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Module04
Lecture21
Module04:Targeting
Lecture21:Costtargeting
Keywords:Costtargeting,capitalcost,Operatingcost,Targeting,HEN,
Ingeneral,thepurposeofsynthesizingacountercurrentheatexchangernetwork(HEN)isto
matchhotandcoldprocessstreamsofanindustryinsuchawaythattheexpenseforheating
cold streams and cooling hot streams is reduced. In other words, the objective of the HEN
synthesis is to develop a network of countercurrent heat exchangers that minimizes capital
investmentandoperationalcosts.ItleadstotheoptimizationofTminwhichwilloffertradeoff
between the capital costs and the energy costs. At an optimum Tmin the total annual cost
(TAC) of the HEN gets minimized. The TAC of a HEN for a given Tmin is found out using cost
targeting.Thecosttargetingisdividedintotwoparts:
a) CapitalcostTargetingand
b) Operatingcosttargeting.
A. CapitalCostTargetingforsimilarmaterialofconstruction
Thecostofaheatexchangerdependsprimarilyonitsmaterialofconstruction,pressurerating
andthetypeofexchangeritself.ThecostofasingleheatexchangerwithsurfaceareaAcanbe
foundoutusingsimplerelationship:
Installedcapitalcostofexchanger=a+bAc..(21.1)
In the Eq.21.1, a, b and c are the cost law constants that vary according to the material of
construction,pressureratingandthetypeoftheheatexchanger.
Thedistributionofthetargetedareabetweennetworkexchangersisunknownwhiledoingcost
targeting. Therefore, for using above equation to find the capital cost of a heat exchanger
network,consistingofmanyheatexchangers,thesimplestassumptionofequalareaforallthe
exchangersisused.
Thus,
Networkcapitalcost=N[a+b(ANetwork/N)c].(21.2)
Here,Nrepresentsthenumberofunitsorshellswhicheverisappropriate.Theaboveequation
is valid if the problem is dominated by equipment with a single specification i.e. material of
construction,pressureratingandequipmenttype.However,ifthereisamixofspecifications
such as different streams requiring different materials of construction, then the above
approach must be modified in accordance to Section B to obtain a realistic value of cost
target.
CostTargeting
Module04
Lecture21
AccuracyofthisApproach:Thebasicareatargetingalgorithm(bathalgorithm)givesthetrue
minimumnetworkareaifallthestreamshavethesameheattransfercoefficientsandslightly
above the true minimum if the heat transfers coefficients varies by less than an order of
magnitude(<10%).However,thisdoesnotresultin10%errorincapitalcosttargetingasthe
practicaldesignsareinvariableabovetheminimum.
Therearetwoinherenterrorsinthisapproachofcapitalcosttargeting:
a) Total heat exchanger area is assumed to be divided equally between exchangers. This
tendstooverestimatethecapitalcost.
b) Theareatargetisslightlylessthantheareaobservedindesign.
However, these two tends to nullify each other and hence the accuracy of the capital cost
targetsisusuallygoodforthetargetingpurpose.
TotalCostTargeting:
Asmentionedearlier,costisinvolvedattwoplacesinanyHeatexchangernetworksynthesis
problem:
a) Capitalcostoftheheatexchangers,heatersandcoolers
b) Utilitycosts
WithchangeindrivingforceorTmin,thesetwocostsvaryoppositetoeachother.Forexample,
withincreaseinTmin,theutilitycostsincreaseastheutilityconsumptionincreases.However,
capital cost decreases as the area of the heat exchanger network reduces with increase in
driving force. Thus, it is better to consider both the costs during targeting a heat exchanger
networkandforfurtherdeterminationofoptimumTminusingSupertargeting.
Now, capital cost (fixed cost) and operating cost (utility cost) are expressed in different time
scales. For example capital cost is expressed for the operating useful life period of the
exchanger whereas operating cost is generally expressed on per year basis. Therefore, it is
necessarytofindacommontimescaleforjoiningthesetwocosts.Thisisdonebydetermining
the annualized capital cost (expressing capital cost on per year basis) before it is added to
operatingcosttomaketimescaleconsistent.Therefore,
TotalAnnualCost(TAC)=Annualizedcapitalcost+Annualutilitycost(21.3)
Theannualizedcapitalcostiscalculatedusingequation21.4
Annualizedcapitalcost=(capitalcost)*
1
1
)(21.4)
CostTargeting
Module04
Lecture21
Where,
i=fractionalinterestrateperyear
n=numberofyears(usefullifeofexchangerinyears)
Example1
The example earlier selected for area targeting is used in this chapter for cost targeting. The
problemgiveninTable4.26(Lecture15)isreproducedinTable21.1hereforthispurpose.For
the process shown in the Table 21.1 below, pure countercurrent (1, 1) shell and tube heat
exchangersareusedandTministakentobe100C.Theaimis:
(a) tocalculatethecapitalcosttargetiftheindividualheatexchangerscanbecosted
accordingtotherelationship:
HeatExchangerCapitalCost($)=30,000+400(A)0.9
Here,
Aistheheattransferareainm2.
Table21.1Afivestreamproblemforcosttargeting(Tmin=100C)
Stream
HotStream1
HotStream2
HotStream3
ColdStream1
Coldstream2
Steam
CoolingWater
Supply
Temp.
Ts(0C)
159
267
343
26
118
300
20
Target
Temp.
TT(0C)
77
80
90
127
265
299
60
22.85
0.1
2.04
0.04
5.38
0.5
9.33
0.01
19.61
0.5
0.05
0.2
(b) tocalculatethetotalannualcost(TAC)providedtheutilitycostsvariesasfollows:
Steamcost=120,000($.MW1.y1)
Coolingwatercost=10,000($.MW1.y1)
i=10%;n=5
Solution:
CostTargeting
Module04
Lecture21
ForcosttargetingitisrequiredthattheareaoftheHENfortheproblemgiveninTable21.2is
computedusingtheprocedureoutlinedintheLecture17:AreaTargeting.Oncetheareaofthe
HENisknownitscapitalcostandAnnualizedcapitalcostcanbecomputed.ThenusingProblem
TableAnalysis,onecandoenergytargetingandsubsequentlycancomputethecostofutility
peryear.Further,byaddingannualizedcapitalcostandutilitycostperyearonecanfindtotal
annualcost(TAC).
UsingPTAminimumhotandcoldutilitiesarecomputedasgivenbelow:
MinimumHotutilityrequirement=1064.52kW
MinimumColdutilityrequirement=855.84kW
CPvaluesofhot&coldutilityarethereforecalculatedasfollows:
(CP)hu=Qhu,min/(TinTout)hu=1064.52/(300299)=1064.52kW/0C
(CP)cu=Qcu,min/(ToutTin)cu=855.84/(6020)=21.396kW/0C
Computationforbalancedhotcompositecurve:
Forbalancedhotcompositecurve,hotstreams(H1,H2&H3)andhotutility(ST)temperatures
andotherdatasuchasCParenecessary.
Table21.2Computationtableforbalancedhotcompositecurve
CP,hb
CumQhb
Qhb=T*CP,hb
22.85
77
22.85
22.85*3=68.55
68.55
2.04
80
22.85+2.04=24.89
24.89*10=248.9
317.45
5.38
90
159
H1
2.04+5.38=7.42
7.42*108=801.36 3207.44
267
H2
5.38
5.38*32=172.16
3379.6
1064.52
299
1064.52+5.38=1069.9 1069.9*1=1069.9
4449.5
300
ST
5.38
5.38*43=231.34
4680.84
343
H3
Computationofbalancedcoldcompositecurve:
CostTargeting
Module04
Lecture21
Forbalancedcoldcompositecurve,coldstreams(C1&C2)andcoldutility(CW)temperatures
andotherdatasuchasCParenecessary.
Table21.3Computationtableforcoldbalancedcompositecurve
CP,hb
Qhb
CumQhb
CW
20
21.396
128.376
128.376
C1
26
30.726
1044.684
1173.06
C2
60
21.396
9.33
541.14
1714.2
118
28.94
260.46
1974.66
127
9.33
19.61
2706.18
4680.84
265
19.61
Therefore,thebalancedcoldcompositecurvesfortheabovestreamscanbedrawnusingTable
21.4andTable21.5.
Table21.4Requireddataforplottingbalancedhotcompositecurve
Thb
CumQhb
77
0
80
68.55
90
317.45
159
2406.08
267
3207.44
299
3379.6
300
4449.5
343
4680.84
Table21.5Requireddataforplottingbalancedcoldcompositecurve
Tcb
CumQcb
20
26
128.376
60
1173.06
118
1714.2
127
1974.66
265
4680.84
CostTargeting
Module04
Lecture21
BasedonthedataofTables21.4&21.5balancedhotandcoldcompositecurvesareplottedin
Fig.21.1
400
350
Temperature,C
CumQ=3379.6
(Tc12Tc10)*CPcb=(4680.83379.6)
T c10=Tc12(4680.83379.6)/CPcb
Tc10=198.64C
300
Points()wheretemperature
Valuesareknown
CumQ=4680.8
11
Balancedhotcompositecurve
250
10
200
150
Th5
Th6
Th3
100
Tc10
CPcb=19.61
5
Temperatureisnotknownwherethereisno( ).
50 1 3
Tc9
Tc12=265C
Balancedcoldcompositecurve
Tc4
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
Enthalpy,kW
Fig.21.1BalancedhotandcoldcompositecurveswithenthalpyintervalsforproblemgiveninTable21.1.
Now,forcomputationofareatarget,thebalancedcompositecurveisdividedintoanumberof
enthalpyintervals(forthepresentcase1to11).CumQhbandCumQcbcolumnsofTable21.4&
21.5aremergedbycountingcumulativeenthalpiescommontobothonceandtheentriesare
thensortedinascendingorder.Thisidentifiesallpointswherehotorcoldcompositecurvehas
avertex(changeinslope).However,fromFig.21.1Onecanseethatformanyenthalpyintervals
all the four temperatures (Hot in & out and cold in & out) temperatures are not known for
computationofTLMvaluesoftheinterval.Thus,hotandcoldtemperaturescorrespondingto
eachintervaliscomputedwhereitisnotknown.
5000
CostTargeting
Module04
Lecture21
Table21.6Cumulativeenthalpiesatdifferenttemperatureintervalsalongwithknowninterval
temperaturesofbalancedhotandcoldcompositecurves
Enthalpy Cumulative
Thi
BalanceHot
interval enthalpy,kW
Comp.
No.
CumQ
Temp
0
77
Th1
1
68.55
80
Th2
2
128.376
unknown
Th3
3
317.45
90
Th4
4
1173.06
unknown
Th5
5
1714.2
unknown
Th6
6
1974.66
unknown
Th7
7
2406.08
159
Th8
8
3207.44
267
Th9
9
3379.6
299
Th10
10
4449.5
300
Th11
11
4680.84
343
Th12
TCi
20
unknown
26
unknown
60
118
127
unknown
unknown
unknown
unknown
265
Balancecold
Comp.
Temp
Tc1
Tc2
Tc3
Tc4
Tc5
Tc6
Tc7
Tc8
Tc9
Tc10
Tc11
Tc12
CPhbor
CPcb
kW/C
22.85
21.396
24.89
30.726
9.33
28.94
30.27
7.42
5.38
1069.9
19.61
Now,thenextstepistocalculatetheunknowntemperaturesineachenthalpyinterval
Thq=Thb,rowr(CumQhb,rowrCumQcb,rowq)/CP,hbrows
Where,
Thb,rowr:Temperaturefromhotbalancedcurveintherowr(firstrowafterrowqinwhichthe
temperatureisavailable),Forexample,ifwewanttodeterminethehottemperatureinrow3.
Then,q=3andr=4.
CumQhb,row r:CumQfromhotbalancedcurveintherowr(firstrowafterrowqinwhichthe
temperatureisavailable),Forexample,ifwewanttodeterminethehottemperatureinrow3.
Then,q=3andr=4.
CP,hbrowq:Summationofheatcapacityofthehotstreamsintheintervalinwhichunknown
temperaturesistobedetermined.Fore.g.forrow3,itistheCPofhotstreamsintemperature
interval8090ofthehotbalancedcurve.
CostTargeting
Module04
Lecture21
CumQcb,rowq:CumQfromcoldbalancedcurveintherowr(firstrowafterrowqinwhichthe
temperatureisavailable),Forexample,ifwewanttodeterminethehottemperatureinrow3.
Then,q=3andr=4.
Therefore,
Th3=90(317.45128.376)/24.89=82.40C
Th5=159(2406.081173.06)/30.27=118.27C
Th6=159(2406.081714.2)/30.27=136.14C
Th7=159(2406.081974.66)/30.27=144.75C
Similarly,forcalculationofcoldintervaltemperatures,thefollowingequationcanbeused:
Tcq=Tcb,rowr(CumQcb,rowrCumQhb,rowq)/CP,cbrows
Where,
Tcb,rowr:Temperaturefromcoldbalancedcurveintherowr(firstrowafterrowqinwhichthe
temperatureisavailable),Forexample,ifwewanttodeterminethehottemperatureinrow3.
Then,q=2andr=3.
CumQcb,rowr:CumQfromcoldbalancedcurveintherowr(firstrowafterrowqinwhichthe
temperatureisavailable),Forexample,ifwewanttodeterminethehottemperatureinrow3.
Then,q=2andr=3.
CP,cbrowq: Summationofheatcapacityofthecoldstreamsintheintervalinwhichunknown
temperaturesistobedetermined.Fore.g.forrow2,itistheCPofhotstreamsintemperature
interval2026ofthehotbalancedcurve.
CumQhb,rowq:CumQfromhotbalancedcurveintherowr(firstrowafterrowqinwhichthe
temperatureisavailable),Forexample,ifwewanttodeterminethehottemperatureinrow3.
Then,q=2andr=3.
Tc2=26(128.37668.55)/21.396=23.20C
Tc4=60(1173.06317.45)/30.726=32.15C
Tc8=265(4680.842406.08)/19.61=149C
Tc9=265(4680.843207.44)/19.61=189.87C
Tc10=265(4680.843379.6)/19.61=198.64C
CostTargeting
Module04
Lecture21
Tc11=265(4680.844449.5)/19.61=253.20C
Thecompletedenthalpyintervaltablewithallhotandcoldintervaltemperaturesisshownin
Table21.7.
Table21.7Hotandcoldintervaltemperatureswithintervalenthalpies
Enthalpy
intervalNo
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Cum.Interval
Enthalpy,kW
0
68.55
128.376
317.45
1173.06
1714.2
1974.66
2406.08
3207.44
3379.6
4449.5
4680.84
Thi
TCi
77
80
82.40
90
118.26
136.14
144.74
159
267
299
300
343
20
23.2
26
32.15
60
118
127
149
189.86
198.64
253.20
265
Computationof(CP/h)hand(CP/h)cineachintervaliscarriedoutasshowninTable21.8
andillustratedbelowfor1stand2ndintervals:
ForIntervalNo.1ForintervalNo.2(StreamsH1,H2&CW)
(CP/h)h=(22.85/0.1)=228.5
(CP/h)h=(22.85/0.1)+(2.04/0.04)=279.5
(CP/h)c=(21.396/0.2)
=106.98
(CP/h)c=(21.396/0.2)=106.98
CostTargeting
Module04
Lecture21
Table21.8Computationof(CP/h)hand(CP/h)cineachenthalpyinterval
Interval CumQi
Thi
TCi
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
0
68.55
128.376
317.45
1173.06
1714.2
1974.66
2406.08
3207.44
3379.6
4449.5
4680.84
CW
C1
5.38
C2
21.396
9.33
H1
H2 1064.52
ST
22.85
2.04
H3
77
80
82.4036
90
118.266
136.143
144.747
159
267
299
300
343
20
23.204
26
32.1535
60
118
127
149
189.865
198.644
253.203
265
(CP/h)h
(CP/h)c
0
228.5
279.5
279.5
290.26
290.26
290.26
290.26
61.76
10.76
21301.16
10.76
0
106.98
106.98
1039.98
1039.98
933
972.22
39.22
39.22
39.22
39.22
39.22
19.61
(Q/h)IandLMTDfordifferententhalpyintervalswerecomputedinTable21.9andillustrated
belowfor1stand2ndintervals:
ForintervalNo.1(streamsH1&CW):
(Q/h)1=(8077)*228.5+(23.220)*106.98=1028
LMTD1=(7720)(8023.2)/ln(57/56.8)=56.89
ForintervalNo.2(StreamsH1,H2&CW)
(Q/h)2=(82.480)*279.5+(2623.2)*106.98=970.344
LMTD2=(8023.2)(82.426)/ln(56.8/56.4)=56.6
Table21.9ComputationofThi,Tci,(CP/h)h,(CP/h)c,(Q/h)iand(LMTD)i
Interval
Thi
TCi
(CP/h)h
(CP/h)c
(Q/h)i
(LMTD)i
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
77
80
82.40
90
118.27
136.14
144.75
159
267
299
300
343
20
23.20
26
32.1535
60
118
127
149
189.865
198.644
253.203
265
0
228.5
279.5
279.5
290.26
290.26
290.26
290.26
61.76
10.76
21301.16
10.76
0
106.98
106.98
1039.98
1039.98
933
972.22
39.22
39.22
39.22
39.22
39.22
1028.264
970.9223
8522.711
37164.29
59302.98
11247.38
4999.916
8272.805
688.6324
23440.96
925.3583
56.89
56.6
57.12
58.06
34.39
17.94
13.51
32.86
88.24
70.20
61.08
CostTargeting
Module04
Lecture21
Finally,theareaforeachintervaliscalculatedbyusingtheformula,Ai=((Q/h)i)/(LMTD)i
The heat transfer area of individual enthalpy interval is added to get the total area of the
networkasgiveninTable21.10
Table21.10Computationofheattransferareaoftheheatexchangernetwork
Interval
Thi
TCi
(CP/h)h
(CP/h)c
(Q/h)i
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
77
80
82.4036
90
118.266
136.143
144.747
159
267
299
300
343
20
23.2
26
32.2
60
118
127
149
189.9
198.6
253.2
265
0
114.25
124.45
124.45
151.35
151.35
151.35
151.35
37.1
26.9
5322.6
26.9
0
106.98
106.98
153.63
153.63
46.65
144.7
98.05
98.05
98.05
98.05
98.05
1028.264
970.9223
8522.711
37164.29
59302.98
11247.38
4999.916
8272.805
688.6324
23440.96
925.3583
(LMTD)i
56.897939
56.5995733
57.1220127
58.0559974
34.3891604
17.9442718
13.5051883
32.8614385
88.2368373
70.2040443
61.0758022
TotalArea=Ai
Ai
18.07208
17.15423
149.2019
640.1456
1724.467
626.7948
370.2218
251.7481
7.804364
333.8976
15.15098
4154.659
Thetotalareacomesouttobeequalto4154.659m2
a) Capitalcosttargets($)=30,000+400(A)0.9=30,000+400(4154.659)0.9=$752340.29
b) Annualizedcapitalcost=capitalcost*
=$752340.2865*
.
.
=$752340.2865*0.2638
=$198465.47/yr.
Operatingcosttargeting
Hotutility=1064.52kW
Hotutilitycost=1064.52kW*120,000($.MW1.y1)=127742.400$.yr1
CostTargeting
Module04
Lecture21
Coldutility=855.84kW
Coldutilitycost=855.84kW*10,000($.MW1.y1)=8558.4$.yr1
TotalCostTargeting
TACfortheprobleminTable21.1atTminequalto10C=127742.4$.yr1+8558.4$.yr1
=136300.8$.yr1
B. Cost Targeting when HEN comprises mixed material, different pressure rating and
exchangertypes
The Eqs. 21.1 and 21.2 uses a single cost function for all the heat exchangers. However, the
capitalcostfunctionfordifferentheatexchangersmaybedifferentdependingonmaterialof
construction. These differences in cost can be accounted for by either introducing new cost
functionsoradjustingtheheatexchangeareatoreflectthecostdifferences.Thiscanbedone
byweightingthestreamheattransfercoefficientsinthecomputationofnetworkareawitha
factortoaccountforthesedifferencesincost.
For example, a corrosive stream requires more expensive materials of construction than the
other streams, thus, itwill have agreater contribution to the total capital cost than a similar
noncorrosive stream. This can be accounted for by artificially decreasing corrosive streams
heat transfer coefficient to increase the contribution of the corrosive stream towards the
networkarea.Thisartificialincreaseinareawhenconvertedintoacapitalcostusingthecost
function used for the noncorrosive materials returns a higher capital cost of the exchanger
employingcorrosivestream,andthuscompensatesthecostofcostlyspecialmaterialusedin
thecaseofcorrosivestream.
Todevelopthisapproach,firstconsiderasingleexchangerwhosecostmayberepresentedas:
Installedcapitalcostofreferenceexchanger=a1+b1*AC1.(21.5)
Where,
a1,b1andc1arethecostlawcoefficientsforthereferenceexchanger
Ifinsteadtheheatexchangerhasadifferentspecification,itscostmayberepresentedas:
CostTargeting
Module04
Lecture21
Installedcapitalcostofspecialexchanger=a2+b2*AC2(21.6)
Where,
a2,b2andc2arethecostlawcoefficientsforthespecialexchanger
Intheapproachtobedeveloped,thecostofthespecialexchangercanbedeterminedfromthe
referencecostlawbyusingamodifiedareaA*.
Hall 1986 says that the exchanger cost data can usually be manipulated such that the fixed
costs represented by a in equations (21.5) and (21.6) doesnt vary with exchanger
specifications. Then, equations (21.5) and (21.6) can be rearranged to give the modified
exchangerareaA*asafunctionofactualareaAandthecostlawcoefficients.
A*=
..(21.7)
TherelationshipbetweenheatexchangerareaandoverallheattransfercoefficientUisgiven
by:
A=Q/TLM*U(21.8)
Here,
Q=Exchangerheatload
Theration(Q/TLM)isconstantforagivenheatexchangerandhencethemodifiedUvalueU*
canberelatedtotheactualUvalue
(21.9)
CostTargeting
Module04
Lecture21
Equation (21.10) may be then split stream wise to obtain an expression for the modified h
value,hj*ofeitherstreaminthematchasfollows:
(21.11)
Now,astreamspecificcostweightingfactor,toapplytothehvalueofaspecialstreamj
cannowbedefinedastheratioofweightedtoactualhvaluesofthestream:
j= =
.(21.12)
Theapplicationofsuchafactortocostaspecialexchangerbutusingthereferencecostlawwill
thereforegive:
Installedcostofthespecialexchanger:
a1+b1[(Q/TLM)[(1/(hot*hhot))+(1/(cold*hcold))]]c1.(21.13)
Where
hot=cold
Forasingleheatexchangermadeentirelytothespecialrequirements,thecapitalcostresulting
fromequation(21.13)isasaccurateasthecostlaws.Thismustbethecasefromthewayin
whichthefactorwasderived.Iftherequirementsofbothstreamsaredifferentleadingtoa
mixedspecification,thenthecapitalcosttargetwillbelessaccurate.Theerrorinvolveddepends
uponwhetherthespecialrequirementsarecausedbydifferencesinmaterialsofconstruction,
pressureratingordesigntype.
Thesamephilosophyofweightingareacontributionsinasingleexchangercanbeextendedto
weightingstreamareacontributionsforawholenetwork.Someadditionalerrorinthetargetsis
incurredbythisextensionresultingfromthefactthatastreammaypassthroughseveral
exchangersallwithdifferentareas.Atthetargetingstage,exchangersareassumedtobeallthe
samesize.Thespecialstreamcostweightingfactoristhenexpressedas:
j= =
(21.14)
Oncethefactorhasbeencalculatedforeachstream,aweightednetworkareatargetAmin*
canbecalculated
CostTargeting
Module04
A*NETWORK=
Lecture21
..(21.15)
Where,
(21.16)
Here,
i=costweightingfactorforhotstreami
j=costweightingfactorforcoldstreamj
a1,b1,c1=costlawcoefficientsforthereferencecostlaw
a2,b2,c2=costlawcoefficientsforthespecialcostlaw
N=numberofunitsorshells,whicheverisapplicable
Further,Hall1986showedthatheatexchangercostlawscanoftenbeadjustedwithlittleloss
ofaccuracysuchthatthecoefficientcisconstantfordifferentspecifications,thatis,c1=c2=c.
Inthiscase,theaboveequationsimplifiesto:
(21.17)
Thus, to calculate the capital cost target for a network comprising mixed exchanger
specifications,theprocedureisasfollows:
1.)First,wechooseareferencecostlawfortheheatexchangers.Highestaccuracyisobtainedif
the category of streams that make the largest contribution to capital cost is chosen for the
referencecostlaw.
2.Then,wecalculatefactorsforthosestreamsthatrequireaspecificationdifferentfromthat
ofthereference,usingEquations21.14or21.17.IfEquation21.14istobeused,thentheactual
networkareaANETWORKmustfirstbecalculatedusing
ANETWORK=
(21.18)
AndNUNITSorNSHELLS,whicheverisappropriate?
3.CalculatetheweightednetworkareaA NETWORKusingequation21.15asfollows:
CostTargeting
A*NETWORK=
Module04
Lecture21
Note: When the weighted hvalues (h) vary appreciably, say by more than one order of
magnitude, an improved estimate of A* NETWORK can be evaluated by linear programming as
shownbySabooetal.,in1986.
4. Calculate the capital cost target for the mixed specification heat exchanger network from
Equation21.2usingthecostlawcoefficientsforthereferencespecification.
References:
1.) AhmadS,LinnhoffBandSmithR(1990)CostOptimumHeatExchangerNetworks2.
TargetsandDesignforDetailedCapitalCostModels,CompChemEng,14:751.
2.) RobinSmith,Chemicalprocessdesign&Integration,Johnwiley&sonslimited,2005.
3.) HallS.G.,AhmadS.andSmithR(1990)Capitalcosttargetsforheatexchangernetworks
comprisingmixedmaterialofconstruction,pressureratingsandexchangertypes,Comp.
Chem.Eng.,14:319
4.) HallS.G.,Capitalcosttargetsforheatexchangernetworks:differingmaterialsof
constructionanddifferentheatexchangertypes.M.Sc.Dissertation.Universityof
Manchester(1986).
5.) SabooA.K.M.MorariandR.D.Colberg,RESHEXaninteractivesoftwarepackage
for the synthesis and analysis of resilient heat exchanger networks. Computers
them.Engng10,591599(1986).