Cdma - Ofdm - Mc-Cdma-Principles-Merits-Demerits

Visit: www.geocities.com/chinna_chetan05/forfriends.
html
ABSTRACT
• CDMA -OFDM –MC-CDMA-PRINCIPLES-MERITS-DEMERITS.
• CHANNEL ESTIMATION-NEED-PRINCIPLE-
TECHNIQUES(Pilot)
TECHNIQUES(Pilot).
• PROBLEMS IN UPLINK TRANSMISSION

TRANSMISSION.
• TDD MC-CDMA –PR

–PRINCIPLES-POSSIBLE STRATEGIES.
1 Email: chinna_chetan05@yahoo.com
Visit: www.geocities.com/chinna_chetan05/forfriends.html
INTRODUCTION
Over the past several years there has been increased interest in wireless
communication systems that use code division multiple access(CDMA).
The systems such as IS-95(Direct Sequence CDMA, DS-CDMA) and
UMPTS (Wide band CDMA, W-CDMA) already use CDMA based
techniques.
On the other hand, thanks to excellent multi carrier(MC) modulation

properties in the frequency selective fading radio channels, MC techniques
gained a lot of popularity lately. The orthogonal frequency division
multiplexing (OFDM) as the most common MC technique has been chosen
as the European standard for digital audio broadcasting(DAB) and as the
digital terrestrial video standard(DVB-T) (OFDM in DAB and DVB-T).
Following this, a lot of research was devoted to the usage of hybrid schemes
that use the benefits of both CDMA and MC. This led to the development
MC-CDMA, MC-DS-CDMA and similar techniques that are suited for
applications in future mobile communications.
The MC-CDMA proved to be a suitable technique for the down link
transmission . Uplink transmission, due to the more complex propagation
conditions, introduces additional problems which results in harder
applicability of MC-CDMA in uplink. The goal of this work is to explain
the problems involved in uplink transmission and to offer some solutions
which enable us to use modified MC-CDMA as an uplink transmission
technique. More over, time division duplex (TDD) MC-CDMA as a
promising transmission technique for next generation mobile radio systems
is presented.
The remaining part of the paper is organized as follows. In section II the

basic principles of CDMA, MC and hybrid techniques will be reviewed.
Then in section III the principle of the channel estimation in the downlink
MC-CDMA is presented. In section IV main problems that occur in the
uplink transmission are discussed. Section V introduces TDD MC-CDMA,
that uses pre-compensation algorithm in order to overcome some of the
problems that occur in uplink transmission. Possible TDD MC-CDMA
strategies are presented in section VI. Finally conclusions are given in
section VII.
Basic principles of CDMA,MC and hybrid techniques
• DS-CDMA
FIGURE 1: Direct sequence multiple access principle.
The above figure shows the structure of DS-CDMA transmitter and

receiver.In DS-CDMA each user is assigned a unique code sequence.
information signal is multiplied by the code signal. For multiple access, the
resulting signals for every user are added together and modulated by a RF
carrier for transmission .upon reception,the received signal is first
demodulated and then multiplied by the unique code signal again and finally
passed through a low pass filter to recover the original data .
.
FIGURE 2. DS-CDMA transmitter/receiver
The chip rate of the code sequence(1/Tc) is always much higher

than that of information signal(1/Ts). Therefore by multiplying the two
together, the spectrum of the information signal is spread across a large
bandwidth , with the spreading ratio given by Ts/Tm. upon reception,since
the code sequence are chosen such that the cross correlation between two
different code sequences is small,by multiplying the received signal with the
same code sequence used on the transmitter side, the original signal will be
recovered. Most of the interference power from the other data signals will
be rejected by passing the despread signal through a low pass filter.
By using a number of different pseudo noise

sequences,multiple users can transmit simultaneously using the same
bandwidth. In all practical cases , at the receiver, all the users pseudo noise
sequence will not be orthogonal and therefore the capacity of the system will
be limited by this multiple access interference. A number of receiver
techniques have been proposed to mitigate this effect , the two main
categories being linear receivers and non linear interference cancellation
receivers. With the linear , a linear transform is applied to the received
signal try and restore the orthogonality between the users ,although the
effect of additive noise also needs to be taken into account. With the non
linear interference cancellation receivers,tentative estimates of users data are
used to reconstruct interfering users signals and these are subtracted to leave
an interference free signal. These can approach the performance of the
maximum likelihood receiver. This optimum receiver compares the
received signal with every possible combined transmitter signal, and
requires an exponentially complex algorithm which prohibits its use if the
number of CDMA users is larger than about ten.
• ORTHOGONAL FREQUENCY DIVISION

MULTIPLEXING(OFDM)
OFDM has been adopted as the European broadcast standard for

digital video and digital audio broadcasting. It has also recently been
included in high performance wireless local area network
standards(HIPERLAN2 and IEEE 802.11). Multi carrier CDMA can use
OFDM to provide multiple orthogonal carriers.
OFDM is a modulation technique which allows simple equalization of

signals in frequency selective channels with severe inter symbol
interference. This is achieved by increasing the symbol length at the cost of
increasing the number of carriers used to transmit the information, thus
keeping the same data rate. This can be easily and efficient implemented by
taking the FFT of a block of data symbols. This results in a number of
parallel(flat fading) narrow band channels which can be a equalized simple
narrow band(single tap) equalizers. The inter symbol interference which
could have been a number of symbol lengths is now only a fraction of a
symbol length. This can be completely eliminated if the symbol is cyclicly
extended, by repeating the first part of the block at the end. The receiver can
then operate on the part of the signal beyond the ISI with the only side
effect a phase shift on each subcarrier.
.
FIGURE 3:OFDM.
There are however two disadvantages with using OFDM. Firstly the
large number of carriers increases the peak to average power ratio of the
signal, causing problems when amplified by a non linear amplifier.
Secondly by having the carriers much closer together, the system becomes
more sensitive to frequency estimation errors.
Figure 4: Multi carrier modulation principle.
• MC-CDMA
Since MC –CDMA is a combination of CDMA and OFDM techniques, its

concept and structure are somewhat similar to DS-CDMA. The following
figure shows the structure MC-CDMA transmitter and receiver. In this
technique data signals are spreaded by code sequences first and then
combined. The combined signal is then converted into a parallel data stream
and transmitted over multiple sub-carriers , which can be effectively
implemented using an inverse FFT. In general , the number of sub-carriers
and the spreading ratio may or may not be the same ,depending on the
situation. Since MC-CDMA mitigates ISI by having flat-fading over each
sub-carrier,if the original symbol is too high, more sub-carriers are needed
for modulation .
Upon reception, an FFT operation is first applied to the received

signal, and then the resulting signal is converted into serial data stream ,
which can be despread by the same code sequence to recover the original
data signal.
FIGURE 5: MC-CDMA Transmitter/Receiver.
As mentioned , MC-CDMA also mitigates the effect of ISI. However unlike

DS-CDMA whose ISI rejection is determined by auto correlation properties
of code sequence,this is achieved by increasing the code symbol length (in
time domain) an modulating each code symbol using different sub-carriers
to keep the same data rate . This results in flat feeding over each sub-carrier.
The main advantage of doing this is that when the multiple access
inteferefnce becomes a problem , the resulting linear detectors are much
simpler to implement, as only a single tap equaliset is required for wach
channel. Rake reception can also be employed to exploit the channel
diversity by channel matching in the frequency domain allowing optimal
reception for a single user.
In the uplink another advantage of MC-CDMA can be exploited.If the

signals can be synchronized within a small fraction of the symbol time(e.g.
indoor , or very small cell environment) then this asynchronism can be
overcome by cyclicly –extending the signal further allowing synchronous
reception of all signals,with no ISI from other users.
FIGURE 6: Multi carrier code division multiple access principle.
III CHANNEL ESTIMATION FOR THE MC-CDMA DOWNLINK
In the case of coherent receivers it is necessary to obtain the information

about the channel state at the receiver. The transmission over a mobile radio
channel is, in the most common case, described by the influence of random
noise(AWGN) and frequency selecting fading as given in (i) where S
represents transmitted data matrix, R received data matrix, N the AWGN
matrix and H the channel transfer function. The distrurbances caused by
fading can partly be estimated and removed. This is usually done by pilot
symbol aided channel estimation.
R=HS+N.
The principle of pilot symbol aided channel estimation is to

multiplexed pilot symbols in to the data stream. At the receiver the position
and the original values of the pilot symbols are known and are used to make
initial estimations of the channels. This information is used to estimate the
complete channel impulses response by filtering. In MC-CDMA the
multiplexing of the pilot symbols is done in both dimensions: Time and
Frequency. The pilots and data symbols are multiplexed into a matrix
structure called OFDM frame.
• TECHNIQUE I:
PILOT AND DATA SYMBOLS TRANSMITTED IN SAME OFDM

SYMBOL
Pilot symbols are now arranged among data symbols at the transmitter
similar to the pattern illustrated in fig. At the receiver channel estimates are
formed at each pilot symbol location. The maximum frequency separation,
Sf, of pilot symbols is set by the following equation.
Sf < maximum delay spread of the multipath channel.
For the UMTS vehicular channel B Model delay spread is 20 ms and hence
Sf must be less than 50kHz. The subcarrier separation in this system is
determined by the output bandwidth of the system divided by the number of
carriers. The output sample rate of the system is 3.84 Msamples/s, hence the
minimum output bandwidth is 1.92 MHz. With 128 subcarriers this gives a
subcarrier separation of 15 kHz. Therefore the pilot symbols must be placed
on every third subcarrier to give a subcarrier separation of 45kHz and hence
obey equation. This system, therefore, has 44 subcarriers allocated to carry
pilot symbols and 84 subcarriers of this sytem. Each user specific pilot
symbol has the same power as aspread data symbol from a single user and
pilot power is proportional to the number of users.
FIGURE 7:Arrangement of pilot symbols in channel estimation technique

1(a).
The loss in performance of this system compared to that
with perfect channel knowledge in the receiver is apparent. A
receiver with a perfect channel estimate, with a system load of
10 users, attains a BER of 3 * 10-2 at Eb/NO 7 dB, see Figure 7.
However in a system with identical load and using this
technique of channel estimation in the receiver a BER of 3 * 10-
2
is now attained at Eb/NO 17 db, a performance degradation of
10Db.
Technique 2: Pilot and data symbols transmitted in separate OFDM

symbols
An OFDM symbol which only consists of pilot symbols is transmitted at the

start of each data burst. The channel equalizing coefficients derived from
that channel estimate and are reused throughout that bust. A data burst
consists of one OFDM symbol which carries exclusively pilot symbols
followed by two data carrying OFDM symbols. The channel is assumed to
be essentially in variant over the data burst as the duration of the burst is less
than the coherence time of the channel. Each user specific pilot symbol has
the same power as a spread data symbol from a single user and pilot power
is proportional to the number of users. At a system load of 10 users a BER
of 3 * 10-2 is attained at Eb/NO 12.5 db, a performance degradation of 5.5 db
over the system with perfect channel knowledge in the receiver.
IV. UPLINK TRANSMISSION – IDENTIFYING THE PROBLEMS
The MC-CDMA as presented in is very suitable for downlink

transmission, but if we try to apply it directly to the uplink transmission we
are facing some important problems.
THE MAIN PROBLEMS ARE:
 Channel estimation problem – Problem occurs because signals from

many mobile stations that arrive at the base station(BS) are affected
by different channel transfer functions. Since each signal is, due to
the frequency selective fading, influenced by different channel
transfer function, pilot based channel estimation becomes difficult.
Pilot symbols from different users must be placed on different
positions in OFDM frame, otherwise severe multi user interference
will prevent estimating the channel of desired user. But, if each user
needs dedicated positions on OFDM grid for the pilot symbols most
of the bandwidth will be occupied by the pilot symbols most of the
bandwidth will be occupied by the pilot symbols and not enough
bandwidth will be left for the data. As a result, the system capacity
drastically decreases.
 Synchronization problem – Base station tries to synchronize with

different users, but each signal has different Doppler shift. Also, at
the base station we have signals from different users that try to
synchronize to one time reference, but each user have different speed
and different distance from the base station. Uplink synchronization
for the MC-CDMA is difficult.
There is a technique called TDD MC-CDMA which enables us to deal with

some of the mentioned problems.
FIGURE 9:The typical propagation scenario in the case of uplink
transmission.
V.TDD MC-CDMA WITH PRE-COMPENSATION TDD – Time Division
Duplex
 Division Duplex
In every two-way communication system it is necessary to use separated

channels to transmit information in each direction. This is called duplexing.
In wireless systems either separating the channels in frequency or in time
does this. Time Division Duplex (TDD) is a duplex technique where the
same frequency band is used both by the base station and mobile stations
(downlink and uplink), but at different time slots. The fact that the same
frequency band is used in both directions will be exploited further on in
order to develop TDD MC-CDMA that successfully deals with the channel
estimation problem described in the previous section .
 Pre-compensation
The idea is to estimate the channel only in the downlink transmission

and to use this channel estimation also for the uplink transmission.
Asumption is that the TDD time slot is short compared to the time-variance
of the channel. Then, predictions of the channel are likely to be accurate for
adjacent TDD time slots and we can adjust the transmission signal in order
to achieve better performance. If this assumption is valid, pre-compensation
will ensure the separation between users at the BS.
For the downlink the channel is estimated by the pilot symbol aided
channel estimation as described in Section III. However, for the uplink
transmission no pilot symbol insertion is needed since we use the downlink
estimation to pre-compensate the uplink frame.
FIGURE 10: Precompensation , basic principle.
 Pre-compensation TDD mode.

As already described, the TDD mode separates uplink and
downlink transmission in the time domain. This enables us to deploy pre-
compensation algorithms. Pre-compensation operates on the premise that
there is a correlation between downlink channel conditions and uplink
channel conditions. This is a reasonable assumption especially in the case of
a slowly varying channel. As shown in figure 10.,Hi(I=1,2,3,4) represents
the channel transfer function in base station to mobile station
(BS->MS) direction while H I can be mainly eliminated with pilot symbol
aided channel estimation at the MS as described in Section III.
III. The calculated equalization matrix is also applied to the
OFDMA frame that we wish to transmit. This pre-compensates the
influence of Hi.
The idea of pre-compensation can be further developed. It is also
possible to pre-compensate Doppler shift or the time delays, by using the
information acquired from the downlink frame.
FIGURE 10: The principles of pre-compensation
VI.POSSIBLE TDD STRATEGIES
TDD transmission can be realized in several ways. We propose

three possibilities which can be used as a base for more complex
strategies.For each of the strategies the advantages(marked with +), and
disadvantages (marked with -)
are given. The following abbreviations are used : Ttdd-TDD guard interval,
Tprop – time of propagation ,Test – time of channel estimation,Twait-
waiting- wating time, Rx – receiver , Tx- transmitter,UL – uplink, DL –
downlink.
1.Full TDD guard interval
+complete time separation of downlink and uplink

-long TDD – guard interval Ttdd = 2Tprop + Test
-difficult frequency,time synchronization of Rx,UL
2.Reduced TDD-guard interval
+ shorter TDD – guard interval Ttdd= 2Tprop we are transmitting at least

2Tx, DL packets
-Twait makes estimated channel value older
3.No TDD guard interval,small cells
Assumption:2Tprop + Test less than OFDM guard interval
+ no TDD guard interval , no twait

+ interference between Rx.UL and Tx,DL eliminated with OFDM guard
interval
-Test=0 , is that realistic ?
Assumption : processing delay Test larger than OFDM guard interval
+advantages similar to that in above case

-Twait>0,we use older channel estimation
VII . CONCLUSION :
This paper discusses TDD MC-CDMA as a promising

transmission technique for next generation mobile radio systems. It is
outlined where problems arise in uplink transmission , and how the channel
pre-estimation can be successfully performed in the uplink case with the use
of a pre-compensation algorithm at the transmitter.Next, possible TDD
strategies have been discussed , with the special emphasis on the case of
small radio cells with low time delay. In the future work presented TDD
strategies will be further investigated, compared and developed.
Start.wav
BIBILIOGRAPHY:
• WIRELESS BROADBAND NETWORKS HANDBOOK-JOHN.

R.VACCA
• WIRELESS NETWORKS-KAVEH PAHLAVAN-PRASHANT

KRISHNAMURTHY.
• A PROMISING NEW WIDEBAND MULTIPLE ACCESS SCHEME

FOR FUTURE MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS-SCHNELL.M
,BROECK.I.,SORGER.
• PILOT SYMBOL AIDED CHANNEL ESTIMATION IN TIME

AND FREQUENCY- HOCHER .P. KAISER.

Cdma - Ofdm - Mc-Cdma-Principles-Merits-Demerits

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Исходное описание:

Оригинальное название

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Cdma - Ofdm - Mc-Cdma-Principles-Merits-Demerits

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Visit: www.geocities.com/chinna_chetan05/forfriends.

• CDMA -OFDM –MC-CDMA-PRINCIPLES-MERITS-DEMERITS.

• PROBLEMS IN UPLINK TRANSMISSION

• TDD MC-CDMA –PR

On the other hand, thanks to excellent multi carrier(MC) modulation

The remaining part of the paper is organized as follows. In section II the

Basic principles of CDMA,MC and hybrid techniques

FIGURE 1: Direct sequence multiple access principle.

The above figure shows the structure of DS-CDMA transmitter and

The chip rate of the code sequence(1/Tc) is always much higher

By using a number of different pseudo noise

• ORTHOGONAL FREQUENCY DIVISION

OFDM has been adopted as the European broadcast standard for

OFDM is a modulation technique which allows simple equalization of

Figure 4: Multi carrier modulation principle.

Since MC –CDMA is a combination of CDMA and OFDM techniques, its

Upon reception, an FFT operation is first applied to the received

FIGURE 5: MC-CDMA Transmitter/Receiver.

As mentioned , MC-CDMA also mitigates the effect of ISI. However unlike

In the uplink another advantage of MC-CDMA can be exploited.If the

FIGURE 6: Multi carrier code division multiple access principle.

III CHANNEL ESTIMATION FOR THE MC-CDMA DOWNLINK

In the case of coherent receivers it is necessary to obtain the information

The principle of pilot symbol aided channel estimation is to

PILOT AND DATA SYMBOLS TRANSMITTED IN SAME OFDM

Sf < maximum delay spread of the multipath channel.

FIGURE 7:Arrangement of pilot symbols in channel estimation technique

Technique 2: Pilot and data symbols transmitted in separate OFDM

An OFDM symbol which only consists of pilot symbols is transmitted at the

IV. UPLINK TRANSMISSION – IDENTIFYING THE PROBLEMS

The MC-CDMA as presented in is very suitable for downlink

 Channel estimation problem – Problem occurs because signals from

 Synchronization problem – Base station tries to synchronize with

There is a technique called TDD MC-CDMA which enables us to deal with

In every two-way communication system it is necessary to use separated

The idea is to estimate the channel only in the downlink transmission

FIGURE 10: Precompensation , basic principle.

 Pre-compensation TDD mode.

FIGURE 10: The principles of pre-compensation

VI.POSSIBLE TDD STRATEGIES

TDD transmission can be realized in several ways. We propose

1.Full TDD guard interval

+complete time separation of downlink and uplink

2.Reduced TDD-guard interval

+ shorter TDD – guard interval Ttdd= 2Tprop we are transmitting at least

3.No TDD guard interval,small cells

Assumption:2Tprop + Test less than OFDM guard interval

+ no TDD guard interval , no twait

-Test=0 , is that realistic ?

Assumption : processing delay Test larger than OFDM guard interval

+advantages similar to that in above case

This paper discusses TDD MC-CDMA as a promising

• WIRELESS BROADBAND NETWORKS HANDBOOK-JOHN.

• WIRELESS NETWORKS-KAVEH PAHLAVAN-PRASHANT

• A PROMISING NEW WIDEBAND MULTIPLE ACCESS SCHEME

• PILOT SYMBOL AIDED CHANNEL ESTIMATION IN TIME

Вам также может понравиться