13 February 2014

1
Anchor blocks and Support Piers
-Rigidly hold the Penstock pipe.
-Normally provided at every bend and at
every 30m span of straight sections of
Penstock line.
- To be provided immediately upstream of PH
to minimize the Penstock load on Turbine.
Support Piers supports the
penstock vertically and prevent
penstock from sagging
-It allows axial movement of
Penstock
- Generally provided at the span
of 3m interval in MHP.
Support Piers
1
Expansion joint
Forces in
(kN)
Direction of Potential movement
of A/B & S/P
Remarks
F
1






Applies to both support piers and anchor block
F
1
= Weight of Water and Pipe.

F1u and F1d are component of
Combine Weight of Pipe and Water
perpendicular to pipe.

Applies for both support piers and
anchor block
F
2







Applies for both support piers and anchor block
F
2
=Frictional forces due to the pipe
sliding on the support.


The force acting on anchor block is
sum of the forces acting on support
piers between expansion join and the
anchor blocks.

F
1u
) cos F ( ) ( F
) sin F ( ) ( F
1u 2u
1u 2u
o
o
- =
- =
H
V
Cos L ) W (W F
1u w p 1u
- - + =
| Cos L ) W (W F
1d w p 1d
- - + =
F
1d

o cos ) ( F
4 2u
- - + - =
u w p
L W W f

F
2
_
+
+
_
|
|
cos F ) ( F
sin F ) ( F
1d 1d
1d 1d
- =
- =
H
V
_
+
+
_
o
o
cos F ) ( F
sin F ) ( F
1u 1u
1u 1u
- =
- =
H
V
A/B Design Procedure
2
13 February 2014
2
Forces in
(kN)
Direction of Potential movement
of A/B & S/P
Remarks
F
3




F
3
=Hydrostatic Pressure on
bend

Applies on Anchor block that
have horizontal & vertical bends.
F
4






F4d is insignificant if expansion joint near downstream of A/B is used.
F
4
=Component of Pipe weight
acting parallel to pipe

Applies on Anchor block that
have ( & ) larger than 20
0
.
F
5

F
5
= Thermally induced force
restrained by Anchor block, in
the absent of expansion joint.

Applies on Anchor block only if
no expansion joint installed.
F
6

F
6
=Frictional force in the
expansion joint. (depend on
tightness of bolts etc.)

Applies to Anchor block only

F
4u
|
.
|

\
|
- - - - - =
2

sin A h g 2 F
total 3
sin L W F
4u p 4u
- - =
F
4d
0=~


| sin L W F
4d p 4d
- - =

F
5
F
5


F
6u
F
6d

|
.
|

\
|
- - - =
2

sin d h F
total 3
2
4 . 15


F
3
|
.
|

\
| +
2

t t d T E - + - - A - = ) ( * F
5
t o
d - =100 F
6
steel for t t) (d T 7540 F
5
- + - - =
|
.
|

\
| +
- =
|
.
|

\
| +
- =
2
sin ) (
2
cos ) (
| o
| o
3 3
3 3
F H F
F V F
_
+
+
_
o
o
cos F ) ( F
sin F ) ( F
4u 4u
4u 4u
- =
- =
H
V
|
|
cos ) (
sin ) (
- =
- =
4d 4d
4d 4d
F H F
F V F _
+
+
_
) cos F ( ) ( F
) sin F ( ) ( F
5 5
5 5
o
o
- =
- =
H
V
_
+
+
_
)) cos (cos F ( ) ( F
)) sin (sin F ( ) ( F
6 6
6 6
| o
| o
- =
- =
H
V
_
+
+
_
3
Forces in
(kN)
Direction of Potential
movement of A/B & S/P
Remarks
F
7




F
7
=Hydrostatic force on exposed
ends of pipe within expansion joint

Applies to Anchor block only
(Usually insignificant)
F
8






F
8
=Dynamic force on bend due to
change in direction.

Applies to Anchor block only
(Usually insignificant)
F
9
F
9
=Force due to reduction in
diameter of pipe.

Applies to Anchor block only
(Usually "0" "as same dia. is used in penstock")
F
10




W
b


F
10
= Force due to soil pressure

Applies to Anchorblock and support pier

W
b
= Weight of bolck

Applies to Anchorblock and support pier
t t d - + - - - - = ) ( h g F
total 7
t
|
.
|

\
|
-
|
|
.
|

\
|
-
-
=
2
-
sin
8
F
2
2
8
|
t d
Q

F
7u
F
7d



F
8
( )
2 2
9
4
F
small big
total water
d d h - - =
t

F
9
F
9
t t d - + - - = ) ( h 31 F
total 7
|
.
|

\
|
-
|
|
.
|

\
|
- =
2
-
sin 5 . 2 F
2
2
8
|
d
Q
Width K i h
a soil
- - - - = ) cos( F
2
10

concrete b
W - =
block
V
2 2 V
block
- =
b
W
o
o
cos F ) ( F
sin F ) ( F
7u 7u
7u 7u
- =
- =
H
V
t t d L
u
- + - - = ) ( ) sin h ( 31 F
4 total 7u
o
t t d - + - - = ) ( h 31 F
total 7d
o
o
cos F ) ( F
sin F ) ( F
7d 7d
7d 7d
- =
- =
H
V _
+
+
_
|
.
|

\
| +
- =
|
.
|

\
| +
- =
2
cos F ) ( F
2
sin F ) ( F
8 8
8 8
| o
| o
H
V
_
+
+
_
i
i
cos F ) ( F
sin F ) ( F
10 10
10 10
- =
- =
H
V
) ( cos ) ( cos ) cos(
) ( cos ) ( cos ) cos(
2 2
2 2
|
|
+

=
i i
i i
K
a
_
+
+
_
4
13 February 2014
3
Checking for stability
Resolve all forces on horizontal (F
H
) and vertical(F
V
) direction
Find the Resultant of Forces.
2 2
H V
F F R + =
Checking for sliding stability
5 . 1 > =
-
FoS
F
F
H
v

Checking for Overturning

2
moment Driving
moment Resisting
> =
-
-
= = FoS
a F
r F
M
M
H
V
a
R
Checking for Bearing failure
5 . 1
soil on pressure bearing max.
soil of capacity bearing
> = = FoS
P
f
f
b
(

-
+ =
L
e
A
F
P
V
f
6
1 Max. bearing pressure
|
|
.
|

\
|
=

H
v
F
F
1
tan |
section straight for
300
dia. penstock
* 1 ) volume(m Concrete
(mm) 3

|
|
.
|

\
|
=
Soil Type
Unit Weight
(kN/m
3
)
Friction angle
()
Allowable Bearing Pressure
(kN/m
2
)
Soft Clay and Silts 16 22 50
Firm clays 17 25 100
Stiff clays 20 30 200
Very stiff boulder clays 20 32 350
d) recommende is 0.5 exceeding not but soil of type (from ) tan(u =
Thumb Rule (for small scale plant)
-A/B for straight section at every 30m & at
every bend
- S/P at every 3m
45 than less ) - ( for
300
dia. penstock
* 2 volume Concrete
0 (mm)
o |
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
F
H
F
V
a
r
M
F
H
F
V
R

e

F
H
F
V
R

e
L
L/2
d

F
M
d
V

=
2
e |
.
|

\
|
=
L
d

6
L
e e
allowable
= <
5
Forces in
(kN)
Direction of Potential
movement of A/B & S/P
F
h
F
v
F
1






Applies to both support piers and anchor
block
F
1u
=-0.88

F
1d
=-1.53
F
1u
=3.8

F
1d
=3.29

F
2






Applies for both support piers and anchor block
F2d = ~ 0, as expansion joint used just
downstream of A/B
14.2 3.28

3.9

Cos L ) W (W F
1u w p 1u
- - + =
| Cos L ) W (W F
1d w p 1d
- - + =
3.63



14.6

L
1u
= 2m
L
1d
= 2m
L
4u
= 30 m
L
4d
= ~ 0
d=450 mm
hg=60 m
hs= 48
& = 13
0
& 25
0
h
1
= 1.8 m
h
2
= ~0
No. of support=8
o cos ) ( F
4 2u
- - + - =
u w p
L W W f
3.9 Cos(13) 2 ) 56 . 1 (0.44 F
1u
= - - + =
3.63 25) ( Cos 2 ) 56 . 1 (0.44 F
1d
= - - + =
6 . 14 ) 13 cos( 30 ) 2 ( 25 . 0 F
2u
= - - - =
S/P of No.
F
S/P per F
1u
1u
=
Block size (Assumed)
Length, L= 3 m
Height, H= 3 m
Width, W=2m
Height at bend center = 2,15m
Example

Water
= 9.81 kN/m3

concretre
= 22kN/m3

soil
= 20kN/m3 (Stiff Clay)
Wp = 0.44 kN/m
Ww = 1.56 kN/m
6
13 February 2014
4
Forces in
(kN)
Direction of Potential movement
of A/B & S/P
F
h
F
V
F
3





Only applies to A/B

F
3
= 11.46 F
3
=-33.28
F
4






Only applies to A/B
F
4
=2.89 F
4
=0.67
F
5







As expansion joint are used, F
5
=0)
F
5
=0

F
5
=0

F
6






Only applies to A/B
F
6
= 3.06
F
6
=8.96


2.97

|
.
|

\
|
- - - - - =
2

sin A h g 2 F
total 3
sin L W F
4u p 4u
- - =
~0


| sin L W F
4d p 4d
- - =

0

0



45

|
.
|

\
|
- - - =
2

sin d h F
total 3
2
4 . 15


35.2
|
.
|

\
| +
2

t t d T E - + - - A - = ) ( * F
5
t o
)) cos (cos * 100 ( F
6u
| o - = d
steel for t t) (d T 7540 F
5
- + - - =
2 . 35
2
3 1 5 2
sin 45 . 0 08 1 4 . 15 F
2
3
= |
.
|

\
|
- - - =
2.97 sin(13) 0 3 44 . 0 F
4u
= - - =
0 25) ( sin 0) ( 44 . 0 F
4d
~ - ~ - =
45 45 . 0 100 F
6
= - =
)) sin (sin * 100 ( F
6d
o | - = d
45
7
Forces in
(kN)
Direction of Potential
movement of A/B & S/P
F
h
F
v
F
7



Only applies to A/B
F
7u
=5.55

F
7d
= -5.51

F
7u
=1.28

F
7d
= -2.57
F
8






Only applies to A/B (Usually insignificant)
F
8
=0.08 F
8
=-0.25
F
9






F9=0 (Usually, no change in diameter)
F
9
=0 F
9
=0
F
10




W
block







F
10
=23.3676

F
10
=22.76


W
b
=0
F
10
=5.25


W
b
=354.6
t t d - + - - - - = ) ( h g F
total 7
t
|
.
|

\
|
-
|
|
.
|

\
|
-
-
=
2
-
sin
8
F
2
2
8
|
t d
Q

5.7

6.08




0.26

( )
2 2
9
4
F
small big total water
d d h - - =
t

0

0

t t d - + - - = ) ( h 31 F
total 7
|
.
|

\
|
-
|
|
.
|

\
|
- =
2
-
sin 5 . 2 F
2
2
8
|
d
Q
Width K i
h
a
soil
- - -
-
= ) cos(
2
F
2
10

concrete b
W - =
block
V
2 2 V
block
- =
b
W
37 . 0
) 30 ( cos ) 13 ( cos ) 13 cos(
) 30 ( cos ) 13 ( cos ) 13 cos(
) ( cos ) ( cos ) cos(
) ( cos ) ( cos ) cos(
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
=
+

=
+

=
|
|
i i
i i
Ka
08 . 6 004 . 0 ) 004 . 0 45 . 0 ( 08 1 31 F
7d
= - + - - =
26 . 0
2
13 - 5 2
sin
45 . 0
45 . 0
5 . 2 F
2
2
8
= |
.
|

\
|
-
|
|
.
|

\
|
- =
i
36 . 23 2 37 . 0 ) 13 cos(
2
8 . 1 20
F
2
10
= - - -
-
=
7 . 5 004 . 0 ) 004 . 0 45 . 0 ( ) 13 sin 30 08 1 ( 31 F
7u
= - + - - - =
F
H
=52.1 F
V
= 345.5
8
13 February 2014
5
Checking for stability
Resolve all forces on horizontal (F
H
) and vertical(F
V
) direction
Find the Resultant of Forces. 4 . 349 1 . 52 5 . 345
2 2
= + = R
Checking for sliding stability
5 . 1 77 . 3
1 . 52
5 . 345 57 . 0
> =
-
FoS
Checking for Overturning
2 52 . 4
) 6 . 0 * 76 . 22 15 . 2 * 1 . 52 (
) 3 * 25 . 5 6 . 1 5 . 345 (
moment Driving
moment Resisting
> =
+
+ -
= = FoS
M
M
a
R
Checking for Bearing failure
5 . 1 41 . 2
92 . 82
200
soil on pressure bearing max.
soil of capacity bearing
> = = = FoS
P
f
f
b
92 . 82
3
) 22 . 0 6 (
1
) 2 * 3 (
5 . 345 6
1 =
(

-
+ =
(

-
+ =
L
e
A
F
P
V
f
Max. bearing pressure
0.57 tan(30)= =
52.1

345.5

a
1.6
M
22.76
5.25
1.4
2.15
0.6
1.72
F
M
d
V
=

=
0.22 1.5) - 1.72 (
2
e = = |
.
|

\
|
=
L
d
52.1

345.5

349.4

e
L=3m
L/2
d
pipe) g (neglectin 1.4
1.2 *
2
1.2
3 * 3
3
2
* 2 . 1 8 . 1 * 1.2 *
2
1.2
- 1.5 * 3) * (3
) ( =
(

|
.
|

\
|

|
.
|

\
|
+ |
.
|

\
|
= x cg
5 . 0 24 . 0 e
6
< = = <
L
e e
allowable
52.1

345.5

349.4

3 m
1.2 m
1.2 m
x
9