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Outline Hormone
Hormone. Hormone, Greek hormon, excite or arouse.
Types of hormone. A chemical secreted into body fluids, i.e. blood,
recognized by specific receptors on its target
Synthesis of hormones.
cells, by its pattern of secretion and/or its
Vertebrate hormones. concentration.
Invertebrate hormones. Similar to chemical messengers in nervous
system but slower.
Subjected to negative feedback control.
Hormone secreting organs are called endocrine
glands or ductless glands.
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Some facts Some facts
Effects of hormone have been noticed by Berthold’s experiment 1849.
ancient people. Roosters which their testes removed had
The practice of castration of animals and men smaller combs, were less aggressive and
revealed the link between testes and male sexual showed lower levels of sexual behavior.
characteristics development: These effects could be reversed by
Male opera singers castrated before puberty (called administration a crude testicular extract or
castrati) to preserve higher voices. testes implantation.
To reduce their sex drive, male servants in Roman
and Greek times were castrated
Campbell, 2008
http://www.tulane.edu/~irschick/Hu_7_2004.pdf
Synthesis of protein & peptide hormones
Processing of hydrophilic peptide hormone
Stored in secretory
vesicle
Once received
release signal on
appropriate
http://www.tulane.edu/~irschick/Hu_6_2004.pdf
http://www.tulane.edu/~irschick/Hu_7_2004.pdf
Modes of hormone action
Processing of lipophilic steroid hormone
Figure 18-3
A chemical signal is conveyed via the
circulatory system (bloodstream) to target cells
which have receptors specific to the hormone.
The binding of a signal to its receptor triggers
a signal transduction leading to a cellular
response or a change in the cell’s behavior.
2 types of receptors
Plasma –membrane receptor.
Not stored
Intracellular receptor.
= Intermediates not biologically active in humans 5/20
Plasma-membrane receptor Signal transduction pathway
Homeostasis
Homeostasis
Positive feedback is
also possible.
If a change occurs in
some variable, the
response is to change
that variable even more
in the same direction.
This has a de-stabilizing
effect, so it does not
result in homeostasis.
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Vertebrate endocrine system Vertebrate endocrine system
http://www.tulane.edu/~irschick/Hu_7_2004.pdf
Campbell & Reece, 2005
http://www.ansi.okstate.edu/course/3443/study/Notes/endocrin/oxytocin.htm
are made by a set of neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus:
during childbirth.
during nursing.
Campbell & Reece, 2005 Copyright © Oklahoma State University Board of Regents 1999
Anterior pituitary gland Anterior pituitary gland
Tropic hormones (hormones that stimulate the
synthesis and release of hormones from other
endocrine glands):
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH): regulates the release
of thyroid hormones.
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH): controls the
adrenal cortex.
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH): controls gonads.
Other hormones:
Growth hormone (GH) , prolactin (PRL), melanocyte-
stimulating hormone (MSH) and endorphins. Campbell & Reece, 2005
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Hormone Biorhythms: Pineal gland
A small mass of tissue near
Hormones grouped by their functions: the center of the brain.
Regulation of biorhythms. Secrets melatonin at night,
Development and growth. the amount depends on the
length of the night.
Maintenance of the blood calcium.
Winter nights are longer >
Maintenance of the glucose. more melatonin.
Response to stress. Decreases the activity of
neurons, target cells in the
Reproduction and sexual differentiation.
part of the brain that
controls the biological clock.
http://www.ch.ic.ac.uk/local/projects/s_thipayang/bio.html
http://www.endotext.org/neuroendo/ne`uroendo5e/neuroendo5e.htm
http://tray.dermatology.uiowa.edu/Acromeg.htm
http://www.gigantism.com/
12/20
Development and growth: Thyroid hormones Thyroid hormones
Thyroid gland: 2 Hypothalamus
lobes, on the secretes TSH-
ventral surface of releasing hormone
trachea. (TRH) stimulating
2 thyroid anterior pituitary to
hormones: T4 secrete TSH thyroid
and more active stimulating hormone.
T3. TSH stimulate
http://courses.bio.indiana.edu/Z566-Berndtson/lab5.pdf
Metamorphosis in frogs.
http://www.calarts.edu/~shockley/frogchart.gif
Maintain normal blood pressure, heart rate,
muscle tone, digestion and reproductive
functions.
Increase rate of oxygen consumption and
cellular metabolism.
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Thyroid hormones
Thyroid dysfunctions
Hyperthyroidism: too much of the hormones,
high body temperature, sweating, weight loss and
high blood pressure.
Hypothyroidism: too less of the hormones,
weight gain, lethargy and intolerance to cold >
myxedema
Hypothyroidism: deficient thyroid hormone secretion
Hyperthyroidism: excess thyroid hormone secretion Cretinism: thyroid hormones deficiency: retarded
skeletal growth and poor mental development.
Myxedema Goiter
http://www.meddean.luc.edu/lumen/MedEd/medicine/pulmonar/images/phyabn/image4.jpg
http://www.type2hypothyroidism.com/Type1VsType2.html
http://www.ei.educ.ab.ca/sch/fhs/biology/goiter.jpg
http://www.cushings-help.com/goiter.gif
http://www.vulgartee.com/goiter.jpg
14/20
Goiter Cretinism
http://137.222.110.150/calnet/Thyroid/image/cretinism%20in%20adult-live%20photo.jpg
Enlarged thyroid gland
http://www.uic.edu/classes/phyb/phyb402rcj/th_pics/thcretin.jpg
Overstimulation of thyroid gland
http://www.mediscan.co.uk/images/batch21/20015/20015t.jpg
http://www2j.biglobe.ne.jp/~fkamiya/HB/images/F1409.jpg
by TSH or TSI
http://www.catea.org/grade/health/module4.htm#slide11
Hypothyroidism due to iodine
deficiency > low thyroid
hormone > no negative feedback
control on anterior pituitary >
↑ TSH
↑ TSH secretion from anterior
pituitary > hyperthyroidism
Figure 19-6
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/imagepages/8890.htm 15/20
Campbell & Reece, 2005
Blood glucose balance Blood glucose balance
Endocrine cells, islets of Langerhans, in pancreas Insulin and glucagon, antagonistic hormones,
secrete glucagon (alpha cells) & insulin (beta cells). maintain normal blood glucose level, 90 mg/100 ml.
High blood glucose: insulin is released and lowers
http://pathology2.jhu.edu/pancreas/PANCPART.CFM
blood glucose by stimulating all body cells (except
brain cells) to take up glucose from blood, slowing
glycogen breakdown, inhibiting conversion of amino
acids and glycerol (from fats) to sugar.
Once the excess blood glucose is cleared, glucagon
stimulates the liver cells to increase glycogen
hydrolysis, convert amino acids and glycerol to
glucose, and starts releasing glucose back to the
circulation.
Diabetes mellitus
The presence of sugar in the urine (diabetes, Greek
for copious urination; mellitus, Greek for honey).
Blood glucose balance
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Cushings’s syndrome Addison’s disease
Excessive amount of glucocorticoid hormone.
Upper body obesity, rounded face, increased fat around The adrenal glands do not produce enough of
the neck, and thinning arms and legs. the hormone cortisol.
Children tend to be obese with slowed growth rates. Chronic, worsening fatigue
Skin becomes bruises easily and heals poorly. Muscle weakness
The bones are weakened. Loss of appetite
Severe fatigue, weak
Weight loss
muscles, high blood
pressure and
high blood sugar.
Irritability, anxiety and
depression are common.
http://www.colorado.edu/kines/Class/IPHY3430-200/image/figure19i.jpg
http://cushings.homestead.com/files/moonface.jpg http://cushings.homestead.com/files/moonface.jpg
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Male hormonal control Reproductive
cycle: human ♀
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/images/ency/fullsize/17010.jpg
Placenta http://medlib.med.utah.edu/WebPath/jpeg2/PLAC032.jpg
http://medlib.med.utah.edu/WebPath/jpeg2/PLAC027.jpg Thymus gland
Located in the upper anterior portion of the
chest cavity.
Plays an important role in the development of
the immune system.
Thymosin, produced
from thymus,
functions in the
preprocessing of
Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) released from the
placenta maintains the corpus luteum.
T cells maturation
Also secretes estrogen and progesterone.
in immune system. 20/20
http://www.besthealth.com/besthealth/bodyguide/reftext/images/Thymus_spleen.jpg