Stability
Steady State
(Small Disturbance)
10 to 20 sec
Several hundred
milliseconds to
several minutes
Several
seconds to tens
of minutes
Transient State
(Large Disturbance)
3 to 5 sec
10 to 20s in extra
large system with
interval oscillation
Time From Trigger Event to Instability
Stability Control shall be completed in 150-200ms, including breaker
operating time, communication delay etc.
Actions taken as early as possible will reduce the
volume of load-shedding/generator-shutdown
32pt
39 www.nrelect.com
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Trigger
Event
PC EC
CC
RC
Operating speed for angle stability is required to be
within 100ms
Operating speed for F & V stability is required to be
within 100ms to 500 ms
Fast Cascading stage is
extremely important to prevent
blackout.
Time-Critical Stability Control
32pt
40 www.nrelect.com
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Slow Cascading
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Restoration
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Trigger
Event
PC
EC
SPS & WAMS
PSCS
TM
Fast Operation of PSCS
TM
CC RC
SPS & WAMS take actions only on slow cascading stage
PSCSTM takes actions on both slow & fast cascading stages
32pt
41 www.nrelect.com
Typical Operating Time within station <30ms
Master Station
Slave Station
Slave Station
Slave Station
Table
Table Table
Table
Real-time
Data
Actions
<30ms
X
Operating Time of PSCS
TM
32pt
42 www.nrelect.com
Operating Time of PSCS
TM
Typical Operating Time within Master and Slave <60ms
Master Station
Slave Station
Slave Station
Slave Station
Table
Table Table
Table
Actions
Real-time
Data
Actions
Real-time
Data
X
<30ms
<10ms
<5ms
<30ms
<10ms <10ms <10ms
<5ms
<5ms
<60ms
32pt
43 www.nrelect.com
Operating Time of PSCS
TM
Typical Operating Time of Master Station + Slave Station
+ Execution Station) <90ms
Master Station
Slave Station
Table
Real-time
Data
Actions
Real-time
Data
X
<30ms
<10ms
<5ms
<30ms
<10ms
<5ms
<10ms
<10ms
<5ms <5ms
<10ms Execution
Station
Execution
Station
Execution
Station
Slave Station
<90ms
32pt
44 www.nrelect.com
PSCS
TM
SPS WAMS (PMU)
Data Source
Real-time data from
Dedicated IEDs
SCADA data from
RTU
Phasor from
PMUs
Sampling Rate 24 samples/cycle 2-5 seconds
30-90
samples/second
Decision Mode Event-based Response-based Response-based
Decision Structure Distributed Scheme
Centralized
Scheme
Centralized
Scheme
Communication
Point-to-point optical
fiber (SDH/SONET)
Legacy network LAN or WAN
Typical Operating
time
<90ms >200ms >200ms
Reliance on GPS Not necessary Not necessary Must
Hardware Platform
IED-based, same as
Protection
Computer-based Computer-based
Comparison with SPS, WAMS
32pt
45 www.nrelect.com
PSCS
TM
Solution
Real-time-data-based, Event-based, Distributed tactic
table, Non-Reliance on GPS, Full-IED-Solution without
any rotating component
Master Station
Slave Station
Table
Real-time
Data
Actions
Real-time
Data
Execution
Station
Execution
Station
Execution
Station
Slave Station
Table Table
Table
Table
Table
32pt
46 www.nrelect.com
SPS Solution
Computer-based Solution with rotating components
Centralized decision-making leading to slow operation
All Substations need communication channel to Remote
Center
Protection
Protection Protection
Decision-Maker
Table
32pt
47 www.nrelect.com
WAMS/WAPS Solution
Computer-based Solution with rotating components
Reliance on GPS leading to low reliability (GPS receiver)
Centralized decision-making leading to slow operation &
increased risks (PDC)
Response-based
PMU
PDC
PMU
PMU
GPS
Receiver
WAMS/WAPS
32pt
48 www.nrelect.com
RCS-992 Stability Controller
Bay Unit (BU)
Bay Unit (BU)
Stability Controller in Substation or Generation
1 MU and up to 6 SUs installed in substation or generation
Up to 108 current inputs, 108 voltage inputs, 150 binary inputs, 216 binary
outputs available in substation or generation
Stability Controller in Station
Central Unit (CU)
Bay Unit (BU) Bay Unit (BU)
Up to 6 SUs can be
integrated
In one SU:
18 current inputs
18 voltage inputs
25 binary inputs
36 binary outputs
32pt
49 www.nrelect.com
Functions of CU:
- Receive data from local BUs
- Receive data from remote CUs
- Calculate and optimize power system control scheme
- Discriminate system operation mode
- Send control commands to BUs
Functions of BU:
- Acquire local AC sampled values & binary inputs
- Execute control commands from CU
- Discriminate electrical component status and fault type
- Trip/Close predefined circuit breakers
Functions of Stability Controller
32pt
50 www.nrelect.com
Remote CU
Current/Voltage
Binary Inputs
Binary Outputs
2M bit/s
Dedicated Fiber
Dedicated Fiber
G.703 or C37.94 SDH
Communication of Controller
32pt
51 www.nrelect.com
PSCS
TM
Hierarchical Structure
On-line
Tactic
Data
Manage
Stability
Analysis
Master Station
Slave Station
Slave Station
Execution Station Execution Station ExecutionStation
LAN/SDH
SDH or dedicated fiber
Point-to-Point Fiber
32pt
52 www.nrelect.com
Functions of Regional PSCS
TM
Master Station:
- Calculate system-scale control tactic tables
- Transmit data to Slave Stations & other Master Stations
- Distribute tactic tables to Slave Stations (If online)
Slave Station:
- Calculate region-scale control tactic tables
- Transmit data to Execution Stations & Master Stations
- Acquire data and drive control outputs
Execution Station:
- Calculate local-scale control tactic tables
- Transmit data to Slave Station
- Acquire data and execute tripping or close commends
32pt
53 www.nrelect.com
Functions of Regional PSCS
Implement distributed tactic tables at different stations
Refresh system monitoring data every 1.389ms/60Hz or
1.667ms/50Hz interval, 24 samples/cycle & data
exchange every 2 samples
Support point-to-point optical communication between
substations
Supervise remote control command by local detection
Use internal clock for synch-timing
32pt
54 www.nrelect.com
Channel between Substations
G.703/C37.94
SDH Network
Dedicated point-to-point Fiber
32pt
55 www.nrelect.com
Channel Rate between Substations
64kbit/2
M Fiber
Master Station

Master Station
64kbit/2
M Fiber

64kbit/2
M Fiber

64kbit/2
M Fiber

Slave Station Slave Station Slave Station Slave Station

Executing Station Executing Station
Executing Station Executing Station
Flexible Structure
32pt
56 www.nrelect.com
Communication to Control Center
Interface
2M bit/s SDH
Switch
PCS-9882
Interface
100M bit/s Network
Substation
Control Center
Fiber Network
Switch
PCS-9882
Substation
32pt
57 www.nrelect.com
HST Protocol of NR
Protocol of PSCS communication: HST protocol of NR
Used in MU-to-SU & Station-to-Station
CU-to-BU: Long Data Frame, 192 words (16 bits/word)
Station-to-Station: Short Data Frame, 12 words (16
bits/word)
Composition of AC quantities & Binary quantities in 1
frame
Data Checking using 3 methods
Very fast, Suitable for point-to-point communication
32pt
58 www.nrelect.com
Supporting Software Package

RCS-992 PSCS
TM
RCS-9009 On-Line
Calculation of Tactic
EMS/SCADA
NRSCP Power
Stability Analysis
RCS-9012 Stability
Data Management
32pt
59 www.nrelect.com
RCS-9012 Stability Data Management
Monitor IEDs in PSCSTM & Manage stability data
32pt
60 www.nrelect.com
NRSCP Power Stability Analysis
Power System Simulation & Stability Calculation
32pt
61 www.nrelect.com
RCS-9009 On-Line Calculation of Tactic
Update Tactic Table based on online date PSCS & EMS
32pt
62 www.nrelect.com
Slow Cascading
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Restoration
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N-1 N-2 N-3 N-4 N-5 Event:
Table
Tactic Table
calculated
off-line
Valid Invalid
Refreshing
Tactic Table
on-line
Refreshing
Tactic Table
on-line
Refreshing
Tactic Table
on-line
Improve Adaptability of Tactic
32pt
63 www.nrelect.com
Off-Line Calculation of Tactic
Simulation
Calculate
Transient State Stability
of Predefined Faults
Stable?
Store
Control
Table
Optimize
Control
Control Table
N
Y
Fault
Detect
Control
Table
Match
Excecute
Control
Locally
And/Or
Remotely
Executor
Station
Electric Power System
Master or Sub-Master
Station
Off-Line Decision Making System
Generator
Triping
Load
Shedding
Separation
Etc.
32pt
64 www.nrelect.com
Estimate State & Calculate
Power Flow
Calculate
Transient State Stability
of Predefined Faults
Stable?
Fill in
&
Download
Control
Table
On Line
Optimize
Control
Control Table
N
Y
Fault
Detect
Control
Table
Match
Excecute
Control
Locally
And/Or
Remotely
Executor
Station
Electric Power System
Master or Sub-Master
Station
On-Line Decision Making System
Generator
Triping
Load
Shedding
Separation
Etc.
EMS
(SCADA)
SSC Other
On-Line Calculation of Tactic
32pt
65 www.nrelect.com
Centralized PSCS with online data

RCS-992

RCS-992

RCS-992
Online Decision
Making System
Communication
Interface
Plant 1
Substation
1
Substation
2
Substation
3
Exc2
EMS
Communication Interface
For Existing Devices
HUB
S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S5
Data Transfer
Exc1 Exc3 Exc5 Exc4 Exc6
Substations
Load Shedding
Executing Station
Master Stations
32pt
66 www.nrelect.com
Cyber Security in Control Center
Maintenance WS HMI
WEB Server
Isolator
Router
Firewall

NET A
NET B
Switch
Lib Server
Control Table
Disc Array
Calc Server
Off-line Analysis
Printer
Calc Server
Control Table
Calc Server
N-1 Contingency
Calc Server
Section Pwr Limit
Calc Server
Steady State Voltage
Stability
Calc Server
Preventive Control

External
LAN/WAN
EMS
Firewall
Distributed Servers in Control Center for RCS-
9009, RCS-9012, NRSCP
Physical
Isolator
Firewall to
external
LAN/WAN
Firewall to
EMS
32pt
67 www.nrelect.com
Power Stability Challenges in Electrical Network
Innovative & Effective Power Stability Control System
Case Study
Content
32pt
68 www.nrelect.com
Customer Date PSCS Voltage Level
China Southern Grid (CSG) May, 2003
200+ Stations
On-line tactic (Jan, 2008)
AC&DC Hybrid Grid
500kV & 220kV HVAC
800kV & 500kV HVDC
Tibet Regional Grid Jan, 2004
30+ Stations
On-line tactic (Oct, 2005)
Weak Network
220kV & 110kV AC
Network
Fujian Regional Grid Jun, 2004
20+ Stations
On-line tactic (Dec, 2009)
500kV & 220 kV
Beijing-Tianjin Regional
Grid
Mar, 2006 20+ Stations 500kV & 200kV
Xinjiang Regional Grid Jun, 2006 80+ Stations
Weak Network
220kV & 110kV
Shanghai Grid Apr, 2010 20+ Stations 500kV & 220kV
2000+ stability controllers in service worldwide
Typical Customer References
32pt
69 www.nrelect.com
Case studies for diverse applications:
- Large-scale & complicated network (China Southern Grid, HVAC-
HVDC hybrid grid)
- Weak power network (Xinjiang Power Grid, Tibet Power Grid)
- Oversea power network (Ecuador Power Grid)
Case Study for NR PSCS
32pt
70 www.nrelect.com
China Southern Grid (CSG):
- One of Top 500 Enterprises in the World
- Area: 1 million square kilometers
- Population: 220 million
PSCS in China Southern Grid (CSG)
32pt
71 www.nrelect.com
(: kVMWMVar)
2010
530.6

524.2

1773.0-j104.9
S:+j406.7
537.1

487.9+
j26.9
G:1102.3+j136.5
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HVAC & HVDC Hybrid Power System
- 240+ 500kV HVAC lines, 9400+ km
- 5 HVDC lines (500kV: 4, 800kV: 1)
- Transferred Power: 18000+ MW
- Transferred Distance: 2000+ km
Red Line500kV HVAC Line, Blue Line: HVDC Line
Power Direction
Power Network of CSG
32pt
72 www.nrelect.com
nanning
baise
pingguo
yulin
maoming
wuzhou
shatang
yantan
TSQ2
GZ
Converter
station
laibin
luodong
jiangmen
GD
ZONE
tsq1
luoping
lbg
TSQ
qingyan
hezhou
hechi
Three Gorge
HVDC
3000MW
China State
Grid
YN
zone
Anshun
Converter
station
zhaoqing
Converter
station
This section
AC+DC=8800MW
This section
AC+DC=7800MW
1800 MW
3000 MW
pingguo
Transferred Energy
32pt
73 www.nrelect.com
Current, Voltage, Binary Input, Binary Output
G.703 SDH
2M bit/s Fiber
MM Station
Luodong Station
Stability Controller in MM Station
32pt
74 www.nrelect.com
PSCS in CSG
Part of installations
Pengcheng S/S
Master Station
Luodong S/S
Master Station
XJ S/S
JM S/S
XS S/S
GX Gen.
BJ S/S
ZC S/S
GN S/S
HL S/S
SZ S/S
PC S/S
MM S/S
5 Stations
2 Plants
3 Stations
6 Stations
6 Stations
2 Plants
2 Plants
4 Stations
7 Stations
3 Stations
9 Stations
5 Stations
6 Stations
32pt
75 www.nrelect.com
Stability Control Example
Example:
- 8th May, 2006 ,Blocking of GAOP-ZHAOQ HVDC line (3000MW)
If no PSCS
- Power will be transferred to 500kV HVAC lines
- Cause oscillation of GZ & GD & under frequency in GD
GZ-DC
GD
MAWO
Three-Gorge-DC
GAO
PU
ANS
HUN
ZHAOQ
XREN
BH
D
LIUD
QING
YAN
SH
AT
LUO
D
XIJIA
NG
MAOM
GANGC AOLY
NANNING
BAISHE
WUZ
LAIB
JIANGM
YIFENG
YUL
YANT
TIANYI
LPING
LBG
HECHI
PANNAN
TIANER
HEZ
LONGT
Y
N
X
3000 MW
32pt
76 www.nrelect.com
GZ-DC
GD
MAWO
Three-Gorge-DC
GAOP
U
ANSHU
N
ZHAOQ
XREN
BHD
LIUD
QINGYA
N
SHAT
LUOD
XIJIANG
MAOM
GANGC AOLY
NANNING
BAISHE
WUZ
LAIB
JIANGM
YIFENG
YUL
YANT
TIANYI
LPING
LBG
HECHI
PANNAN
TIANER
HEZ
LONGT
Y
N
X
3000 MW
PSCS:
- Generation tripping in GZ Jinbei power plant & Pannan power plant
- Load shedding in GD load center, Successful prevent instability
- Responding time: 78ms
Stability Control Example
32pt
77 www.nrelect.com
PSCS in CSG
NR PSCS Solution
- Master Stations
- Slave Stations
- Execution Stations
- On-line Calculation of Tactic
- Three Defense Lines for Power Stability
Largest PSCS in the World
32pt
78 www.nrelect.com
PSCS in Ecuador
- Annual growth of electricity demand
: 5 and 7% (max. 3234 MW)
- Load centers located in north
regions
- Generation centers located in south
regions ( e.x. Paute and Mazar
hydro generations)
- Huge power transfers from South to
North
- Partial Energy sourced by Colombia
Load
Load
Sour
-ce
Power System in Ecuador
32pt
79 www.nrelect.com
Power Network in Ecuador
Voltage level 230kV (ring network), 138kV & 69kV
32pt
80 www.nrelect.com
Power Network in Ecuador
Ring network of 230kV transmission system
32pt
81 www.nrelect.com
Challenges in Ecuadorian Power System
Some of 230 kV transmission lines in operations with
heavy loads
More heavy-load lines when power transfers from
Colombia to Ecuador reduced
Double contingencies may cause total or partial collapses
of Ecuadorian Power System
- Anger Instability
- Voltage Instability
32pt
82 www.nrelect.com
Power Stability Control System in Ecuador
Redundant
Stability
Controllers in
Substations
Redundant
Control Centers
Optical Fiber
Communications
between stations
32pt
83 www.nrelect.com
Redundant Design
LAN B
LAN A
PCS-992M
Master Unit A
PCS-9882 Switch
PCS-9882 Switch
switch
MMS
Computer
EMS
PCS-9882 Switch
PCS-9882 Switch
Sub1
Fm/To CCC
CCC A
GOOSE
SDH MUX
MMS
switch
Monitoring
Server A
Monitoring
Server B
Firewall+Router
Forwarding
Server A
Forwarding
Server B
PCS-992S
Slave Unit A
Monitoring Substation
PCS-992M
Master Unit B
PCS-992S
Slave Unit B
R
e
d
u
n
d
a
n
t

S
P
S
GOOSE GOOSE
Optic Fiber Optic Fiber
Mitigation Substation
GOOSE
PCS-992M
Master Unit A
PCS-992M
Master Unit B
GOOSE
ICCP ICCP
CCC COT
COT A
GOOSE
PCS-9882 Switch
MMS MMS
CCC B
GOOSE COT B
GOOSE
CCC HMI
MMS
COT HMI
MMS
PCS-992M
Master Unit A
PCS-9882 Switch PCS-9882 Switch
CCC A
GOOSE
SDH MUX
PCS-992S
Slave Unit A
PCS-992M
Master Unit B
PCS-992S
Slave Unit B
R
e
d
u
n
d
a
n
t

S
P
S
GOOSE GOOSE
Optic Fiber Optic Fiber
COT A
GOOSE
PCS-9882 Switch
MMS MMS
CCC B
GOOSE
COT B
GOOSE
CCC HMI
MMS
COT HMI
MMS
CCC
Ethernet
COT
Ethernet
SDH MUX
Sub1
Fm/To CCC
Sub13
Fm/To CCC

COT
Fm/To CCC
Sub13
Fm/To CCC

COT
Fm/To CCC
Sub1
GOOSE
Sub13
GOOSE

COT
GOOSE
Sub1
GOOSE
Sub13
GOOSE
COT
GOOSE
SUB1
MMS
SUB13
MMS

PCS-9882 Switch
switch
MMS
Computer
EMS
PCS-9882 Switch
MMS
switch
Firewall+Router
Forwarding
Server A
Forwarding
Server B
GOOSE
PCS-992M
Master Unit A
PCS-992M
Master Unit B
GOOSE
ICCP ICCP
SDH MUX
Sub1
GOOSE
Sub13
GOOSE

COT
GOOSE
Sub1
GOOSE
Sub13
GOOSE
COT
GOOSE
SUB1
MMS
SUB13
MMS

Sub1
Fm/To COT
Sub13
Fm/To COT
CCC
Fm/To COT

CCC
Fm/To COT
Sub13
Fm/To COT
Sub1
Fm/To COT

CCC
Ethernet
COT
Ethernet
CCC
Ethernet
COT
Ethernet
CCC
Ethernet
COT
Ethernet
Maybe no need
depends on situation

Computer
Console Console
ORACLE Server A ORACLE Server B
Monitoring
Server A
Monitoring
Server B
ORACLE Server A ORACLE Server B
32pt
84 www.nrelect.com
Operation Time Design
All actions can be completed in 170ms (Including breaker
time)
Device/Process Processing Time Total Accumulated Time
Fault inception 0
Relay operating time (not part of SPS
scope of supply)
40 ms 40 ms
Monitoring relay senses input and
publishes GOOSE
10 ms 50 ms
Ethernet LAN end-to-end delay 10-12 ms 62 ms
SPS controller 16 ms 78 ms
Ethernet LAN end-to-end delay (not part
of SPS scope
10-12 ms 90 ms
Mitigation relay reacts to GOOSE and
closes output contact
10 ms 100 ms
Generation/load breaker time 50 70 ms 150 170 ms
32pt
85 www.nrelect.com
Shut down generations: C. San Francisco
& C. Paute
Shed load: Norte del Ecuador
Remedical Actions of PSCS
Baba
Example : Solution for Anger Instability
Scenario 1: Angle Instability
Deaccelerate machines
Maintain balance between generations
and loads
Reduce power transfers
Objective of PSCS:
32pt
86 www.nrelect.com
Example: Solution for Voltage Instability
Scenario 2: Voltage Instability
Reduce power transfers
Maintain balance between
generations and loads
Control voltage
Objective of PSCS:
Baba
Shun down generations: C. Paute
Shed loads: Zona de Pascuales
Remedical Actions of PSCS
32pt
87 www.nrelect.com
Transmission voltage level: 220kV
Distance : >=3000km
Install generation
capability : 8500 MW
Peak load: 6500 MW
PSCS in Xinjiang Power Grid
Power network in Xinjiang
32pt
88 www.nrelect.com
Small-scale power grid stage(1949-1988)
Before 1988, 14 local independent power grids were respectively
developed, operation economy was also very poor.
Initial stage of large-scale power grid (1988-2010)
It took almost 20 years to complete the network connection project
throughout Xinjiang till November 2007.
Stage of strong grid (2010- )
Higher voltage grade (750kV)
Enhancement of 220kV power grid,
From 2010, huge renewable energy generations are
constructed in Xinjiang. As an important energy base in China, the
power export of Xinjiang power grid is significantly increased.
Xinjiang Power Grid Development
32pt
89 www.nrelect.com
Stability problem becomes severe due to the increasing
power transfer
The construction of PSCS began in 2007 and was
conducted at stages and completed in June 2008.
The whole system is composed of 75 stations, the
second largest stability control system in China
Divided into three sections: southern stability control
system, northern stability control system and eastern
stability control system.
Stability Challenge in Development
32pt
90 www.nrelect.com
Configuration
- 75 Control Stations installed in different substations and power
plants
- 1 management workstation installed in load dispatch center
Communication channel
- Optical cable
- Power line carrier
Sub Systems
- Southern XINJIANG Power stability control system
- Northern XINJIANG Power stability control system
- Eastern XINJIANG Power stability control system
Capacity of Xinjiang PSCS
32pt
91 www.nrelect.com
Stability Problems in Former Network
Main grid
BAZHOU
KUCHE AKESU1
KASHI
HETIAN
KUCHE
P
P
192km
217km
229km
172km
32pt
92 www.nrelect.com
Transient instability
Generators in KUCHE are the key support of the Southern XJ
grid, if one generator shutdowns, the voltage will drop quickly and
the angle between the Southern grid and main grid will become
out of step.
Slow voltage instability
If the loads of Southern grid increase, the voltage of the Southern
grid will decay slowly. When the power flow of tie-line exceeds
the acceptance level, the voltage collapse will happen
Frequency instability
If the tie-line or tie-transformer trips in some condition, Frequency
collapse will happen in some areas
Stability Problems in Former Network
32pt
93 www.nrelect.com
Stability Problems in Former Network
32pt
94 www.nrelect.com
Control method for various stability problems
- Design control strategies for diverse operation
scenarios
Workflow:
- Step by Step: South system->East system->North
system
- Both the equipment supplier and the owner took part
in the research.
- Combined simulation with experience
Solutions to Stability Problems
32pt
95 www.nrelect.com
Main grid
URUMQI
BAZHOU
AKESU2
AKESU1
KASHI
HETIAN
KUCHE
QCB AKSB
KSB
KELB
Solutions to Stability Problems
32pt
96 www.nrelect.com
Solve stability problems from generator trip in KUCHE
plant
If the PSCS detects that the generator in KUCHE plant is tripped,
accompanying with the under-voltage, PSCS will shed some loads in
AKESU, KASHI and BAZHOU.
Solve the problems of Slow voltage collapse
If the PSCS detects that the transfer power of tie-line exceeds the setting
value, accompanying with under-voltage, PSCS will shed some loads in
some areas with a time delay.
Solve the problem of Frequency collapse
If the PSCS detects the tie-line or tie-transformer is tripped, PSCS
determines whether to shed load according to the actual conditions.
Solutions to Stability Problems
32pt
97 www.nrelect.com
Main grid
URUMQI
BAZHOU
AKESU2
AKESU1
KASHI
HETIAN
KUCHE
QCB AKSB
KSB
KELB
Detect the fault, calculate
the amount of load
should be sheded
Typical Example of Solution
32pt
98 www.nrelect.com
1# generator shut down, 2008.08.17
The voltage of post-fault was below 209kV, PSCS sheded 80MW
load, the voltage recovered to 225kV, the system maintained
stability.
1# generator shut down, 2008.10.15
The voltage of post-fault was 215kV, because the voltage was
normal, PSCS did not shed any load though had discriminated
the fault, and the system kept stable.
Power flow of Tie-Line (Main grid-KELB) exceeded
200MW, and the voltage of KELB dropped to 205kV,
2008.12.17
With 10 second delay, the PSCS sheded 70MW load , and the
voltage of KELB recovered to 225kV
Real Records in Xinjiang PSCS
32pt
99 www.nrelect.com
South power system: The capacity of power transmission
is increased to 280MW, the power transmission capacity
is doubled.
East power system: The capacity of power transmission
is increased to 330MW, which is enhanced 1.3 million
than before.
North power system: The capacity of power transmission
is increased to 490MW, which is enhanced 100MW than
before.
Economic benefit exceeds $30 million per year.
Economic Benefits in Xinjiang PSCS
32pt
Thanks for Your Attention
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