THE OPEN UNIVERSITY OF TANZANIA

FACULTY OF LAW
TOPIC : THE CONSTRAINING FACTORS IN THE FUNCTION OF PCCB
IN PRVENTION AND COMBATING OF CORRUPTION IN
MAINLAND TANZANI
CASE STUDY : MERU DISTRICT COUNCIL
CANDIDATE : MSHANA, Safieli W.
REG. : NO. !"#$%T.&'
SUPERVISOR : MS. GIFT (WE(A
A COMPULSORY RESEARCH PAPER SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL
FULFILMENT OF THE RE)IUREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE
DEGREE OF THE BACHELOR OF LAWS *LLB+ OF THE OPEN
UNIVERSITY OF TANZANIA
,UNE, !'&-
CERTIFICATION
I, the undersigned certify that, I have read, and hereby recommend for acceptance by the
Open University of Tanzania, this research paper titled: The constraining factors in the
function of PCCB in prevention and combating of corruption in mainland Tanzania
!!
MS. GIFT (WE(A
"#UP$%&I#O%'
()T$!
ii
DECLARATION
I, *#+),), #afieli -!, do hereby declare that this %esearch paper is my o.n .or/ and
has not been submitted for any other University or Institution of higher learning a.ard
or other degree!
!
*#+),), #afieli -!
"#TU($,T'
This!!day of!0123
iii
COPYRIGHT
This research paper is a copyright material protected under the Berne Convention, the
Copyright and neighboring %ights )ct of Tanzania and ,ational enactments, in that
behalf, on intellectual prosperity! It may not be reproduced by any means, in full or in
part, e4cept for short e4tracts in fair dealings5 for research or private study, critical
scholarly revie. or discourse .ith a ac/no.ledgement .ithout the .ritten permission of
the directorate of undergraduate studies on behalf of the author6student and the Open
University of Tanzania!
iv
AC(NOWLEDGEMENT
I .ish to e4press my gratitude to all .hom in one .ay or another helped me in this
research from the starting point up to its final stage!
I advance special than/s to my research supervisor M.. Gif/ (0e1a for her personal and
academic support during my research .or/! #he assisted me in every stage of this
research! +er amendments and criticism eventually enabled me to successfully complete
this .or/!
#pecial than/s should go to my beloved .ife *rs! Christina 7! 8i9azi .ho too/ care of
things in my absence .hile busy .ith studies, my lovely daughters 7lory, #ilvia and
#amara for giving me a room to do this research!
I .ould li/e also to than/ *r! *arcel *asalu, the (%C )rusha and all staff members
for being tireless to encourage me to reach this stage of my course!
I .ould also li/e to e4tend my appreciations to )rusha %BC, )rumeru (BC, all PCCB
staff and )rumeru (istrict court magistrates .ho assisted me much .ith learning
materials and by ta/ing their time to ans.er my :uestionnaires!
#pecial than/s to *r! )ristid %igongo .ho offered his constructive guidance from the
beginning of this .or/ through reading material as .ell as in data gathering and
analysis! +is sharp eyes inspired and stimulated me to dig into root of this research topic
and come up .ith this .or/!
v
DEDICATION
I dedicate this .or/ to my ;ovely late father *r! -ilson 8! Omari .ho taught
me the .ay of life .hich then guided me to gro. and be as I am! *ay he rest in
eternal peace .hile hoping to meet each other in a ,e. <erusalem as I believe in
<esus name, )*$,!
vi
ABSTRACT
The prevention and combating of corruption bureau is an institution vested .ith the role
of curbing corruption in Tanzania *ainland! The bureau has offices in all districts in the
mainland .ith the central aim of reaching people in its attempt to fight corruption! The
PCCB has been facing complaints from the ma9ority of people that it has never achieved
its e4pected role of eradicating corruption in the country! The researcher in this .or/
thus decided to carry out a survey based in meru district council to find out reasons for
perceived failure of the bureau! %esearch finding indicate that there is limited functional
independence on part of the bureau in its daily function hence limiting its capacity to
tac/le the vice! =indings further indicate that there has been little support from other
government institution in the battle coupled .ith people>s limited understanding of
corruption and its impacts in the society! =urthermore findings reveal that the PCCB
itself is not .ell supplied in terms of resources hence limiting its capability to effectively
curb corruption in the district and the county in general! In addition findings indicated
that the )ct "PCC) ,o!226011?' is not ade@uate as a tool to fight corruption hence its
need for revie. is inescapable! It .as proposed that in order for the bureau to attain
success in its battle against corruption it should invest more on community education
especially the primary schools so as to build stronger foundation for the battle from the
grass root! =urther recommendations indicated that the bureau should thrive to see/ full
mandate for its operations, ensure its inclusion in the la. of the land, and get budgetary
e4pansion so as to meet its resources need and employees> motivation!
vii
ABBREVIATIONS
PCCB A Prevention and Combating of Corruption Bureau
PCC) A Prevention and Combating of Corruption )ct
)C# A )ntiACorruption #@uad
PCB A The Prevention of Corruption Bureau
(PP A (irector for Public Prosecution
%BC A The %egional Bureau Chief
(BC A The (istrict Bureau Chief
,)C#)P A The ,ational )ntAcorruption and #trategy )ction Plan
*() A *inisterial (epartment and )gency
C+%77 A Commission for +uman %ights and 7ood 7overnance!
7, A 7overnment ,otice
$t all A et alia "and other persons'
Ibid A Ibidem "in the same place, boo/ or source'
,O A ,umeral ",umber'
%!$ A %evised $dition
U,C)C A United ,ations Convention )gainst Corruption
viii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CERTlFlCATlON............................................................................................................. ii
DECLARATlON.............................................................................................................. iii
COPYRlGHT.................................................................................................................. iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT.................................................................................................. v
DEDlCATlON................................................................................................................. vi
ABSTRACT................................................................................................................... vii
ABBREVlATlONS......................................................................................................... viii
TABLE OF CONTENTS................................................................................................. ix
CHAPTER ONE.............................................................................................................. l
l.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM...........................................................................6
l.3 RESEARCH OBJECTlVES.......................................................................................8
l.3.l Main Objectives..................................................................................................... 8
l.4 RESEARCH QUESTlONS.......................................................................................8
l.5 SlGNlFlCANCE OF THE STUDY............................................................................9
l.6.l lntroduction ........................................................................................................... 9
Meaning of Corruption.................................................................................................. l0
According to Concise Encyclopedia Corruption can be explained as an lmproper and
usually unlawful conduct intended to secure a benefit for oneself or another. lts forms
include Bribery, Extortion, and the misuse of inside information. lt exists where there is
community indifference or a lack of enforcement policies. ln societies with a culture of
ritualized gift giving, the line between acceptable and unacceptable gifts is often hard to
draw.............................................................................................................................. l0
l.6.3 The Battle against Corruption in Tanzania...........................................................l4
l.7.l lntroduction......................................................................................................... l7
l.7.2 Research site...................................................................................................... l7
l.7.3 Study population................................................................................................. l8
ix
l.7.4 Sampling Procedure............................................................................................ l8
l.7.5 Data collection.................................................................................................... l8
l.7.5.l Primary data...................................................................................................... l8
l.7.5.l.2 lnterviews ............................................l8
l.7.5.2 Secondary data................................................................................................. l9
l.7.5.3. Data Analysis................................................................................................... l9
(b) Earliest and faster public support in combating corruption practices;..................23
(c) Advice public , private and parastatal bodies on ways and means of preventing
corrupt practices , and on changes in method of work or procedure of such public ,
private and parastatal bodies compatible with the Bureau considers necessary to
reduce the incidences of corrupt practices ..............................................................23
(d) Cooperate and collaborate with international institutions, agencies or
organizations in the fight against corruption;............................................................23
(e) lnvestigate and, subject to the Directions of Public Prosecutions, prosecute
offences under this Act and other offences involving corrupt ; and ..........................23
(f) lnvestigate any alleged or suspected-..................................................................23
i.Offence under this Act;........................................................................................... 23
ii.Conspiracy to commit an offence under this Act;...................................................23
iii.Conduct of public official which is in connected to corrupt....................................23
On discharging its statutory functions, the Bureau is governed by the said PCCA and
its regulations, and also takes into consideration the following pieces of legislations:
................................................................................................................................. 23
The Act provides further that, on implementing the above functions the bureau has
the following roles:-.................................................................................................. 24
To receive and investigate corruption complaints from various sources...................24
To prosecute cases when investigation is completed .............................................24
To research on services provided by the Government; to educate and raise public
awareness to the community on various laws and their rights..................................24
x
To motivate citizens to fight against corruption........................................................24
However this research observed that these goals were not well achieved due to
inadequate funds, technology advancement, and in adequate cooperation from other
stakeholders............................................................................................................. 24
ln the endeavor to combat corruption the Bureau adopts the three-pronged
approach, namely by prevention, public awareness, investigation and prosecution of
offenders. ................................................................................................................ 24
The PCCB's core functions are basically prevention, through community education
done by Directorate of Community Education. ln carrying out its functions much
depends on the support and involvement of all stakeholders in the fight against
corruption, and their decision to say "NO" to corruption. ..........................................29
CHAPTER THREE........................................................................................................ 30
3.0. FlELD OBSERVATlONS AND RESEARCH FlNDlNGS .......................................30
3.l. lntroduction............................................................................................................ 30
3.2. Respondents' Characteristics................................................................................30
3.2.l Respondents' Gender.......................................................................................... 30
3.2.2. Respondents' Age............................................................................................... 32
3.2.3 Respondents' Level of Education.........................................................................33
3.3. Reasons for Little Success in the Battle against Corruption in Meru District Council
...................................................................................................................................... 34
3.3.l. Understanding of Corruption and its Effects........................................................35
3.3.2. PCCB's Resources to Fight Against Corruption..................................................36
3.3.3. Functional lndependency by the PCCB...............................................................38
3.3.4. Assistance /Support from other Government lnstitutions....................................39
3.4. Adequacy of the PCCA Na.ll/2007 as a Tool to Fight Corruption.........................4l
3.4.l. Knowledge on the Existence of the Act...............................................................4l
3.4.2. Adequacy of the Act............................................................................................ 43
3.4.3. The Need to Review the Act ..............................................................................44
xi
3.5. Proposed Strategies to be used by the PCCB so as to achieve its Desired Goals. 45
CHAPTER FOUR.......................................................................................................... 47
4.0. SUMMARY OF FlNDlNGS/CONCLUSlONS AND RECOMMENDATlONS ..........47
4.l. lntroduction............................................................................................................ 47
4.2 Conclusion............................................................................................................ 47
4.3 Recommendations ................................................................................................. 48
REFERENCES/BlBLlOGRAPHY..................................................................................50
Articles from Websites and blogs: ................................................................................52
APPENDlX l - A............................................................................................................ 53
xii
CHAPTER ONE
&.' INTRODUCTION
&.& Ba21345678 /5 /9e S/68:
Corruption is a .orld plague that damages both developing and developed country
economies, increasing costs and reducing the efficiency and stability of .orld mar/ets
2
Corruption .ea/ens governments by undermining the rule of la. and public confidence
in government institutions
0

In Tanzania corruption has been a predicament even before gaining her independence in
2BC2! The colonial )dministration unambiguously defined the soliciting, receiving and
giving of bribes as a criminal offence in the year 2BD1s! In 2BEF, through the )ct of
Prevention of Corruption Ordinance
D
, corruption .as more broadly defined to include
receipt of gifts and commissions! Immediately after independence the ne. government
.ent further to identify that the issue of corruption .as primarily seen to be a problem at
the lo.er administrative level in the delivery of social services
3
!
=ollo.ing this the independent 7overnment adopted radical social and economic
policies such as the policy of socialism and selfAreliance represented by the )rusha
(eclaration in 2BC?
E
! This .as follo.ed by nationalization .hich too/ place all over the
2
)ntonio )rgandoGa2BBC
0
See *ary +all.ardA(riemeier
D
Cap!311
3
REPOA, !''"
E
ibid!
l
country .ith the vie. simplifying provision of social services to the citizens at all level
C
!
;eadership Code had been enacted .ith the )rusha (eclaration, proscribing leaders
from engaging in any capitalist activity, such as setting up commercial ventures or
o.ning properties for rent
?
! Other measures that follo.ed to ensure attainment of ideals
of socialism include village settlement campaign in 2B?2A?E, the abolition of the
independent cooperative movement in 2B?E, and the emasculation of civil society! -hile
such policy measures .ere introduce .ith good intentions, opportunities for abuse arose
and public officials pursued their private interests at the e4pense of the public goals
"designed for their specific role'
F
! Public officials .ere entrusted .ith considerable
discretionary .hile receiving meager salaries! *echanisms of accountability .ere
ineffective and this led to numerous opportunities for corruption
B
.
In 2B?3, the PC) .as amended by )ct ,o! 0 of 2B?3, .hich provided for the
establishment of The Anti-Corruption Squad hereafter referred to as ()C#'! The
government under President, the late <ulius ,yerere established the Anti-Corruption
Squad ")C#' on the 2E
th
<anuary 2B?E by 7overnment ,otice ,o! 2? of 2B?E! -ith its
establishment, the )C# too/ over the antiAcorruption function that .as hitherto carried
out by the Police =orce
21
!
C
Ibid!
?
ibid
F
ibid!
B
ibid
21
http:66...!pccb!go!tz
2
In 2BB2, as a result of economic liberalization and political pluralism that loomed in
Tanzania in the late 2BF1s and early 2BB1s, the PC) .as further amended to match
these changes! This sa. to the establishment of The Prevention of Corruption Bureau
"PCB' .hich too/ over the functions of the )C#
22
!
The 7overnment of Tanzania>s policy of zero tolerance for corruption dates bac/ to2BBC
.hen the -arioba Commission .as appointed to e4amine the magnitude of corruption
and recommended .ays for addressing the vice
20
! In response to the -arioba %eport The
,ational )ntACorruption #trategy and )ction Plan ",)C#)P' .as introduced, in the
year 0112 and 011F, the Tanzania ,ational )ntAcorruption #trategy )nd )ction Plan
,)C#)P I and ,)C#)P II respectively!
,)C#)P I .as programmed to monitor particularly emphatic on corrupt and unethical
conduct among civil servant, through *inistries5 (epartment and )gency! This .as
implemented bet.een 0112 and 011C
2D
! ) /ey ob9ective of the enhanced ,)C#)P II
011F A 0122, .as to complement other core public reform sector li/e local government
reform program5 ;egal #ector %eform Program, in strengthening governance, instituting
good governance, transparency, accountability, integrity, efficiency and improve public
service delivery
23

22
ibid
l2
$nhanced ,ational )ntACorruption #trategy and )ction Plan ",)C#)P II' 011F H 0122
2D
ibid
l4
D
%(
:uaterrly monitoring report <uly H #eptember 0110
3
The Prevention and Combating of Corruption Bureau is established under #ection E of
PCCB
2E
! This )ct came into force after the repeal of "PC)'
2C
Cap D0B "%$ 0110'! This
.as after the Parliament of the United %epublic of Tanzania passed The Prevention and
Combating of Corruption Bill of 011? on )pril 2C, 011?! +is $4cellency President of
the United %epublic of Tanzania <a/aya 8i/.ete assent the bill on <une 22, 011? to
ma/e it an )ct of parliament .hich came into force on <uly 2, 011?
2?
! This ne. )ct
gives the PCCB, the mandate to operate independently
2F
!
The PCC) ,o! 226011? provides the promotion and enhancement of good governance
and eradication of corruption! The PCCB>s mandate is defined under section ? of the
Prevention and Combating of Corruption )CT, 011? "PCC) 011?' .hich is: to prevent
corruption5 to educate the society5 and to enforce la. against corruption! )nd it is
mission is to .or/ together .ith all sta/eholders to fight corruption by ma/ing it high
ris/ .ith lo. returns through $ducation, Prevention, detection and prosecution
2B !
)ccording to the ,ational )ntiACorruption #trategy report the effects of corruption can
be found in failure to achieve 7overnment ob9ectives, rise in administrative costs,
reduced foreign investment, diminish revenue collection and erosion of the courage and
resolve to adhere to high standards of probity!
01

2E
The Prevention and Combating of Corruption )ct ,o! 22 of 011? "PCC) ,o! 226011?'
2C
The Prevention of Corruption )ct
2?
http:66...!pccb!go!tz
2F
PCCB %eport in I)))C) Conference 0120
2B
Presentation By (r! $d.ard +oseah ,ov 011B
01
The ,ational )ntiACorruption #trategy and )ction Plan for Tanzania, (ar es #alaam, ,ovember, 2BBB!
page D
4
,ational leaders in the D
rd
and 3
th
phases have been struggling to ma/e sure that the .ar
against corruption succeeds to an observable e4tent! This is .itnessed via their speeches
in several public occasions as cited hereunder:
We have persisted in our resolute struggle against corruption, including through
rolling out plans to comat corruption! the estalishment of anti-corruption ureau
offices at the district level! and enhanced accountailit" for resources transferred from
the Central #overnment to the district level$ Tan%ania&s efforts in fighting corruption
are starting to 'in international recognition$
()
*
The +ourth Phase #overnment 'ill strengthen the pulic service and fight social ills
'ithout fear or favor$*
((
(espite the above efforts that have been made by both the United %epublic 7overnment
of Tanzania and colonial government so far, yet there a number of challenges .hich
hinder fight against corruption in Tanzania *ainland and those are .hat has necessitated
this study! Therefore, this research or rather study is aimed to e4amine the challenges
that hinder a smooth fight against corruption in Tanzania *ainland, *eru (istrict
council in particular being a case study!
02
+is $4cellency President Ben9amin -! */apa addressing the 3
th
International Investors %ound Table
"I%T' meeting at the 7olden Tulip +otel, 0D
rd
,ovember, 0113'!
22
#peech by +!$! <a/aya 8i/.ete to the Tanzanian Parliament on D1 (ecember 011E!
5
&.! STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
In its struggle against corruption the 7overnment decided to introduce a more robust and
comprehensive ,ational )ntiA Corruption #trategy )nd )ction Plan Phase T.o
",)C#)P II' implemented for the period as from 011FA0122! The methodology of the
strategy .as to involve all sta/eholders to understand their respective role and o.n the
process to.ards reduction of corruption at all levels "private sector, public sector, civil
society, media and development partners "(Ps'! ) ,ational #teering Committee ",#C'
.as established to oversee the implementation of ,)C#)P II as per 8ey %esult )reas
0D

)s a part of strengthening and .idening involvements in Preventing and fighting
Corruption, the PCCB has introduced anti corruption clubs to all #econdary schools and
universities! The essence of establishing this program is to ma/e them understand the
science of corruption and the conse@uences of participating in corruption at their young
ages! Up to <une, 012D a total number of ;,$"; clubs .ith !"#,;"! members in all
secondary schools .ere established and are functioning! )t the university level, #$
Universities have established the )ntiACorruption Clubs .ith the total number of <,#!
members
03
!
In recent efforts, the PCCB via its (irector 7eneral (r! $d.ard +oseah launched a
community a.areness campaign by meeting and educating groups of people .ith high
23
The United %epublic of Tanzania The ,nhanced -ational Ant-Corruption Strateg" and Action Plan
(-ACSAP ../ (001 2 (0))$
03
http:66...!pccb!go!tz
6
community influence! In *ay 012D, the bureau director 7eneral met the religion leaders
and leaders of antAcorruption clubs .ith aim of urging them to preach not only their
religious issues but also to include the negative impacts of corruptions during their
sermons!
0E
-ith similar intentions in October 012D, (r +oseah met the Country>s reno.ned, music
artists "musicians, vocalist groups, solo artists, and .riters', drummers and )ctors at the
bureau>s head office and urged them to fully participate in educating the community
about corruption and its impacts to the ,ations .elfare through their .or/s!
+o.ever despite all of the above efforts corruption is still a ma9or problem disturbing
the national, political, religious, leaders and the community in general!
%ecent research by Tanzania Corruption tracker System
26
.here they as/ed the
Tanzanians> opinions on the outcomes of the fight against corruption during the E1 years
of independence indicates that, ?E!3I of the citizens .ho .ere as/ed .hether they sa.
any success .ithin Tanzania mainland over the E1 years of independence in fighting
against corruption said ,O, .here as 2D!?I said J$# and 21!BI .ere uncertain! The
@uestion therefore .as to /no. factors constraining all those nation.ide efforts, and the
stumbling bloc/s on the .ay through the battle against corruption!
0E
ibid
0C
ibid
7
This study intended to uncover such constraining factors in the fight against corruption
at the district level and propose measures that could be ta/en to at least realize a /ind of
success and restore the bureaus> trust to the community!
&.; RESEARCH OB,ECTIVES
2!D!2 *ain Ob9ectives
The main ob9ective of this study .as to identify and analyze the constraining factors in
the function of Prevention and Combating of Corruption Bureau "PCCB+ in curbing
corruption in *eru (istrict Council in )rusha region Tanzania!
&.;.!. S=e2ifi2 O>?e2/i@e.
This study had the follo.ing #pecific ob9ectives:
a' To find out .hy there is little success in the fight against corruption in *eru
(istrict Council
b' To find out .hether the PCC) ,a!226011? is ade@uate as a tool to fight
corruption
c' To propose strategies to be used so as to achieve the desired goals of the PCCB in
the .ar against corruption
&.- RESEARCH )UESTIONS
The study .as guided by the follo.ing @uestions:
8
a' -hat are the factors that limit PCCB in curbing corruption in the *eru
(istrict CouncilK
b' Is the PCC) ,o!226011? ade@uate in curbing corruptionK
c' (oes the PCCB en9oy independency in performing it dutiesK
d' -hat else should be done to enable the PCCB achieve its missionK
&. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The researcher has a feeling that the battle against corruption has not been given proper
attention it deserves! Corruption has affected peoples life government plans and polices
aiming to bring better life to citizens as a result the nation economic pace becoming
slo.er and slo.er! =indings from this study .ill therefore generate information to be
used as a basis for policy ma/ers and other #ta/eholders such as ,7Os as .ell as the
Community in general! )lso findings from the study .ill reveal the limits and
challenges of the Prevention and Combating of Corruption Bureau "PCCB' in curbing
corruption and therefore plan effective measures to overcome such challenges! In
addition, the study .ill reveal the limits of the PCC) ,o!226011? in curbing corruption
to the desired level hence propose .ays of its amendment!
&." LITERATE REVIEW
&.".& I7/45862/i57
In this part I .ent through corruption issues as described by the various boo/s, 9ournals
articles, ne.s papers, retrieval Technologies leaflets and ne.sletters as .ell as other
9
scholars> .or/ published and unpublished provided that the authors .rote something
.ith elements of constraining factors for the battle against corruption!
Mea7i73 5f C5446=/i57
)lthough there are several conventions dealing .ith corruption and bribery, there is no
single globally accepted definition of corruption!
)ccording to Concise Encyclopedia
27
Corruption can be e4plained as an Improper and
usually unla.ful conduct intended to secure a benefit for oneself or another! Its
forms include Bribery, $4tortion, and the misuse of inside information! It e4ists
.here there is community indifference or a lac/ of enforcement policies! In
societies .ith a culture of ritualized gift giving, the line bet.een acceptable and
unacceptable gifts is often hard to dra..
H588 a78 T9e5>a88,
!<
distinguish t.o forms of corruption! On the one hand, there is
routine or petty corruption5 this is .hat sometimes referred to as bureaucratic corruption
and on the other hand, there is .hat is termed as grand corruption! The former refers to
the acceptance or e4tortion of bribes, embezzlement, or the illegitimate or illegal use of
public resources by lo. level government employees! The latter denotes the misuse of
public po.er by heads of state, ministers and senior officials for private pecuniary
Lnecessary corruptionL, .hich occurs in order to get things done! Corruption in terms of
true corrupt intent implies bribery in order to obtain a service to .hich one is not legally
0?
http:66...!repoa!or!tz
0F
"2BBC' 0??
l0
entitled! In contrast, necessary corruption implies bribery in order to obtain a service to
.hich one is legally entitled! =acilitation payments .ould fall under this latter category
of corruption! -hether the service is legally entitled or not the gap here is based on the
fact that at the end of the day bribery become a necessary evil of .hich .hen practiced
for long .ith no effective mechanism of cubing it, eventually become a norm in society
.hich becomes indifferent to .hat is going on, and its outcome is .hat .ill happen
.hen corruption become uncontrolled!
&.".! TYPES OF CORRUPTION
There is no globally agreed classification of corruption! +o.ever the follo.ing is among
the commonly used classification! )ccording to *ichael <ohnston in his paper on
Fighting Systemic Corruption: Social Foundations for Institutional eforms
2!
,
Corruption is classified in the follo.ing .ays:A
S:./eAi2 25446=/i57
)s opposed to e4ploiting occasional opportunities, endemic or s"stemic corruption is
.hen corruption is an integrated and essential aspect of the economic, social and
political system, .hen it is embedded in a .ider situation that helps sustain it! #ystemic
corruption is not a special category of corrupt practice, but rather a situation in .hich the
ma9or institutions and processes of the state are routinely dominated and used by corrupt
0B
9//=:%%000.6-.75%8526Ae7/%faB.
ll
individuals and groups, and in .hich most people have no alternatives to dealing .ith
corrupt officials!
S=54a8i2 *i78i@i86al+ 25446=/i57
sporadic corruption is the opposite of systemic corruption! #poradic corruption occurs
irregularly and therefore it does not threaten the mechanisms of control nor the economy
as such! It is not crippling, but it can seriously undermine morale and sap the economy
of resources!
P5li/i2al C5446=/i57
Political corruption is any transaction bet.een private and public sector actors through
.hich collective goods are illegitimately converted into privateAregarding payoffs!
Political corruption is often used synonymously .ith MgrandN or high level corruption,
distinguished from bureaucratic or petty corruption because it involves political
decisionAma/ers! Political or grand corruption ta/es place at the high levels of the
political system, .hen politicians and state agents entitled to ma/e and enforce the la.s
in the name of the people, are using this authority to sustain their po.er, status and
.ealth! Political corruption not only leads to the misallocation of resources, but it also
perverts the manner in .hich decisions are made! Political corruption is .hen the la.s
and regulations are abused by the rulers, sideAstepped, ignored, or even tailored to fit
their interests! It is .hen the legal bases, against .hich corrupt practices are usually
l2
evaluated and 9udged, are .ea/ and furthermore sub9ect to do.nright encroachment by
the rulers! The gap hire is the same as of grand corruption
D1
G4a78 25446=/i57
+igh level or MgrandN corruption ta/es place at the policy formulation end of politics! It
refers not so much to the amount of money involved as to the level in .hich it ta/es
place, grand corruption is at the top levels of the public sphere, .here policies and rules
are formulated in the first place, sually "but not al.ays' synonymous to political
corruption! )cording to the definition corruption must favor the interest of either a
single person or group of people, therefore in democracy society .ith malt party election
this interest could be easier to shift therefore to favor the one .ho is not intended!
Pe//: 25446=/i57
#mall scale, bureaucratic or petty corruption is the everyday corruption that ta/es place
at the implementation end of politics, .here the public officials meet the public! Petty
corruption is bribery in connection .ith the implementation of e4isting la.s, rules and
regulations, and thus different from MgrandN or political corruption! Petty corruption
refers to the modest sums of money usually involved, and has also been called Mlo.
levelN and Mstreet levelN to name the /ind of corruption that people can e4perience more
or less daily, in their encounter .ith public administration and services li/e hospitals,
schools, local licensing authorities, police, ta4ing authorities and so on! The gap .hich
D1
#ee grand corruption
l3
has been be e4amined here is the fact that5 though the sums of money involved are
modest but the repercussions are usually atrophic .hich often lead to lose of lives at
other incidence, for e4ample a person failing to give a ta/e bac/ of small amount of
money can end up by losing a life after failure to receive medical attention she or he
desired! Therefore it is petty because small amount of money involved is small but the
effect associated is not petty!
&.".; T9e Ba//le a3ai7./ C5446=/i57 i7 Ta7Ca7ia
)ccording to )fro Barometer brief paper of combating Tanzania perception and
e4perience of )pril 011?
D2
corruption The 7overnment of Tanzania has committed itself
to fighting corruption in all spheres of the economy! This commitment has come from
both past and current presidents! (uring the inauguration of the current Parliament, the
ne. president, +is $4cellency <a/aya *risho 8i/.ete, made it very clear that in
strengthening good governance, the problem of corruption .ill be dealt .ith
relentlessly:
Seri3ali "a A'amu "a -ne itaimarisha utenda4i Seri3alini na 3upamana na maovu
3ati3a 4amii ila 'oga 'ala 3uoneana muhali$*The +ourth Phase #overnment 'ill
strengthen the pulic service and fight social ills 'ithout fear or favour$*
5(
D2
http:66...!repoa!or!tz
32
#peech by +!$! <a/aya 8i/.ete to the Tanzanian Parliament on D1 (ecember 011E!
l4
)ccording to a research by %$PO) 0110, the intensity of the fight against corruption
has increased as the corruption problem itself has escalated, particularly in the public
sector! The efforts began in 2BCC, .hen the government established the Permanent
Commission of $n@uiry "Ombudsman' to chec/ on the abuse of po.ers by government
officials and agencies!
To complement the .or/ of the Commission, in 2B?2 the 7overnment passed a
Prevention of Corruption )ct, .hich enabled the formation of the )ntiACorruption
#@uad in 2B?E! In 0112, the Permanent Commission of In@uiry .as, through an )ct of
Parliament, transformed into the Commission for +uman %ights and 7ood 7overnance
"C+%77'!
)s corruption nonetheless .orsened, an effort .as made to strengthen the )ntiA
Corruption #@uad by transforming it into the Prevention of Corruption Bureau "PCB'
under the President>s Office! )s the name suggests, PCB .as to address itself to
preventive measures including, among others, educating the public about the evils of
corruption and ho. to combat it!
President Ben9amin -illiam */apa came to po.er in 2BBE and .as committed to
battling corruption! +e set up a Presidential Commission of In@uiry )gainst Corruption
in 2BBC, /no.n as the -arioba Commission, .hich undertoo/ an inAdepth diagnosis of
l5
the problem and made e4tensive recommendations as to ho. corruption should be
prevented and combated!
The -arioba %eport has become the foundation for the ne. initiative to combat
corruption in the country5 as such, corruption has become a ma9or component of the
reform initiative in the country! Under this ne. approach, the government sought to
adopt a coherent strategy, ta/ing a more holistic and integrative approach to tac/ling
corruption! In the late 2BB1s, the government prepared a frame.or/ paper on good
governance the ,ational =rame.or/ on 7ood 7overnance in line .ith the government>s
good governance vision contained in &ision 010E!
The paper emphasized a government system that .as transparent, responsive and
accountable, managed by officials .ho are accountable, efficient, ethical and
professional! =or implementation a purpose, a ,ational )ntiACorruption #trategy .as
prepared that .as to guide all branches of the government in combating corruption!
$ssentially this entailed mainstreaming anticorruption activities in the government
ministries, departments, agencies and local authorities! -ithin such frame.or/, each
institution .as to prepare its o.n )ction Plan! The )ction Plans prepared have been
termed the ,ational )ntiACorruption #trategy and )ction Plan ",)C#)P'! To ensure
effective implementation, the government established coordinating organ, the 7ood
7overnance Coordination Unit, in the President>s Office, and put in place a monitoring
l6
system that produces @uarterly reports from each *inisterial (epartment and )gency
"*()'! Under this ne. strategy, many former government employees have lost their
9obs "77CU :uarterly *onitoring %eports'!
On my vie. the plan .as good but there .as implementation and enforcement gap!
)ctions of stopping bribery and fraud, in each *inisterial (epartment and )gency
"*()'! )nd .or/ing closely .ith civil society and other /ey sta/eholders cannot easer
implemented and measured .ithin the period of five year! The research found that this
strategy someho. has reduce corruption in public department
&.# RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
&.#.& I7/45862/i57
This chapter e4plains the %esearch *ethodology adopted by the researcher to obtain
data for the study! It includes the research site, study population, sampling procedure
and data collection!
&.#.! Re.ea429 .i/e
This .or/ .as done in the *eru (istrict Council in )rusha %egion! The =ield .or/
involved visiting and collecting primary data! The researcher visited all the seventeen
.ards of *eru (istrict Council namely5 Usariver, *a9i ya chai, 8i/atiti, *aroroni,
*a/iba, *buguni, 8i/.e, Poli, )/heri, #eela6#ing,isi, ,/oanrua, ,/oarisambu,
#ongoro, ,/oaranga, ,garenanyu/i, ;eguru/i and 8ing>ori, also the researcher visited
the PCCB Office in )rumeru (istrict and )rusha6*eru (istrict Court!
l7
&.#.; S/68: =5=6la/i57
This .or/ involved 211 %espondents from the #eventeen "2?' .ards of *eru (istrict
Council, the PCCB Office in )rumeru (istrict and )rusha6*eru (istrict court!
&.#.- SaA=li73 P452e864e
The researcher used both purposive and stratified random sampling techni@ues!
#tratified random sampling .as used to select B1 %espondents because the population is
large and isolated! ) purposive sampling techni@ue .as used to obtain the remaining 21
respondents from PCCB office and )rumeru district Court!
&.#. Da/a 25lle2/i57
Both primary and secondary data .ere collected!
&.#..& P4iAa4: 8a/a
The researcher used @uestionnaire to collect primary data from 211 respondents in the
*eru (istrict Council community, PCCB #taff and )rusha6*eru (istrict Court
officials in the )rumeru (istrict!
&.#..&.! I7/e4@ie0.
Unstructured intervie.s .ere conducted by the researcher to collect relevant
information from *eru (istrict Council community, PCCB #taff and )rusha6*eru
(istrict court in the )rumeru (istrict especially those .ho .ere not given a
@uestionnaire!
l8
&.#..! Se2578a4: 8a/a
#econdary data .ere collected from variety of source including boo/s, 9ournals, leaflets
and ne.sletters as .ell as other scholars> .or/ published and unpublished!
&.#..;. Da/a A7al:.i.
(ata obtained .ere presented as they .ere e4tracted from the @uestionnaire or as
.or/ed out from the field through intervie.s but editing for error correction .as done!
The analysis .as @uantitatively and @ualitatively!
The @uantitative data analysis employed tabulation and percentage! The researcher also
summarized semi structured @uestions from the @uestionnaire! +ence, @ualitative data
analysis used e4planation building, pattern matching and comparison of data and
information!
l9
CHAPTER TWO
!.' ANALYSIS OF REASEARCH VIA SECONDARY DATA
!.& HISTORICAL BAC(GROUND ON CORRUPTION IN TANZANIA!
Corruption has been e4perienced in our country since during the colonial era under the
British administration, .here the PCO
DD
.as used to punish the corruption offenders!
)nd in the first year of independence, that .as early 2BC1Os .hen corruption .as
primarily seen to be a problem at the lo.er administrative level in the delivery of social
services
D3
!
There .as evidence that even some officers of government organs vested .ith the
responsibility of administration of <ustice namely the (epartment of ,ational #ecurity,
the Police, the <udiciary and the )ntiACorruption Bureau .ere them immersed in
corruption!
DE
Instead of these organs being in the forefront of combating corruption, they
became part of the problem! Conse@uently, the ordinary citizen .ho .as loo/ing for
9ustice had no one to turn to! +e .as left helpless and had lost faith in the e4isting
leadership
DC

DD
prevention of corruption ordinance PCO Cap 311 of the la.s of Tanganyi/a!
D3
REPOA, !''"
35
#ee The Presidential Commission of In@uiry )gainst Corruption: %eport of the Commission on
Corruption, &olume 2, ,ovember 2BBC,p!3C
36
lbid
20
The -arioba report mapped the problem and magnitude of corruption in Tanzania and
dre. the conclusion that the corruption has permeated all sectors and is therefore a
serious issue that deserves special attention for its crippling effects on the economy,
social fabric and political legitimacy
D?
Corruption, as a global problem, has to be
confronted globally since no single state, rich or poor, is not affected by the malaise!
DF

!.! THE ESTABLISHMENT OF ANT D CORRUPTION INSTITUTE
The researcher visited variety of literatures and other reports available at the bureaus>
district office in search for the historical trend that led to establishment of the current
institution that carter for corruption battle in the country and observed that TanzaniaLs
first antiAcorruption agency dates bac/ to 2B?3 .hen )ct ,o! 0 mandated the
establishment of an )ntiACorruption #@uad! In 2BB2, the s@uad .as restructured5 the
name changed to the Prevention of Corruption Bureau "PCB', and the organization .as
placed de 9ure under the President of the United %epublic of Tanzania "U%T'! In <uly
011?, the Prevention of Corruption )ct "PC)' .as put an end and replaced by the
current Prevention and Combating of Corruption )ct "PCC)' .hich renamed the PCB
the MPrevention and Combating of Corruption BureauN "PCCB'! The PCCB is an
37
+oseah, $! Corruption in Tan%ania$ The case for circumstantial evidence! Cambria press: ,e. Jor/,
011F, PE!
DF
#earch from, http:66...!pccb!go!tz (irector 7eneral -elcoming *essage ! )pril 011F
2l
independent body
DB
#ection E of the PCC)! The mandate of the PCCB applies only to
mainland Tanzania!
31
The PCC) ,o! 226011? .as made to provide promotion and
enhancement of good governance and eradication of corruption!
32
On doing this no.
Bureau has the office almost in each (istrict in *ainland Tanzania .here the la. is
applicable!
!.; FUNCTIONS OF PCCB
)ccording to the PCC)
30
, the Prevention and Combating of Corruption Bureau
"PCCB', is a la. enforcement institution established and mandated by the Prevention
and Combating of Corruption )ct ,o! 22 of 011? to prevent corruption, educate the
society on the effects of this problem, and enforce the la. against corruption!
3D
#ection E
of this la. establishes the Bureau as an independent public body,
33
and #ection ? sets out
its functions!
The )ct further provides that, functions of the Bureau shall be to ta/e necessary
measures for the prevention and combating of corruption in the public, parastatal and
private sectors and in that regard, the Bureau shall:
3E
"a' $4amine and advice the practice and procedure of public , parastatal and private
organizations in order to facilitate the detection of corruption or prevent corruption and
secure revision of methods of .or/ or procedure action concerned5
DB
#ee #ection E of )ct ,o!226011?
31
#earch from, http:66...!pccb!go!tz (irector 7eneral -elcoming *essage ! )pril 011F
32
Ibid
30
)ct ,o! 226011?
3D
#earch from, http:66...!pccb!go!tz (irector 7eneral -elcoming *essage ! )pril 011F
33
)ct ,o! 22 of 011? #ection ?"b'
3E
)ct ,o! 22 of 011?,#ection ?
22
"b' $arliest and faster public support in combating corruption practices5
"c' )dvice public , private and parastatal bodies on .ays and means of preventing
corrupt practices , and on changes in method of .or/ or procedure of such
public , private and parastatal bodies compatible .ith the Bureau considers
necessary to reduce the incidences of corrupt practices
"d' Cooperate and collaborate .ith international institutions, agencies or organizations in
the fight against corruption5
"e' Investigate and, sub9ect to the (irections of Public Prosecutions, prosecute offences
under this )ct and other offences involving corrupt 5 and
"f' Investigate any alleged or suspectedA
i! Offence under this )ct5
ii! Conspiracy to commit an offence under this )ct5
iii! Conduct of public official .hich is in connected to corrupt!
On discharging its statutory functions, the Bureau is governed by the said PCC) and its
regulations,
-"
and also ta/es into consideration the follo.ing pieces of
legislations:
-#
The Constitution of the United %epublic of Tanzania 2B??5 The $conomic and
Organized Crime Control )ct, ,o!2D of 2BF35 The Criminal Procedure )ct, ,o! B of
2BFE5 The Police =orce and )u4iliary =orces )ct, CapD005 The ,ational Prosecution
#ervices #ervice )ct, ,o!0? of 011F5 The Pinal Code Cap!2C5 The $vidence )ct, ,o! C
3C
The Prevention and Combating of Corruption Bureau %egulations, 011B!
3?
PCCB #trategic plan 0122620 to 012D623 p! E
23
of 2BC?5 The proceeds of Crime )ct, ,o!0E of 2BB25 The )ntA*oney ;aundering )ct,
,o!20 of 011C5 The *utual )ssistance in Criminal *atters )ct, ,o! 03 of 2BB2 and The
Public Procurement )ct, ,o!02 of 0113!
The )ct provides further that, on implementing the above functions the bureau has the
follo.ing roles:A
-<
To receive and investigate corruption complaints from various sources
To prosecute cases .hen investigation is completed
To research on services provided by the 7overnment5 to educate and raise public
a.areness to the community on various la.s and their rights
To motivate citizens to fight against corruption
+o.ever this research observed that these goals .ere not .ell achieved due to
inade@uate funds, technology advancement, and in ade@uate cooperation from other
sta/eholders!
In the endeavor to combat corruption the Bureau adopts the threeApronged approach,
namely by prevention, public a.areness, investigation and prosecution of
offenders.
-$

3F
#ee #ection ? of )ct ,o! 22 of 011?
3B
Ibid P!D0
24
!.- PCCBE. MECHANISM TO CATER FOR CORRUPTION IN TANZANIA
The researcher via documentary revie. observed that, there are five directorates in the
PCCB namely, (irectorate of Investigation5 (irectorate of %esearch, Control and
#tatistics5 (irectorate of Community $ducation5 (irectorate of Planning *onitoring and
$valuation5 (irectorate of )dministration and +uman %esources! $ach directorate .as
given its specific tas/s as follo.s:
!.-.&. Di4e2/54a/e 5f I7@e./i3a/i57
(ocumentary revie. sho. that this directorate has the role of detecting, investigating
and prosecuting corruption offenders after receiving and investigating corruption
complaints from various sources!
E1
The researcher observed that for the period of D years
from <une, 0122 H <une 0123 a total of 21E complaints .ere received by PCCB )rumeru
district!
E2
These complaints .ere investigated .here 3 cases .ere instituted in the court
of la. and are in the process of hearing! )ccording to the district bureau chief among
the complaints received some .ere investigate preliminarily and closed due little
evidence, other transferred to other institution, some administration measure .ere ta/en
.hile some .ere sent to the bureaus head@uarters for revie. before appropriate actions!
!.-.!. Di4e2/54a/e 5f Re.ea429, C57/45l a78 S/a/i./i2.
E1
#earch from, http:66...!pccb!go!tz (irector 7eneral -elcoming *essage ! )pril 011F
E2
PCCB annually reports 0122A0123
25
The researcher found out that this directorate is responsible for prevention of corruption
in public and private sectors through strengthening systems! The directorate conducts
researches in various areas of the country to uncover reasons behind corruption and
propose measure to be ta/en! The directorate also has the tas/ of advice the public,
private and parastatal bodies on .ays and means of preventing corrupt practices, and so
on changes in methods of .or/s or procedures of such public, private and parastatals
bodies compatible .ith the effective performance of their duties, .hich the PCCB
considers necessary to reduce the incidences of corrupt practices!
In the 01226205 012062D5 012D623, the PCCB office in )rumeru (istrict conducted 20
research pro9ects there after it arranged about C control seminars to implement findings
to the sta/eholders!
!.-.;. Di4e2/54a/e 5f C5AA67i/: E862a/i57
The researcher on visiting documents observed that this directorate is responsible for
involving the community in fighting corruption by raising public a.areness on various
la.s and their rights in order to motivate citizens to fight against corruption! The
directorate does this through seminars, public tal/s, public gathering, opening ant
corruption clubs in secondary schools and colleges, radio and T& programs as .ell as
e4hibitions, and advertisement! The researcher observed that for a period of D years
"01226205 012062D5 012D623' a total of E? ant H corruption clubs .ith 2EBD members in
)rumeru (istrict secondary schools and college .ere established and are functioning,
three e4hibitions .ere done, three special articles .ere prepared, three radio programs
26
.ere aired, 2E11 publications .ere distributed, 20 public meetings, 20 public tal/s and
?0 seminars .ere conducted across the (istrict!
!.-.-. Di4e2/54a/e 5f A8Ai7i./4a/i57 a78 H6Aa7 Re.5642e.
(ocumentary revie.s further indicate that this directorate supports the other four
directorates by providing them .ith the right human and other physical and material
resources!
E0

!.-.. Di4e2/54a/e 5f Pla77i73 M57i/54i73 a78 E@al6a/i57
The researcher also observed that this directorate has the role of carrying out monitoring
and evaluation of various programs and pro9ects run by the bureau to enable it ac@uire
E0
#earch from, http:66...!pccb!go!tz (irector 7eneral -elcoming *essage )pril 011F
27
and maintain highly @ualified and productive management information system
.or/force on time5
ED
<ointly the five directorates strive to achieve the mission and vision of the Bureau, the
missions of each directorate and the methods of realizing them! The mission statement
of the (irectorate of Investigation urges it to detect, investigate and prosecute corruption
and related offences5 the mission statement of the (irectorate of %esearch, Control and
#tatistics is to prevent corruption through strengthening systems in the public and
private sectors5 the mission statement of the (irectorate of Community $ducation is to
involve the community in fighting corruption5 and the (irectorate of )dministration and
+uman %esources> mission is to ma/e available to the Bureau the right human and other
resources at the right time and in the right place!
E3
)nd this could not be done on
insufficient budget!
The achievements of this entire directorate>s mission fulfill the high e4pectations of the
public to the Bureau and opposite of it contribute to constraining factors in the function
of the same! The researcher via documentary revie. found that there are reasons6factors
that constrain the bureau to reach the targeted mission among .hich include un
a.areness of the e4istence of the Bureau and its function, Increase in demand of PCCB
services that is to be every.here on time .hen they are needed .hile their offices are
limited to (istrict level, =ailure of the Bureau to tac/le grand corruption .hich
demoralize informer to cooperate .ith the Bureau during investigation and prosecution,
ED
PCBB #trategic plan 0122620 to 012D623 p! 2C
E3
Ibid
28
;ac/ of resources li/e @ualified and specialized s/ills and modern e@uipments,
Insufficient budget .hich limit to accommodate all planed activities, Inade@uacy of the
PCC) ,o! 226011? on prosecution po.er .hich hinder the Bureau to bring the case to
the court of la. .ithout (PP consent, e4cept those .hich falls under section 2E!
EE
MThe
la' as it stands toda", the PCCB can onl" investigate corruption related offences ut in
turn it is the 6irector of Pulic Prosecutions (6PP/ 'ho 'ill determine 'hether or not
these cases should e ta3en to the court*
EC
This is a very big legal constraints faced by
the (irectorate of Investigation in achieving its mission!
The PCCB>s core functions are basically prevention, through community education done
by (irectorate of Community $ducation! In carrying out its functions much
depends on the support and involvement of all sta/eholders in the fight against
corruption, and their decision to say M,ON to corruption!
#

EE
)ct ,o! 22 of 011?,#ection EF
56
#peech of Pa/aria *.andumya the PCCB official before (odoma %egional Commissioner, (r!
%ehema ,chimbi on the Country %evie. *ission of the )frican Peer %evie. *ission ")P%*' .hich
hold on *arch 2Eth, 0120 he told the e4perts that the current la.s affect effective performance of the
institution!
E?
http:66...!pccb!go!tz (irector 7eneral -elcoming *essage Published on -ednesday, 2C )pril 011F
29
CHAPTER THREE
;.'. FIELD OBSERVATIONS AND RESEARCH FINDINGS
;.&. I7/45862/i57
This chapter discusses research findings and it is also presenting analysis for the
research findings! The chapter is subdivided into four sub chapters namely respondents>
characteristics, reasons for little success in battle against corruption, ade@uacy of the
PCC) ,a!226011? as a tool to fight corruption and strategies to be used so as to achieve
the desired goals of the PCCB!
;.!. Re.=578e7/.E C9a4a2/e4i./i2.
%espondents> characteristics .ere categorized into three parts! These are gender, age and
level of education!
;.!.& Re.=578e7/.E Ge78e4
%espondents for the study .ere as/ed to indicate their gender by selecting t.o choices
of male or female! The result for )rumeru residents> gender is sho.n on the follo.ing
table:
Table 2: %espondents> 7ender
30
7ender =re@uency
*ale ?3
=emale 0C
Total 211
Fi364e &: Re.=578e7/. Ge78e4 Di./4i>6/i57
#ource: =ield (ata
The table above and its corresponding pie chart indicate the gender distribution of the
respondents! )s it can be seen there is a large number of male respondents as compared
to females due to the .illingness of male to participate in this research! It reflects the
cultural perspectives of the *eru tribe .here males are superior and more favored
compared to females!
Male
74%
Female
26%
Male
Female
3l
;.!.!. Re.=578e7/.E A3e
It .as seen important to /no. age categories of the )rumeru residents .ho participated
in this study! )ge differences may also provide a mi4ture of ideas and perceptions
to.ards corruption! Information e4tracted from @uestionnaires produced the follo.ing
findings as presented on the table and the subse@uent graph belo.:
Ta>le !: Re.=578e7/.E A3e
)ge Category =re@uency
2FADE 3F
DCA3E 0B
3CAC1 2F
)bove C1 E
Total 211
#ource: =ield (ata, 0123
Fi364e !: Re.=578e7/. A3e Di./4i>6/i57
l8-35
48%
36-45
29%
46-60
l8%
Above 60
5%
l8-35
36-45
46-60
Above 60
32
#ource: =ield (ata
It can be observed from table t.o above and its corresponding pie chart that all age
categories .ere represented! The $arly youth and *iddle age group categories of 2F to
DE and DC to 3E years dominated by having 3F and 0B respondents respectively! The
other category that had a considerable number of respondents is that of 3C to C1 that had
2F respondents .hile the last category of C2 and above had only E respondents! The
early youth and middle age groups are the active members of the community hence their
enthusiasm in participating in the research .as very high! Being active means also that
they are prone to corrupt transactions in their day to day activities!
;.!.; Re.=578e7/.E Le@el 5f E862a/i57
The researcher .anted to /no. the level of education of individual respondents! Table
three and its subse@uent graph belo. provides information on education levels for the
study respondents
Ta>le ;: Re.=578e7/.E Le@el 5f E862a/i57
Le@el 5f e862a/i57 F4eB6e72:
Primary education 2C
#econdary school education D3
College certificate 3
College diploma 23
University degree and )bove D0
T5/al &''
#ource: =ield (ata 0123
;: Re.=578e7/E. le@el 5f e862a/i57
33
Primary
education
l6%
Secondary
school
education
34%
College
certificate
4%
College diploma
l4%
University
degree and
Above
32%
Primary
education
#ource: =ield (ata 0123
Information presented on table three and its corresponding pie chart above sho.s that
ma9ority of respondents .ho are educated to secondary, college diploma and university
degree levels form a bigger group than the rest! But more importantly, at least all
education levels have been represented! Those .ith collage certificate education .ere
fe.est by having only 3 respondents out of 211 .ho participated in the study!
;.;. Rea.57. f54 Li//le S622e.. i7 /9e Ba//le a3ai7./ C5446=/i57 i7 Me46 Di./4i2/
C5672il
The researcher observed that there has been little success in the fight against corruption
in *eru district council due to several reasons! )mong the reasons include lac/ good
understanding on corruption and its effects in the community, lac/ of functional
independence by the PCCB and lac/ of assistance from other institutions and
sta/eholders and lac/ of sufficient resources to combat corruption! The researcher
34
observed that ma9ority of the respondents /ne. about the e4istence of the PCCB and its
functions in the *eru district council!
;.;.&. U78e4./a78i73 5f C5446=/i57 a78 i/. Effe2/.
The researcher needed to /no. the understanding of corruption and its effects in the
society by as/ing respondents .hether they had any understanding of it! )ns.ers
indicate that 01I had the proper understanding .hile C?I had little understanding of
corruption and its effects! 2DI of the respondents had no understanding of corruption
and its effect in the society at all! %esponses from this @uestion are as summarized in the
table and the subse@uent pie chart belo.!
Table 3: Understanding of Corruption in *eru (istrict Council
%espondents> understanding of Corruption =re@uency
Understands 01
;ittle Understanding C?
Completely not ).are 2D
Total 211
#ource: =ield (ata 0123
=igure 3: *eru (istrict Community Understanding of Corruption
35
Understands
20%
Little
Understanding
67%
Completely not
Aware
l3%
Understands
Little Understanding
Completely not Aware
#ource: =ield (ata 0123
The fact that there are C?I of respondents .ith little understanding of corruption and its
effects ma/es it difficult for bureau to have desired success in the fight against
corruption in *eru district council! )dding the 2DI .ho completely una.are ma/es the
percentage of illiteracy about corruption become F1I of the respondents hence a burden
to the bureau as far as the battle against corruption is concerned!
;.;.!. PCCBE. Re.5642e. /5 Fi39/ A3ai7./ C5446=/i57
The researcher as/ed the respondents .hether they believe that the PCCB is .ell
supplied .ith resources to enable it successfully fight corruption! )ns.ers indicate that
F2I of them said the PCCB is not .ell supplied .ith resources to enable it successfully
fight corruption, BI said that they believe that the PCCB is .ell supplied .ith resources
36
.hile 21I .ere una.are of the situation! %esponses from this @uestion are as
summarized in the table and the subse@uent pie chart belo.!
Table E: *eru (istrict people>s Perception on %esources to fight Corruption to the
PCCB
%espondents Perceptions =re@uency
,ot -ell #upplied F2
-ell #upplied B
Una.are 21
Total 211
#ource: =ield (ata 0123
=igure E: *eru (istrict people>s Perception on %esources #upplied to the PCCB
#ource: =ield (ata 0123
37
;.;.;. F672/i57al I78e=e78e72: >: /9e PCCB
The researcher needed to /no. people>s perception on the independence of the PCCB in
underta/ing its function by as/ing respondents .hether they believe that the PCCB is
.ell independent in function! )ns.ers indicate that CDI said that the PCCB is not
independent in its function, 2BI believed that the PCCB is independent .hile 2FI .ere
uncertain of the fact! %esponses from this @uestion are as summarized in the table and
subse@uent pie chart here under
Table C: *eru (istrict People>s perception on the =unctional independence of the PCCB
%espondents> Perception on PCCB
Independence
=re@uency
,ot Independent CD
Independent 2B
Completely not ).are 2F
Total 211
#ource: =ield (ata 0123
=igure C: *eru (istrict People>s Perception on =unctional Independence of the PCCB
38
#ource: =ield (ata 0123
The researcher probed further on the independence issue .here respondents e4plained
that the fact that ta bureau>s director general being a presidential appointee lo.ers the
po.ers of the bureau in dealing .ith corruptive behavior of the people in higher
government positions .ho are closer to the president! =urther they e4plained that to be
effective the bureau should be allo.ed to prosecute all cases they investigate .ithout
being obliged to see/ the (PP>s consent to as to be able to prosecute!
;.;.-. A..i./a72e %S6==54/ f45A 5/9e4 G5@e47Ae7/ I7./i/6/i57.
The researcher as/ed respondents .hether they thin/ that other government institutions
play part in assisting the bureau in its battle against corruption! )ns.ers indicate that
CFI said that other government institutions li/e Courts, the Police, ;ocal 7overnment
offices and the li/e do not offer support or assistance to the bureau in its battle against
39
corruption! The reason for this lac/ of support is the e4istence of corrupt transactions in
such offices! 22I on the other hand believed that there is /ind of support offered by
other government institutions and 02I .ere uncertain .hether there is support or not!
%esponses from this @uestion are as summarized in the table and the subse@uent pie
chart belo.!
Ta>le #: Me46 Di./4i2/ Pe5=leE. Pe42e=/i57 57 O/9e4 i7./i/6/i57. .6==54/i73 /9e
PCCB i7 i/. R5le
%espondents> Perception on Other
Institutions #upporting the Bureau
=re@uency
,o #upport CF
#upported 22
Completely not ).are 02
Total 211
#ource: =ield (ata 0123
=igure ?: *eru (istrict People&s Perception on Other institutions supporting the PCCB
in its %ole
40
No Support
68%
Supported
ll%
Completely not
Aware
2l%
No Support
Supported
Completely not Aware
#ource: =ield (ata 0123
;.-. A8eB6a2: 5f /9e PCCA Na.&&%!''# a. a T55l /5 Fi39/ C5446=/i57
;.-.&. (750le83e 57 /9e EFi./e72e 5f /9e A2/
The researcher .anted to assess the ade@uacy of the )ct as a tool to fight corruption by
as/ing respondents> perceptions on it! =irst of all the researcher needed to /no. the
e4tent *eru (istrict community /no. the e4istence of the )ct and its provisions by
as/ing respondents .hether they /no. the )ct! )ns.ers indicate that ?EI /ne. about
the )ct and its provisions .hile 0EI of had no /no.ledge on the e4istence of the )ct!
%esponses from this @uestion are as summarized in the table and the subse@uent figure
belo.!
4l
Table F: 8no.ledge on the $4istence of PCC) ,a! 226011?
8no.ledge of the )ct =re@uency
They 8no. ?E
They (on>t 8no. 0E
Total 211
#ource: =ield (ata 0123
=igure F: *eru (istricts People>s 8no.ledge of the PCC) ,a!226011?
They Know
75%
They Don't
Know
25%
They Know
They Don't Know
#ource: =ield (ata 0123
42
;.-.!. A8eB6a2: 5f /9e A2/
The researcher needed to /no. to .hat e4tent people perceive that the )ct ,a!226011?
is ade@uate as a tool to fight corruption! %esponses from this @uestion indicate that ??I
of the respondents perceive that the PCC) ,a!226011? is not ade@uate as a tool to fight
corruption! 2CI on the other hand perceive that the )ct is ade@uate .here as ?I had no
idea on the fact! %easons advanced by those .ho said that the )ct is inade@uate are that
since its introduction there has been no observable success in the terms of reducing
corruption instead corruption continually increasing in the country! %esponses from this
@uestion are as summarized in the table and the subse@uent figure belo.!
Table B: *eru (istrict Peoples> Perception on the )de@uacy of PCC) ,a!226011?
Perceptions on the )de@uacy of the )ct =re@uency
)de@uate 2C
Inade@uate ??
Uncertain ?
Total 211
#ource: =ield (ata 0123
=igure B: *eru (istrict Peoples> Perception on the )de@uacy of PCC) ,a!226011?
43
Adequate
l6%
lnadequate
77%
Uncertain
7%
Adequate
lnadequate
Uncertain
#ource: =ield (ata 0123
;.-.;. T9e Nee8 /5 Re@ie0 /9e A2/
The researcher needed to /no. people>s perception on the importance of revie.ing
PCC) )ct ,o! 226011?, by as/ing respondents if there is any need of the 7overnment to
revie. the )ct relating to corruption! The ans.er sho.s that 3?I respondents said that
there is the need the )ct to be revie.ed .hile 33 I .ere uncertain! On the other hand
BI of the respondents believed that there is no need of revie.ing the )ct! %esponses
from this @uestion are as summarized in the table and subse@uent pie chart here under!
Table 21: *eru (istrict People>s perception on the need of the government to revie. the
)ct %elating to corruption!
Perceptions on the )ct to be revie.ed =re@uency
There is the need 3?
There is no need 1B
44
Uncertain 33
Total 211
#ource: =ield (ata 0123
=igure 21: *eru (istrict Peoples> Perception on the need of the government to revie.
the )ct relating to corruption!
There is the
need
47%
There is no
need
9%
Uncertain
44%
Frequency
There is the need
There is no need
Uncertain
#ource: =ield (ata 0123
;.. P45=5.e8 S/4a/e3ie. /5 >e 6.e8 >: /9e PCCB .5 a. /5 a29ie@e i/. De.i4e8 G5al.
)ccording to the research field data several strategies .ere proposed to the PCCB to
employ so as to achieve its goals of eradicating corruption in the country! #everal
respondents proposed that the bureau should invest more on community education rather
45
than investigation since .hen people are a.are of their rights it becomes easy to induce
them to participate in the .ar against corruption! %espondents further e4plained that an
educated society becomes good .histleblo.ers on corruptive issues hence achieve the
goal of preventing corruption! The bureau should e4tend the means of reaching more
people by using religion leaders, youth groups, schools and colleges, ,7Os and other
sta/eholders so that corruption /no.ledge is spread as .ider as possible! Primary and
secondary schools syllabuses should be modified to include corruption as one of the core
sub9ects to ma/e it easier educate them from grass root level!
It .as also proposed that the PCCB should try to urge the government as .ell as the
Parliament to thin/ about giving the bureau full mandate in its role so as to be able
tac/le corruption behaviors among the government officials in different ministries and
departments! The current set up that re@uire the PCCB for.ard its cases to the (PP for
revie. before prosecuting delays the speed of the bureau deal .ith reported cases as a
result people lose trust to the bureau! It also limits the ability of the bureau fight
corruption effectively since cases that seem interest to the government may end up being
retained in the (PP>s office! They elaborated that the PCCB and the )ct concerning
corruption should appear in the la. of the land "the Constitution' so that activities of the
bureau are recognized not be @uestioned!
It .as further proposed that the government should increase the PCCB>s budget to ma/e
it .ell supplied in terms of resources so as enable it fight corruption .ithout
unnecessary limitations! $mployees should be .ell remunerated and motivated to avoid
46
them being tempted to involve themselves in corruption! PCCB>s employees should be
.ell trained to enable them carry out professional investigations that .ill yield more
convictions to offenders! Budgetary e4pansion may enable the bureau open offices to
lo.er levels of administration such as the divisions and .ards so as to move closer to
the society!
Other respondents also proposed that the PCCB should form coalitions .ith the
9udiciary, the Police, the Immigration and other sta/eholders of similar nature so that to
induce them to offer support to the bureau as far as the .ar against corruption is
concerned!
CHAPTER FOUR
-.'. SUMMARY OF FINDINGS%CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
-.&. I7/45862/i57
This chapter presents research conclusions and recommendations based on the findings
and analysis made!
-.! C572l6.i57
The PCCB has faced a lot of constraining factors in curbing corruption in *eru (istrict
Council! )mong the findings of the research reveal that little success in the battle .as
contributed by such constraining factors! %esearch finding indicate that there is limited
47
functional independence on part of the bureau in its daily function hence limiting its
capacity to tac/le the vice! =indings further indicate that there has been little support
from other government institution in the battle coupled .ith people>s limited
understanding of corruption and its impacts in the society! =urthermore findings reveal
that the PCCB itself is not .ell supplied in terms of resources hence limiting its
capability to effectively curb corruption in the district and the county in general! In
addition findings indicated that the )ct "PCC) ,o!226011?' is not ade@uate as a tool to
fight corruption hence its need for revie. is inescapable! It .as proposed that in order
for the bureau to attain success in its battle against corruption it should invest more on
community education especially the primary schools so as to build stronger foundation
for the battle from the grass root! =urther recommendations indicated that the bureau
should thrive to see/ full mandate for its operations, ensure its inclusion in the la. of the
land, and get budgetary e4pansion so as to meet its resources need and employees>
motivations for their heartful participation in the battle against corruption!
-.; Re25AAe78a/i57.
The government should give the PCCB independent prosecutorial po.ers as .ell
as give it full mandate in overall investigative roles! It should also be given
budgetary consideration to meet its resources needs and employees motivation in
the fight against corruption
48
The 7overnment should ensure that the e4istence of PCCB must be stated clearly
on the la. of the land and the Bureau>s director general must be confirmed by
parliament! )lso its tenure and remunerations must have a special protection!
There is a need for the 7overnment to revie. the )ct relating to corruption! This
is due to the fact that it has so many loopholes .hen it comes to applying it
against offenders! Things li/e fines and other punishments are .ea/ to the e4tent
that offenders do no fear convictions!
There is a need to the PCCB to enhance public a.areness and mobilize people to
fight corruption start from the primary school! The moment the education on the
corruption issues begins to the level of primary education .hen they become
mature enough they .ill be able to understand the meaning of corruption and its
impact to the society as .ell! The PCCB in liaison .ith the ministry of education
and vocational training should plan to include corruption in primary and
secondary level syllabuses so that pupils .ill begin to understand it at lo.er
education levels for the betterment of their future lives! It .as very surprising
that some of the respondents .ere not even able to e4plain partially as to the
meaning of corruption!
49
REFERENCES%BIBLIOGRAPHY
TeF/ >551.:
8ennedy, (!, +andson *!O!, and (anielsen, (! Busting Brier"7 Sustaining the
#loal 8omentum of the +oreign Corrupt Practices Act$ ,e. Jor/:
Open society foundations 0122!
+oseah, $! Corruption in Tan%ania$ The case for circumstantial evidence: Cambria
press, ,e. Jor/, 011F!
8othari, C!%!, 9esearch 8ethodolog" 8ethods and Techniques, (
nd
,dition : ,e. )ge
International "P' ;T(, ,e. (elhi, 0113!
+oseah, $! 7$ ,ssa"s on Comating Corruption in Tan%ania and the Basic :egal
Principles! (ar es #alaam: $comprint, 2BBB!
50
P6>li2a/i57%T9e.i..
#aibul, ,!#! the strength of the prevention and comating of corruption ureau (PCCB/
in curing corruption in Tan%ania$*aster>s thesis in Business
)dministration $astern and #outhern *anagement Institute, 0122!
The United %epublic of Tanzania! Prevention and Combating of Corruption Bureau!
-ational governance and corruption surve", volume 57 pulic official&s surve"!
,ovember 011B!
The United %epublic of Tanzania The ,nhanced -ational Ant-Corruption Strateg" and
Action Plan (-ACSAP ../ (001 2 (0))$ (ar es #alaam: #tate +ouse *ay, 011F!
$conomic and social %esearch =oundation "$#%=' and =ront )gainst Corrupt $lements
in Tanzania "=)C$IT'! The state of Corruption in Tan%ania, Annual 9eport, (00($
October 0110!
The government of United %epublic of Tanzania! Presidential Commission of .nquir"
against Corruption, the commission 9eport on the state of Corruption in the Countr"!
(ecember 2BBC!
United %epublic of Tanzania! The ,ational )nt Corruption #trategy and )uction Plans
0112A011E, 596;uaterl" monitoring report <ul" 2 Septemer (00(! 7overnment
Printers, 0110
5l
A4/i2le. f45A We>.i/e. a78 >l53.:
*eru (istrict council blog
http:66...!pccb!go!tz
http:66...!repoa!or!tz
http:66...!transparency International!com
http:66...!u3!no6document6fa@sE
http:66...!imf!org6e4ternal6np6e4r6facts6gov!htm
52
APPENDIG I H A
)UESTIONNARE FOR RESIDENTS OF MERU DISTRICT COUNCIL
A! *y name is SAFIELI W. MSHANA, a student from the Open University of
Tanzania, =aculty of ;a.! In the course of pursuing my Bachelor of la.s at the
university, I am re@uired to conduct research and I have decided to research on the
constraining factors in the function of Prevention and Combating of Corruption Bureau
"PCCB+ in prevention and combating of corruption, in mainland Tanzania! )nd my area
of study .ill be *eru (istrict Council!
*y aim is to find out limitations faced by the PCCB in its functions, by assessing
people>s perceptions about corruption in 2? .ards of *eru (istrict council! Through
this, I .ill be able to understand also the a.areness of the people on corruption and
.hether they /no. about the e4istence of the Bureau and its functions! The central aim
of this @uestionnaire is5 firstly to find out .hether the PCC) ,a!226011? is .ell /no.n
and accepted in the *eru community, and if the society play its role effectively and if
not .hyK5 #econdly is .hether the Prevention and Combating of Corruption Bureau
"PCCB' has achieved its desired goals in curbing corruption in *eru (istrict Council,
and if its .or/ can be termed as successfulK, if not .hat are the suggested strategies in
order to .in the fight against corruption!
53
B! -hen you fill this @uestionnaire please feel free to be uncertain to any @uestion that
you may find offensive! )nd please feel also free to ma/e additional comments that you
thin/ can assist me in my research! ;et me ta/e this opportunity to than/ you in advance
for your prompt cooperation and contribution in the matter!
C. Re.=578e7/E. =a4/i26la4.
%espondent name !! 6gender: * =
%espondent age: 2F A DE 5 DC A 3E 5 3C H C1 5 C1 A and above
%espondent occupation
Title!!!
%espondent level of education
%espondent locality: -ard !!! &illage6street!!!!
*Fill /9e >la71. 54 Aa41 IJK i7 /9e =45@i8e8 >5F+
2! (o you /no. the meaning of corruptionK Jes ,o
0! +ave you ever heard about the Prevention and Combating of Corruption Bureau
"PCCB'K
Jes ,o
D! )re you a.are of the fight against corruption in *eru (istrict councilK
54
Jes ,o
3! Is there any good understanding of corruption and its effect to the *eru #ocietyK
Jes #omeho. I don>t /no.
E! (o you perceive that there is the corruption in the services provided by the
government particularly in *eru (istrict CouncilK Jes ,o
I don>t /no.
If :e., in .hich area please mention
C! (o you /no. that there is a PCCB office in your (istrictK Jes ,o
?! (o you perceive that the PCCB is .ell supplied to meet its functionsK
Jes I don>t /no. ,o
F! Is the battle against corruption only for PCCB and government onlyK
Jes I don>t /no. ,o
B! -hat is the role of the citizens in the battle against corruptionK
!!!!
21! (o you perceive that the citizens bear .ell his role in the battle against corruption
especial in the *eru (istrict CouncilK Jes #omeho. ,o
55
22 Is the cumbersome bureaucracy creates opportunities for corruption in TanzaniaK
Jes ,o
20! )re there any benefits of reporting corruptionK
Jes #omeho. ,o
If your ans.er in above @uestion is :e. please mention it!!
2D! (o you perceive that the PCCB has done its 9ob of creating a.areness to the
community on his e4istence and its functionK Jes I don>t /no. ,o
If your ans.er is ,o please e4plain!
23! (o you /no. the PCC), )ct ,o 226011? and its functionK Jes ,o
2E! Is there any need of the government to revie. the )ct relating to corruptionK
Jes I don>t /no. ,o ,
If your ans.er is :e. give the reason .hy!
56
2C! (o you perceive that the PCCB and its functions are real independentK
Jes I don>t /no. ,o
2?! -ho is the initiator of corruptionK a' #ervice provider
b' The service see/ offer by his .ill c' )ll of them
2F! -hat do you thin/ are the causes of corruptionK

2B! Is there enough court speed in hearing of corruption casesK Jes ,o

01! *ention possible effects of lo. courts speed on hearing of corruption cases:

02! *ention challenges facing the PCCB in curbing corruption

00! #uggest the best .ays the PCCB can use to overcome those challenges

THAN( YOU
57