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2. (30 !"
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- 1-7.
. . .
#. Zero ending
$. German is more difficult
%. Simplicity of form
&. Words that can deceive
'. Preference or disadvantage
(. Introduction
). Complex sentence
*. Spelling
1 There is almost no declension and no conjugation in the nglish language !hich ma"es it much easier for
someone !ho is learning the language to form simple sentences that are grammatically correct. The
example of conjugation is the ver# $#e% !ho has forms $I am%& $you& !e& they are' and 'he& she& it is.%
2 In nglish all nouns are spelled !ith small letters. xceptions are( proper names& the days of the !ee"& the
personal pronoun 'I'& the names of the months& titles& positions and greetings such as )r& )rs& *r& *irector
of )ar"eting& etc.
3 +our learning efforts !ill #e more effective if you have an overvie! of the language you are !or"ing !ith.
That,s !hy !e have put together a num#er of features characteri-ing the nglish language. In some aspects
!e compare nglish against German to #etter illustrate . you might !ant to compare these features !ith
your mother tongue.
+ In nglish !e have '+ou'& and there is no '*u' or 'Sie' form . an idiomatic pitfall that causes non/
Germans as much trou#le as the appropriate use of the formal 'Sie' and the socia#le '*u' !hen addressing
people. There are 01 German e2uivalents to the possessive adjective 'your'. There is only one definite
article in the nglish language !hereas in German there are three.
, The nglish language contains a lot of homophones. These are !ords that have the same pronunciation #ut
are spelled differently. 3f course they have different meanings. xamples( meet4meat& #y4#uy4#ye&
son4sun& !aste4!aist& through4thre!& !rite4right& our4hour& then4than& here4hear.
- nglish is a very compact language. The average nglish !ord for example is shorter than its German
e2uivalent. That,s #ecause nglish ver#s& nouns and adjectives don,t have endings. 5ut don,t forget the
Present Tense that has the letter 's' for the third person as in 'he spea"s'. 6lso& there are many more
nglish !ords containing only 7 or 8 letters than in the German language for example.
. )ost !ords in nglish have several meanings. This can #e an advantage for learners as you can convey
different meanings using the same !ord in a different context. 3n the other hand this might cause
confusion especially for #eginners.
0 9 7 8 : ; <
$3 1-6 A-G.
A-G . .
What intrigues me is 1 ===. Was it the phone or the letter> 3r do !e no! have more contacts !ith people
than !e used to simply 2 ===. 3r may#e the letter !as too much of an effort> In the old days people 3 ===
!ould say( '?eep in touch. Give me a #ell. *rop me a line'. 5ut did you> *o you no! "eep in touch !ith e/
mail> Then of course not all occasions are suita#le for e/mails. Would you !rite an e/mail of sympathy to
someone !hose loved one had died>
Ta"e another example. Would you send a love @/mail> 6 love letter& !ell that,s something different.
People loo" #ac" over those in later life and treasure them. 5ut !ould you save your love e/mails and "eep
them in a little #ox> Is it li"ely that an e/mail !ill ac2uire a historical significance in the future + ===> In this
country sometimes an e/mail #et!een important political figures is ,lea"ed, , ===. That rarely happened !ith
letters. 6gain !e have all seen and read #oo"s containing the collected letters of famous !riters& artists&
politicians and the li"e. Can you imagine a #oo" containing the collected e/mails of similar figures in the
future> 6nd !hat a#out the !ord ,e/mail, itself> We can use it as a noun and a ver# and possi#ly call someone
!ho sends one an e/mailer. What !ould !e use to descri#e the e2uivalent of correspondence> Could it #e ,e/
mailings, or again ,e/mailery,> What I,d really li"e to "no! is - ===.
#. #ecause they are so easy to get hold of and send to the press
$. as letters have done in the past
%. !hat sort of communication !e all used #efore the coming of the e/mail
&. !hat sort of status do e/mails have in your opinion
'. you met #riefly #ut got on !ith
(. #ecause the phone could have #een too expensive
). as e/mails are so easy to send
0 9 7 8 : ;
1!-"1! " 1! "! # $! #
.
'&/0$12)*
din#urgh& the capital of Scotland& is located on the southern shore of the Airth of Aorth. din#urgh is the
second largest city in Scotland& after the industrial center of Glasgo!& It is& ho!ever& Scotland,s financial&
cultural& educational& and service/industry centre. 6mong the city,s manufactures are paper& !his"y& electrical
and electronic e2uipment& food products& and chemicals. The printing and pu#lishing industry !as !ell
esta#lished here #y the 0;
th
century. din#urgh,s port is a major service point for vessels associated !ith the
Borth Sea petroleum industry. The principal imports are petroleum products& grain& ores& and !oodC exports
include !his"y& steel& and fertili-er. The city is also one of 5ritain,s major tourist centers.
din#urgh,s central dominating landmar" is din#urgh Castle& rising on sheer cliffs a#ove the city.
Docated here is the 00
th
century Chapel of Saint )argaret& the city,s oldest structure. The Castle Eoc" is
connected to the 0;
th
century royal Scottish residence of Folyrood Palace #y a road "no!n as the Eoyal )ile& the
main one in the 3ld To!n district of the city. 3ther nota#le #uildings in 3ld To!n include Saint Giles& the
Bational Church of ScotlandC the Parliament Fouse& seat of the Scottish Parliament from its completion in 0;71
until 0<G< !hen Scotland #ecame part of the Hnited ?ingdom of Great 5ritainC and the house of the 0;th/
century Protestant reformer Iohn ?nox. To the north of this district is Be! To!n& !hich !as developed in the
late 0Jth century and contains many fine #uildings designed #y the Scottish architect Eo#ert 6dam& Separating
the t!o districts is Princes Street Gardens& occupying the #ed of a loch that !as drained in 0J0;.
din#urgh,s expansion #eyond its medieval #oundaries to Be! To!n !as planned #y the to!n council in
0<;<. *uring the 0J
th
and 01
th
centuries the city flourished as a cultural center. It !as the home of !riters Eo#ert
5urns& Iames 5os!ell& and Sir Walter Scott and the philosophers 6dam Smith and *avid Fume. The city,s
#oundaries !ere expanded considera#ly in 0J:;& 01GG& and 019G. Population according to 011; estimate is
88J&J:G people.
The din#urgh Aestival is a general term for several annual and #iannual arts festivals that ta"e place in
din#urgh during 6ugust and Septem#er& attracting audiences from around the !orld. The din#urgh
International Aestival of )usic and *rama& the original festival& !as founded in 018< and is no! recogni-ed as
one of the !orld,s most important cele#rations of the arts. It presents famous international and Scottish
performers of theatre& music& dance& and opera in all of din#urgh,s major theatres and concert halls. 3ther
festivals have developed through the years& including the din#urgh Ailm Aestival& din#urgh Ia-- Aestival& the
#iannual din#urgh 5oo" Aestival& and the din#urgh Aestival Aringe.
The din#urgh Aestival Aringe& !hich #egan as an informal collection of theater performances in 018<&
no! displays all art forms& from theatre to !orld music and from dance to stand/up comedy. While the
din#urgh International Aestival of )usic and *rama invites only select artists and companies& the din#urgh
Aestival Aringe is an open festival.
The economic importance of the din#urgh Aestival is significant. Its estimated annual audience is no!
0&7GG&GGG people.
The name of the famous Scottish poet Eo#ert 5urns !ho lived in din#urgh is "no!n to every Scott.
)any Scotts honor 5urns,s #irthday on 9: Ianuary #y cele#rating his life and !or"s at 5urns Suppers& !here
haggis& their national dish& is served. The song '6uld Dang Syne&' #y #eloved Eo#ert 5urns& is sung on Be!
+ear,s ve.
#1, 6ccording to the text&
0K din#urgh is the largest city in Scotland.
9K din#urgh is larger than Glasgo!.
7K Glasgo! is Scotland,s financial& cultural& educational& and service/industry centre.
8K industry is concentrated in Glasgo!.
#1- din#urgh does not produce
0K electronic goods.
9K petroleum products.
7K spirits.
8K paper.
#1. Imported goods of din#urgh do not include
0K !ood.
9K petroleum products.
7K !his"y.
8K grain.
#13 The statement !hich does not contradict the text is that
0K the Castle Eoc" is located in Be! To!n.
9K Be! To!n !as developed #y Iohn ?nox.
7K the Scottish Parliament ceased its activity at the #eginning of the 0Jth century.
8K din#urgh Castle is not located higher than other #uildings.
#19 din#urgh today
0K is located !ithin the limits of Be! To!n.
9K is not a cultural center of Scotland.
7K is not #igger than it !as in 019G.
8K one of the largest cities of the Hnited ?ingdom.
#20 The !ords '#iannual arts festivals' stand for festivals !hich are held
0K once a year.
9K t!ice a year.
7K three times a year.
8K once in t!o years.
#21 din#urgh
0K houses 07GG&GGG people.
9K is a great cultural centre.
7K is home to selected artists and companies.
8K holds national festivals for Scotts.
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