APBiologyPowerPointNotesChapter33AnimalOrganizationandHomeostasis

FourMajorTissueTypesinVertebrateAnimals
1. Epithelialcoverbodysurfaces,linesbodycavitiesandformglands
2. Connectivebindandsupportbodyparts
3. Muscularcausebodypartstomove
4. Nervousrespondstostimuliandtransmitsimpulsesfromonebodyparttoanother
EpithelialTissues
Functionsinabsorption,secretionandprotection
Formsacontinuouslayeroverbodysurfaces
Linesinnercavities
Formsglands
o ExocrineglandsSecreteproductsintoductsorcavities
o EndocrineglandsSecreteproductsdirectlyintothebloodstream
Coversabdominalorgans
Threetypesofepithelialtissuesbasedonshape:
SquamousFlatcells
CuboidalCubeshapedcells
ColumnarPillarshapedcells
TypesofEpithelialTissuesinVertebratesfigurefromtext
Epithelium:Specialization/Secretions
Glandularex.EarthwormsandSnail;secretesmucus;lubricatesthebody
CuticleEx.AnnelidsandArthropods;nonlivingandprotective.
KeratinEx.Terrestrialvertebrates;protectstheskinfromdesiccation
EpithelialJunctions
Junctions:joinepithelialtissuestogether
TightJunctionsplasmamembraneproteinsextendbetweenneighboringcells.
o Ex.Digestivetract
AdhesionJunctionscytoskeletonelementsjoininternalplaquesinadjacentcells.
o Allowstretchingofskinandmechanicalstress
GapJunctionstwoplasmamembranesjointhroughchannels.
o Allowionsandsmallmoleculestopassbetweencells.
ConnectiveTissues
BindStructurestogether
Providessupport
Protection
Fillsspaces
Storesfat
Formsbloodcell
Sourcecellsformuscleandskeletalcells
TypesofConnectiveTissuesfigure
Connectivetissuesconsistof:
Fibroblastcellslooseanddensefibroustissues
Amatrixcontainingcollagenandelasticfibers
DenseFibrousTissuesfibroblasts
o Whitecollagenfibersproteinprovidesflexibility&strength
o Tendonsconnectmusclestobone
o Ligamentsconnectbonestobone
LooseFibrousTissues
o Yellowelasticfibersproteinprovideselasticityandprotection
Allowsorganstoexpand
ConnectiveTissue:Adipose
Insulatesthebodyandprovidespadding
Fibroblastsenlargeandstorefat
ConnectiveTissue:Cartilage
Classifiedaccordingtotypeofcollagenandelasticfibersfoundinthematrix
Cartilagecells(chondrocytes),lieinsmallchambers(lacunae)inthematrix
ConnectiveTissue:CompactBone
Matrixisinorganicsaltsdepositedaroundproteinfibers
Bonecells(osteocytes)arelocatedinlacunae
Lacunaearrangedinconcentriccircleswithinosteons(HaversionCanal)aroundtiny
tubes(centralcanals).
CanalsprovidenutrientsthroughCanaliculi
ConnectiveTissue:SpongyBones
Containsbonybarsandplates(trabeculae)
Cavitiescontainredbonemarrow
Lighterandmorecompactyetdesignedforstrength
Trabeculaefollowlinesofstressandcanrealign
ConnectiveTissues:Blood
Actuallyaconnectivetissueinwhichcellsareembeddedinaliquidmatrix(plasma)
Transports
nutrientsandoxygentocells
Removescarbondioxideandotherwastes
Regulating
helpsdistributeheat
Protective
helpsregulatefluid,ionandpHbalance
Plasmaliquidinwhichthebloodcellsarefound;mixtureofdifferenttypesofmolecules(notcells)
1.Erythrocytesredbloodcellscarryoxygen
2.Leukocyteswhitebloodcellsaidinfightinginfections
3.Plateletsbloodclotting
MuscularTissue
Contractilecellscontainingactinandmyosinfilaments
Cellsarecalledmusclefibers
Striated(boundintoparallelfibers):
SkeletalMuscle
VoluntaryLong
CardiacMuscle
Mostlyinvoluntary
Boundbyintercalateddisks
NoStriations:
SmoothMuscle
Involuntary
Mostofthecellisoccupiedbystriated,threadlikemyofribrils.
WithineachmyofibriltherearedenseZlines.
Asarcomere(ormusclefunctionalunit)extendsfromZlinetoZline.
Eachsarcomerehasthickandthinfilaments.
Thethickfilamentsaremadeofmyosinandoccupythecenterofeachsarcomere.
ThinfilamentsaremadeofactinandanchortotheZline.
NervousSystem
Nervoussystemhasthreefunctions
Sensoryinput
o Sensoryreceptorsdetectchanges
o Transmitinfotothespinalcord
o Dataintegration
o Spinalcordandbrainintegrate
o Decisionismaderegardingappropriateresponse
Motoroutput
Responseistransmittedtoeffector(glandormuscle)
o Effectorinitiatesactualresponse
NervousTissue
NervousTissuecontainsneurons
Madeupofdendrites,acellbody,andanaxon
Longaxonscoveredbymyelin
Outsidethebrainandspinalcord,fibersformnerves
Neurogliasupportandnourishneurons
Neuroglia
1.Oligodendrocytesformmyelinsheatharoundanaxon
2.MicroglialCellssupportneurons,phagocytizebacteriaandcellwastes
3.Astrocytesprovidenutrientstoneuron,produceGDGFhormone(glialderivedgrowthfactor)
FunctionsofRegionsoftheSkin
Functionsofskin
Coversandprotectsunderlyingbodyregions
Regulatebodytemperature,and
Containssensoryreceptor
EpidermisOuter,thinnerregion
Stratifiedsquamousepithelium
Newcellsarepushedoutward,becomekeratinized,andaresloughedoff
Melanocytesproducemelanin(pigment)
Nailsgrowfromspecializedepidermalcells
HumanSkinAnatomy
RegionsofSkin
DermisDeeperandthickerthanepidermis
FibrousconnectivetissuecontainingelasticandcollagenfibersContains:
Hairfollicles
Sebaceousglands
Receptors
Nervefibers
Bloodvessels
SubcutaneousLayerLoose,connectivetissuelocatedbelowdermis
TheEpidermis
OrganSystems
BodyCavities
Dorsalcavity(towardtheback)
o Containsthecranialcavityandthevertebralcanal
o Thebrainisinthecranialcavity,and
o Thespinalcordisinthevertebralcanal
Ventralcavity(towardthefront)isdividedbythediaphragminto
Thoraciccavity(includesheartandlungs)and
Abdominalcavity(mostotherinternalorgans)
Pelviccavity
MammalianBody
Homeostasis
Theorgansystemsofthehumanbodycontributetohomeostasis
Thedigestivesystem
Takesinanddigestsfood
Providesnutrientmoleculesthatreplaceusednutrients
Therespiratorysystem
Addsoxygentotheblood
Removescarbondioxide
Theliverandthekidneys
Storeexcessglucoseasglycogen
Later,glycogenisbrokendowntoreplacetheglucoseused
Thehormoneinsulinregulatesglycogenstorage
Thekidneys
Underhormonalcontrolastheyexcretewastesandsalts
NegativeFeedback
HomeostaticControl
Partiallycontrolledbyhormones
Ultimatelycontrolledbythenervoussystem
NegativeFeedbackistheprimaryhomeostaticmechanismthatkeepsavariableclosetoasetvalue
Sensordetectschangeinenvironment
RegulatoryCenteractivatesaneffector
Effectorreversesthechanges
NegativeFeedbackMechanisms:
Complex
RegulationofBodyTemperature
PositiveFeedback
Duringpositivefeedback,aneventincreasesthelikelihoodofanotherevent
ChildbirthProcess
Urgetourinate
PositiveFeedback
Doesnotresultinequilibrium
Doesnotoccurasoftenasnegativefeedback