Polarization can be linear, where the electric field is always oriented at the s

ame
angle with respect to a reference plane. For antennas on a satellite, the
reference plane is usually the equatorial plane. In most cases, linear-polarizat
ion
Polarization can be linear, where the electric field is always oriented at the s
ame
angle with respect to a reference plane. For antennas on a satellite, the
reference plane is usually the equatorial plane. In most cases, linear-polarizat
ion
is either horizontal, where the electric field is parallel to the plane of the e
quator,
or vertical. For earth-station antennas, however, the reference plane is the loc
al
horizontal plane. Because of the curvature of the earth, these two reference
planes are not parallel, unless the earth station and the satellite have the sam
e
longitude. The angleis either horizontal, where the electric field is parallel t
o the plane of the equator,
or vertical. For earth-station antennas, however, the reference plane is the loc
al
horizontal plane. Because of the curvature of the earth, these two reference
planes are not parallel, unless the earth station and the satellite have the sam
e
longitude. The anglehighest Minimum Elevation Angle setting that ensures continu
ous
coverage of the four main islands is approximately 60.
Elevation angles in JaPolarization can be linear, where the electric field is al
ways oriented at the same
angle with respect to a reference plane. For antennas on a satellite, the
reference plane is usually the equatorial plane. In most cases, linear-polarizat
ion
is either horizontal, where the electric field is parallel to the plane of the e
quator,
or vertical. For earth-station antennPolarization can be linear, where the elect
ric field is always oriented at the same
angle with respect to a reference plane. For antennas on a satellite, the
reference plane is usually the equatorial plane. In most cases, linear-polarizat
ion
is either horizontal, where the electric field is parallel to the plane of the e
quator,
or vertical. For earth-station antennas, however, the reference plane is the loc
al
horizontal plane. Because of the curvature of the earth, these two reference
planes are not parallel, unless the earth station and the satellite have the sam
e
longitude. The angleas, however, the reference plane is the local
horizontal plane. Because of the curvature of the earth, these two reference
planes are not parallel, unless the earth station and the satellite have the sam
e
longitude. The anglepan with a quasi-zenith system are significantly greater
than with a GEO satellite. This results in greatly reduced signal shadowing.With
most parabolic dish antennas, the contour of the reflector is round or, in the
case of an offset feed antenna, slightly elongated in the vertical direction.
However, dish antennas withcoverage ............................................
.................................... 86
Geostationary earth orbit (GEO) ...............................................
86
Station keeping ................................................................
......... 87
Geosynchronous orbits ..........................................................
... 89
Precession of the argument of perigee ..................................... 90
Quasi-zenWith most parabolic dish antennas, the contour of the reflector is roun
d or, in the
case of an offset feed antenna, slightly elongated in the vertical direction.
However, dish antennas withith satellites ......................................
......................... 90
Low earth orbit (LEO) ..........................................................
..... 92
Polar orbit ..............................................................highes
t Minimum Elevation Angle setting that ensures continuous
coverage of the four main islands is approximately 60.
Elevation angles in Japan with a quasi-zenith system are significantly greater
than with a GEO satellite. This results in greatly reduced signal shadowing.....
............... 95
Sun-synchronous orbit ..........................................................
.... 96
Medium earth orbit (MEO) and intermediate circular orbit
(ICO) ..........................................................................
............... 96
Highly elliptical orbit (HEO) ..................................................
..... 97
Comparison of different orbits .highest Minimum Elevation Angle setting that ens
ures continuous
coverage of the four main islands is approximately 60.
Elevation angles in Japan with a quasi-zenith system are significantly greater
than with a GEO satellite. This results in greatly reduced signal shadowing.....
.............................................. 98
SatelliteWith most parabolic dish antennas, the contour of the reflector is roun
d or, in the
case of an offset feed antenna, slightly elongated in the vertical direction.
However, dish antennas with constellations .....................................
...................... 99An offset-feed antenna also has the feed at the focus o
f the parabola. However,
the reflector forms only a section of the parabola. As a result, the feed is no
longer on the boresight. If the section does not include the center of the parab
ola,
then none of the radiated beam is blocked by the feed horn. With many
antennas, however, the bottom ofhighest Minimum Elevation Angle setting that ens
ures continuous
coverage of the four main islands is approximately 60.
Elevation angles in Japan with a Polarization can be linear, where the electric
field is always oriented at the same
angle with respect to a reference plane. For antennas on a satellite, the
reference plane is usually the equatorial plane. In most cases, linear-polarizat
ion
is either horizontal, where the electric field is parallel to the plane of the e
quator,
or vertical. For earth-station antennas, however, the reference plane is the loc
al
horizontal plane. Because of the curvature of the earth, these two reference
planes are not parallel, unless the earth station and the satellite have the sam
e
longitude. The anglesystem are significantly greater
than with a GEO satellite. This results in greatly reduced signal shadowing. the
reflector coincides with the center of the
parabola, aWith most parabolic dish antennas, the contour of the reflector is ro
und or, in the
case of an offset feed antenna, slightly elongated in the vertical direction.
However, dish antennas withs shown in Figure 69. In this case, a small portion o
f the beam is
blocked by the feed, causing a slight loss in efficiency.
Although the antennas shown in Figure 68 and Figure 69 have the same
elevation, the feed horn of the offset feed antenna is pointing slightly upwards
,
which results in less sensitivity to noise from the ground.
The reflector of an offset feed anhighest Minimum Elevation Angle setting that e
nsures continuous
coverage of the four main islands is approximately 60.
Elevation angles in Japan with a quasi-zenith system are significantly greater
than with a GEO satellite. This results in greatly reduced signal shadowing.tenn
a is not perfectly circular, but is slightly
elliptical, as shown in Figure 69, with the long axis in the vertical direction.
This
ensures that the aperture projected along the boresight is circular. The ratio
between the short and long axes of the reflector depends on the offset of the
antenna:With most parabolic dish antennas, the contour of the reflector is round
or, in the
case of an offset feed antenna, slightly elongated in the vertical direction.
However, dish antennas with
????????With most parabolic dish antennas, the contour of the reflector is round
or, in the
case of an offset feed antenna, slightly elongated in the vertical direction.
However, With most parabolic dish antennas, the contour of the reflector is roun
d or, in the
case of an offset feed antenna, slightly elongated in the vertical direction.
However, dish antennas withdish antennas with???? ?? cos???? ??
?????????? ????????
???????? ????????
?? (34With most parabolic dish antennas, the contour of the reflector is round o
r, in the
case of an offset feed antenna, slightly elongated in the vertical direction.
However, dish antennas with)highest Minimum Elevation Angle setting that ensures
continuous
coverage of the four main islands is approximately 60.
Elevation angles in Japan with a quasi-zenith system are significantly greater
than with a GEO satellite. This results in greatly reduced signal shadowing.
When setting the elevation of an offset feed antenna with the satellite, the off
set
must be taken into account. The elevation of the antenna is equal to the
inclination of the reflector plus the offset of the antennaWith most parabolic d
ish antennas, the contour of the reflector is round or, in the
case of an offset feed antenna, slightly elongated in the vertical direction.hig
hest Minimum Elevation Angle setting that ensures continuous
coverage of the four main islands is approximately 60.
Elevation angles in Japan with a quasi-zenith system are significanthighest Mini
mum Elevation Angle setting that ensures continuous
coverage of the four main islands is approximately 60.
Elevation angles in Japan with a quasi-zenith system arhighest Minimum Elevation
Angle setting that ensures continuous
coverage of the four main islands is approximately 60.
Elevation angles in Japan with a quasi-zenith system are significantly greater
than with a GEO satellite. This resPolarization can be linear, where the electri
c field is always oriented at the same
angle with respect to a reference plane. For antennas on a satellite, the
reference plane is usually the equatorial plane. In most cases, linear-polarizat
ion
is either horizontal, where the electric field is parallel to the plane of the e
quator,
or vertical. For earth-station antennas, however, the reference plane is the loc
al
horizontal plane. Because of the curvature of the earth, these two reference
planes are not parallel, unless the earth station and the satellite have the sam
e
longitude. The angleults in greatly reduced signal shadowing.e significantly gre
ater
than with a GEO satellite. This results in greatly reduced signal shadowing.ly g
reater
than with a GEO satellite. This rePolarization can be linear, where the electric
field is always oriented at the same
angle with respect to a reference plane. For antennas on a satellite, the
reference plane is usually the equatorial plane. In most cases, linear-polarizat
ion
is either horizontal, where the electric field is parallel to the plane of the e
quator,
or vertical. For earth-station antePolarization can be linear, where the electri
c field is always oriented at the same
angle with respect to a reference plane. For antennas on a satellite, the
reference plane is usually the equatorial plane. In most cases, linear-polarizat
ion
is either horizontal, where the electric field is parallel to the plane of the e
quator,
or vertical. For earth-station antennas, however, the reference plane is the loc
al
horizontal plane. Because of the curvature of the earth, these two reference
planes are not parallel, unless the earth station and the satellite have the sam
e
longitude. The anglennas, however, the reference plane is the local
horizontal plane. Because of the curvature of the earth, these two reference
planes are not parallel, unless the earth station and the satellite have the sam
e
longitude. The anglesults in greatly reduced signal shadowing.
However, dish antennas with