Be Rac Manual

Refrigeration & Air Conditioning Lab
MAHATMA GANDHI MISSIONs

JAWAHARLAL NEHRU COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDITIONING
LAB MANUAL
Following are the Experiments include in the syllabus of Refrigeration and Air
Conditioning.
1) Study of omestic or !ousehold Refrigerator
") Study of Refrigeration Compressor
#) Study of $ea% etection& E'aluation and Charging of Refrigerants procedure
() Study of Refrigerating Controls
)) *rial on Refrigeration *est Rig
+) *rial on Air Conditioning *est Rig
,) *rial on -echanical !eat .ump
/) *rial on 0ce .lant *est Rig
1) *echnical report on 'isit to Refrigeration and Air Conditioning establishments.
.repared 2y !. 3. 0ssued 2y
.rof. -andar .atun%ar -ech. Engg. ept. -.R.
1
Prof. Mandar Patunkar MGMS JNEC MECH.
ENGG. DEPT.
1) STUDY OF HOUSEHOLD/DOMESTIC
REFRIGERATOR
EXPERIMENT TITLE:
Study ! Hus"#$d/D%"st&' R"!(&)"(*t(
AIM:
*o study the wor%ing of household refrigerator along with different auxiliary
systems associated with household refrigerator and its wiring diagram.
PRIOR +NOWLEDGE:
!eat .ump& Refrigerator& 4apour compression refrigeration cycle.
DESCRIPTION:
*he household refrigerator wor%s on 'apour compression refrigeration cycle.
*he refrigerant 'apour is compressed by means of compressor to a pressure at
which temperature obtained at the end of compression will be more then atmosphere
so that at this high temperature it will re5ect heat to atmosphere and will get
condensed. *he condensate is then allowed to pass through a capillary so that the
pressure and temperatures and lowered. Capillary de'ice acts as a throttling unit. At
low pressure and temperature refrigerant is supplied to the e'aporator where load is
%ept& it absorbs the heat and refrigerant get con'erted into gaseous phase and it is
again supplied to compressor and cycle is repeated.
F&),- S&%.$" /*.u( C%.("ss&0 Cy'$"
2
ENGG. DEPT.
*he e'aporator in the household refrigerant is always fitted in the
cabinet of the refrigerator at the top potion and the concealed type of e'aporator
used. *he condenser is mounted at the bac% of the cabinet. *he expansion de'ice
used in household refrigerator is capillary tube. Capacity of household refrigerator is
expressed in terms of litre. *he refrigerators manufactured by 'arious manufactures
are a'ailable in capacities ranging from 16 litres to #/6 litres. 7*he capacity of
household refrigerator is expressed in terms of litre& it is defined as the amount of
water occupied in the cabinet. 0t specifies the space a'ailable for %eeping 'arious
commodities in refrigerator.)
F&),1 S'#"%*t&' d&*), ! R"!(&)"(*t&0) P*(ts
0n the household refrigerator the air circulation inside the cabinet is maintained by
natural con'ection. *he temperature in free8er is around 9 ) to 916 c& the temperature
is increased at the bottom most portion where 'egetable crisper is %ept. Also there is
pro'ision for %eeping stuff li%e eggs& water& etc. fitted in the door of refrigerator.
*he refrigerator body is insulated with insulating materials li%e .:F
7.olyainthene foam). -agnetic strips are pro'ided to a'oid thermal lea%age through
doors.
3
ENGG. DEPT.
ATTAINMENTS OF FREE2ING AND DEFROSTING IN REFRIGERATOR:
Free8ing and efrosting done by two ways;
-, T#"(%st*t
1, D"!(st&0) U0&t
-, T#"(%st*t:
*hermostat is used to control the temperature in the refrigerator by 'arying
time to idle time ratio. *he bulb of the thermostat is clamped to the e'aporator or
free8er. *he thermostat bulb is charged with few drops of refrigerant.
*he temperature at which compressor motor starts& by closing the thermostat
contacts is called cut9in temperature. Cut9out temperature is higher then cut9in
temperature and the difference between the two is called differential. !igher is the
differential& longer is the running time and less is the idle time of refrigerator. 2y
changing range ad5ustment and differential& any cut9in and cut9out temperature can
be ad5usted for maintaining desired temperature in the refrigerator.
P- < *hermostatic
Elements
.ressure
P1 < E'aporator
.ressure
P3 < .ressure
E=ui'alent
3f the
Superheat
Spring Force
4
ENGG. DEPT.
F&),3 T#"(%st*t&' E4.*0s&0 /*$5"
As the temperature of the bulb increases& gas pressure in the bellow
assembly increases& and this closes the compressor motor circuit and refrigerator
starts. As the compressor runs& the thermostat bulb is cooled> gradually reducing the
pressure in the bulb and this opens the circuit when desired temperature is attained.
*he refrigerator is pro'ided with a control %nob. 2y operating %nob desired
temperature can be maintained.
1, D"!(st&0):
*he free8ing of moisture on e'aporator coil is called as frosting. *he frost
thic%ness increases due to fre=uent door openings& as the frost thic%ness increases
the heat transfer through the coil decreases. *his increases the running time of
refrigerator and hence the power consumption. *herefore regular defrosting must be
done when frost thic%ness increases abo'e certain limit.
?enerally following methods are used for defrosting.
&6 D"!(st&0) 7y st..&0) u0&t:
Stop the unit& %eep door open and chill tray must be %ept in defrost position till
defrosting ta%es place.
&&6 T&%"( D"!(st&0):
*he most popular defrost system used in household refrigerator is cloc% timer
defrost cycle. *he number of defrost periods 'aries from one to four in "( hours
depending upon timer used. *he timer contacts initiate either the defrost cycle or
cooling cycle. @hen the timer is in the cooling cycle& the thermostat control the on9off
periods of the compressor. @hen the timer is in the defrost cycle. *he thermostat
cannot turn the compressor 3A. 0n other words& thermostat has no control on the
compressor when the defrost timer is in the defrost position.
*he defrost cycle terminates approximately "6 minutes after being turned on.
*he defrost heater is wired in series with a bimetal thermostat whose contacts will
open at some predetermined temperature& there by disconnecting the heater. *he
5
ENGG. DEPT.
length and time it ta%es for the contacts of the bimetal thermostat to open is
determined by the amount of frost on the e'aporator.
DO AND DONT 8 WHILE USING REFRIGERATOR:
1. *he refrigerator should be placed away from the heat source such as
sunrays& heating appliance& coo%ing gas& etc.
". 0nstall the refrigerator away from wall at least by one foot which pro'ides
good air circulation o'er condenser.
#. !ot fluids should not be %ept in refrigerator.
(. Beep door openings at minimum.
). Strongly fla'ored food must be %ept wrapped.
+. 4egetables& fruits should be %ept in polythene bags before placing into the
refrigerator.
,. Clean with soft cloth. Ao soap& detergent should be used.
IN HOLIDAYS:
1. Remo'e e'ery stored item including ice trays.
". efrost refrigerator.
#. -a%e refrigerator dry.
(. isconnect three9pin plug.
). $ea'e the door slightly open for mo'ement of fresh air.
RESTARTING:
1. Clean the Refrigerator.
". Connect #9pin plug.
#. $oad the refrigerator after temperature has stabili8ed.
CONCLUSION:
*he domestic refrigerators now a day are becoming essential part of
life. *hese refrigerators are a'ailable in different capacities as well as different
wor%ing models. *hese are ha'ing single door double door options& frost free
refrigerators> =uic% chill refrigerators are also a'ailable. *o ma%e the refrigerators
smart now a day the condensers are sealed and refrigerators are mode flat bac%.
6
ENGG. DEPT.
*he compressors used in household refrigerator are hermetically sealed
reciprocating units. Aow a days noise free rotary hermetically seals compressors are
also used.
*he refrigerant R91" which was popularly used in household refrigerators is
discarded due to its 3. 7o8one depletion potential). 0t is replaced by R91#(7a).
7
ENGG. DEPT.
16 STUDY OF REFRIGERATION
COMPRESSORS
EXPERIMENT TITLE:
Study ! R"!(&)"(*t&0 C%.("ss(s
AIM:
*o study the wor%ing of compressor used in refrigeration system.
PRIOR +NOWLEDGE:
ifferent types of compression processes and wor%ing of 'apour compression
refrigeration system.
DESCRIPTION:
*he compressor is the heart of 'apour compression system. *he compressor
is used to reclaim the refrigerant 'apour lea'ing the e'aporator. *he refrigerant must
be compressed to the pressure corresponding to a saturation temperature higher
then the temperature of the naturally a'ailable air or water. *he compressor is also
used to circulate the refrigerant through the system. *he capacity of compressor
determines the capacity of refrigeration system as a whole.
*he refrigeration compressor and gas or air compressor differs 'ery much
because the refrigerating compressor is integral part of the cycle and it is coupled to
other components.
CLASSIFICATION:
Classification of refrigeration compressors;
1. Reciprocating compressor.
". Rotary compressor.
#. Screw Compressor.
(. Centrifugal and scroll compressor.
8
ENGG. DEPT.
-, R"'&.('*t&0) C%.("ss(:
*he reciprocating compressors are a'ailable in si8es as small as 1C1" hp up
to about 1)6 hp for large capacity installation.
*he reciprocating compressors are of three types.
i) 3pen type compressor.
ii) !ermetically sealed compressor.
-, O."0 ty." ! '%.("ss(:
A compressor whose cran%shaft extends through the compressor housing so
that a motor can be externally coupled to the shaft is called open type compressor.
F&),- O."0 ty." R"'&.('*t&0) C%.("ss(
*he open type of compressor is flexible in the sense that the speed of
compressor can be 'aried for obtaining different refrigeration capacities. 0t can be
operated by any type of prime mo'er li%e electric motor& 0C engine etc. 0n the field the
motor can be easily charged in case of a motor burnout. *he refrigeration system is
not affected by burnouts. A disad'antage of the open type of compressor is that the
shaft seal is most 'ulnerable point for lea%age of refrigerant.
1, H"(%"t&'*$$y s"*$"d '%.("ss(:
9
ENGG. DEPT.
0n hermetic compressor there is no need for shaft seal. *he compressor and
motor are mounted on single shaft and whole assembly is fixed in a steel shell& the
5oint of which are welded. *he losses due to dri'e pac%age and shaft seal friction are
also eliminated i.e. the power re=uired per tone of refrigeration is less then that of the
open type.
F&),1 H"(%"t&'*$$y S"*$"d R"'&.('*t&0) C%.("ss(
For sealed unit a. c. electric supply with particular 'oltage and fre=uency for
which compressor is designed is needed to run the compressor. 0n the e'ent of motor
burnout& highly corrosi'e hydrochloric and hydrofluoric acids are formed. *he system
therefore gets contaminated. 2efore repairing or installing a new compressor
assembly& the system has to be thoroughly flushed and cleaned.
10
ENGG. DEPT.
0n hermetic compressor the compressor assembly is suspended inside a steel
shell& the winding and rotor cannot get natural cooling. *he cold refrigerant 'apour
coming from the e'aporator accomplishes the cooling of the winding and rotor. 0f
there is minute lea% in the system motor cooling will be affected.
C*us"s ! Bu(0 Outs:
1. 4oltage fluctuation.
". $ow refrigerant charge.
#. Duality of oil and refrigerant.
(. !igh discharge pressure.
1, Rt*(y C%.("ss(:
As the name implies& the displacement and compression of the refrigerant
'apour is achie'ed due to circular or rotary motion instead of reciprocating motion.
*here are two types of rotary compressor.
i) Rotating 2lade *ype Rotary Compressor
ii) Stationary Single 2lade *ype Rotary Compressor
&6 Rt*t&0) B$*d" Ty." Rt*(y C%.("ss(
F&),3 Rt*t&0) B$*d" Ty." Rt*(y C%.("ss(
11
ENGG. DEPT.
*he rotor is concealing with the shaft and rotates in a cylinder which is off
capture with respect to the shaft and rotor. -ultiple 'anes are positioned in slots in
the rotor& ride on the cylinder wall faction 'apour entering the cylinder is trapped
between successi'e 'anes and gets compressed due to reduction in 'olume as the
rotor rotates.
I&6 St*t&0*(y S&0)$" B$*d" Ty." Rt*(y C%.("ss(:
*he main components of rotary compressor are cylinder& roller mounted
eccentrically on motor shaft and a spring loaded shaft. *he roller mo'es eccentrically
on the dri'er shaft inside a stationary cylinder.
12
ENGG. DEPT.

F&),9 St*t&0*(y S&0)$" B$*d" Ty." Rt*(y C%.("ss(
*he 'ane mo'es up and down in the slot. *his 'ane is di'iding line between
the suction and discharge of compressor. *he suction and discharge ports of the
compressor are located on either side of the 'ane. *he suction 'apour entering the
cylinder gets compressed due to eccentric rotation of the rotor. 0t progressi'ely
reduces the 'olume of the annular space between cylinder and the rotor. *he
compressed 'apor passes out of the discharge port.
&&&6 S'(": C%.("ss(:
F&),; S'(": C%.("ss(
Screw compressor is also %nown as helical rotary compressor. 0t consists of
two meshing multistory helical groo'ed rotors with 'ary close tolerance clearance
within a housing. Suction and discharge ports are pro'ided at the either ends of the
housing. *he rotor whose shaft is connected to motor is called as male rotor and
other as female. @hen the male rotor rotates& the female rotor in turn rotates&
ob'iously in opposite direction.
13
ENGG. DEPT.
&56 C"0t(&!u)*$ C%.("ss(:
F&),< C"0t(&!u)*$ C%.("ss(
Centrifugal compressors are similar in construction to centrifugal pumps & the
incoming fluid enters the eye of the spinning impeller and is thrown by centrifugal
force to the periphery of the impeller. *hus the blades of the impeller imparts a high
'elocity to the gas and also build up the pressure. From the impeller the gas goes
either into diffuser blades or into a 'olute casing& where some of the %inetic energy is
con'erted into pressure. *he centrifugal compressors may be manufactured with only
one wheel if the pressure ratio is low& although the machines are generally
14
ENGG. DEPT.
multistage. Centrifugal compressors operate with adiabatic compression efficiency of
,6 to /6E.
DIFFERENT PROTECTI/E DE/ICES USED ON COMPRESSORS:
.rotecti'e de'ices are designed to protect the compressor against abnormal
wor%ing conditions.
1. !igh pressure cutout switch.
". 0nternal pressure relief 'alue.
#. $ow pressure switch
(. -otor winding thermal protector 7*hermostat).
). *ime delay relays.
CONCLUSION:
*he four types of compressor are studied in this experiment i.e. reciprocating&
screw& and rotary& centrifugal. All these ha'e different =ualities& so each type of
compressor has its own share of application where it has ad'antage o'er the other.
1. *he reciprocating and screw compressors are best suited for use with
refrigerants& which re=uire relati'ely small displacement and condense
relati'ely at high pressure such as R91"& R9""& Ammonia& etc.
". Centrifugal compressor is generally suitable for handling refrigerants that
re=uire large displacement and operate at low condensing pressure. Such
as R911& R911# etc. howe'er R91" is also employed for large capacity
application and low temperature 5obs.
#. *he rotary compressor is most suitable for pumping refrigerants ha'ing
moderate or low condensing pressure such as R9"1 and R911(.
15
ENGG. DEPT.
36 STUDY OF LEA+ DETECTION=
E/ALUTION AND
CHARGING PROCEDURE FOR
REFRIGERANT
EXPERIMENT TITLE:
Study ! L"*> D"t"'t&0= E5*$u*t&0 *0d C#*()&0) P('"du(" !(
R"!(&)"(*0t,
AIM:
*o study different methods used for detection of lea%age of different types of
refrigerants& to study effects of non condensable on the system and to study the
procedure for charging the refrigerant into the system&
PRIOR +NOWLEDGE:
ifferent types of commonly used refrigerants along with their properties 7i.e.
physical& chemical and thermodynamic)& the effect of undercharge or o'ercharge of
refrigerant& the effect of non9condensable on the performance of the system.
DESCRIPTION:
0t is well %nown that the moisture& air and other non9condensable are 'ery
harmful for the refrigeration system. *he moisture present may cho%e capillary tube
and also if moisture is combined with hydrochloric and hydrofluoric acids they are
ha'ing ill effects on the system. *he presence of air and non9condensable increases
the head pressure of the system. As the head pressure goes higher& the compressor
motor draws more current. Also higher head pressure reduces the refrigeration
capacity of the unit appreciably. *he temperature rise of the compressor accelerates
the chemical action inside the system.
16
ENGG. DEPT.
From abo'e points it is clear that moisture& air and non9condensable should
be remo'ed from the refrigeration system to the maximum possible extent. !ence
before system can be charged with a refrigerant it should be thoroughly e'acuated
and dehydrated by drawing a high 'acuum. 0f this is not done at the initial stage itself&
a clean system can near be attained.
After the completion of erection the plant should be chec%ed and the
refrigerant should be charged into the system.
uring wor%ing also there is chance of lea%age in a refrigeration system.
Finding a lea%age is the 5ob of patience. *he approach should be to find lea% rather
then concluding that there are no lea%s on a cursory chec%. Apart from the cost of
charging refrigerant into a lea%y system& a shortage of refrigerant can cause real
danger to the plant.
*herefore lea% testing should be done periodically without fail in all
seriousness and with full concentration.
LEA+ TEST METHODS:
ifferent lea% testing methods one employed for different types of
refrigerants.
-, AMMONIA= R-1= R11:
&6 SULPHUR TEST METHOD:
2urning sulphur stic% shows a dense white smo%e if ammonia is present. *he
burning sulphur stic% is passed around all the 5oints and suspected lea%y points for
the appearance of smo%e. *his test is applicable for tracing minute lea%s only.
&&6 SOAP BUBBLE TEST:
*his test may not be 'ery effecti'e to trace 'ery minute ammonia lea% as it is
soluble in water. Fortunately& ammonia is ha'ing plungent odor& a hea'y lea% can be
easily detectable.
17
ENGG. DEPT.
&&&6 LITMUS TEST:
@et litmus paper 7.henolpthalene paper) which turns red in contact with
ammonia can also be used to detect lea%s.
1, HALOGENATED REFRIGERANTS:
Soap solution& !alogen lea% detector& !alide torch and Electronic lea%
detectors are the methods used to trace lea%s in halogenated refrigerants
&6 HALOGEN TORCH:
A halogen torch can detect minute lea%s& which are not possible to trace with
soap solution. *he presence of trace of refrigerant can change the light blue colour of
the detector flame to green or deep blue. *he end of the explorer tube of the detector
is carefully passed o'er the 5oints and suspected lea%age points.
0f there is a lea%& the refrigerant can be drained in with the suction effect at the
end of the explorer tube to the hot copper or brass portion of the burning torch. *he
refrigerant reacts with the metal to form copper chloride& which produces the color
change in the flame.
A well maintained halogen torch is claimed to detect lea%s of the order of
about 1) gram per year.
&&6 E$"'t(0&' L"*> D"t"'t(:
*his is an electrical instrument. 0n this also an explorer tube is used to suc%
the refrigerant from the lea%y points to an instrument. A 'ibrator is pro'ided to suc%
the refrigerant through the explorer tube. A filter is also pro'ided at the tip of the tube
to pre'ent atmospheric dert entering the instrument. A heating element in the tube
heats the refrigerant drawn in and the refrigerant creates a 'ariation in the current
flow of the instrument. *he extent of 'ariation of the current is an indication of the
amount of lea%. *he current 'ariation is read on the dial of the instrument. *he
change of current actuates a relay which operates an indicating light.
18
ENGG. DEPT.
*hese detectors are capable of detecting refrigerant lea%s of the order of
about 6.# gm per year. *he electronic lea% detector is a 'ery sensiti'e instrument and
should be handled and stored carefully.
CHARGING PROCEDURE FOR REFRIGERANT:
*he 'acuum pump mounted on the charging %it is of rotary type. Also metering
system is pro'ided so that we can charge sufficient =uantity of refrigerant.
PURGING:
-any times during the operation of the system& the air lea%s inside the
system. 0t is necessary to remo'e the air for maintaining the efficiency of the system.
3wing to the presence of air in a system& the high9side pressure and load on
condenser increase. *he method of remo'ing air from the system is %nown as
purging. uring purging& the compressor discharge 'al'e is intermittently opened for
few seconds at a time. Air and few grams of refrigerant 'apour escape under high9
pressure. A noticeable pressure and temperature drop in the system occurs and
normal operating pressure is established. *he refrigerant is added from outside if
excessi'e purging is occurred.
CONCLUSION:
*he refrigeration system must be free from non9condensable and correct
=uantity of refrigerant must be there in the system for good performance.
At the time of charging of refrigerant the lubricating oil of re=uired grade must
be added to the compressor.
19
ENGG. DEPT.
96 STUDY OF REFRIGERATING CONTROLS
EXPERIMENT TITLE:
Study ! R"!(&)"(*t&0) C0t($s
AIM:
*o study different controls used in refrigeration and air conditioning
e=uipments for better performance.
PRIOR +NOWLEDGE:
2asic principles of RAC and mechanical measurements.
DESCRIPTION:
For efficient and safe wor%ing of refrigeration and air conditioning systems
different control de'ices are used these are listed as below.
1. Flow control de'ices.
". Safety de'ices.
#. Air conditioning controls.
-, F$: C0t($ d"5&'"s:
*he ma5or de'ices under this category air the expansion de'ices. *he
purpose of the expansion de'ices is two fold ; it must reduce the pressure of the
li=uid refrigerant& and it must regulate the flow of refrigerant to the E'aporator.
An expansion de'ice offers a resistance to flow so that the pressure drops
resulting in a throttling process. 2asically there are two types of expansion de'ices
these are;
1. 4ariable restriction type
". Constant restriction type
0n the 'ariable restriction type the extent of opening or area of flow %eeps on
changing depending on the type of control. *here are two common types of such
control de'ices 'i8&
a) *hermostatic expansion 'al'e.
b) Automatic expansion 'al'e.
20
ENGG. DEPT.
*, T#"(%st*t&' E4.*0s&0 5*$u" ?TE/6:
*he name may gi'e an impression that it is a temperature control de'ice. 0t is
not a temperature control de'ice and it cannot be ad5usted and used to 'ary
e'aporator temperature. Actually *E4 is a throttling de'ice which wor%s automatically
maintaining proper and correct li=uid flow as per the dictates of the load on the
e'aporator. 2ecause of automatic operation& high efficiency and ability to pre'ent
li=uid flood bac%s this 'alue is extensi'ely used.
P- < *hermostatic Elements .ressure
P1 < E'aporator .ressure
21
ENGG. DEPT.
P3 < .ressure E=ui'alent of the Superheat Spring Force
F&),- T#"(%st*t&' E4.*0s&0 /*$5"
T#" !u0't&0s ! t#"(%st*t&' "4.*0s&0 5*$u" *(";
1. *o reduce the pressure of the li=uid from the condenser pressure to e'aporator
pressure.
". *o %eep the e'aporator fully acti'e.
#. *o modulate the flow of li=uid to the e'aporator according to the load re=uirement
of the
e'aporator so as to pre'ent flood bac% of li=uid refrigerant to the compressor.
(. .ressure .1 in the power element acts to open the 'al'e i.e. to mo'e the 'alue
needle
away from its seat.
). *he e'aporator pressure ." acts an the bottom side of the diaphragm of the power
element tending to close the 'alue.
+. .ressure .# of the superheat spring also assist in the closing action. *herefore if
the
power element pressure .1 is greater then the constrained pressure of ." and
.#& the
'alue will open.
0t does last two functions by maintaining a constant superheat of the
refrigerant at the outlet of the e'aporator it would be more appropriate to call it a
Fconstant superheat 'al'eG. *he important parts of the 'al'e are power element with
feeler bulb& 'alue seat& needle and a superheat ad5ustment spring. *he power
element is charged with a refrigerant.
*he operation of the 'al'e i.e. the closing and opening of the 'alue is
controlled by there basic forces. *he force balance is shown in fig.
7, Aut%*t&' E4.*0s&0 /*$5":
22
ENGG. DEPT.
AE4 is also called as constant pressure expansion 'alue. As name implies it
maintains a constant pressure in the e'aporator. 0t wor%s on the same principle as
the pressure reducing 'al'es used in compressed air lines& oxyacetylene cylinders
etc. A schematic diagram of the constant pressure Expansion. 4al'e is shown in fig.
F&),1 Aut%*t&' E4.*0s&0 /*$5"
*he 'al'e consists of seat and needle9 which forms the orifice& a metallic
diaphragm or bellow& spring and an ad5usting screw. *he spring pressure and the
atmospheric pressure acts on top of the diaphragm& thereby mo'ing the needle a
way from it seat that is mo'ing the needle 'al'e in the opening direction. *he
e'aporator pressure acts below the diaphragm mo'ing the needle 'al'e towards the
closing position. *hus the e'aporator pressure and spring pressure oppose each
other and whiche'er is greater will determine the position of the needle with respect
to the seat.
@hen the plant is running the 'alue maintain an e'aporator pressure in
e=uilibrium with the spring pressure plus atmospheric pressure. *he tension of the
spring can be 'aried by the spring ad5usting screw. *he 'alue operates automatically
to maintain a constant e'aporator pressure as per the setting of the spring pressure.
2y ad5usting the tension of the spring& the e'aporator pressure can be 'aried.
3nce a setting is made& the 'al'e functions to maintain a constant e'aporator
pressure. !ence it is called the constant pressure expansion 'al'eG.
3nce the plant stops& the e'aporator pressure increases due to the
'apori8ation of the li=uid left in the e'aporator. *his increase in pressure acts on the
diaphragm against the spring pressure and closes the 'al'e tightly. 0t remains closed
23
ENGG. DEPT.
until the compressor start again and reduces the pressure in the e'aporator. *his is a
big ad'antage.
1, C0st*0t R"st(&'t&0 Ty.":
*he capillary tube& a long tube with 'ery small bore comes under constant
restriction type expansion de'ices. *he capillary tube is a fixed restriction type
de'ice. 0t is a long narrow tube connecting the condenser directly to the e'aporator.
*he pressure drop through the capillary tube is due to the following reasons;
1. Friction due to fluid 'iscosity& resulting in frictional pressure drop.
". Acceleration& due to the flashing of the li=uid refrigerant into 'apour resulting in
momentum pressure drop.
*he mass flow through the capillary tube will& therefore be ad5usted so that the
pressure drop through the tube 5ust e=uals the difference in pressure between the
condenser and e'aporator. For a gi'en state of the refrigerant& the pressure drop is
directly proportioned to the length and in'ersely proportional to the bore diameter of
the tube. A number of combinations of length and bore are possible for a capillary
tube to obtain the desired flow and pressure drop. !owe'er& once a capillary tube
has been selected& it will be suitable only for the designed pressure drop and flow. 0t
cannot satisfy the flow re=uirements with changing condenser and e'aporator
pressures. E'en then it is most commonly used expansion de'ice in small
refrigeration units such as domestic refrigerators& window ACC& water coolers& etc.
*he ad'antages of a capillary tube are its =uite wor%ing& simplicity& low cost and
absence of any mo'ing part. Also it is found most suitable with on9off control because
of its unloading characteristics. *hus when compressor stops it allow high and low
pressure to e=uali8e& thereby enabling the compressor motor to restart on no load.
Accordingly lower starting tor=ue motors can be used.
1,SAFETY DE/ICES:
-, H&)# .("ssu(" *0d $: .("ssu(" 'ut@ut:
24
ENGG. DEPT.
Refrigerant compressors are pro'ided with high pressure 7!.) and low
pressure 7$.) cut outs. !igh pressure cut9out is merely a safety control. @hen the
head pressure increases beyond a set point& the !. cutout cycles off the compressor
in order to a'oid the possible damage to the compressor. @hen the head pressure
subse=uently drops& the circuit is one again closed and the compressor starts.
2ecause of the possibility of scale formation in condenser tubes and the failure of
water supply high pressure cutout are essential in the system with water cooled
condensers. *hese cutouts re=uire manual setting.
*he low9pressure cutout is used both as safety control as well as temperature
control. *he e'aporator go'erns the suction pressure. A low9pressure cutout is
actuated by change in suction pressure and can be indirectly used to control the
e'aporator temperature.
3, St*(t&0) ("$*ys:
*he relays are generally used in hermetic type units. 0t allows the flow of
electricity through the starting winding of the motor and disconnects the starting
winding or starting capacitor from the circuit when the motor reaches ,)E of its rated
speed.
*here are two types starting relays.
Current relay
4oltage relay.
A-, Cu(("0t ("$*y:
*he current relay is used primarily with capacitor start induction motors for
disconnecting the starting winding and starting capacitor from the circuit. 0t is a
-agnetic type relay and actuated by the change of current flow in running winding
during starting and running periods of motor.
25
ENGG. DEPT.
0t consists of few turns of copper wire in which soft iron plunger is free to more
up and down. *his soft iron plunger is free to more up and down. *his soft iron
plunger may be called electronic net. 0t is connected in series with the running
winding and the contact points& which are fitted near the electromagnet& are
connected in series with the current relays with the starting winding.
@hen the motor is energi8ed& the current flow through the relay in the running
winding. 0n the starting& the magnetic field produces around the relay and attracts the
plunger to close the contact thus energi8ing the stating winding. *he speed of the
motor increases gradually and when it reaches ,)E of its rated speed& the motor
current and magnetic field of the relay decreases. .ermitting the contact points to
open. *hen motor runs on running winding alone.
1, /$t*)" R"$*y:
*he 'oltage relay is growing in popularity& especially in the larger units. 0ts
operation depends on the increase in 'oltage as a unit approaches and reaches its
rated speed. 0n construction& the 'oltage coil made of many turns of wire as
compared with current coil which is made of few turns of hea'y wire and is connected
parallel with starting winding. A set of content points are connected in series with the
starting capacitor and closed when the motor is at rest.
@hen the supply is connected to the motor& the motor starts up and increases
its speed then the 'oltage in the starting winding increases along the line 'oltage
because of capacitor in ser'ice with this winding. *he higher 'oltage creates more in
magnetism in the relay coil& which attracts the plunger& the contact point opens and
disconnect the starting capacitor from the circuit.
26
ENGG. DEPT.
;6 TRIAL ON REFRIGERATION TEST RIG
EXPERIMENT TITLE:
T(&*$ 0 R"!(&)"(*t&0 T"st R&)
AIM:
*o demonstrate 'apour compression cycle and to calculate theoretical and
actual C3..
PRIOR +NOWLEDGE:
ifferent types of refrigerants& thermodynamic processes and wor%ing of
4CC.
DESCRIPTION:
*he refrigeration test rig wor%s on 'apour compression cycle. *he basic
components of 4CC are
1. Compressor
". Condenser
#. Expansion de'ice
27
ENGG. DEPT.
(. E'aporator.
SPECIFICATIONS:
-, C%.("ss(: !ermetically sealed type Birlos%ar ma%es CA$9#(.
1, C0d"0s"(: Air9cooled condenser with fins and cooling fan.
3, E4.*0s&0 D"5&'": 1.*hermostatic expansion 'al'e
". Capillary tube.
9, E5*.(*t(: *he e'aporator coil is installed in the water tan%. *he tan% is
insulated.
;, Rt*%"t"(: Eure%a ma%e& range 6.#" to #." %g. Calibrated for R1".
<, E0"()y %"t"(: 3ne each for power supply to the compressor and e'aporator
heater with
energy meter constant of 9999999RC%wh 999999999RC%wh
respecti'ely.
B, D&%%"(st*t: *o control power supply to the heater.
C, S$"0&d 5*$5": Solenoid 'al'e #C/G si8e ?aura' ma%e.
D, P("ssu(" G*u)"s: circuit.
-A, E$"'t(&' H"*t"(: 1%w %ept in e'aporator tan%.
--, T#"(%:"$$s: For the measurement of temperature at 'arious points in the
circuit.
-1, D&*$ T#"(%%"t"(: *o measure temperature in the e'aporator.
28
ENGG. DEPT.
-3, HP E LP 'ututs: anfoss ma%e& safety de'ice suitable for the low and high
pressure
of compressor.
-9, A)&t*t( %t(: 1C#) !. A4E ma%es for water.
-;, A%%"t"(: For measure of current 7 )
-<, /$t %"t"(: For measurement 'oltage 7 )
-B, F&$t"( D(&"(: 1 Ao. 1C(G si8e anfoss.
-C, H*0d s#ut !! 5*$5": *o maintain desired path for circulation of refrigerant
through the
circuit hand shut off 'al'es are used.
-D, S:&t'#"s: For 'arious controls.
*he refrigeration circuit is mounted on a board. *he unit is supported on a
frame.
TEST PROCEDURE:
&6 PROCEDURE FOR STARTING THE TEST RIG:
Ensure that sufficient amount of water is there in the e'aporator tan%.
i) .ut H3AI the main switch.
ii) .ut H3AI the air condenser fan and run it for "9# minutes.
iii) *hen put H3AI compressor switch.
29
ENGG. DEPT.
&&6 PROCEDURE FOR CONDUCT OF TRIAL:
Connect the two plugs to mains. 2efore putting H3AI the supply& confirm that
all the switches on panel are in H3FFI position. See that the dimmerstat is at 8ero
position. *hen put on the heater switch and gi'e power to heater. *his will heat the
water in e'aporator and this can be seen on dial thermometer. Ad5ust the heater
'oltage such that the temperature on dial thermometer reading reaches to ") to
#6
6
C.
Aow put H3AI the main switch& put H3AI the condenser fan switch and wait for
"9# minutes. Aow put H3AI the solenoid 'al'e and compressor switch. *he refrigerant
flow will start. *his can be confirmed on the rotameter. Aow the ammeter& 'oltmeter
will show the current and 'oltage& for 16 re'olutions of energy meter for compressor.
After some time we will see that the temperature of water in the e'aporator
slowly goes down and reaches steady state ?*dFust t#&s t"%."(*tu(" *t 1C t
3A
A
C6,
&&&6 CONDUCTING TRIALS AND MEASURED READING:
After steady state note down the readings as follows;
-, C0d"0s"( .("ssu(" ?HP6 ; JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ%gCcm
"
1, E5*.(*t( .("ssu(" ?LP6 ; JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJBgCcm"
3, Rt*%"t"( ("*d&0) ; JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ$.!.
9, C0d"0s"( &0$"t t"%.t, ?T'&6 ; JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ6C
;, C0d"0s"( ut$"t t"%.t,?T'6 ; JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ6C
<, E5*.(*t( &0$"t t"%.t,?T"&6 ; JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ6C
B, E5*.(*t( ut$"t t"%.t,?T"6; JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ6C
30
ENGG. DEPT.
C, T&%" !( -A ("5$ut&0s !
C%.("ss( E0"()y %"t"( ; JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJsec.
D, T&%" !( -A ("5$ut&0s !
H"*t"( "0"()y %"t"( ; JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJsec.
-A, A%%"t"( ("*d&0) ; JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJamp
--, /$t%"t"( ("*d&0) ; JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ'olt
-1, E5*.(*t( 7*t# t"%.t ; JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ6C
?1; t 1C
A
6
F&), ?.#6 d&*)(*%: @
.lot the operating cycle on p9h chart
CALCULATIONS:
@ith the help of temperature and pressure readings draw the refrigeration
cycle on p9h chart.
-, C%.("ss( .:"( ?W*'t6 < re' x #+66
t x 7E-C)
1, H"*t"( .:"( ?W#*'t6 < re' x #+66
t x 7E-C)
31
ENGG. DEPT.
3, COP ?A'tu*$6 < .ower consumed by heater
.ower consumed by compressor
< @hact
@cact.
9, T#"("t&'*$ C. < !eo 9 !ei
!ci 9 !eo
@here&
heo < Enthalpy of refrigerant at outlet of e'aporator
hco < hei Enthalpy of refrigerant at outlet of compressor.
hci < Enthalpy refrigerant at inlet to e'aporator.
A3*E; *hese 'alues can be calculated with the help of ph diagram.
;, C*(0t C. < *$JJ
*! K *$
@here&
*! ; Saturation tempt. corresponding to condenser
pressure.
*$ ; Saturation tempt. Corresponding to e'aporator
pressure.
<, R"$*t&5" COP : Actual Cop
*heoretical Cop
CONCLUSION:
*he actual cop is less then the theoretical due to the losses at different points
and also the errors made while measurement of pressures and temperature.
32
ENGG. DEPT.
<6 TRIAL ON AIR CONDITIONING TEST RIG,
EXPERIMENT TITLE:
T(&*$ 0 A&( C0d&t&0&0) T"st R&)
AIM:
*o study basic need of air conditioning& representation of different air
conditioning processes on psychrometric chart and performance of refrigeration
system.
PRIOR +NOWLEDGE:
2asic concepts of refrigeration and 'arious e=uipments used in refrigeration
cycle. :se of refrigeration in context air conditioning.
33
ENGG. DEPT.
DESCRIPTION:
.re'iously the air conditioning for human comfort was considered luxury in
most of the countries but now a days it is a necessity. *herefore air conditioning
industry is growing fastly throughout the world.
ue to increase in population and industriali8ation the uncomfort may be due
to the inade=uate supply of oxygen or unbearable temperature.
Full air conditioning does the automatic control of an atmospheric
en'ironment either for comfort of human being or animals or for the proper
performance of some industrial or scientific processes. *he purpose of air
conditioning is to supply sufficient 'olume of clean air containing a specific amount of
water 'apour and at a temperature capable of maintaining predetermined
atmospheric conditions.
0n brief the air conditioning the space signifies.
1. T"%."(*tu(" C0t($: Lou can en5oy a perfect constant temperature because of
the control of not only cooling but also heating.
2. Hu%&d&ty C0t($: *he room can be humidified or dehumidified.
3. A&( F&$t"(&0)= C$"*0&0) *0d Pu(&!&'*t&0; *he room is cleaned by remo'ing dust
and dirt from the air.
4. A&( %5"%"0t *0d C&('u$*t&0: Air which is cleaned and controlled in
temperature and humidity is distributed throughout the room. As a result& room air
can be maintained e'enly.
EXPERIMENTAL SET@UP:
*he e=uipment consists of a hermetically sealed compressor& air cooled
condenser& blower for air circulation through a duct mounted on a frame& an
e'aporator is placed in the duct& also there are heaters of suitable capacity in the
duct.
*he refrigerant used in the system is R"". *he mass flow rate of air through
duct can be 'aried by arrangement pro'ided on the blower unit. *he humidity of air is
increased by introducing steam generated in small boiler. *he relati'e humidity of air
at inlet and outlet can be measured by noting dry C wet bulb temperatures. *he duct
is insulated from outside to a'oid heat loss.
34
ENGG. DEPT.
*he control panel consists of switches& 'oltmeter& ammeter etc. as well as
energy meter for measuring the power consumption of compressor. *he refrigeration
circuit and duct are mounted on a fabricated frame.
SPECIFICATIONS:
*6 C%.("ss(: !ermetically sealed type& Birlos%ar ma%e CA* K "(")
76 C0d"0s"(: Air cooled type& cooling fan dri'en by motor 71C16 !.) which is
1#G x 1"G x # row.
'6 Rt*%"t"(: Eure%a ma%e& range +.19+1 $.!& calibrated for R""
d6 T#"(%st*t&' E4.*0s&0 5*$5": anfos ma%e no
"6 E5*.(*t(: E'aporator fitted in the duct si8e 16G x 16G x # row.
!6 B$:"( u0&t: *o force air through the duct 1!. # phase motor.
g6 H"*t"( !&tt"d &0 t#" du't *!t"( t#" "5*.(*t(: "%w
#6 St"*% )"0"(*t( t )"0"(*t" steam with suitable piping for introducing steam in
the duct9 / litre capacity& with " %w heater.
&6 P("ssu(" )*u)"s !( %"*su("%"0t ! .("ssu("s,
F6 HP E LP 'ututs:
>6 E0"()y%"t"( for compressor with E-C JJJJJJ RC%wh.
TEST PROCEDURE:
*he demonstration of the following processes can be done on the test rig.
1. Cooling process.
". !eating process.
#. Cooling with dehumidification process.
35
ENGG. DEPT.
(. !eating with humidification. .rocess.
-, COOLING PROCESS: ?S"0s&7$" '$&0)6
it is cooling with out subtraction of moisture is termed as sensible cooling. *he
cooling can be achie'ed by parsing the air o'er cooling coil li%e e'aporating coil of
refrigeration cycle.
1, HEATING PROCESS:
!eating of air without addition of moisture is termed sensible heating. *he
heating can be achie'ed by passing air o'er heater in the duct.
*he process is represented as below;
3, COOLING WITH DEHUMIDIFICATION:
0n this process cooling along with humidification is carried out it is represented
as below.
9, HEATING WITH HUMIDIFICATION:
0t is represented as gi'en below.
PROCEDURE: for starting the test rig.
.ut H3AG the air condenser fan and run it for "9# minutes.
1. *hen start blower with suction full open.
". Aow put H3AI the compressor switch& so that refrigeration cycle may produce
refrigeration effect.
#. Run the plant for achie'ing steady temperature at condenser and E'aporator.
(. -easure the air 'elocity in the duct by using anemometer.
). Aote down the following obser'ations.
CONDUCTING TRIALS AND MEASURED READING:
36
ENGG. DEPT.
-, C0d"0s"( .("ssu(" < JJJJJJJJJJJJJ%gCcm"
1, E5*.(*t( .("ssu(" < JJJJJJJJJJJJJ%gCcm"
3, *6 T"%."(*tu(" ! )*s *t &0$"t
t '0d"0s"( T'- < JJJJJJJJJJJJJ6C
76 T"%."(*tu(" ! )*s *t ut$"t
t '0d"0s"( T' < JJJJJJJJJJJJJ6C
'6 T"%."(*tu(" ! )*s *t &0$"t
t "5*.(*t( T"& < JJJJJJJJJJJJJ6C
d6 T"%."(*tu(" ! )*s *t ut$"t G
t "5*.(*t( T" < JJJJJJJJJJJJJ6C
96 *6 R"!(&)"(*0t !$: (*t" < JJJJJJJJJJJJJJ$.!.
76 D(y 7u$7 t"%."(*tu(" ! &0$"t *&( DBT- G JJJJJJJJJJ6C
'6 W"t 7u$7 t"%."(*tu(" ! &0$"t *&( WBT-< JJJJJJJJJJ6C
d6 D(y 7u$7 t"%., *!t"( "5*.(*t( DBT1 < JJJJJJJJJJJ6C
"6 W"t 7u$7 t"%., *!t"( "5*.(*t( WBT1 G JJJJJJJJJJJ6C
;6 T&%" !( -A ("5$ut&0s ! "0"()y %"t"( < JJJJJJJJJJsec.
<6 A&( 5"$'&ty &0 du't G JJJJJJJJJmCsec
B6 /$t%"t"( ("*d&0) G JJJJJJJJ'olts
C6 A%%"t"( ("*d&0) G JJJJJJJJJJJJAmp.
NOTE: Another set of reading can be achie'ed by changing the air 'elocity in the
duct. *his can be done by ad5usting the flapper position of air inlet to blower. And
ta%e all the readings.
37
ENGG. DEPT.
Represent all the processes on psychometric chart.
CALCULATIONS:
-, T#"("t&'*$ COP < !eo K !ei 7!co < !ei)
!cl 9 !eo
1, A'tu*$ COP < Refrigeration effect produced
@or% done
3, R"!(&)"(*t&0 "!!"'t .(du'"d < -a x 7h1 K h").
9, M*ss ! *&( ?%*6 < density x 'olume of air
;, #- *0d #1 '*0 7" '*$'u$*t"d !(% .sy'#(%"t(&' '#*(t
38
ENGG. DEPT.
<, W(> d0" 7y '%.("ss( G re' x #+66 watt
. * x E-C
;, R"$*t&5" COP < Actual C3.
*heoretical C3.
<, C*(0t COP < *$
*! K *$
*! < Saturation temperature of condenser pressure in
o
B
*$ < Saturation temperature of e'aporator pressure in
o
B
CONCLUSION:
@ith the help of lab wor% we can 'erify different psychrometric processes and
we can study performance of refrigeration system.
B6 TRIAL ON MECHANICAL HEAT PUMP
EXPERIMENT TITLE:
T(&*$ 0 M"'#*0&'*$ H"*t Pu%.
AIM:
*o study the -echanical !eat .ump *esting Rig and calculate its Coefficient
of .erformance 7C3.).
PRIOR +NOWLEDGE:
2asic concepts of !eat .ump and 'arious e=uipments used in testing rig. :se
of -echanical heat pump in Refrigeration.
DESCRIPTION:
39
ENGG. DEPT.
Aow9a9days& energy conser'ation is becoming 'ery important. !ence
engineers ha'e started using heat pump systems for commercial and industrial
buildings to sa'e energy.
*he heat pump is a machine that absorbs heat at one location and transfers it
to another location at a different temperature. !eat pump is the modern expression
for a refrigeration system 0n which heat discharged at the condenser is of prime
importance. *hus heat pump is de'ice which collects heat from one source and
deli'ers it to another source using refrigeration cycle. *he medium being& cooled
ser'es as heat source. !eat is pic%ed up by the refrigerant& which is pumped to
another higher le'el by the compressor and gi'en to the medium cooling condenser
so that it can be used practically.
*he heat pumps can be operated on low temperature heat energy using winter air& a
body of water or the ground as a reser'oir and re5ecting heat at a higher temperature&
not enough to energi8e heating systems. *hus the basic heat sources that are
normally used are air& water and earth. @hen heat pumps are installed fre=uently
pro'ision is made for both heating and cooling ser'ices to be supplied simultaneously
to the separate 8ones of buildings.
-echanical !eat .ump is a table mounted model which uses water as well as
air as a heat source and sin% for both cooling and heating purposes. *he
experiments can be done as water to water heat pump i.e. using water condenser
and water e'aporator and water to air heat pump i.e. using water condenser and air
e'aporator.
3n the unit& compressor is mounted centrally and both the water and air
condensers are mounted on either sides of the compressor. All the components are
mounted on the main unit and the schematic layout of the -echanical !eat .ump 0s
sell9explanatory.
SPECIFICATIONS:
*6 C%.("ss(: Birlos%ar -a%e& hermetically sealed. -odel CAM "+1" using R91"
refrigerant.
76 C0d"0s"(: @ater cooled copper tube& Shell N Coil type.
40
ENGG. DEPT.
'6 Rt*%"t"(; Eure%a ma%e& range +.19+1 $.!& calibrated for R""
d6 T#"(%st*t&' E4.*0s&0 5*$5": *hermostatic expansion 'al'e ha'ing 1C" ton of
Refrigerating Capacity.
"6 E5*.(*t(: 7a) @ater circulated copper tube& Shell and Coil type.
7b) Air circulated copper tube type.
)6 Mu$t&'#*00"$ D&)&t*$ t"%."(*tu(" &0d&'*t( :&t# t#"(%'u.$"s: 69#66
6
C.
with 1
6
C
least
count
#6 P("ssu(" )*u)"s: *wo Aos. for deli'ery and suction for measurement of
pressures.
&6 HP E LP 'ututs: of suitable range,
F6 E0"()y%"t"( for compressor with E-C JJJJJJ RC%wh.
TEST PROCEDURE / OPERATING PROCEDURE:
@A*ER *3 @A*ER !EA* .:-.
*his experiment is performed by using water condenser and water e'aporator. 9
i) Start the water supply to both condenser and e'aporator and ad5ust the flow rate
to
predetermine 'alue.
ii) See that pressures in both the gauges are e=ual.
iii) .ut H3AI the main switch.
i') Chec% the 'al'e positions as per gi'en diagram.
') Aow& start the compressor cooling fan first and then start the compressor. @ithin a
short
period& clear li=uid refrigerant flow will be seen in the rotameter.
'i) After sometime the pressure of refrigeration cycle will become stable. Allow the
plant to
run for at least half an hour.
'ii) uring testing see that water flow rates are constant and not 'arying.
41
ENGG. DEPT.
'iii) Allow the plant to attain steady state. Chec% tor steady state by ta%ing the
readings
periodically.
ix) *a%e all readings as mentioned in the obser'ation table. Complete one set of
obser'ations.
x) 2y 'arying the water flow rate of condenser& effect of sub9 cooling can be studied.
Similarly by 'arying water flow rate of e'aporator& load on the plant can be 'aried.
3, T"%.(*tu("s
*6 C0d"0s"( I0$"t T'& < JJJJJJJJJJJJJ6C
76 C0d"0s"( Out$"t T' < JJJJJJJJJJJJJ6C
'6 E5*.(*t( I0$"t T"& < JJJJJJJJJJJJJ6C
d6 E5*.(*t( Out$"t T" < JJJJJJJJJJJJJ6C
;6 T&%" !( -A ("5$ut&0s !
C%.("ss( "0"()y %"t"( < JJJJJJJJJJsec.
42
ENGG. DEPT.
CONDENSER SIDE
-6 W*t"( T"%."(*tu("
*6 I0$"t G JJJJJJJJ
o
C
*6 Out$"t G JJJJJJJJ
o
C
16 W*t"( !$: (*t" G JJJJJJJJJ$.!
E/APORATOR SIDE
-6 W*t"( T"%."(*tu("
*6 I0$"t G JJJJJJJJ
o
C
o
C
F&), ?.#6 d&*)(*%: @
43
ENGG. DEPT.
CALCULATIONS:
-, T#"("t&'*$ COP < !eo K !ei 7!co < !ei)
!cl 9 !eo
1, A'tu*$ COP < !eat absorbed in e'aporator from water
Compressor @or%
3, H"*t *7s(7"d &0 "5*.(*t( !(% :*t"( < me O Cp O *e
@here&
me < -ass flow rate of water in e'aporator Bg C hr
Cp < Specific heat of water 1 Bcal C Bg
o
C
*e < *emp. difference of water in E'aporator
9, W(> d0" 7y '%.("ss( G /+6 O 16 O #+66 watt
44
ENGG. DEPT.
. *c x E-C
@here&
*c < *ime for 16 re'olutions of energymeter disc sec.
*heoretical C3.
<, C*(0t COP < *$
*! K *$
o
B
o
B
CONCLUSION:
@ith the help of abo'e data we can determine the C3. of the -echanical
!eat .ump and study performance of 'arious !eat .umps.
C6 TRIAL ON ICE PLANT TEST RIG
EXPERIMENT TITLE:
T(&*$ 0 I'" P$*0t T"st R&)
AIM:
45
ENGG. DEPT.
*o study the 0ce .lant *esting Rig and calculate its Coefficient of
.erformance 7C3.).
PRIOR +NOWLEDGE:
2asic concepts of simple 'apor compression cycle. 0ce formation process in
0ce factory.
DESCRIPTION:
I0t(du't&0:
0ce is needed in commercials units& -edicines and in food processes etc. *his
ice is manufactured in large plant re=uires a huge space. !owe'er present compact
unit is useful to study the process of ice ma%ing and to %now the beha'ior of basic
parameters of the system. 0ce cans be produced by two methods;
1) .late *ype
") Can *ype
*he present e=uipment uses compression cycle system with Freon 1" as the
cooling media. *he unit differs in many aspect than the commercial plants.
*he e=uipment consists of control panel& condensing unit& cooling system& brine
solution tan% and a main tan% etc. *he brine tan% is insulated from all sides with a
door at the top side to load C unload the cans. *he brine is placed in main tan%.
*he brine tan% has a structure at the top side where the cans be hold. An agitator
7stirrer) is used to stir the brine solution. A drain is pro'ided to at the brine tan%. *his
tan% is coated from inside to pre'ent any action by brine.
*he compressor is mounted at one side of base with a condenser and fan. A
li=uid recei'er is adopted in the circuit. *he e'aporator coil is held at one side in the
brine tan%.
*he panel consist of switches& energymeter& pressure gauges& !.C$. cutout& dial
thermometer.
46
ENGG. DEPT.
-echanical !eat .ump is a table mounted model which uses water as well as
air as a heat source and sin% for both cooling and heating purposes. *he
experiments can be done as water to water heat pump i.e. using water condenser
and water e'aporator and water to air heat pump i.e. using water condenser and air
e'aporator.
3n the unit& compressor is mounted centrally and both the water and air
condensers are mounted on either sides of the compressor. All the components are
mounted on the main unit and the schematic layout of the -echanical !eat .ump 0s
sell9explanatory.
SPECIFICATIONS:
*6 C%.("ss(: Birlos%ar -a%e& hermetically sealed.
76 C0d"0s"(: Air Cooled Condenser si8e 1(G O 1(G with cooling fan.
'6 B(&0" T*0>: 2rine tan% is insulated from all side with pro'ision to hold cans&
e'aporator
coil at one side and arrangement to drain the brine solution. *he
door is
pro'ided at the top of this tan%.
d6 I'" T*0>: Suitable si8e made out of gal'ani8ed sheet.
"6 St&(("( *((*0)"%"0t: A fan is used to stir the brine solution and is connected to
the shaft
of an electrical motor of suitable capacity.
!6 T#" .*0"$: Following items are mounted on panel
47
ENGG. DEPT.
i) !igh and $ow pressure gauge; *hese gauges indicate& !igh and $ow
pressure
respecti'ely in the circuit.
ii) *hermostat and !.C$. cut; *hese are the safety de'ices for the
compressor.
iii) Energymeter ; *o measure the power consumption of the compressor.
i') Switches for compressor& condenser fan and a starter for stirrer motor.
') ial thermometer for measurement of brine temperature.
PREPERATION OF UNIT FOR TEST :
Empty before starting the refrigeration cycle please chec% the following ;
*he pressure gauges should indicate e=ual pressure& that indicates !. N $.
side are balanced. .roper earthing is pro'ided to unit.
See that the motor shaft along with fan is free in its bearing.
*his can be conformed by rotating the shaft manually cans concentration of
brine.
.ut water in the brine tan% approximately up to mar%.
Add 166 Bgs of common salt in tho the tan% without splashing the water.
*hen stir this water by using the stirrer for some time.
0f the strength is proper then closed door of the tan% also confirm that there is
no lea%age at the drain of the tan%.
*ES* .R3CE:RE;
*his experiment is performed by using water condenser and water e'aporator. 9
i) Start the water supply to both condenser and e'aporator and ad5ust the flow rate
to
48
ENGG. DEPT.
predetermine 'alue.
ii) See that pressures in both the gauges are e=ual.
iii) .ut H3AI the main switch.
i') Chec% the 'al'e positions as per gi'en diagram.
') Aow& start the compressor cooling fan first and then start the compressor. @ithin a
short
period& clear li=uid refrigerant flow will be seen in the rotameter.
'i) After sometime the pressure of refrigeration cycle will become stable. Allow the
plant to
run for at least half an hour.
'ii) uring testing see that water flow rates are constant and not 'arying.
'iii) Allow the plant to attain steady state. Chec% tor steady state by ta%ing the
readings
periodically.
ix) *a%e all readings as mentioned in the obser'ation table. Complete one set of
obser'ations.
x) 2y 'arying the water flow rate of condenser& effect of sub9 cooling can be studied.
Similarly by 'arying water flow rate of e'aporator& load on the plant can be 'aried.
3, T"%.(*tu("s
*6 C0d"0s"( I0$"t T'& < JJJJJJJJJJJJJ6C
76 C0d"0s"( Out$"t T' < JJJJJJJJJJJJJ6C
'6 E5*.(*t( I0$"t T"& < JJJJJJJJJJJJJ6C
49
ENGG. DEPT.
d6 E5*.(*t( Out$"t T" < JJJJJJJJJJJJJ6C
;6 T&%" !( -A ("5$ut&0s !
C%.("ss( "0"()y %"t"( < JJJJJJJJJJsec.
CONDENSER SIDE
-6 W*t"( T"%."(*tu("
*6 I0$"t G JJJJJJJJ
o
C
o
C
E/APORATOR SIDE
-6 W*t"( T"%."(*tu("
*6 I0$"t G JJJJJJJJ
o
C
o
C
F&), ?.#6 d&*)(*%: @
50
ENGG. DEPT.
CALCULATIONS:
-, T#"("t&'*$ COP < !eo K !ei 7!co < !ei)
!cl 9 !eo
1, A'tu*$ COP < !eat absorbed in e'aporator from water
Compressor @or%
3, H"*t *7s(7"d &0 "5*.(*t( !(% :*t"( < me O Cp O *e
@here&
me < -ass flow rate of water in e'aporator Bg C hr
Cp < Specific heat of water 1 Bcal C Bg
o
C
*e < *emp. difference of water in E'aporator
9, W(> d0" 7y '%.("ss( G /+6 O 16 O #+66 watt
. *c x E-C
51
ENGG. DEPT.
@here&
*c < *ime for 16 re'olutions of energymeter disc sec.
Theoretical COP
<, C*(0t COP < *$
*! K *$
o
B
o
B
CONCLUSION:
@ith the help of abo'e information we can e'aluate the process of 0ce
-anufacturing and we can also find out C3. of the unit.
D6 TECHNICAL REPORT ON /ISIT TO
REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDITIONING
ESTABLISHMENTS
52
ENGG. DEPT.
0n this particular 'isit students are expected to 'isit the Refrigeration and Air
Conditioning unit or 0ndustry. @here they can learn thorough things about the plant
and processes of the RNAC. *hey are also intended to write a *echnical Report on
the 'isit.
53
ENGG. DEPT.

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