ROTTEN BEEF AND STINKING FISH:

RIZAL AND THE WRITING OF PHILIPPINE HISTORY

Ambeth R. Ocampo
Antonio de Morga !ie"tenant go#ernor o$ t%e P%i!i&&ine' (in t%e
!ate 'i)teent% *ent"r+, de'*ri-ed t%e $ood o$ t%e indios a'
$o!!o.':
Their daily fare is composed of rice crushed in
wooden pillars and when cooked is called morisqueta
(this is the staple throughout the land); cooked fish
which they hae in abundance; pork! enison!
mountain buffaloes which they call carabaos! beef
and fish which they know is best when it has started
to rot and stink ("mphasis supplied.)
#
Reading t%i' te)t in t%e Briti'% M"'e"/ 012 +ear' !ater
Ri3a! .a' 'o in*en'ed t%at %e !ater re'&onded in &rint .it%:
This is another preoccupation of the $paniards who!
like any other nation! treat food to which they are not
accustomed or is unknown to them with disgust. The
"nglish! for e%ample! feels horror to see a $paniard
eating snails; to the $paniard roast beef is repugnant
and he cannot understand how $teak Tartar or raw
beef can be eaten; the &hinese who hae tahuri and
eat shark cannot stand Roquefort cheese etc! etc.
This fish 'orga mentions! that cannot be known to be
good until it begins to rot! all on the contrary! it is
bagoong (salted and fermented fish or shrimp paste
used as a sauce in )ilipino cuisine* and those who
hae eaten it and tasted it know that it neither is nor
should be rotten.
+
Ri3a!4' 'ar*a'ti* re-"tta! a&&ear' '"r&ri'ing!+ not in %i'
'atiri*a! no#e!' or %i' &o!e/i*a! tra*t' -"t in a '*%o!ar!+ .or5 66
%i' annotated re6edition o$ 'orga,s $ucesos de las -slas de
)ilipinas7 A'ide $ro/ t%e ra*ia! '!"r' to .%i*% Ri3a! .a' rea*ting
%o.e#er Ri3a! /aintained /i)ed $ee!ing' $or t%e Morga
de&ending on it' "'e$"!ne'' $or %i' t%e'i' t%at S&ani'%
*o!oni3ation retarded rat%er t%an -ro"g%t *i#i!i3ation to t%e
P%i!i&&ine' and it' in%a-itant'7
8n$ort"nate!+ Ri3a!9' Morga %a' -een re!egated in t%e
*anon "nder %i' :/inor .riting':
;
and re/ain' !arge!+ "nread
d"e to t%e &re6e/inen*e o$ %i' no#e!' .oli me Tangere and "l
)ilibusterismo7 8n!i5e t%e no#e!' .%i*% %a#e -een atta*5ed and
*onde/ned reg"!ar!+ in t%e &a't *ent"r+ t%e Morga re/ain'
!arge!+ ignored7 It i' !a/enta-!e t%at de'&ite -eing a *!a''i* o$
nationa!i't %i'tori*a! .riting Ri3a!9' Morga i' 'e!do/ read toda+7
T%at Ri3a!4' annotation' are !arge!+ di'regarded toda+
'te/' -a'i*a!!+ $ro/ t%e re*ent ad#an*e' in %i'tori*a!
ar*%eo!ogi*a! and et%nogra&%i* re'ear*%7 A!t%o"g% /an+ o$
Ri3a!9' a''ertion' %a#e -een #a!idated -+ re*ent re'ear*% t%e
$a*t i' t%at %i' .or5 i' no. dated7 Moreo#er Ri3a!9' annotation'
are 'e*ondar+ and toda+4' '*%o!ar' *on*entrate /ore on t%e
&ri/ar+ 'o"r*e Morga t%an on Ri3a!9' note'7 Fe. Fi!i&ino'
toda+ e#en t%e /o't &atrioti* .o"!d $ind t%e ti/e and energ+
to read t%e '/a!! te)t o$ Ri3a!4' $ootnote' e#en i$ &enned -+ t%e
nationa! %ero7
Anot%er $a*tor in t%e re!ati#e o-'*"rit+ o$ Ri3a!9'
annotation' to Morga .a' *en'or'%i& d"ring t%e S&ani'%
*o!onia! &eriod7 Li5e .oli me Tangere and "l )ilibusterismo t%e
Ri3a! edition o$ Morga .a' -anned in t%e P%i!i&&ine' in t%e !ate
nineteent% *ent"r+: t%ere$ore *o&ie' *on$i'*ated -+ S&ani'%
*"'to/' in Mani!a and ot%er &ort' o$ entr+ .ere de'tro+ed7 D"e
to t%e -"rning o$ one &arti*"!ar!+ !arge '%i&/ent o$ t%e Morga
t%e -oo5 attained :rare: and :o"t o$ &rint: 'tat"' .it%in a +ear
o$ it' &"-!i*ation7 It did not 'ee a 'e*ond &rinting and t%e $e.
*o&ie' in *ir*"!ation .ere !e$t %idden and "nread -+ $rig%tened
o.ner'7
T%ere i' a!'o t%e &ro-!e/ o$ !ang"age .%i*% re'tri*ted t%e
i/&a*t o$ t%e Morga to a '/a!! ed"*ated S&ani'%6reading e!ite
in Mani!a7 A/ong t%i' a!read+ /in"te *ir*!e one *o"!d *o"nt
.it% t%e $inger' o$ one %and t%e &eo&!e .%o .o"!d read a
%i'tori*a! .or5 !i5e Morga o#er t%e /ore entertaining Ri3a!
no#e!'7 Ri3a!4' Morga .a' not read -+ t%e /a''e' a!t%o"g%
&eo&!e %eard a great dea! a-o"t t%i' *ontro#er'ia! .or57 Ri3a!4'
Morga t%"' "nread i' a!/o't $orgotten7
T%i' e''a+ dea!' .it% Ri3a!4' #ie.' on P%i!i&&ine %i'tor+7 It
atte/&t' to &!a*e Ri3a!9' Morga .it%in t%e $ra/e.or5 o$ %i'
.or5 a' .e!! a' in t%e !arger *onte)t o$ P%i!i&&ine
%i'toriogra&%+7 Ri3a!9' Morga /a+ not %a#e -een read .ide!+
-"t it' 'igni$i*an*e !ie' in t%e $a*t t%at .it% t%i' edition Ri3a!
-egan t%e ta'5 o$ .riting t%e $ir't P%i!i&&ine %i'tor+ $ro/ t%e
#ie.&oint o$ a Fi!i&ino7
One /atter %a' to -e *!ari$ied at t%e o"t'et7 Ri3a! i' o$ten
*redited .it% <re6.riting P%i!i&&ine %i'tor+7: T%e notion o$
:P%i!i&&ine %i'tor+: i' a/-ig"o"' to -egin .it%: it *an /ean
eit%er t%e %i'tor+ o$ t%e &!a*e or t%e %i'tor+ o$ t%e &eo&!e o$ t%e
&!a*e7 T%e di$$eren*e -et.een t%e'e t.o %i'torie' i' re!ated to
t%e di$$erent *on*e&t' o$ t%e Fi!i&ino and t%e Fi!i&ino Nation: t%e
$or/er did not e)i't "nti! Ri3a! ' ti/e and t%e !atter did not
e)i't "nti! t%e e'ta-!i'%/ent o$ t%e '%ort6!i#ed P%i!i&&ine
Re&"-!i* "nder Ag"ina!do in =1>17 I$ P%i!i&&ine %i'tor+ i' ta5en
to /ean t%e %i'tor+ o$ t%e &!a*e t%en Ri3a! .a' indeed
re.riting %i'tor+ -e*a"'e t%ere are n"/ero"' S&ani'%
*%roni*!e' .ritten $ro/ t%e !ate 'i)teent% to t%e nineteent%
*ent"rie'7 Ho.e#er i$ .e /ean t%e %i'tor+ o$ t%e Fi!i&ino'
t%en -eing t%e $ir't %i'tor+ and %a#ing not%ing to re6.rite Ri3a!
.a' a*t"a!!+ .riting P%i!i&&ine %i'tor+7 T%e %i'toriogra&%i*a!
i/&ortan*e o$ t%i' !itt!e6read '*%o!ar!+ .or5 -+ Ri3a! i' t%at it
.a' t%e $ir't %i'tori*a! .or5 on t%e P%i!i&&ine' -+ a Fi!i&ino? it i'
t%e $ir't %i'tor+ .ritten $ro/ t%e &oint o$ #ie. o$ t%e *o!oni3ed
not t%e *o!oni3er7
Ri3a! 'ee/' to %a#e -een re$!e*ting on %i' *o"ntr+4'
%i'tor+ '%ort!+ a$ter *o/&!eting .oli me Tangere in !ate
Fe-r"ar+ =11@ and o-#io"'!+ dra.ing on t%e &o&"!ar Taga!og
&ro#er- :Ang %indi /ar"nong !"/ingon 'a &inangga!ingan a+
%indi na5a5arating 'a &aroroonan: (%e .%o doe' not 5no.
.%ere %e *a/e $ro/ .i!! ne#er rea*% %i' de'tination, %e
rea!i3ed t%e i/&ortan*e o$ t%e &a't a' a too! to "nder'tand t%e
&re'ent and e#ent"a!!+ *on$ront t%e $"t"re7 A!t%o"g% %e .i'%ed
to e/-ar5 on 'o/e %i'tori*a! re'ear*% %e re'trained %i/'e!$
ad/itting %i' inadeA"a*+ in a Ietter to t%e A"'trian
et%nogra&%er Ferdinand B!"/entritt a'5ing %i/ to .rite a
%i'tor+ o$ t%e P%i!i&&ine':
The /hilippines would be grateful to you if you will
write
0
a complete history of our country! 1udged from
impartial criteria. - beliee that you are the only one
who can do it. - hae the courage for this! but - do not
know enough. - hae not read as many books about
my country and the $panish libraries are closed to
me; furthermore my time is needed for other things
and eerything - say will always be suspected of
haing been inspired by a partisan spirit! but you
would be read as an impartial 1udge; you hae no
selfish interests2you do not hae to amend historical
truth neither for the sake of )ilipinos nor the
$paniards! and you could contemplate the past in
cold blood like an outside obserer...- think that you
are the man best equipped for this task...
3
B+ t%i' ti/e Ri3a! %ad -eg"n anot%er no#e! a 'eA"e! to
No!i Me Tangere -"t to.ard' t%e end o$ B"ne =111 %e tore "&
t%e *o/&!eted *%a&ter' *%anged t%e &!ot entire!+ and -egan
ane. to &rod"*e a .or5 .%i*% .o"!d in$!"en*e %i' *o"ntr+/en
<to t%in5 *orre*t!+7C
D
T%en in t%e /idd!e o$ A"g"'t =111
re'igned t%at B!"/entritt *o"!d not -e &er'"aded to .rite a
%i'tor+ o$ t%e P%i!i&&ine'7 Ri3a! 'et %i' !iterar+ !a-or' a'ide and
-egan to .or5 on %i' *o"ntr+4' %i'tor+7
Ar/ed .it% a !etter o$ introd"*tion $ro/ t%e Dire*tor o$ t%e
India O$$i*e !i-rar+ Rein%o!d Re't %e a&&!ied $or and .a'
granted a reader4' &a'' to t%e Briti'% M"'e"/ .%ere %e -egan
to *on'"!t ear!+ &rinted /ateria!' on t%e P%i!i&&ine'7 :I9/ -"'+C
%e .rote to %i' $riend B!"/entritt :I4/ a''id"o"'!+ reading a!!
t%e an*ient Ei7e7&ri/ar+F 'o"r*e' on t%e %i'tor+ o$ t%e
P%i!i&&ine' and I do not t%in5 I .ant to !ea#e London "nti! I
%a#e read a!! t%e -oo5' and /an"'*ri&t' t%at %a#e re$eren*e'
to t%e P%i!i&&ine'7 I .ant to -e*o/e t%e :Fi!i&ino B!"/entritt7C
G
H!o'e to A"g"'t =1 =111 Ri3a! .a' *o&+ing o"t -+ %and
t%e entire $ir't edition o$ Morga9' $ucesos de las -slas de
)ilipinas annotating it a!ong t%e .a+ *on$ident t%at Antonio
Regidor a .ea!t%+ *o"ntr+/an in e)i!e in London $o!!o.ing t%e
Ha#ite M"tin+ o$ =1@0 .o"!d &"-!i'% t%e .or5 .%en
*o/&!eted7
@
A' an added in*enti#e Regidor &ro/i'ed Ri3a! t%at
a' 'oon a' %e %ad re*o#ered %i' in#e't/ent in t%e -oo5 a!!
&ro$it' .o"!d -e di#ided eA"a!!+ -et.een a"t%or and &"-!i'%er7
Ri3a! %o.e#er .a' a rea!i't .%o a**e&ted t%at '*%o!ar!+ -oo5'
'"*% a' t%e Morga .o"!d not -e $inan*ia!!+ re.arding7 T%"' %e
'tated in a !etter to B!"/entritt t%at %i' ai/ .a' 'i/&!+ to
<&re'ent a ne. edition to t%e &"-!i* a-o#e a!! t%e Fi!i&ino
&"-!i*II do t%i' 'o!e!+ $or /+ *o"ntr+ -e*a"'e t%i' .or5 .i!!
-ring /e neit%er %onor nor /one+7:
1
Hi' $ear' &ro#ed *orre*t $or %e did not earn an+t%ing $ro/
t%e Morga7 In $a*t Regidor "ne)&e*ted!+ -a*5ed o"t o$ t%e
#ent"re .it%o"t t%e *o"rte'+ o$ an e)&!anation7 One o$ Ri3a!9'
$riend' %inted at ra*i'/ a' Regidor .a' o$ S&ani'% e)tra*tion7
A$ter a!! %i' .or5 in t%e *o&+ing editing and annotation o$ t%e
S"*e'o' Ri3a! %ad a $ini'%ed /an"'*ri&t -"t no &"-!i'%er7
8nda"nted -+ t%e initia! $r"'tration Ri3a! de*ided to &"-!i'% t%e
Morga %i/'e!$7 B+ t%e end o$ Se&te/-er =11> %e %ad -ro"g%t
t%e /an"'*ri&t to Pari' .%ere &rinting *o't' .ere !o.er t%an in
London and 'ent a !etter to B!"/entritt reA"e'ting %i/ to .rite
an introd"*tion to t%e -oo57
>
T%e *on*rete re'"!t o$ $o"r /ont%' o$ inten'e %i'tori*a!
re'ear*% in B!oo/'-"r+ .a' Ri3a!4' 'e*ond -oo5 .it% a t+&i*a!!+
!ong S&ani'% tit!e $ucesos de las -slas )ilipinas por el 4octor
Antonio de 'orga. Obra publicada en 'e1co en el ano dr #567!
nue amente sacada a lu8 y anotada por 9ose Ri8al! precedida
de un prologo del prof. )ernando :lumentritt (E#ent' in t%e
P%i!i&&ine I'!and' -+ Dr7 Antonio de Morga7 A .or5 &"-!i'%ed in
Me)i*o in t%e +ear =G2> re&rinted and annotated -+ Bo'e Ri3a!
and &re*eded -+ an introd"*tion -+ &ro$e''or Ferdinand
B!"/entritt,7
A '%ort -iogra&%+ o$ Morga and an o"t!ine o$ t%e 'tr"*t"re
o$ %i' -oo5 i' ne*e''ar+ at t%i' &oint7 Antonio de Morga .a'
-orn in =DD> in Se#i!!e7 He grad"ated $ro/ t%e 8ni#er'it+ o$
Sa!a/an*a in =D@J and in =D@1 attained a do*torate in Hanon
La.7 He ta"g%t -rie$!+ in O'"na !ater ret"rning to Sa!a/an*a to
read Hi#i! La.7 In =D12 %e Koined t%e go#ern/ent 'er#i*e and
.a' a&&ointed in =D>; to Mani!a a' Lie"tenant Go#ernor t%e
'e*ond /o't &o.er$"! &o'ition in t%e *o!on+ ne)t on!+ to t%e
Go#ernor Genera! o$ t%e P%i!i&&ine'7 In =D>1 %e re'igned t%i'
&o't to a''"/e t%e o$$i*e o$ oidor or K"dge in t%e Audiencia7
Morga4' $a/e (or in$a/+ de&ending on .%i*% a**o"nt +o"
are reading, *a/e in =G22 .%en %e .a' &"t in *%arge o$ t%e
S&ani'% $!eet again't a D"t*% in#a'ion "nder O!i#ier #an Noort7
A!t%o"g% t%e D"t*% 'ai!ed a.a+ t%e S&aniard' !o't %ea#i!+ and
a**ording to Morga %e %ad K"/&ed '%i& and '."/ a'%ore .it%
not%ing -"t t%e ene/+ 'tandard in %i' %and7 T%e D"t*% a**o"nt
o$ t%e -att!e de'*ri-e' Morga %iding and *r+ing in %i' $!ag'%i&
-e$ore it 'an57 Morga4' re&"tation in t%e *o!on+ 'an5 !i5e %i'
$!ag'%i& and in =G2; %e .a' tran'$erred to Me)i*o7
A &arti*"!ar!+ /a!i*io"' -iogra&%i*a! note on Morga i'
&ro#ided -+ W7E7 Retana in %i' t%ree6#o!"/e Aparato
:iblioprafico de -n ;istoria <eneral de )ilipinas (Bi-!iogra&%i*a!
A&&arat"' $or a Genera! Hi'tor+ o$ t%e P%i!i&&ine', &"-!i'%ed in
=>2G7 !n %i' entr+ on t%e $ucesos Retana *ite' a do/e'ti*
'*anda! to *o//ent on Morga4' %ard *%ara*ter7 Ho. -rie$!+
B"!iana Morga4' e!de't da"g%ter .a' di'*o#ered in =G20 to -e
in !o#e .it% a /an o$ a !o.er 'o*ia! 'tanding a 'o!dier $ro/
Me)i*o7 Morga and %i' .i$e $ir't tried to di'*o"rage t%e
re!ation'%i& -+ -eating "& B"!iana '%a#ing %er %air and $ina!!+
!o*5ing %er "& in t%e %o"'e7 Yet B"!iana /anaged to e'*a&e
$ro/ %er &arent4' %o"'e -+ t+ing -ed'%eet' toget%er and
!o.ering %er'e!$ $ro/ %er -edroo/ .indo. to t%e 'treet7
W%en Morga di'*o#ered t%at %i' da"g%ter %ad e!o&ed %e
-ro"g%t in t%e go#ernor genera! %i/'e!$ to &er'"ade B"!iana
$ro/ /arriage7 T%e+ .ere a!! "n'"**e''$"!7 B"!iana 'i!en*ed
&arenta! o&&o'ition -+ t%reatening to *o//it 'o*ia! '"i*ide -+
/arr+ing a negro
=2
i$ '%e .a' not a!!o.ed to /arr+ %er !o#er7
Morga ne#er '&o5e to %i' da"g%ter again and !e$t %er in Mani!a
.%en %e /o#ed to Me)i*o7
Fro/ Me)i*o Morga .a' /o#ed to L"ito in =G=D .%ere %e
.a' &re'ident o$ t%e Audiencia7 Again Morga $o"nd %i/'e!$ in
tro"-!e and in =G0D .a' in#e'tigated $or *orr"&tion and
e#ent"a!!+ $o"nd g"i!t+7 He e'*a&ed %"/i!iation and t%e
ga!!o.' -+ d+ing in =G;G -e$ore t%e *a'e .a' .o"nd "&7
==
Morga -egan %i' .or5 $ucesos de -as islas )ilipinas it i'
*!ai/ed a' a .a+ o$ 'a#ing $a*e a$ter t%e di'a'ter .it% t%e
D"t*% in#ader' in Mani!a in =G227 Hen*e it i' Morga4' #er'ion o$
t%e -att!e o$ Mani!a Ba+ !e$t to %i'tor+7 T%e .or5 *on'i't' o$
eig%t *%a&ter':
I7 O$ t%e $ir't di'*o#erie' o$ t%e Ea'tern I'!and'7
II7 O$ t%e go#ern/ent o$ Dr7 Fran*i'*o de Sande
III7 O$ t%e go#ern/ent o$ don Gon3a!o RonA"i!!o de
Pe-a!o'a
IM7 O$ t%e go#ern/ent o$ Dr7 Santiago de Mera
M7 O$ t%e go#ern/ent o$ Go/e' Pere3 Da'/arina'
MI7 O$ t%e go#ern/ent o$ don Fran*i'*o Te!!o
MII7 O$ t%e go#ern/ent o$ don Pedro de A*"na
MIII7 An a**o"nt o$ t%e P%i!i&&ine I'!and'7
T%e $ir't 'e#en *%a&ter' /ain!+ *on*ern t%e &o!iti*a!
e#ent' .%i*% o**"rred in t%e *o!on+ d"ring t%e ter/' o$ t%e
$ir't e!e#en go#ernor'6genera! in t%e P%i!i&&ine' -eginning .it%
Mig"e! Lo&e3 de Lega'&i in =DGD to Pedro de A*"na .%o died in
B"ne =G2G7 For &re'ent da+ Fi!i&ino' *%a&ter eig%t i' t%e /o't
intere'ting -e*a"'e it gi#e' a de'*ri&tion o$ t%e &re6Hi'&ani*
Fi!i&ino' or rat%er t%e indios at t%e S&ani'% *onta*t7 T%i' 'a/e
*%a&ter .a' indi'&en'a-!e $or Ri3a! not on!+ $or it'
et%nogra&%i* #a!"e -"t /ore to %e!& %i/ re*on'tr"*t t%e &re6
Hi'&ani* P%i!i&&ine' .%i*% Ri3a! .anted to &re'ent to %i'
*o"ntr+/en7
In %i' &re$a*e to t%e Morga Ri3a! 'tate' t%at %e did not
*%ange a 'ing!e .ord in t%e te)t 'a#e t%o'e t%at reA"ired
re'&e!!ing in /odern S&ani'% ort%ogra&%+ or *orre*ted
&"n*t"ation:
:orn and raised in the ignorance of our past! like
most of you! without oice or authority to speak
about what we did not see nor study! - considered it
necessary to inoke the testimony of an illustrious
$paniard who goerned the destiny of the /hilippines
at the beginning of her new era and witnessed the
last moments of our ancient nationality. Therefore! it
is the shadow of the ciili8ation of our ancestors
which the author now eokes before you. The high
office! the nationality! and merits of 'orga! together
with the data and testimonies of his contemporaries!
mostly $panish! recommend the work to your
thoughtful consideration.
#+
W%+ did Ri3a! *%oo'e Morga o#er ot%er S&ani'%
*%roni*!e'N W%+ doe' %e re*o//end Morga to %i' *o"ntr+/enN
S"re!+ Antonio Piga$etta9' a**o"nt o$ t%e Mage!!an e)&edition
.a' /ore detai!ed and *!o'er to t%e &oint o$ $ir't *onta*t
-et.een t%e P%i!i&&ine' and S&ain7 Ri3a!4' *%oi*e o$ re&rinting
Morga rat%er t%an ot%er *onte/&orar+ %i'tori*a! a**o"nt' o$
t%e P%i!i&&ine' .a' d"e to t%e $o!!o.ing rea'on': t%e origina!
-oo5 .a' rare? Morga .a' a !a+/an not a re!igio"' *%roni*!er?
Ri3a! $e!t Morga to -e /ore :o-Ke*ti#e: t%an t%e re!igio"' .riter'
.%o'e a**o"nt' in*!"ded /an+ /ira*!e 'torie'? Morga
*o/&ared to re!igio"' *%roni*!er' .a' /ore '+/&at%eti* to t%e
indios and $ina!!+ Morga .a' not on!+ an e+e.itne'' -"t a
/aKor a*tor in t%e e#ent' %e narrate'7
Morga4' $ucesos .a' origina!!+ &"-!i'%ed in Me)i*o in
=G2> and .a' t%ere$ore rare7 In %i' introd"*tion B!"/entritt
note' t%at t%e -oo5 i' :'o rare t%at t%e $e. !i-rarie' t%at %a#e a
*o&+ g"ard it .it% t%e 'a/e *are a' t%e+ .o"!d an In*a
trea'"re7:
=;
In =>@= .%en L7S7 H"//in' o$ 8ni#er'it+ Ho!!ege London
tran'!ated edited and annotated t%e !ate't edition o$ Morga $or
t%e Ha5!"+t So*iet+ %e !i'ted K"'t t.ent+6$i#e e)tant *o&ie' o$
t%e Morga in !i-rarie' and ot%er re'ear*% in'tit"tion'7 It i'
&o''i-!e t%at t%ere are 'o/e "nre*orded *o&ie' in &ri#ate
*o!!e*tion' -"t it i' 'a$e to a''"/e t%at t%ere are !e'' t%an
t%irt+ e)tant *o&ie' o$ t%e $ir't edition Morga7
=J
Ironi*a!!+ Morga .a' di''e/inated 0D> +ear' a$ter it'
origina! &"-!i*ation in a .ide!+ read Eng!i'% tran'!ation -+ H7E7B7
Stan!e+ &"-!i'%ed in London -+ t%e Ha5!"+t So*iet+ in =1G1
"nder t%e tit!e The /hilippine -slands! 'oluccas! $iam!
&ambodia! 9apan and &hina at the close of the $i%teenth
&entury!
#=
.%i*% i' /i'!eading 'in*e t%e -oo5 i' -a'i*a!!+ on
S&ain in t%e P%i!i&&ine' and de'*ri-e' /ain!+ %o. t%e *o!on+
.a' "'ed a' a $oot%o!d in A'ia $ro/ .%i*% ot%er S&ani'%
e)&edition' .ere !a"n*%ed7
T%e origina! S&ani'% te)t o$ =G2> %ad ne#er -een re&rinted
in $"!! "nti! t%e annotated Ri3a! edition *a/e o$$ t%e &re'' o$
Garnier Her/ano' in Pari' in =11>7
=G
A$ter t%e Ri3a! edition
t%ere .a' a /agni$i*ient edition -+ Wen*e'!ao E/i!io Retana
=@
.%i*% 'a. &rint in =>2>7 Pro-a-!+ t%e /o't a**"rate edition a'
it re&rod"*e' e#en t%e /i'&rint' o$ t%e origina! it a!'o *ontain'
a great a/o"nt o$ '"&&!e/entar+ /ateria! '"&&!ied -+ Retana
in %i' e)ten'i#e introd"*tion a' .e!! a' *o&io"' note'7 W%at
/a5e' Retana4' edition in#a!"a-!e i' t%e &ri/ar+ 'o"r*e
/ateria! -+ Morga %i/'e!$ and ot%er *onte/&orarie' dra.n
$ro/ t%e Ar*%i#o Genera! de India' in Se#i!!e .%i*% a/&!i$+ and
enri*% t%e /ain te)t7 It' on!+ dra.-a*5 i' t%at it i' ina**e''i-!e
to t%o'e .%o *annot read S&ani'%7
In t%e P%i!i&&ine' Ri3a!9' Morga .a' re6i''"ed in &%oto6
o$$'et re&rod"*tion on!+ in =>D1 -+ .%i*% ti/e $e. Fi!i&ino'
5ne. or *ared $or -oo5' in S&ani'%7 An Eng!i'% tran'!ation o$
Ri3a!9' Morga .a' *o//i''ioned and &"-!i'%ed -+ t%e Bo'e
Ri3a! Nationa! Hentennia! Ho//i''ion in =>G= -"t %a' &ro#en
"n'ati'$a*tor+ *o/&ared .it% t%e /o't &o&"!ar Eng!i'% edition
o$ Morga at &re'ent t%at -+ B7S7 H"//in' (Ha5!"+t So*iet+
=>@=,7
T%e &re*eding -i-!iogra&%i*a! note' not on!+ 'tre'' t%e
rarit+ o$ t%e origina! -"t a!'o re#ea! t%at Ri3a! .a' not 'ati'$ied
.it% t%e Stan!e+ edition .%i*% %e t%o"g%t *ontained error' o$
$a*t and inter&retation .%i*% reA"ired *orre*tion7 In t%e eig%t%
*%a&ter $or e)a/&!e i' a titi!!ating de'*ri&tion o$ t%e 'e)"a!
%a-it' o$ t%e &re6Hi'&ani* indios7 Li5e Mage!!an4' *%roni*!er
Antonio Piga$etta
=1
Morga noted t%e "'e o$ &eni' ring' or
sagras -+ t%e indios7 T%i' '%ort 'e)"a!!+ e)&!i*it &a''age .a'
not rendered into Eng!i'% -+ Stan!e+ .%o .a' o-#io"'!+
*on'trained -+ %i' Mi*torian '*r"&!e'7 On &age ;2J o$ Stan!e+4'
Morga t%e o$$ending &aragra&% i' !e$t in t%e origina! S&ani'%7 In
t%e Ri3a! edition e#er+t%ing i' re&rod"*ed in $"!! .it% no
*en'or'%i& and 'o/e annotation7
=>
A!t%o"g% %e .a' doing %i' re'ear*% in London it i' 'trange
t%at Ri3a! did not *onta*t or *orre'&ond .it% Stan!e+ regarding
t%e Morga7 Ri3a! $e!t !i5e B!"/entritt .%o .rote t%e
introd"*tion t%at t%e annotation' to Morga '%o"!d -e /ade not
-+ a $oreigner -"t -+ an indio7
Ri3a!4' 'e*ond *on'ideration $or t%e *%oi*e o$ Morga .a'
t%at it .a' t%e on!+ *i#i! a' o&&o'ed to re!igio"' or
e**!e'ia'ti*a! %i'tor+ o$ t%e P%i!i&&ine' .ritten d"ring t%e
*o!onia! &eriod7 H%roni*!e' -+ S&ani'% *o!onia! o$$i*ia!' (or non6
re!igio"', .ere rare /a5ing Morga $or o#er t.o *ent"rie' t%e
on!+ 'e*"!ar genera! %i'tor+ o$ t%e P%i!i&&ine' in &rint7
02
T%e /ain *o/&!aint again't re!igio"' %i'torian' .a' t%at
t%e+ dea!t /ore .it% *%"r*% %i'tor+ t%an t%e %i'tor+ o$ t%e
P%i!i&&ine' and it' &eo&!e7 In an "n'igned arti*!e entit!ed
:Re$!e*tion' on %i'tori*a! &"-!i*ation' re!ating to t%e
P%i!i&&ine': .%i*% a&&eared in -lustracion )ilipina in =1G2 t%e
.riter a'5ed .%+:
despite the thousands of documents! hundreds of
historians and the ongoing writing of a general
history of $pain! the /hilippines has been ignored for
three centuries. There is much to be written! but the
historians of the /hilippines of the old school (antiguo
sistema)! write olumes upon olumes which go
down to ery triial details such that they fail to get
readers interested in the history of the /hilippines2a
general history of the /hilippines is demanded of the
culture of the century.
+#
A genera! %i'tor+ o$ t%e P%i!i&&ine' .a' an a/-itio"'
"nderta5ing *on'idering t%e rarit+ o$ 'e*"!ar and /ore
i/&ortant!+ indio %i'torian'7 8nti! Ri3a!9' edition o$ Morga
t%ere .a' no %i'tor+ o$ t%e P%i!i&&ine' .ritten -+ an indio or
one .ritten $ro/ t%e #ie.&oint o$ t%e indio7
In =>0D t%e A/eri*an %i'torian A"'tin Hraig &ointed o"t
t%at a' t%e P%i!i&&ine' %ad -een a *o!on+ o$ S&ain t%e %i'torie'
o$ t%e P%i!i&&ine' .ritten d"ring t%e *o!onia! &eriod .ere
not%ing -"t *%a&ter' in t%e !arger %i'tor+ o$ S&ain7 In '%ort
.%at .a' a#ai!a-!e .a' not a %i'tor+ o$ t%e P%i!i&&ine' -"t a
%i'tor+ o$ S&ain in t%e P%i!i&&ine'7 T%i' idea .a' a*ted "&on -+
Teodoro A7 Agon*i!!o in t%e =>G24' .%o !i5e Ri3a! e'&o"'ed t%e
.riting o$ P%i!i&&ine %i'tor+ $ro/ t%e Fi!i&ino &oint6o$6#ie. i'
o&&o'ed to t%at o$ t%e $oreigner7 T%e /ain di$$eren*e -et.een
Agon*i!!o and Ri3a! %o.e#er i' t%at t%e indios o$ t%e nineteent%
*ent"r+ %ad +et to *on'ider t%e/'e!#e' a nation and *o"!d not
%a#e *on'idered t%e/'e!#e' Fi!i&ino'7
T%e t%ird *on'ideration $or t%e *%oi*e o$ Morga .a' Ri3a!9'
o&inion t%at t%i' 'e*"!ar a**o"nt .a' /ore o-Ke*ti#e /ore
tr"'t.ort%+ t%an t%o'e .ritten -+ t%e re!igio"' /i''ionarie'
.%i*% .ere !i-era!!+ '&rin5!ed .it% ta!e' o$ /ira*!e' and
a&&arition': a!! t%e %i'torie' .ritten -+ t%e re!igio"' -e$ore and
a$ter Morga "& to o"r da+' a-o"nd .it% 'torie' o$ de#i!'
/ira*!e' a&&arition' et*7 T%e'e $or/ t%e -"!5 or t%e
#o!"/ino"' %i'torie' o$ t%e P%i!i&&ine'7
00
Ri3a!9' annotation' $a!! into t.o *ategorie'7 Fir't are t%e
'traig%t$or.ard %i'tori*a! annotation' .%ere Ri3a! a/&!i$ie' or
*orre*t' t%e origina!7 Se*ond are t%e annotation' .%i*% t%o"g%
%i'tori*a!!+ -a'ed re$!e*t %i' 'trong anti6*!eri*a! -ia'7 T%e !atter
i' 'o/et%ing not to -e e)&e*ted in a '*%o!ar!+ .or5 -"t t%e'e
note' gi#e Ri3a!9' edition it' di'tin*t $!a#or7 Ri3a! -randed
re!igio"' inter&retation' o$ e#ent' a' :&io"' !ie'7:
0;
He e/&%a'i3ed t%at Morga4' $ucesos .a' de#oid o$ t%e
*%ara*teri'ti* De"' e) Ma*%ina inter&retation o$ %i'tori*a!
e#ent' .%i*% .a' &o&"!ar $or t%e $riar *%roni*!er' o$ t%e
'i)teent% to t%e eig%teent% *ent"rie'7 T%eir ai/ .a' not to
re*ord %i'tor+ a' i' -"t to do*"/ent t%e a*%ie#e/ent' o$ t%eir
re!igio"' order' and /ore i/&ortant!+ to edi$+ t%eir reader'7
Friar *%roni*!e' *annot -e de'*ri-ed a' %i'tor+ in t%e /odern
'en'e -"t a narrati#e .it% a /ora! !e''on7 O$ten t%e'e
*%roni*!e' .ere .ritten to en*o"rage re!igio"' #o*ation' or
/ateria! donation' $or t%e /i''ion' in A'ia7
An e)a/&!e o$ t%i' *!a'% in %i'toriogra&%+ *an -e 'een in
Ri3a!9' *a"'ti* *o//ent' on t%e $riar a**o"nt' o$ t%e H%ine'e
"&ri'ing o$ =G2;7 He .a' &arti*"!ar!+ %ar'% on t%e *!ai/' t%at
t%e A"g"'tinian Antonio F!ore' .%o in t%e .ord' o$ Ad"arte a
Do/ini*an $riar:
in one night took off the bottoms of two hundred
essels! burned some bigger ones and sank others!
and with two arquebuses and something more than
366 bullets! from fie in the morning until si% in the
eening! killed more than 566 &hinese...later! he
alone killed more than 0!666.
+3
Not to -e o"tdone t%e Fran*i'*an' attri-"ted t%e S&ani'%
#i*tor+ o#er t%e H%ine'e not to t%e ga!!ant /en .%o /anned
t%e *annon' on t%e gate' o$ Intra/"ro' or re&e!!ed t%e re-e!'
$ro/ t%e .a!!' o$ t%e *it+ -"t to t%e $o"nder o$ t%eir order St7
Fran*i' o$ A''i'i .%o .a' a!!eged!+ 'een &rote*ting Intra/"ro'
and $ig%ting o$ t%e H%ine'e .it% a $!a/ing '.ord7 D"e to t%i'
ta!e St7 Fran*i' .a' &ro*!ai/ed -+ t%e Ar*%-i'%o& o$ Mani!a
$erafin custodio de 'anila (Sera&%i* Prote*tor o$ Mani!a ,
.%o'e $ea't da+ .a' no. *e!e-rated ann"a!!+ a' a %o!ida+7 T%e
go#ern/ent '"-'idi3ed t%e *ere/on+ t%at a**o/&anied t%i'
re!igio"' $ea't7
To *%a!!enge t%i' a**o"nt Ri3a! *ited *onte/&orar+
a**o"nt' o$ t%e H%ine'e "&ri'ing .ritten -+ !a+/en .%i*%
/ade no /ention o$ t%e /ira*!e o$ St7 Fran*i'7 A**ording to
Ri3a! a' t.o ot%er *%roni*!er' Morga and Argen'o!a .ere
'i!ent on St7 Fran*i' &er%a&' t%e /ira*!e .a' added on!+ +ear'
a$ter t%e e#ent7
0D
Ho. e!ated Ri3a! .o"!d %a#e -een %ad %e
$o"nd o"t t%at t%e $o"r %"ndred '.orn 'tate/ent' a-o"t t%e
'aint!+ a&&arition gi#en -+ H%ine'e &ri'oner' 'enten*ed to
deat% $or t%e "&ri'ing .ere /ade a$ter t%e+ *on#erted to
Hat%o!i*i'/ .ere -a&ti3ed and &ardoned7
0G
F"rt%er/ore Ri3a! "ti!i3ed Morga to di'*redit t%e .or5 o$
t%e Do/ini*an *%roni*!er Diego de Ad"arte .%o'e ;istoria de
la proincial del $ancto Rosario de la orden de /redicaddores
en /hilippinas (Hi'tor+ o$ t%e Pro#in*e o$ t%e Ho!+ Ro'ar+ o$ t%e
Order o$ Prea*%er' in t%e P%i!i&&ine', .a' &"-!i'%ed in Mani!a in
=GJ2 and .a' *on'idered 'o a"t%oritati#e it .a' o$ten *ited or
re&eated -+ !ater %i'torian'7 In an e)tended $ootnote '&anning
t.o &age' Ri3a! *ontra'ted t%e .or5 o$ Ad"arte and Morga
ad/itting t%at a!t%o"g% t%e Do/ini*an4' .or5 .a' &!ea'ant
*%ar/ing ani/ated and .ritten in a &i*t"re'A"e 't+!e it .a'
/arred -+ ga&' *ontradi*tion' and di'tortion' "n!i5e Morga
.%o .a' /ore :$ait%$"! a' a *%roni*!er o$ %i' ti/e777i$ %e *o#er'
"& /an+ t%ing' $or &o!iti*a! rea'on'777%e ne#er di'tort'
e#ent'7:
0@
Ad"arte %ad !ater -een na/ed a -i'%o& and a**ording to
an adoring -iogra&%er t%e $riar .a' 'o %o!+ and a'*eti* %e
.ore &at*%ed '%oe' and a$ter %i' deat% /ira*"!o"'!+ gre. a
-eard in %i' *o$$in7 8na-!e to re'i't *o//enting Ri3a! 'aid
a*id!+ :.e %a#e ot%er 'aint' .it% !e'' -eard and -etter
'%oe'7C
01

A&art $ro/ t%eir de!i-erate di'tortion o$ e#ent' in t%eir
&ro&agation o$ a re!igio"' inter&retation o$ P%i!i&&ine %i'tor+
Ri3a! too5 t%e $riar *%roni*!er' to ta'5 tor going again't t%eir
#o.' o$ &o#ert+7 In one o$ %i' annotation' Ri3a! e'ti/ated t%e
.ea!t% %e!d -+ t%e re!igio"' *or&oration' &arti*"!ar!+ t%e
Fran*i'*an' and Do/ini*an' .%o o.ned /"*% &ro&ert+ and
!and in t%e P%i!i&&ine'7 Ri3a! '%o.ed t%at t%e Do/ini*an'
/aintained &ro&ertie' e#en in neig%-oring Hong Kong7
0>
He
*on*!"ded t%at <o$ *o"r'e 'in*e t%e -eginning Eo$ t%e *o!onia!
&eriodF t%e $riar /i''ionarie' %ad #er+ $e. o&&ort"nitie' to
'"$$er $or re!igion7C
;2
Ri3a!4' anti6*!eri*a!i'/ '%o"!d -e 'een in t%e *onte)t o$ %i'
ed"*ation in t%e &o!iti*a!!+ "n'ta-!e !i-era! Madrid o$ t%e !ate
nineteent% *ent"r+ .%ere t%e Re&"-!i*an' -!a/ed /o't o$ t%e
'o*ia! i!!' on &rie't' and re!igio"'7 In addition t%ere .ere Ri3a!4'
e)&erien*e' o$ o&&re''ion in t%e *o!onia! P%i!i&&ine'7 T%at %e
.a' &arti*"!ar!+ '%ar& on t%e Do/ini*an' *an -e e)&!ained -+
t%e agrarian di'&"te' %i' $a/i!+ $a*ed in Ha!a/-a .%i*% .a' a
Do/ini*an %a*ienda7
Ho.e#er Ri#a! %ad a 'o$t '&ot $or t%e Be'"it' .%o
in*identa!!+ are not $riar' "nder .%o'e t"te!age %e re*ei#ed %i'
ear!+ ed"*ation7
On!+ a$ter t%e re!igio"' *on'o!idated t%eir &o'ition did
t%e+ -egin to '&read *a!"/nie' and to de-a'e t%e ra*e' o$ t%e
P%i!i&&ine' .it% a #ie. to gi#ing t%e/'e!#e' /ore i/&ortan*e
/a5ing t%e/'e!#e' indi'&en'a-!e and t%"' e)*"'ing t%eir
't"&idit+ and ignoran*e .it% t%e &retended *oar'ene'' o$ t%e
indio7 T%ere i' %o.e#er an e)*e&tion $or t%e Be'"it' .%o
a!.a+' ed"*ated and en!ig%tened t%e indios .it%o"t de*!aring
t%e/'e!#e' a' eterna! &rote*tor' t"tor' de$ender' et*7 et* Eo$
t%e indio'F7
;=
T%e Be'"it' "n!i5e t%e ot%er re!igio"' order' .ere '&ared
arre't and a-"'e -+ t%e Fi!i&ino $or*e' d"ring t%e 'e*ond &%a'e
o$ t%e P%i!i&&ine Re#o!"tion t%at -egan in =1>17 T%i' *an
&artia!!+ -e e)&!ained -+ t%e $a*t t%at /an+ !eader' o$ t%e
re#o!"tion .ere $or/er 't"dent' o$ t%e Be'"it6r"n Ateneo
M"ni*i&a!7 T%e Be'"it' did &ro/ote a &rogre''i#e ed"*ationa!
'+'te/ .it% it' e/&%a'i' on &%i!o'o&%+ t%e %"/anitie' and
t%e nat"ra! '*ien*e'7 De'&ite %i' 'o$t '&ot $or t%e Be'"it'
%o.e#er Ri3a! a!'o in*!"de' t%e Ki-e in %i' !ater annotation'
t%at t%e So*iet+ o$ Be'"' .a' $i$t+ +ear' -e%ind en!ig%tened
'e*"!ar o&inion and '*ien*e in E"ro&e7
Moreo#er t%e Be'"it' /aintained a good re&"tation
regarding t%eir
#o.' o$ &o#ert+ and *%a'tit+ 'i/&!+ -e*a"'e t%e Order .a'
'"&&re''ed -+ t%e Po&e in t%e eig%teent% *ent"r+7 T%e S&ani'%
King ordered t%e e)&"!'ion o$ t%e Be'"it' and t%e *on$i'*ation o$
t%eir &ro&ert+ in a!! S&ani'% do/inion'? t%ere$ore t%e Be'"it'
%ad -een a-'ent $ro/ t%e P%i!i&&ine' $ro/ =@G1 "nti! t%e+ .ere
a!!o.ed to ret"rn in =1D>7 8&on t%eir ret"rn t%e ot%er re!igio"'
order' t%at %ad ta5en o#er t%eir &ro&ert+ no. re$"'ed to +ie!d
-ot% &%+'i*a! and e**!e'ia'ti*a! K"ri'di*tion7 T%"' t%e Be'"it'
.ere 'ent to e'ta-!i'% /i''ion' in t%e 'o"t%ern &redo/inant!+
M"'!i/ i'!and o$ Mindanao7 A t.i't o$ %i'tor+ /ade t%e/ !o'e
an o&&ort"nit+ to -e*o/e a .ea!t%+ !and6o.ning re!igio"'
*or&oration de'&i'ed -+ indios7
T%e $o"rt% *on'ideration in Ri3a!9' *%oi*e o$ t%e Morga .a'
t%at it a&&eared /ore '+/&at%eti* at !ea't in &art' to t%e
indios in *ontra't to t%e $riar a**o"nt' /an+ o$ .%i*% .ere
-ia'ed or do.nrig%t ra*i't in tone and inter&retation7 In a !etter
to B!"/entritt on Se&te/-er =@ =111 '%ort!+ -e$ore
e/-ar5ing on %i' annotation' Ri3a! e)&re''ed %i' &re$eren*e
$or Morga:
The 'orga is an e%cellent book; it can be said that
'orga is a modern learned e%plorer (modern sabio
e%plorador). ;e has nothing of the the superficiality
and e%aggeration so typical of present day $paniard;
he writes ery simply! but in reading him there is
much between the lines because he was goernor>
general in the /hilippines and after! head (Alcalde) of
the -nquisition.
0+
T%e $i$t% and !a't *on'ideration .a' t%at Morga .a' an
e+e.itne'' and t%ere$ore a &ri/ar+ 'o"r*e on t%e P%i!i&&ine'
and it' &eo&!e at t%e &oint o$ $ir't *onta*t .it% S&ain7 Ri3a!
'&o5e %ig%!+ o$ Morga4' integrit+ a' a *o!onia! o$$i*ia! .%i*%
/a+ %a#e -een tr"e o$ %i' ter/ o$ o$$i*e in Mani!a -"t a**ording
to /ore re*ent edition' -+ Retana (=>2>, and H"//in' (=>@=,
%i' '*r"&!e' 'ee/ to %a#e deteriorated a' %e ad#an*ed in age
and *areer7
Ri3a!4' o$ten %"/or!e'' re-"tta!' o$ -ia'ed S&ani'%
a**o"nt' o$ %i' *o"ntr+ and %i' &eo&!e e/&%a'i3ed on one
!e#e! t%e need $or an indio inter&retation o$ %i'tor+ .%i!e on
anot%er re*reating t%e g!orie' o$ t%e !o't &re6Hi'&ani*
P%i!i&&ine'7 Ri3a! arg"ed t%at t%e &re6Hi'&ani* Fi!i&ino' %ad
t%eir o.n *"!t"re -e$ore =D0= t%"' .ere not 'a#ed $ro/
-ar-ari'/ and did not reA"ire :*i#i!i3ation: or a ne. re!igion
$ro/ S&ain7 Ri3a! in'i't' t%at t%e $!o"ri'%ing &re6Hi'&ani*
P%i!i&&ine *i#i!i3ation o-!iterated -+ S&ain and t%e $riar' *o"!d
%a#e de#e!o&ed on it' o.n into 'o/et%ing great7 Ri3a!
e/&%a'i3e' t%at t%e &re6Hi'&ani* *i#i!i3ation %ad /eta!!"rg+ a
'%i&6-"i!ding ind"'tr+ trade *onta*t' .it% H%ina and e#en a
'+'te/ o$ .riting and a**o/&an+ing !iterat"re a!! r"ined -+
S&ani'% *o!oni3ation7 Ri3a! *o//ent' t%at t%e P%i!i&&ine' o$ %i'
ti/e .a' no -etter t%an t%e &re6Hi'&ani* P%i!i&&ine': i$ S&ain
%ad not *o/e or %ad t%e !e$t t%e P%i!i&&ine' to it' o.n de#i*e'
e#er+one .o"!d -e -etter o$$7
T%i' inter&retation o$ %i'tor+ /a5e' Ri3a! -ot% a -oon and
a -ane to P%i!i&&ine nationa!i'/: %e /ade %i'tori*a! a''ertion'
ne*e''ar+ $or %i' ti/e and &"r&o'e' -"t Fi!i&ino' a *ent"r+
!ater ed"*ated on t%e 'a/e #ie.&oint re$"'e to 'ee Ri3a!4' .or5
in t%e *onte)t o$ re*ent '*%o!ar'%i&7 Mo't o$ Ri3a!4' %i'tori*a!
a''ertion' %a#e -een #a!idated -+ re*ent re'ear*%? %o.e#er
t%ere are $!a.' in %i' re*on'tr"*tion o$ &re6Hi'&ani* P%i!i&&ine
*i#i!i3ation7 T%ree e)a/&!e' *entra! to Ri3a!4' arg"/ent' .i!!
'"$$i*e to &ro#e %i' in$!"en*e7
Generation' o$ Fi!i&ino '*%oo!*%i!dren $ro/ t%e A/eri*an
*o!onia! &eriod to t%e &re'ent %a#e -een rai'ed to a**e&t t%at
t%e &re6Hi'&ani* Fi!i&ino' %ad a '+'te/ o$ .riting and an
a**o/&an+ing .ritten !iterat"re .%i*% .a' de'tro+ed -+ t%e
/i''ionarie' .%o 'a. t%e'e a' :.or5' o$ t%e de#i!7: Se*ond i'
t%e #ie. t%at t%e &re6Hi'&ani* Fi!i&ino' %ad an ad#an*ed
5no.!edge o$ /eta!!"rg+ t%e e#iden*e -eing t%e $ine *annon'
/ade -+ an indio na/ed Panda+ Pira7 T%ird .a' t%e e)i'ten*e
o$ a &re6Hi'&ani* '%i&-"i!ding ind"'tr+7 A!! t%e'e it i' 'aid .ere
'+'te/ati*a!!+ r"ined -+ t%e S&ani'%7 Fi!i&ino %i'torian' toda+
%a#e to re*on'ider t%e a''ertion' /ade -+ Ri3a! a *ent"r+ ago
in t%e !ig%t o$ *"rrent ar*%aeo!ogi*a! and ant%ro&o!ogi*a!
re'ear*%7 In Morga9' $o"rt% *%a&ter $or e)a/&!e on t%e ter/ o$
Go#ernor Santiago de Mera t%ere i' a re$eren*e to a $o"ndr+
r"n -+ an indio $ro/ Pa/&anga na/ed Panda+ Pira:
(de ?era* built the stone fortress of Our @ady of the
Aay! inside the city of 'anila on the land side! and
for its defense! he had set up a foundry for the
making of artillery under the hands of an old indio
called /andapira! a natie of the proince of
/ampanga. ->Te and his sons sered in this line of
work until their deaths many years later.
00
T%e .ord <&anda+C in Ba#a and Borneo /ean'
:/eta!.or5er: or :iron6'/it%7: Ho. Panda&ira -e*a/e a
:*annon6/a5er: *an on!+ -e tra*ed to Ri3a!7 A!t%o"g% Morga
/ade on!+ a &a''ing re$eren*e to t%i' indio arti!!er+6/a5er
Ri3a! e!a-orated in %i' annotation 'tre''ing t%at:
That is! an indio who already knew how to found
cannons een before the arrial of the $paniards!
hence the epithet Bold.B -n this difficult branch of
metallurgy! as in others! the present>day )ilipinos or
the new indios are ery much behind the old indios.
03
In t%e ne)t *%a&ter t%e $i$t% on t%e ter/ o$ Go#ernor
Genera! Go/e3 Pere3 Da'/arina' t%ere i' anot%er re$eren*e
-+ Morga to t%e $o"ndr+:
(/ere8>4asmarinas* established a foundry for artillery
in 'anila where! owing to the lack of e%pert or
master founders! few large pieces were made.
0=
Ri3a! no. ta5e' t%e o&&ort"nit+ to &oint o"t in a $ootnote
t%at t%e indigeno"' $o"ndr+ r"n -+ Panda+ Pira di'a&&eared
a$ter t%e S&ani'% 'ett!ed in Mani!a *onA"ered $ro/ t%e indios7
:T%i' de/on'trate' t%at .%en t%e indio Panda&ira died t%ere
.ere no S&aniard' .%o 5no. %o. to do .%at %e did nor .ere
%i' *%i!dren a' '5i!!ed a' t%eir $at%er7:
;G
Toda+ Panda+ Pira t%e *annon6$o"nder Koin' t%e
Pant%eon o$ Heroe' and ot%er :great: Fi!i&ino' .%o are
i//orta!i3ed in '*%oo! te)t-oo5' de'&ite %i'tori*a! and
ar*%eo!ogi*a! e#iden*e to t%e *ontrar+7 In Retana4' edition o$
Morga %i' !engt%+ $ootnote' on Panda&ira *ontain
tran'*ri&tion' o$ 'i)teent% *ent"r+ ar*%i#a! do*"/ent' $ro/
Se#i!!e .%i*% re$"te Ri3a!4' a''ertion' t%at *annon6/a5ing .a'
a $!o"ri'%ing indigeno"' ind"'tr+7 T%e do*"/ent' $ro/ t%e
*o!onia! go#ern/ent in Mani!a reA"e'ting %ig%er a"t%oritie' in
Me)i*o to 'end *annon6/a5er' '%o. t%at t%e Fi!i&ino' .ere
"na-!e to $orge t%e t%i*5 E"ro&ean6't+!e *annon'7
A !etter $ro/ Go#ernor Mera on B"ne 0G =D1@ to t%e
Mi*ero+ in Me)i*o gi#e' an a**o"nt o$ %i' arti!!er+ and reA"e't'
/ore7 <I *annot $ind an+one .%o 5no.' %o. to $o"nd *annon'
-e*a"'e t%o'e &ro#ided are -+ indios .%o *annot /a5e !arge
*annon'7 I reA"e't Yo"r E)*e!!en*+ to 'end $ro/ Ne. S&ain
$o"nder' and o$$i*er' to /an"$a*t"re *annon'7:
;@
:T%i' i' to 'a+: Retain *ontin"e' :t%at t%e nati#e' did not
5no. %o. to $o"nd !arge *annon'7 T%e 0G !arge &ie*e' a!!"ded
to -+ de Mera *o"!d #er+ .e!! *o/e $ro/ t%e S&ani'% '%i&' or
t%o'e .e!! /ade -+ Ro-!e' t%e S&ani'% /a'ter $o"nder7 I$
Panda+ Pira and %i' 'on' .ere indeed '"*% e)&ert' at /a5ing
!arge *annon' t%ere .o"!d -e no rea'on $or de Mera4'
reA"e't7C
;1
Ro-!e' %e note' e!'e.%ere died -e$ore =D1@: t%"' %i'
arri#a! in t%e P%i!i&&ine' *o"!d -e dated to a-o"t =D@D6=D@G7
Retana ta5e' Fi!i&ino %i'torian'Oa-o#e a!! Ri3a!Oto ta'5 $or
tr+ing to *!ai/ too /"*% $ro/ 'o !itt!e -+ in'i'ting t%at *annon6
/a5ing .a' a $!o"ri'%ing indigeno"' ind"'tr+7 T%e do*"/ent'
%e *ite' &ro#e ot%er.i'e7
Retana %a' /ore to 'a+7 He *ite' an et%nogra&%i* arti*!e
-+ B!"/entritt (.%o'e o&inion .a' %e!d in %ig% e'tee/ -+ Ri3a!
and ot%er Fi!i&ino .riter', .%i*% 'tated t%at t%e &re6Hi'&ani*
$o"ndr+ t%e S&aniard' en*o"ntered in Mani!a .a' r"n -+ a
Port"ge'e *annon6/a5erP It i' odd t%at Ri3a! .%o read
&ra*ti*a!!+ e#er+ .ord B!"/entritt %ad .ritten on t%e
P%i!i&&ine' o#er!oo5ed an i/&ortant !ine in )ilipinas en tiempo
de la &onquista
;>
.%i*% 'tate' t%at t%e Port"g"e'e ta"g%t t%e
Taga!og' t%e $o"nding o$ *annon'7 B!"/entritt '!ate' $"rt%er
t%at *annon' .ere -ro"g%t to t%e P%i!i&&ine' -+ Port"g"e'e
ad#ent"rer' and de'erter' *%a!!enging t%e o&inion o$ ot%er
'*%o!ar' .%o /aintained t%at t%i' :indigeno"': ind"'tr+ *o"!d
tra*e it' &ro#enan*e to Borneo7
Retana gi#e' t%e coup de grace:
...in a word! in the art of metallurgy with relation to
the founding of cannons! the )ilipinos did not
retrogress! on the contrary! they gained! thanks to
the training gien by the $paniards.
36
Hi'tori*a! e#iden*e &ro#ided -+ Retana i' '"&&orted -+
re*ent ar*%eo!ogi*a! re'ear*%7 Dr7 E"'e-io Di3on H%ie$ o$ t%e
Ar*%eo!og+ Di#i'ion o$ t%e Nationa! M"'e"/ o$ t%e P%i!i&&ine'
.rote %i' do*tora! di''ertation on &re6Hi'&ani* P%i!i&&ine /eta!
i/&!e/ent'7 Hi' re'ear*% '%o.ed t%at t%e indios .ere a /eta!6
"'ing &eo&!e -"t did not &o''e'' t%e /eta!!"rgi*a! 5no.!edge
attri-"ted to t%e/ -+ Ri3a! or t%e '"-'eA"ent %i'torian' .%o
dre. on Ri3a!9' .or57 He noted %o.e#er t%at it i' &o''i-!e t%at
t%e indios .ere *a&a-!e o$ $orging t%e '/a!! *annon' or
lantakas .%i*% are 'ti!! /an"$a*t"red -+ t%e M"'!i/' in t%e
'o"t%ern i'!and o$ Mindanao a!t%o"g% t%e+ are not "'ed $or
.ar$are -"t a' orna/ent' $or interior de*oration7 T%e &re6
Hi'&ani* indios a' $ar a' *"rrent ar*%aeo!ogi*a! data i'
*on*erned .ere not *a&a-!e o$ $o"nding t%e %ea#+ E"ro&ean
't+!e *annon' "'ed in t%e 'i)teent% *ent"r+7
J=
It /a+ -e arg"ed t%at Ri3a! did not %a#e t%e -ene$it o$ !ate
t.entiet% *ent"r+ re'ear*%? %i' .or5 no do"-t .a'
*o//enda-!e $or it' ti/e -"t in %i' 3ea! to re*reate t%e
greatne'' o$ t%e !o't &re6Hi'&ani* P%i!i&&ine *i#i!i3ation %e
'o/eti/e' dre. on i/agination /ore t%an e#iden*e7 Ri3a!4'
%i'tori*a! annotation' %a#e to -e 'een in t%i' !ig%t: t%e+ .ere
&art o$ a &ro&aganda e$$ort7 S*%o!ar!+ annotation' to 'i)teent%
*ent"r+ *%roni*!e .ere "'ed a' &ro&aganda: %i'tor+ .a' "ti!i3ed
a' a .ea&on again't S&ain7
Anot%er e)a/&!e /a+ -e ne*e''ar+ to de/on'trate Ri3a!4'
e)aggeration7 Morga de'*ri-e' Fi!i&ino -oat' !arge eno"g% to
*arr+ :one %"ndred ro.er' on t%e -order (anda, and t%irt+
'o!dier' on to& (pelea,: on .%i*% Ri3a! e!a-orate' to /o"rn t%e
e)tin*tion o$ t%e indigeno"' -oat6/a5ing ind"'tr+:
The )ilipinos... (were* celebrated and skilled
naigation! but far from progressing! hae become
backward. Although boats are still built in the islands
now! we can say that they are almost all of the
"uropean model. The ships that carried one hundred
rowers and thirty fighting soldiers disappeared. The
country that at one time! with primitie means! built
ships of around +!666 tons! now has to resort to
foreign ports like ;ong Cong...for unsericeable
cruisers.
3+
On t%e 'a/e &age Ri3a! !a/ent' t%e en#iron/enta! *o't'
o$ S&ani'% -oat6-"i!ding -+ de'*ri-ing t%e &re6Hi'&ani*
P%i!i&&ine !and'*a&e a' -eing :*o#ered in '%ado.': a' an
a-"ndan*e o$ tree' .ere *"t do.n .it% no t%o"g%t o$
*on'er#ation 'o t%at 'o/e '&e*ie' -e*a/e e)tin*t7
J;
T%ere i' no do"-t t%at t%e &re6Hi'&ani* indios .ere a 'ea6
$aring &eo&!e .%o -"i!t '.i$t and !ig%t #e''e!' t%at *o"!d
tra#er'e t%e !engt% o$ t%e ar*%i&e!ago or *ro'' into neig%-oring
*o"ntrie' $or trade7 Re*ent ar*%eo!ogi*a! e)*a#ation' in t%e
'o"t%ern *it+ o$ B"t"an in Mindanao %a#e en!arged o"r
"nder'tanding o$ &re6Hi'&ani* P%i!i&&ine -oat'7 So/e re/ain'
are a' !arge a' Morga de'*ri-e' -"t not%ing *o/e' *!o'e to t%e
/a''i#e 0222 ton -oat' o$ .%i*% Ri3a! -oa't'7
JJ
S&ani'% *o!oni3ation i' $"rt%er -!a/ed $or t%e !o'' .a' t%at
o$ t%e &re6Hi'&ani* P%i!i&&ine '+!!a-ar+ and t%"' t%e e)tin*tion
o$ a .ritten !iterat"re7
A'ide $ro/ a $e. 'ignat"re' -+ indios in t%eir o.n '*ri&t on
ear!+ S&ani'% !ega! do*"/ent' o$ t%e 'i)teent% and
'e#enteent% *ent"rie' no $"!! do*"/ent .ritten in t%e &re6
Hi'&ani* P%i!i&&ine '*ri&t %a' e#er -een $o"nd7
D"ring t%e Fir't E"ro&ean P%i!i&&ine St"die' Hon$eren*e in
A/'terda/ in A&ri! =>>= Anton Po't/a &re'ented a &a&er on a
*o&&er &!ate a!!eged!+ di'*o#ered in Lag"na .it% an in'*ri&tion
t%at %a' -een dated to >22 A7D7 He 'tated a/ong ot%er t%ing'
t%at :P%i!i&&ine o$$i*ia! %i'tor+ %a' -een en!arged .it% t%e
re#e!ation o$ t%i' *o&&er <do*"/entC and *a!!ed $or a re6
e)a/ination o$ %i'tori*a! data in t%e !ig%t o$ t%i' $ind7 Po't/a
%a' -een !arge!+ ignored 'i/&!+ -e*a"'e t%e &ro#enan*e o$ t%e
*o&&er &!ate %a' not -een $"!!+ e'ta-!i'%ed7 It .a' 'o!d -+ an
antiA"e dea!er to t%e Nationa! M"'e"/ .%i*% %a' not #eri$ied
t%e 'ite .%ere it .a' a!!eged!+ $o"nd7 T%e in'*ri&tion on t%i'
*o&&er &!ate i' neit%er in t%e &re6Hi'&ani* P%i!i&&ine '*ri&t nor
i' it in an+ o$ t%e #ario"' P%i!i&&ine !ang"age'7 T%e 'o6*a!!ed
Lag"na *o&&er &!ate .a' &ro-a-!+ i/&orted $ro/ e!'e.%ere in
So"t%ea't A'ia7 T%i' i' a $"rt%er de/on'tration o$ t%e need to
&ro#e *ertain a'&e*t' o$ &re6Hi'&ani* P%i!i&&ine *i#i!i3ation7 It i'
a #ain atte/&t to #a!idate Ri3a!4' a''ertion' on t%e .ide'&read
"'e o$ &re6Hi'&ani* .riting and t%e .ritten !iterat"re t%at
&re'"/a-!+ a**o/&anied it7
Morga o-'er#ed t%at .riting .a' .ide!+ in "'e a!! o#er t%e
&re6Hi'&ani* P%i!i&&ine' t%at a!! indios /en a' .e!! a' .o/en
*o"!d read and .rite at !ea't &ro&er!+ in t%eir o.n !ang"age7
JD
Ri3a! *ite' 'i/i!ar o-'er#ation' -+ t%e Be'"it Pedro H%irino .%o
*!ai/' t%at t%ere .a' "ni#er'a! !itera*+ t%at e#er+one in t%e
!ate 'i)teent% *ent"r+ P%i!i&&ine' *o"!d read and .rite in t%eir
o.n !ang"age7 Ri3a! "'e' H%irino and Morga to e)&re'' %i'
o&inion on !itera*+ in t%e !ate nineteent% *ent"r+ P%i!i&&ine':
.ow the same thing cannot be said. The goernment!
in print and in words! tries to procure the instruction
of the )ilipinos
35
but indeed and at bottom! it foments
ignorance! placing the instruction in the hands of the
friars who are accused by the /eninsular $paniards!
-nsular $paniards! and )oreigners (i.e. "uropeans* of
the brutali8ation of the country and proe themseles
with their conduct and writings.
3D
8'ing Morga H%irino and ot%er ear!+ *%roni*!e' t%at
/ention t%e &re6Hi'&ani* P%i!i&&ine '+!!a-ar+ Ri3a! goe' one
'te& $"rt%er in a''"ring t%at t%ere .a' a great #o!"/e o$
.ritten !iterat"re at t%e ti/e t%e S&aniard' arri#ed in t%e
P%i!i&&ine'7 Ho.e#er at &re'ent t%ere i' no e)tant -od+ not
e#en a $rag/ent o$ t%i' &re6Hi'&ani* .ritten !iterat"re7 T%e
Be'"it H%irino /ention' t%at %e -"rned a :-oo5: .%i*% .a'
*onde/ned a' t%e :.or5 o$ t%e de#i!7: Fro/ t%i' '/a!!
re$eren*e %a' '&r"ng t%e genera! #ie. t%at t%e Mi''ionarie'
de'tro+ed a!! &re6Hi'&ani* :-oo5': and /an"'*ri&t'7
T%at a!! tra*e o$ &re6Hi'&ani* .riting .a' de'tro+ed i'
%ig%!+ i/&ro-a-!e7 T%e /i''ionarie' are -!a/ed $or a !ong6!o't
&re6Hi'&ani* !iterat"re .%i*% &ro-a-!+ did not e)i't7 A' &re6
Hi'&ani* do*"/ent' *ontin"e to e!"de '*%o!ar' re*ent
ant%ro&o!ogi*a! re'ear*% %a' +ie!ded a .ea!t% o$ ora! !iterat"re
.%i*% i' -e!ie#ed to go -a*5 to &re6Hi'&ani* ti/e'7 T%e
P%i!i&&ine' %a' a !arge -od+ o$ *o/&!e) !iterat"re '"*% a' t%at
in Pa!a.an .%i*% %a' a *o/&!ete *o'/o!og+ and /+t%o!og+?
-"t t%i' i' an ora! !iterat"re and i' on!+ no. -eing re*orded and
tran'*ri-ed to -e &re'er#ed in &rinted $or/7
To -e $air to t%e /"*% /a!igned ear!+ /i''ionarie'
5no.!edge o$ t%e &re6Hi'&ani* '+!!a-ar+ .a' &ro-a-!+
&re'er#ed rat%er t%an o-!iterated -+ t%e $riar' .%o !earned and
do*"/ented t%e di$$erent !ang"age' and a!&%a-et' t%e+
en*o"ntered in t%eir /i''ion $ie!d'7 T%e+ "ndertoo5 n"/ero"'
!ing"i'ti* and gra//ati*a! 't"die' o$ P%i!i&&ine !ang"age' and
*o/&i!ed t%e $ir't di*tionarie'7 In'tead o$ -!a/ing t%e $riar' $or
t%e !o'' o$ &re6Hi'&ani* !iterat"re nationa!i't %i'torian' '%o"!d
t%an5 t%e'e /en $or &re'er#ing t%e '+!!a-ar+ t%e+ are a**"'ed
o$ de'tro+ing7
T%e $ir't -oo5 &rinted in t%e P%i!i&&ine' in =D>; t%e
4octrina cristiana en lengua tagala (H%ri'tian Do*trine in t%e
Taga!og !ang"age, i' a tran'!ation o$ t%e Ro/an Hat%o!i*
Hate*%i'/ and &ra+er' into S&ani'% and Taga!og .it% t%e !atter
&rinted in -ot% t%e &re6Hi'&ani* '+!!a-ar+ and t%e Ro/an
a!&%a-et7 Anot%er .or5 .%i*% "'ed t%e &re6Hi'&ani* '+!!a-ar+
.a' a $"rt%er *ate*%i'/ &rinted in =G0= tran'!ated into !!o*ano7
Bot% t%e'e and ot%er /i''ionar+ 't"die' on P%i!i&&ine
!ang"age' and gra//ar' !i5e Arte y reglas de la tagala -+ Fr7
B!an*a' de San Bo'e (=G=2, and Arte de la lengua iloca -+ Fr7
Fran*i'*o Lo&e3 (=G=@, '"gge't t%at t%e $riar' do*"/ented and
&re'er#ed &re6Hi'&ani* .riting7
J1
One at t%e $e. arti$a*t' in t%e Nationa! M"'e"/ o$ t%e
P%i!i&&ine' rai'ed to t%e !e#e! o$ a :Nationa! Trea'"re: i' an
eart%en.are &ot e)*a#ated at a 'ite in Ha!atagan Batanga' in
=>G0 .%i*% %a' &re6Hi'&ani* *%ara*ter' *!ear!+ in*i'ed aro"nd
t%e ri/7 O$ten ta5en i' $ir/ e#iden*e o$ t%e .ide'&read "'e o$
&re6Hi'&ani* .riting no-od+ %a' a'5ed .%+ on!+ one '&e*i/en
%a' -een $o"nd date and /ore i/&ortant!+ .%+ t%e *%ara*ter'
re'e/-!ing t%e Taga!og '+!!a-ar+ on t%e Ha!atagan &ot do not
tran'!ate into an+t%ing inte!!igi-!e7 T%e Nationa! M"'e"/ %a'
+et to re!ea'e t%eir e)&ert de*i&%ered te)t on t%e Ha!atagan
&ot7 Are t%e'e in*i'ed *%ara*ter' rea!!+ &re6Hi'&ani* .riting or
are t%e+ 'i/&!e de*orati#e /oti$'N T%e Ha!atagan &ot
"n$ort"nate!+ !ea#e' /ore A"e'tion' t%an it an'.er'7
T%e i/&ortan*e o$ Ri3a!9' annotation' to Morga .a' t%at
%e tried to "'e %i'tor+ and %i'tori*a! re#i'ion not K"'t to e)&re''
%i' &er'ona! #ie.' on t%e %i'toriogra&%+ -"t to *reate a 'en'e
o$ nationa! *on'*io"'ne'' or identit+7 Hi'tori*a! re#i'ion i'
a!.a+' /et .it% #ar+ing degree' o$ o&&o'ition and Ri3a!4' $ir't
atte/&t at .riting P%i!i&&ine %i'tor+ .a' no e)*e&tion7 T%at t%e
S&aniard' .o"!d o-Ke*t .a' ine#ita-!e and Ri3a! .a' &re&ared
$or t%i'7 W%en t%e Morga .a' o$$i*ia!!+ -anned in t%e
P%i!i&&ine' Ri3a! .a' not '"r&ri'ed7 Ho.e#er t%e $ir't *riti*i'/
o$ Ri3a!4' %i'tori*a! .or5 .a' not -+ a S&aniard or -+ one o$
Ri3a!4' ene/ie' -"t -+ B!"/entritt in t%e introd"*tion to t%e
-oo5 it'e!$7 O$ten o#er!oo5ed t%i' introd"*tion *ontain'
o-'er#ation' .%i*% are %idden "nder a /o"ntain o$ &rai'e7
B!"/entritt noted $or e)a/&!e t%at Ri3a!4' :o-'er#ation'
on t%e *ond"*t o$ t%e E"ro&ean *onA"eror' and *i#i!i3er' are in
genera! not ne. to t%e %i'torian7 T%e Ger/an' '&e*ia!!+
di'*"''ed t%i' t%e/e7C
J>
Ne#ert%e!e'' B!"/entritt *ontin"ed
.it%:
These new points of iew gie your notes an
imperishable alue! an undeniable alue een for
those who dream of an inaccessible superiority of
race or nationality. The scholar will salute your
erudite annotations with enthusiasm! the colonial
politician gratitude and respect. Through these lines
run a flood of serious obserations equally interesting
and important to historians and ministers of oerseas
colonies alike.
=6
T%en %e *ite' t.o de$e*t' o$ Ri3a!4' '*%o!ar'%i& .%i*% %a#e
-een *onde/ned and rig%t!+ 'o -+ !ater %i'torian'? a %i'tori*a!
"'e o$ %ind'ig%t and a 'trong anti6*!eri*aI -ia'7 B!"/entritt in
%i' g!o.ing introd"*tion did not $orget to 'tate t%at:
'y great esteem for your notes does not impede me
from confessing that! more than once! - hae
obsered that you participate in the error of many
modern historians who censure the eents of past
according to the concepts that correspond to
contemporary ideas. This should not be so. The
historian should not impute to the men of the
si%teenth century the broad hori8on of ideas that
moes the nineteenth century. The second point with
which - do not agree is some ented against
&atholicism. - beliee that you cannot find the origin
of numerous eents regrettable for $pain and for the
good name of the "uropean race in religion but in the
hard behaior and abuses of many priests.
=#
Hind'ig%t and anti6*!eri*a!i'/ are $ata! de$e*t' in a &"re!+
'*%o!ar!+ .or5 -"t a' /entioned ear!ier Ri3a! "'ed %i'tor+ a' a
&ro&aganda .ea&on again't t%e a-"'e' o$ t%e *o!onia!
S&aniard'7 Ri3a!4' Morga '%o"!d -e 'een and e)*"'ed in t%i'
*onte)t7 T%e &ro-!e/ .it% Ri3a! i' %i' *on'tant a/-ig"it+: i' %e
tr+ing to -e a '*%o!ar or a &ro&agandi'tN Hen*e t%e Morga .a'
dee/ed too %i'tori*a! too '*%o!ar!+ $or &ro&agandi't' .%i!e
%i'torian' and '*%o!ar' $o"nd t%e .or5 too -ia'ed too /"*% a
.or5 o$ &ro&aganda to -e ta5en 'erio"'!+7
W%i!e B!"/entritt4' *ritiA"e .a' "ndenia-!+ te/&ered -+
%i' $riend'%i& $or Ri3a! one /"'t re/e/-er t%at Ri3a! 'o!i*ited
t%e introd"*tion7 W%at $ina!!+ 'a. &rint .a' a #er'ion a&&ro#ed
and '!ig%t!+ edited -+ Ri3a!7 8n$ort"nate!+ t%i' dra$t
introd"*tion i' not e)tant -"t .e *an e)tra&o!ate $ro/ t%e
Ri3a!6B!"/entritt *orre'&onden*e to 'ee .%at Ri3a! $o"nd
o-Ke*tiona-!e .%at %e .anted de!eted $ro/ t%e introd"*tion7
Writing $ro/ Pari' on No#e/-er => =11> Ri3a! t%an5ed
B!"/entritt $or .riting t%e introd"*tion to %i' edition o$ Morga7
He !i5ed it #er+ /"*% and &rai'ed it $or -eing .ritten <-ot%
.it% %ead and %eart7C Be t%at a' it /a+ Ri3a! rea*ted 'trong!+
again't B!"/entritt9' /ention o$ <L"io&A"ia&C(&'e"don+/ o$
Pa-!o Fe*ed -rot%er o$ e)6go#ernor Bo'e Fe*ed + Te/&rado a
&ro!i$i* Ko"rna!i't .%o .rote ra*i't anti6indio arti*!e',7 Ri3a! to!d
B!"/entritt t%at L"io&A"ia& /a+ -e %ig%!+ regarded in S&ani'%
*ir*!e' in Mani!a -"t %e .a' not .ort%+ o$ attention7 Ri3a!
de*!ared t%at %e did not .ant :to 'oi! t%e &age' o$ /+ -oo5:
.it% t%i' na/e7 :I do not .rite $or t%e S&aniard' in Mani!a I
.rite $or /+ *o"ntr+/en and .e a!! dete't L"io&A"ia&7:
D0
T%ree da+' !ater on No#e/-er 00 =11> Ri3a! ret"rned
t%e dra$t o$ B!"/entritt4' introd"*tion toget%er .it% %i'
<*orre*tion'7C E#en i$ B!"/entritt %ad ear!ier a"t%ori3ed
Ri3a! to edit it %o.e#er %e .i'%ed o"t o$ *o"rte'+ Ri3a! 'o"g%t
B!"/entritt9' $ina! a&&ro#a!7 A&art $ro/ t%e de!etion o$ t%e
na/e L"io&A"ia& Ri3a! *"t o"t t%e te)t re!ating to $raternidad
($raternit+, -et.een indios and S&aniard'7 Ri3a! to!d B!"/entritt
t%at de'&ite %i' good intention' %i' notion o$ $raterna! !o#e
-et.een S&aniard' and indios .a' !ia-!e to gi#e t%e .rong
i/&re''ion:
Eou wish that the $paniards to embrace us as
brothers! but we do not ask for this by always
imploring and repeating this because the result is
humiliating for us. -f the $paniards do not want us as
brothers! neither are we eager for their affection. Ae
will not ask for fraternal loe as if it were like alms. -
am coninced that you wish too much and also wish
the good of $pain; but we do not solicit the
compassion of $pain! we do not want compassion!
but 1ustice...)raternity like alms from the proud
$paniard we do not seek. - repeat! you only hae the
best intentions! you want to see the whole world
embraced by means loe and reason but - doubt if
the $paniards wish the same.
=0
De'&ite %i' inten'e $ee!ing' Ri3a!4' tone re/ain' #er+
*ordia! .it% B!"/entritt7 It /"'t -e 'tre''ed %ere t%at Ri3a! did
not ta5e *riti*i'/ .e!! e'&e*ia!!+ i$ it *a/e $ro/ ra*i't
S&aniard' !i5e L"io&A"ia& or Mi*ente Barrante' .%o/ Ri3a!
an'.ered in t%eir &ro&aganda &a&er @a $olidaridad7 Indeed %e
.a' '"r&ri'ing!+ %o'ti!e to a $e!!o. &atriot in :A Re&!+ to Mr7
I'a-e!o de !o' Re+e': .%i*% 'a. &rint in La So!idaridad in =1>=7
In t%i' arti*!e .e 'ee a!! t%e /ore *!ear!+ t%e rea! /oti#e' o$
Ri3a!4' '*%o!ar'%i&7
I'a-e!o de !o' Re+e' (=1GJ6=>;1, .a' a Ko"rna!i't
-"'ine''/an !a-or !eader &o!iti*ian and &ro/inent /e/-er o$
t%e '*%i'/ati* -glesia )ilipina -ndependiente (P%i!i&&ine
Inde&endent H%"r*%, .%i*% :*anoni3ed: Ri3a!7 He .a'
intere'ted in a'&e*t' o$ P%i!i&&ine %i'tor+ and *"!t"re
e'&e*ia!!+ t%at .%i*% *on*erned %i' %o/e &ro#in*e I!o*o'7 Hi'
$ie!d.or5 and *o/&i!ation' o$ $o!5!ore %i'tor+ and *"'to/'
%a#e &ro#en to -e o$ great et%nogra&%i* #a!"e $or &re'ent6da+
'*%o!ar'7 De !o' Re+e' %ad -een *orre'&onding .it% E"ro&ean
'*%o!ar' .it% re'ear*% intere't' in t%e P%i!i&&ine' !ong -e$ore
Ri3a! *a/e into *onta*t .it% B!"/entritt7 De !o' Re+e'
&"-!i'%ed /an+ -oo5' &a/&%!et' and arti*!e' in*!"ding: "l
)olklore )ilipino (P%i!i&&ine $o!5!ore, in t.o #o!"/e' .%i*% .a'
a.arded a 'i!#er /eda! in t%e P%i!i&&ine E)&o'ition in Madrid in
=11@7 He %ad !e$t a ;istoria de )ilipinas "n$ini'%ed .it% on!+
one #o!"/e *o/&!eted? %e a!'o &"-!i'%ed @as -slas ?isayas en a
epoca de la conquista (T%e Mi'a+an i'!and' at t%e ti/e o$ t%e
*onA"e't,? and n"/ero"' *o/&i!ation' o$ %i' Ko"rna!i'/
articulos arios sobre etnografia! historia y costumbres de los
)ilipinos (T%e P%i!i&&ine': #ario"' arti*!e' on t%e et%nogra&%+
%i'tor+ and *"'to/' o$ t%e Fi!i&ino',? and a t.o #o!"/e
;istoria de -locos7 So/e o$ de !o' Re+e'4' .or5' .ere e#en
tran'!ated -+ B!"/entritt into Ger/an and &"-!i'%ed o"t'ide
t%e P%i!i&&ine'7
DJ
It i' in %i' ;istoria de -locos t%at de Io' Re+e' "&'et' Ri3a!7
De !o' Re+e' *a!!ed attention to t%e di'*re&an*+ -et.een 'o/e
o$ Ri3a!4' annotation' to Morga is>F>is %i' o.n re'ear*%7
T%e'e di$$eren*e' o$ o&inion .ere e)&!ained a**ording to de !o'
Re+e' -+ Ri3a!4' e)*e''i#e &atrioti'/:
:ut that ery laudable patriotism his! it seems to me!
blinds him at times! and as a historian ought to be
rigorously impartial2the optimism of the said author
turns out to be passionate in some points! taking
e%ceptions of the general rule! and ice>ersa. The
consensus among authors who had no reason to lie in
these cases ought to be taken into account. The true
character of that (pre>;ispanic* ciili8ation and what
is still presered of it in the present customs of the
people...
==
Ri3a! .a' 'o irritated t%at %e re'&onded -+ atta*5ing de
!o' Re+e' in t%e O*to-er ;= =1>2 i''"e o$ La So!idaridad "'ing
t%e 'ar*a'/ %e nor/a!!+ re'er#e' $or ra*i't S&aniard' and
$riar':
- do not know how discreet it is to raise oneself as a
1udge of others...(when* neither one or the other was
an eyewitness or more or less an influential actor.
:ut this! which in anyone else could be censured as
ain presumption! ceases to be so in 'r. -sabelo de
los Reyes who knows ery well how to interpret the
historians of the /hilippines.
=5
A' de !o' Re+e' .a' $ond o$ "'ing P%i!i&&ine ter/' in %i'
.or5 e'&e*ia!!+ .ord' in %i' /ot%er tong"e I!o*ano Ri3a! too5
%i/ to ta'5 $or (/i',tran'!ating Morga4' :principales: into it'
I!o*ano eA"i#a!ent :agt"ra+7:
- hae read 'orga about seen times and - do not
remember that he had eer mentioned agturay. - do
not know if 'r. de los Reyes in his laudable desire to
llocani8e the /hilippines thinks it conenient to make
'orga speak llocano. -t is true that this author! in
describing the customs of the Tagalogs! said that
they were generally current in all the islands; but this
does not mean that llocano customs are the ones
that preail.
=D
Ri3a! *ontin"e' t%e -arrage -+ $!a"nting %i' $a/i!iarit+ .it%
t%e &ri/ar+ 'o"r*e' in P%i!i&&ine %i'tor+ $inding $a"!t .it% de
!o' Re+e' $or "'ing :"nre!ia-!e: 'o"r*e' !i5e t%o'e o$ t%e
'i)teent% *ent"r+ $riar Martin de Rada .%o de'*ri-ed t%e indios
a' a''a''in' t%ie#e' %ig%.a+/en and *o.ard'7 Ri3a! -e!itt!ed
de !o' Re+e'4' '*%o!ar'%i& -+ *!ai/ing t%at %e %ad "'ed a /ere
Fren*% tran'!ation o$ a /an"'*ri&t .%i!e %e %ad "'ed t%e
origina!7
Ri3a! *!ai/' %e %ad read a!! t%e ear!+ a**o"nt' o$ t%e
P%i!i&&ine' *o#er to *o#er e)*e&t t%at o$ P!a'en*ia .%i*% .a'
"na#ai!a-!e7 <I ne#er 'tate an+t%ing on /+ o.n a"t%orit+: Ri3a!
note'7 :I *ite te)t' and .%en I *ite t%e/ I %a#e t%e/ -e$ore
/e7C
D1
A!t%o"g% de !o' Re+e' did not %a#e t%e o&&ort"nit+ to
'&end a' /"*% ti/e a' Ri3a! in t%e Briti'% M"'e"/ %e .a'
nonet%e!e'' t%oro"g% in %i' re'ear*% $or ;istoria de -locos: %e
:read /ore t%an a %"ndred %i'tori*a! and non6%i'tori*a! .or5'
K"'t to *"!! t.o or t%ree ite/' $ro/ ea*% o$ t%e/7: He
'"&&!e/ented ar*%i#a! re'ear*% -+ "ti!i3ing :ora! tradition' $or
/ore re*ent e#ent'7C
D>
Not.it%'tanding t%i' Ri3a! *ite'
Piga$etta H%irino Morga Argen'o!a Ho!in San Ag"'tin and
Ad"arte ra!!+ing a!! %i' 'o"r*e' again't t%e one /ain 'o"r*e o$
de !o' Re+e' &rono"n*ing &ro"d!+ t%at:
As - based my assertion on seen contemporary
writers! - do not know if in this case! - shall be the
e%ception and de los Reyes the general rule. - know
that the authority of de los Reyes is worth seen
times more than mine; but with my seen authors
and he with his )r. Rada! we can balance ourseles! if
he does not take offense... dealing with historical
facts! only the testimony of contemporaries can be
authoritatie! a testimony that ought to be sub1ected
to the processes of criticism.
56
Ri3a! i' -eing &et"!ant in -ragging a-o"t %i' $a/i!iarit+
.it% t%e &ri/ar+ 'o"r*e'? -"t 'igni$i*ant!+ t%i' 'o"r e)*%ange
o$$er' an i/&ortant in'ig%t into Ri3a!9' #ie.' e'&e*ia!!+ into %i'
Taga!og6*entered #ie. o$ %i'tor+7 Beneat% t%i' %i'toriogra&%i*a!
arg"/ent !ie' not '*%o!ar'%i& or t%e re!ia-i!it+ o$ 'o"r*e' -"t
&atrioti'/7 Hi'tor+ /"'t -e "'ed $or a &"r&o'e not on!+ to
en!ig%ten -"t to /a5e %i' *o"ntr+/en <t%in5 *orre*t!+C to 'ee
%i'tor+ not $ro/ t%e #ie.&oint o$ t%e S&ani'% *%roni*!er' -"t
$ro/ t%e indio &oint o$ #ie.7 Ri3a! *on*!"de' %i' tirade -+
.a'%ing %i' %and':
@et it be put on record that this question was
prooked by 'r. de los Reyes! that until now - hae
only spoken of him with admiration and respect! een
if - do not agree with his opinions! for - hae always
belieed that - could not raise myself to be his
1udge.
5#
Ear!ier in t%e e''a+ Ri3a! "n*on'*io"'!+ "n#ei!ed %i' #ie.
o$ *o//itted '*%o!ar'%i&: :777%ad .e no &o'iti#e &roo$ o$ de Io'
Re+e'4' &atrioti'/ .e .o"!d -e!ie#e t%at -+ gi#ing 'o /"*%
*redit to Fr7 Rada %e %ad intended to denigrate %i' o.n
&eo&!e7C
G0
T%i' i' an i/&ortant &oint -e*a"'e it '%o.' t%at Ri3a!
.a' an ear!+ e)&onent o$ :*o//itted '*%o!ar'%i&: to "'e a
*"rrent ter/ .%i*% 'a. not%ing .rong in dri#ing data into a
&arti*"!ar $ra/e.or5 or gi#ing t%e narrati#e a &arti*"!ar -ia' to
&"'% %o/e a &oint7 Ri3a! -!inded -+ %i' &atrioti'/ a' de !o'
Re+e' a&t!+ &"t it $orget' t%e tr"e &"r&o'e o$ '*%o!ar'%i&
di'torting tr"t% to '"it t%e need' o$ &ro&aganda again't t%e
S&aniard' and t%eir &arti*"!ar inter&retation o$ P%i!i&&ine
%i'tor+7
T%e a/-ig"it+ in Ri3a! -e*o/e' #er+ *!ear in t%i' !itt!e
5no.n e''a+ again't de !o' Re+e'7 Ri3a! .a' not 'ee5ing to -e
a '*%o!ar or %i'torian? %e .a' /ere!+ "'ing %i'tor+ a' a .ea&on
$or t%e &ro&aganda /o#e/ent7 B"an L"na .rote to Ri3a!
i//ediate!+ a$ter reading GHne contestacion a -. de los ReyesB
in @a $olidaridad .arning %i/ t%at &"-!i* di'agree/ent'
-et.een t%e &ro&agandi't' .a' *o"nter6&rod"*ti#e a' it .a'
gi#ing t%e S&aniard' a great !a"g%7: L"na 'aid t%at de Io' Re+e'
.a' a!'o %i' $riend -"t %e %ad done .rong -+ re$"ting Ri3a!4'
annotation' to Morga :.%i*% are e)aggerated -+ +o"r
e)*e''i#e &atrioti'/7: He *a!!ed $or /ore re'traint in
*ontradi*ting t%e .or5 o$ ot%er' 'i/&!+ -e*a"'e :t%e+ i/agine
in anot%er /anner7C
G;
Ri3a!4' &atrioti'/ /ade %i/ o#er6'en'iti#e or e#en
into!erant o$ *riti*i'/7 Para!!e! to %i' %i'tori*a! -ia' in $a#or o$
t%e indio .a' t%e ilustrado *on*ern to &roKe*t t%e idea! or
:*orre*t: i/age o$ t%e indio7 T%i' *!ear!+ de/on'trated t%eir
!eaning' and in a 'en'e t%eir o.n ra*i't *on*e&tion o$ %i'tor+
re#er'ing t%at o$ t%e S&aniard'7 De !o' Re+e'4' atte/&t at
o-Ke*ti#it+ or at !ea't a /ea'"re o$ $airne'' in %i' re'ear*% and
.riting .a' '"'&e*t in t%e e+e' o$ %i' /ore 3ea!o"'
*o"ntr+/en7 De !o' Re+e' on*e re/ar5ed t%at:
-ndios think it is shocking and shameful to write "l
)olklore )ilipino because! they say! this is to publici8e
our own simplicity. - am an indio and an llocano>>>>
why should - not say itI And when my beloed
brothers learned about my modest articles on llocano
folklore which they published in @a Oceania! they
rose up against me! saying - had disgraced my own
people.
53
B+ re*reating t%e &ro"d &re6Hi'&ani* *i#i!i3ation *orr"&ted
-+ S&ani'% *o!oni3ation Ri3a!4' Morga %ad 'et t%e tone $or
P%i!i&&ine %i'toriogra&%+ and &ro#ided one o$ t%e -a'e
&o'ition' $ro/ .%i*% identit+ .a' to -e -"i!t7 An+ *riti*a!
re/ar5' on t%e indio no /atter i$ '"&&orted -+ re'ear*% .ere
not to -e to!erated -e*a"'e t%i' .a' dee/ed "n&atrioti*7
Pardo de Ta#era in :iblioteca )ilipina de'*ri-e' de !o'
Re+e'4' .or5 a' <$"!! o$ *"rio"' o-'er#ation' and *an e#en -e
$a"!ted $or '"&er$i*ia!it+ at ti/e' E-"tF it *annot -e 'aid t%at de
!o' Re+e' $a!'i$ied %i'tor+ or /ore or !e'' &ro&agated $a!'e%ood
and a-'"rditie' in an atte/&t to g!ori$+ t%e an*ient Ei7e7 &re6
Hi'&ani*F *i#i!i3ation o$ t%e Fi!i&ino'7: Hontrar+ to &o&"!ar -e!ie$
t%ere$ore Ri3a! .a' not t%e on!+ Fi!i&ino at t%at ti/e intere'ted
in t%e &re6Hi'&ani* P%i!i&&ine &a't7 T%e i/&ortant &oint in t%e
'*%o!ar'%i& o$ t%e'e t.o /en i' t%at de !o' Re+e' re&re'ented
o-Ke*ti#e '*%o!ar'%i& and re'ear*% .%i!e Ri3a! *o//itted
'*%o!ar'%i&7 Bot% e)&re''ed an inter&retation o$ P%i!i&&ine
%i'tor+ $or Fi!i&ino' and &atrioti'/ .a' t%e $"!*r"/ .%i*%
deter/ined t%e degree o$ o-Ke*ti#it+ and &ro&aganda in t%eir
.or57
Ri3a!4' #ie. o$ P%i!i&&ine %i'toriogra&%+ i' e)&re''ed in %i'
annotation' to Morga4' $ucesos in %i' e''a+ )ilipinas dentro de
cien anos (T%e P%i!i&&ine' Wit%in a Hent"r+, and /o't *!ear!+ in
an o"t!ine &eriodi3ation o$ P%i!i&&ino!ogi't' %o&ing t%at it *o"!d
*on#ene a *on$eren*e o$ E"ro&ean P%i!i&&ino!ogi't' in Pari'
d"ring t%e Internationa! E)&o'ition o$ =11>7
I. Pre-Hispanic Philippines
Geogra&%+ Geo!og+ H+drogra&%+ F!ora and Fa"na
Go#ern/ent Hi#i!i3ation Literat"re Ear!ie't in$or/ation a-o"t
t%e P%i!i&&ine' in E"ro&e Bi-!iogra&%+ et*7
II. Arrival of the Spaniards to the loss of Philippine
autonomy and her incorporation into the Spanish nation
(1521-188!
In$!"en*e o$ S&ani'% *i#i!i3ation on t%e 'o*ia! !i$e o$ t%e
P%i!i&&ine' Hon#er'ion into Hat%o!i*i'/ En*o/ienda' War and
In#a'ion' I//igration Go#ern/ent Ho//er*e Re!igio"'
tro"-!e' et*7
III. Incorporation of the Philippines into the Spanish
nation up to the "avite #utiny (188-18$2!
Go#ern/ent Re&re'entation in t%e S&ani'% Horte' @oss of her
character as a $panish proince and the declaration of her
status as a colony! Reforms! &riticism! -nfluence of the 'onastic
Orders on the material progress of the -slands! the /hilippines
compared with other colonies! etc.
I%. &in'uistics
H!a''i$i*ation o$ !ang"age' '&o5en in t%e P%i!i&&ine': Taga!og
Mi'a+an I!o*ano lJespagnol de kusina E!itera!!+ Kit*%en S&ani'%
or t%e &idgin S&ani'% '&o5en in Ha#iteF 't"die' on /odern
!iterat"re o$ t%e Taga!og' /odern !iterat"re o$ t%e P%i!i&&ine'
re!igio"' -oo5' et*7
GD
%. (aces and Independent (e'ions )hich includes all
#uslim sultanates* independent tri+es* ,e'ritos* etc.
--
T%e $i$t% &art on Ra*e and Inde&endent region' .a' an
a$tert%o"g%t a' 'een in t%e *orre'&onden*e -et.een Ri3a! and
B!"/entritt7 It .a' not in t%e origina! o"t!ine '"gge'ting t%at
Ri3a! 'a. t%e M"'!i/' o$ t%e So"t%ern i'!and o$ Mindanao a'
.e!! a' t%e non6H%ri'tian non6Hi'&ani3ed indios o$ t%e
/o"ntain' di$$erent!+ $ro/ t%e !o.!and H%ri'tian indios o$
.%i*% %e .a' &art7 Note too t%at a' in t%e annotation' to
Morga Ri3a! did not re$er to non6H%ri'tian Fi!i&ino' *o!!e*ti#e!+
a' :Fi!i&ino': in t%e .a+ t%at %e re$erred to t%e Hi'&ani3ed
indio' o$ L"3on and t%e Mi'a+a'7
More i/&ortant!+ I %a#e ita!i*i3ed 'o/e !ine' in t%e o"t!ine
to 'tre'' Ri3a!4' !inear *on*e&tion o$ %i'tor+ and %o. %e "'e'
t%e arri#a! o$ S&ain a' t%e t"rning &oint t%e -rea5 in P%i!i&&ine
%i'tor+ t%at 't"nted t%e &re6Hi'&ani* P%i!i&&ine *i#i!i3ation7
Ho!oni3ation a**ording to Ri3a!4' #ie. o$ %i'tor+ !ed to t%e !o''
o$ -ot% P%i!i&&ine a"tono/+ and it' di'tin*t *%ara*ter7
Ri3a!4' '"r#e+ and 't"d+ o$ t%e P%i!i&&ine &a't '%o.ed t%at
a!! t%e *%roni*!e' on %i' *o"nt+ and &eo&!e .ere .ritten -+
S&aniard' and t%"' re$!e*ted t%eir -ia'e'7 8n!i5e neig%-oring
*o"ntrie' Ba#a B"r/a or Mietna/ .%i*% %ad an a-"ndan*e o$
an*ient &re6*o!onia! .ritten te)t' t%e P%i!i&&ine' %ad not%ing
-"t t%e S&ani'% *%roni*!e'7
F"rt%er *o/&!i*ating t%e /atter .a' t%e $a*t t%at Ri3a!
atte/&ted to .rite on t%e &re6Hi'&ani* P%i!i&&ine' -e$ore t%e
arri#a! o$ ar*%aeo!og+ and .a' t%"' !e$t .it% no *%oi*e -"t to
"'e S&ani'% .ritten 'o"r*e'7 In t%e *o"r'e o$ %i' re'ear*% %e
*on'tant!+ %ad to de*ide .%i*% 'o"r*e' to "'e $or %i' %i'tor+ o$
t%e P%i!i&&ine' -"t %i' &atrioti'/ !arge!+ deter/ined %i' *%oi*e7
Reading t%ro"g% t%e'e .or5' Ri3a! .a' *ontin"a!!+
irritated -+ t%e ra*i't #ie.&oint' o$ S&ani'% %i'torian' .%o
o$ten %ig%!ig%ted t%e <&ri/iti#eC or :"n*i#i!i3ed: nat"re o$ t%e
indios is>a>is t%e :*i#i!i3ed: S&aniard' .%o -ro"g%t -ot% t%e
Ro/an Hat%o!i* $ait% and Hi'&ani3ation to t%e ar*%i&e!ago7
Hon'eA"ent!+ Ri3a! ga#e %i/'e!$ t%e di$$i*"!t ta'5 o$ re-"tting
t%e -ia'ed *%roni*!e' and in 'o doing -ro"g%t into e)i'ten*e
an indio #ie.&oint on t%e %i'tor+ o$ t%e P%i!i&&ine'7
More i/&ortant Ri3a!4' Morga re*reated t%e &re6Hi'&ani*
P%i!i&&ine &a't .%i*% %e .anted to &re'ent to %i' '!ee&ing
*o"ntr+/en in order to a.a5en in t%e/ a 'en'e o$ &ride in t%eir
ra*e7
-f the book manages to awaken in you the awareness
of our past! erased from memory! and to rectify what
has been falsified and slandered! then - will not hae
labored in ain! and with this base! howeer small it
maybe! we shall all be able to dedicate ourseles to
study the future.
5D
T%e &"-!i*ation o$ Ri3a!4' Morga in !ate =11> *!ear!+
di#ided Ri3a!4' .riting' into t%ree di'tin*t *o/&onent'7 I$ t%e
.oli 'e Tangere dea!t .it% t%e &re'ent and "l )ilibusterismo
.a' to dea! .it% t%e $"t"re t%en Ri3a! de*ided to '"'&end .or5
on "l )ilibusterismo in order to d.e!! on t%e &a't7 In %i' &re$a*e
to t%e Morga Ri3a! addre''ed %i' *o"ntr+/en:
-n the .oli 'e Tangere - began the sketch of the
present state of our motherland. The effect that my
e%ercise produced in me was the understanding that!
before proceeding to unfold before your eyes other
successie pictures! it is necessary to gie you first a
knowledge of the past in order to enable you to 1udge
the present better and to measure the road we hae
traelled during the last three centuries.
5K
In %i' e''a+ Fi!i&ina' dentro de cien anos (T%e P%i!i&&ine'
.it%in a *ent"r+, .%i*% .a' &"-!i'%ed in in'ta!!/ent' in La
So!idaridad $ro/ t%e end o$ Se&te/-er =11> to t%e -eginning o$
Fe-r"ar+ =1>2 Ri3a! e)&re''e' t%e 'a/e /e''age '"//ari3ing
%i' .or5 on t%e Morga a' a &re!"de to %i' re$!e*tion' on t%e
&a't and %i' &redi*tion' $or t%e $"t"re o$ t%e P%i!i&&ine'7 :To
$orete!! t%e de'tin+ o$ a nation: Ri3a! arg"e' :it i' ne*e''ar+ to
o&en t%e -oo5 t%at te!!' o$ %er &a't7:
G>
It %a' -een a *ent"r+ 'in*e Ri3a!4' Morga a&&eared -"t Fi!i&ino'
%a#e 'ti!! to *o/e to ter/' .it% t%eir &a't7 T%e 'ear*% $or a
nationa! identit+ goe' on and t%e #ie. o$ %i'tor+ Fi!i&ino' *arr+
i' genera!!+ t%at -eA"eat%ed to t%e/ -+ t%e &ro&agandi't' o$
t%e !ate nineteent% *ent"r+ and /o't arti*"!ate!+ -+ Ri3a! in %i'
edition o$ Morga .%o'e e$$e*t' on !ater P%i!i&&ine
%i'toriogra&%+ /a+ not a!.a+' %a#e -een *on'tr"*ti#e7 In it'
ti/e Ri3a!9' Morga .a' a!read+ *on'idered too %i'tori*a! t%at i'
too a*ade/i* and '*%o!ar!+ to -e dige'ted and "'ed -+ &atriot'
and &ro&agandi't'? -"t %i'torian' and '*%o!ar' -e!ie#e t%e
Morga to -e too -ia'ed $or t%eir &"r&o'e'7 Ho.e#er t%e
'igni$i*an*e o$ Ri3a!9' #ie. o$ P%i!i&&ine %i'tor+ i' t%at it'
in$!"en*e i' 'ti!! $e!t and ta5en in t%e *onte)t o$ P%i!i&&ine
%i'toriogra&%+ it re/ain' t%e 5e+ to an "nder'tanding o$ t%e
re*on'tr"*tion o$ t%e P%i!i&&ine &a't a' a /ean' to $orge a
nationa! identit+7
.ootnotes
=7 Ri3a! $ucesos de las islas )ilipinas ed7 W7F7 Retana
(Madrid =>2>, &7=@J
07 Ri3a! I-id7 &7 0G note ;
;7 *$7 A7 Hraig Ri8al,s @ife and 'inor Aritings (Mani!a =>0@,
J7 Ri3a! "pistolario ri8alino ed7 Teodoro Ka!a. D Mo!'7
(Mani!a =>;2, I:==G
S7 Ri3a! I-id II:0260=
G7 Ri3a! I-id I:;==
@7 Ri3a! I-id II:11>
17 I-id
>7 I-id II:JJ=
=27 Retana "'e' t%e .ord :negro: .%i*% *o"!d /ean a
:*o!ored /an: a' o&&o'ed to a .%ite S&aniard or
E"ro&ean7 Per%a&' it *o"!d a!'o /ean indio -"t de$inite!+
not :-!a*5: or a$ri*an7
==7 T%i' -iogra&%+ i' -a'ed on t%e !engt%+ -iogra&%i*a! e''a+
in Retana4' Morga and t%e introd"*tion to t%e H"//in'
edition o$ Morga7 T%e $a/i!+ '*anda! i' *onden'ed $ro/
Retana4' Aparato7
=07 Ri3a! $ucesos22! Pre$a*e
=;7 B!"/entritt in Ri3a!4' $ucesos22! Introd"*tion
=J7 Morga S"*e'o'I ed7 B7S7 H"//in' &7 ;@
=D7 T%e P%i!i&&ine' I'!and' Mo!"**a' Sia/ Ha/-odia Ba&an
and H%ina at t%e *!o'e o$ t%e 'i)teent% *ent"r+ o$ Antonio
de Morga7 Tran'!ated $ro/ t%e S&ani'% .it% note' and a
&re$a*e and a !etter $ro/ L"i' Mae3 de Torre' de'*ri-ing
%i' #o+age t%ro"g% t%e Torre'' Strait -+ t%e %on7 Henr+
E7B7 Stan!e+7 London:Ha5!"+t So*iet+ =1G1
=G7 De'&ite t%e *o/&!etion and initia! di'tri-"tion o$ *o&ie' o$
Ri3a!9' Morga4' in a"t"/n =11> t%e tit!e &age &o't6dated
=1>27
=@7 $ucesos de -as islas )ilipinas por el 4r. Antonio de 'orga.
.uea edicion enriquecida con lose escritos ineditos del
mismo autor ilustrada con numerosas notas que amplian
e- testo y prologada e%tensamenter por A.". Retana.
'adridL @ibreria <eneral de ?ictoriano $uare8! #767.
=17 Antonio Piga$etta 'agellan,s ?oyage! tran'7 ed7 R7A7
S5e!ton7 (Ya!e 8ni#er'it+ Pre'' =>G>,7
=>7 Ri3a! $ucesos777 &7 ;2>
027 H$7H7R7 Bo)er ;istorians of Asia! Aparato --- &7 ==G> (entr+
01>=,
0=7 -lustracion )ilipina Mo!7 II No7; B"!+ = =1G2 &&7 =J>6=D=
007 Ri3a! $ucesos777 &7 ;== note =
0;7 Ri3a! $ucesos777 &7 =>2
0J7 Ri3a! $ucesos777 &7 00D note 0
0D7 Ri3a! $ucesos...! &7 00D note 0
0G7 Gon3a!e3 LiA"ete Repertorio historico
0@7 Ri3a! $ucesos777 &7 =006=0;
017 Ri3a! $ucesos777 :777'anto' tene/o' *on /eno' -ar-a' +
/eKore' 3a&ato'7:
0>7 Ri3a!! $ucesos777 &7 ;JG note 0
;27 Ri3a! $ucesos777 &7 ;J@ note =
;=7 Ri3a! $ucesos777 &7 ;0> note 0
;07 Ri3a! "pistolario ri8alino I:;21
;;7 Ri3a! $ucesos777 &7 0;
;J7 Ri3a!! $ucesos777 &7 0; note =
;D7 Ri3a! $ucesos777 &7 0@
;G7 Ri3a! $ucesos777 &7 0@ note J
;@7 Retana $ucesos777 &7 J2G
;17 Retana $ucesos777 &7 J2G
;>7 :oletin de -a $ociedad <eograficaTo/o QQI7 (Madrid =11G,
&7 0=@
J27 Retana $ucesos777 &&7 J=16J=>
J=7 Inter#ie. E"'e-io Di3on Nationa! M"'e"/ Mani!a
Se&te/-er =>>=
J07 Ri3a! $ucesos777 &&7 0G@60G1 note =
J;7 Ri3a! $ucesos777 &7 0G1
JJ7 So/e o$ t%e'e -oat' are &re'ent!+ on di'&!a+ in t%e
Nationa! M"'e"/ in Mani!a .%i!e ot%er' /a+ -e #ie.ed
in situ at t%e Nationa! M"'e"/ -ran*% in B"t"an Hit+7
JD7 Ri3a! $ucesos777 &&7 0>2 0>0
JG7 Ri3a! %i/'e!$ i' 'o/eti/e' *on$"'ed in %i' "'e o$
<Fi!i&ino'C a' in t%i' *a'e .%ere t%e *onte)t &oint' to
indios.
J@7 Ri3a! $ucesos777 &&7 0>260>0 note 0
J17 See W7E7 Retana @os Antiguos Alfabetos de )ilipinas
(Nota' Bi-!iogra$i*a',7 Madrid =1>D7 A!'o Mo!7 I o$ Aparato
J>7 Ri3a! $ucesos777 Introd"*tion
D27 Ri3a!
D=7 Ri3a! $ucesos777 Pro!ogo )ii
D07 Ri3a! "pistolario ri8alino M:D=2
D;7 Ri3a! I-id M:D=G6D=@
DJ7 See t%e t%ree -iogra&%i*a! e''a+' in W7H7 S*ott &racks in
the /archment &urtain! (L"e3on Hit+: Ne. Da+ =>1D,7
:I'a-e!o de Lo' Re+e' Fat%er o$ P%i!i&&ine Fo!5!ore: &&7
0;D60JJ? :I'a-e!o de Lo' Re+e': Pro#in*iano and
Nationa!i't : &&7 0JD60GD? and :Rea*tion to A/eri*an
i/&eria!i'/: I'a-e!o de !o' Re+e': &&7 01D60>>
DD7 Ri3a! :Re&!+ to de Lo' Re+e': @a $olidaridad (O*to-er ;=
=1>2,
DG7 Ri3a! I-id
D@7 Ri3a! I-id
D17 Ri3a! I-id
D>7 Ltd7 S*ott &racks in the /archment &urtain &7 0JG
G27 I-id
G=7 Ri3a! :Re&!+ to de !o' Re+e':
G07 Ri3a! I-id
G;7 L"na to Ri3a! (No#7 1 =1>2, E&i'to!ario ri3a!ino M:=00
GJ7 Ltd in S*ott Hra*5'7777 &7 0D0
GD7 Ri3a! E&i'to!ario ri3a!ino M:;1;6;1> (Origina! in Fren*%,
GG7 Ri3a! E&i'to!ario ri3a!ino M:J2G
G@7 Ri3a! S"*e'o'7777 Pre$a*e
G17 Ri3a! I-id
G>7 A!3ona tran'!ation /"'t -e *%e*5ed .it% t%e origina!