Assignment -1

Classification of Materials
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An atom is composed of;

i. Nucleus at the centre, made up from Protons (positively charged) and
Neutrons (no charge)
ii. Electrons (negative charge) orbiting around the nucleus


Atom Sketch









The two types of bonding between metals and non-metals atom respectively are;

Ionic bonding, which occurs between metals and non metals.
Covalent bonding, which occurs only between non metals.








i. Mechanical properties
The mechanical behavior of a material reflects the relationship between its
response or deformation to an applied load or force

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Classification of Materials
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ii. Physical properties
Physical properties are associated to appearance (structure) to the given
material. For example, if one touch a metal at room temperature it feels colder
when compared touching a wood or polymer.

iii. Magnetic and electrical properties
Magnetic properties are related to a material which has a magnetic element (ie
iron).
Electrical properties are related to material which conducts electricity (ie
copper, steel).

iv. Thermal properties
Thermal properties are related to material which has a good resistance to
elevated temperatures and thermal shocks. Insulators are good examples of
materials having thermal properties.





Four mechanical properties to engineering materials are;

Strength
Hardness
Ductility
Stiffness





Some types of test which can be applied on materials in order to determine the
mechanical properties are;

Tensile test
Charpy impact test
Hardness test



a) When a tensile strength is conducted, the data obtained consists of force
applied and the extension of the material. Extension means how the material is
strained during the tensile strength.
b) Stress and strain graphs of a typical ductile material, indicated in diagram
below.
c) Elastic limit and ultimate tensile strength indication, indicated in diagram
below.


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Classification of Materials
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d) Sketch of a sample of ductile and brittle material after they are fractured using
tensile strength.

Ductile material Brittle material







The following engineering materials are classified according to their properties.

METALS
Brass
Aluminum
Copper
NON METALS
PTFE
Nylon
Iron Nitride


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Classification of Materials
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Material processing cycle

General Description

Raw materials that are first harvested from the earth and divided into a form that can
be easily transported and stored. These then are processed into semi-finished
materials, which can be the input of a new cycle of production, to create finished
materials, ready for distribution, construction, and consumption, until recycled for
other use.

Each Cycle Description

Extracting raw material
Raw materials coming from nature, that are
found in the earth crust being brought to surface
in an unprocessed state.
Creating raw material
Nature raw material refined into other useful
material

Example
Crude oil is refined into gasoline, fuel, heating
oil, kerosene and gas.
Manufacturing engineering
components
The science and technology by which a material
is converted into a useful shape with a structure
and properties for a particular application.
Fabricating products and
systems
The assembly of different manufactured parts to
form a component.
Servicing of products and
systems
Components need periodic maintenance to keep
them in good condition for its intended purpose.
Recycling / disposing of used
products and systems
The re-use of material coming from waste
during manufacturing process or redundant
fabricated components. Some materials need to
be separated before recycled.


Material processing cycle diagram



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Classification of Materials
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