Touch-Fingerprint Display for Supporting Identity Sensing

Pranav Koundinya
+
,Xi Zhao

,Tao Feng

,Sandhya Theril
+
and Weidong Shi

Department of Computer Science

,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

+
University of Houston, 4800 Calhoun Road, Houston, TX 77004, U.S.A
ABSTRACT
The need for touch based authentication in smart devices
such as smartphones and tablets are increasing day by day.
Historically, ngerprint has been one of the most effective ways
for establishing the uniqueness of an individuals identity. Mo-
tivated by the fact that both touch sensing and ngerprint scan
can be based on the same capacitive sensing principle, one
can design a single unied sensing device that can support
both multi-touch interactions and identity sensing based on
ngerprint biometrics. Such design will not only enable user
friendly mobile identity solutions, but also support more ele-
gant and compact physical design of future smart mobile de-
vices. In this paper, we present and explore three approaches
for creating such a device. They are, transparent ngerprint
readers on-top of a touch panel - ngerprint reader on-panel,
unied touch-ngerprint panel, and touch-ngerprint in-cell
TFT-LCD. Further, we discuss the challenges faced by each
approach, compare the pros and cons of each approach, and
propose solutions accordingly. Finally, we conduct evaluations
using state-of-the-art modeling tools and perform quantitative
studies.
I. OBJECTIVE AND BACKGROUND
The wide adoption of smartphones creates strong demands
for touch based user identity verication that can enhance user
security, support user friendly access control and carry out
smoother and safer online activities (e.g. that provide password
free access for web sites from a phone). Many approaches have
been proposed for smartphone based user identity management
by leveraging the smartphone sensors such as mobile cameras
for user identity recognition. Vendors also have integrated dis-
crete optical ngerprint sensors with the smartphone models
(e.g., iPhone 5S and Samsung S5). However, there is a new,
potentially revolutionary approach, that takes advantage of the
fact that both human touch interactions and ngerprint sensing
can be captured using capacitive sensing techniques. The ob-
jective of this paper is to examine the different design options
for a unied touch-display that can function both as a touch
sensing device and a ngerprint scanner. Such device will lead
to cleaner smartphone physical design (e.g., eliminate optical
ngerprint home button), and smoother user interactions with
build-in support for identity protection.
Figure 1 illustrates three approaches for integrating nger-
print scanning capability with a touch-display. Firstly, one can
leverage the recent advances in design and fabrication of trans-
parent electronics and thin-lm transistors [11, 14] to design
optically transparent ngerprint readers [3] (e.g., transparent
capacitive TFT ngerprint reader). It is then possible to inte-
grate such transparent ngerprint readers with a touch-display
1
. The second approach is to design a single transparent sens-
ing device that supports both multi-touch detection and nger-
print scan in two operational modes. Such a unied touch-
ngerprint sensing device can be either used in conjunction
1
To avoid potential sensing conict, touch sensing and ngerprint scan
can be based on different techniques (e.g., capacitive ngerprint readers plus
acoustic wave multi-touch).
A. Fingerprint Sensors over Touch Panel B. Touch-Fingerprint Sensors in Conjunction
with Touch Panel
D. Incell Touch-Fingerprint Sensing C. Single Touch-Fingerprint Sensor
Fig. 1. Illustration of different approaches for supporting unied touch
sensing and ngerprint scan. A. Optically transparent ngerprint readers
on-top of a touch panel (ngerprint reader on-panel); B. Touch-ngerprint
panels with dual operational mode support used in conjunction with
conventional touch panel; C. Single touch-ngerprint panel with dual
operational mode as touch panel replacement; and D. Touch-ngerprint
in-cell TFT LCD.
with conventional touch panels (Fig. 1B), or be applied to re-
place the current touch sensing only device (Fig. 1C). The
third option is to exploit the capacitive in-cell TFT-LCDs (e.g.,
[9, 13]) for both touch sensing and ngerprint scan by increas-
ing the sensor resolution (Fig. 1D).
There are technical challenges that one has to overcome for
each of these approaches. For transparent touch-ngerprint
panels, the large panel size and high sensor density will cer-
tainly causes challenges in touch sensing speed (preferably less
than 10ms) and ngerprint scan latency. For capacitive in-cell
TFT-LCDs, it is infeasible to increase sensor density arbitrar-
ily to support ngerprint scan. One has to balance the impact
of increased number of capacitive in-cell sensors on display
aperture ratio and the minimal sensing resolution required for
scanning ngerprint images with acceptable quality. Here in
this paper, we explore and evaluate these approaches in terms
of technical feasibility, challenges, design choices, and solu-
tions.
II. DESIGN AND EVALUATION
A. Transparent Fingerprint Reader
High performance transparent thin-lm transistors (TTFT)
have been demonstrated and fabricated in room-temperature
using transparent amorphous oxide materials such as SnO
2
,
ZnO, In-Ga-Zn-O (e.g., [2, 6, 10]). The achieved mobility
is from 10 to 50 cm
2
s
1
v
1
as reported in various studies.
Typically, for TTFT, ITO (Indium tin oxide) is often applied
as the gate, source and drain electrode for optical transparency.
Scan Line (ITO)
Column Line (ITO)
Transparent TFT
(e.g., SnO2 and ZnOSnO2 TFT)
Transparent Capacitive Sensing Electrode (ITO)
Sensing Electrode
(ITO)
Column Line (n)
(ITO)
Column Line (n+1)
(ITO)
Scan Line (ITO)
ata Line (ITO)
Transparent
C!arging TFT
Transparent
isc!arging TFT
Fig. 2. Circuit model of capacitive sensing array using transparent oxide
semiconductors. All components are made from transparent materials (e.g.,
ITO, transparent TFT) and glass substrate.
A capacitive touch panel can be created using only ITO and
glass. However, for scanning ngerprint based on the princi-
ple of capacitance sensing, thin-lm transistors are necessary.
Figure 2 shows an abstract circuit model of transparent TFT
based touch-ngerprint sensing array. All the components are
made from transparent materials (ITO, glass, TTFT). The array
works on the principle of capacitive sensing. Each sensing cell
consists of a transparent capacitive sensing electrode (ITO),
connected to two transparent TFT

Zs.
In microscopic scale, the surface of the ngerprint has a
deep part called the valley or elevated part called the ridge.
When the ridge of a ngerprint lies directly over the electrode,
a capacitor is formed between the electrode and the nger.
The capacitor between the sensor plate and the nger surface
is charged by switching on the transparent charging transistor
with the discharging transistor kept off, and then switching off
the charging transistor. The capacitance charge depend on the
distance between the sensor plate and the nger surface. If a
valley in the ngerprint lies over the electrode, then change in
capacitance is much smaller, and a negligible charge is saved.
The stored charge is later transferred onto a data line electrode
by switching on the discharging transistor when the next col-
umn is activated. The charge is then amplied by a charge
amplier and processed by an external readout circuit.
B. Unied Touch Sensing and Fingerprint Scan
The sensor capacitance is at its maximumvalue when a ridge
has contact with the capacitive sensing electrode. As the dis-
tance between the chip surface and the nger

Zs skin in-
creases, the capacitance becomes smaller. The same princi-
ple is also applicable to touched versus untouched area by a
nger. Based on Comsol Multiphysics simulation, beyond cer-
tain distance threshold, the capacitance value becomes almost
constant. This suggests that when a proper threshold is cho-
sen, a capacitive sensor cell can be congured for both touch
detection and ridge/valey sensing. Our system comprises of a
capacitive sensor array that consists of many sensor cells for
detecting the capacitances and can be used for both touch de-
tection and ngerprint scan, row and column driving circuits
for sequentially charging and discharging the sensing cells in
rows and columns, and signal processing readout circuit.
Multi-resolution Sensor Sampling The capacitive touch-
ngerprint panel supports dual operational modes for both
touch sensing and ngerprint scan [8]. This is achieved us-
ing multi-resolution row and column drivers that support high
resolution sampling of sensor cells for ngerprint scan, and
low resolution sensor cell sampling for touch detection. The
row driver consists of a multi-resolution shift register. A row
decoder can decode a given row address and store the decoded
line in the shift register. In shift mode, the shift register can
select rows sequentially with different row stride distances de-
pending whether the system is set to detect touches or scan
ngerprints.
For touch detection, the sensing system outputs a pattern
image with reduced resolution. By subjecting the pattern im-
age to image processing, the touch location can be determined.
Multi-resolution Driver Circuitry
C
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Circuitry
C
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Fig. 3. Dual operational mode with multi-resolution sampling support. The
row and column drivers support different sensor cell sampling resolutions for
touch detection and ngerprint scan. A. Touch detection mode: scanlines and
columns in yellow color are these activated in touch detection. B. Fingerprint
scan mode: scanlines and columns surrounding a touch location are selected
(in yellow color).
For ngerprint scan, sensing cells will be sampled at the max-
imum resolution. However, not all the rows and columns are
needed for ngerprint scan. For efcient and fast ngerprint
scan, the sensing system rst determines the location of the n-
ger using touch detection mode. Then when ngerprint scan is
needed, the sensing system only selects the rows and columns
surrounding a nger touch location. This is achieved by send-
ing a row scan address to the row driver. For example, assume
that in the touch detection mode, a central touch location is
detected at row X. Then in the ngerprint scan mode, the row
driver can start selection of the rows from row X - d where d
is determined based on the size of nger tip. There is a row
counter that stores the number of rows that need to be scanned
before it rotates to the beginning row, X-d. Similar design also
applies to the columns. The sensing system can select column
outputs surrounding a touch location.
Evaluation We implemented the designed touch-ngerprint
sensing system using Silvaco CAD tools. Simulation of the
capacitive sensing array was carried out in SmartSpice and
based on transparent TFT model module using Hoffmans
closed form approach written in Verilog-A. We implemented
the TTFT model in Verilog-A because it provides a mean of
modeling devices at a wide range of levels of abstraction and
at the same time integrates the implemented model with com-
puter aided design tools. Simulation of the designed touch-
ngerprint sensing system was conducted using Smartspice
and Silvaco TFT EDA tools. We validated our Verilog-A
model by comparing the output characteristics of our Verilog-
A TTFT module with measured data from fabricated trans-
parent amorphous oxide TFT [2]. The simulated DC trans-
fer characteristic between Id-Vds under 10V Vgs is on aver-
age 94.26% accurate when compared with the measured re-
sult. Under 15V Vgs, the simulated DC transfer characteristic
between Id-Vds is on average 97.09% accurate. Readout cir-
cuits are designed using CMOS or Polycrystalline Silicon (e.g.,
[4, 5]). The readout circuits dont need to be transparent.
The driving circuits have a clock speed of 333.33KHz and
supply voltage of 5V. The charging and discharging transistors
are transparent SnO
2
TTFT with a turn on voltage of 2.7V. The
channel mobility is 17.4cm
2
s
1
v
1
. The capacitor electrodes,
scanlines, column lines, and data lines are all made from ITO.
For supporting touch-ngerprint dual sensing modes, the row
driver uses multi-resolution shift register with shift stride dis-
tance of 1 or 8 corresponding to ngerprint and touch sensing
respectively.
C. Touch-Fingerprint Display with Incell Technology
In-cell capacitive TFT-LCD (e.g., [15]) integrates touch sen-
sors with the LCD module itself. Unlike out-cell or on-cell
touch sensing techniques, in-cell LCD is more compact be-
cause capacitive touch sensors are embedded inside the LCD
cells. In the recently years, several capacitive sensing based
in-cell TFT-LCD prototypes have been fabricated and demon-
strated (e.g., [9, 13]).
Fingerprint Scan with In-cell Sensors Generally, the n-
gerprint pattern has line width and space in the range of
200 m to 400 m. To achieve high resolution for acquired
ngerprint image, the size of unit sensor cell should have
enough granularity. For in-cell TFT-LCD, capacitive sensors
are grouped together with display subpixels. As demonstrated
in [13], a density of capacitive sensors at pitch of 600 m is
sufcient for supporting touch detection. However, for nger-
print imaging, more sensors are required. The sensor density
can be represented by the sensor pitch. A pitch value smaller
than 100 m is infeasible because of its impact on aperture ra-
tio. For sensor pitch of 150 m or larger, effects on aperture
ratio can be controlled at a rate less than 25%. Since low res-
olution ngerprint images are taken at such sensor pitch level,
one has to apply super-resolution approach to enhance the ob-
tained sensor images for ngerprint verication.
Design of Incell Touch-Fingerprint Display Figure 4
shows a block diagram of the touch-ngerprint TFT-LCD. As
demonstrated by the gure, a row of capacitive sensors are
placed between rows of LCDdisplay pixels. The display pixels
are controlled by a display driver. A capacitive sensor driver
controls the pre-charge gates of the capacitive sensors using a
multi-resolution shift register to support either touch detection
or ngerprint scan. In touch detection, capacitive sensors are
sampled at lower resolution. For ngerprint scan, capacitive
sensors are sampled at the highest sensor resolution. Outputs
from the sensors are processed by a readout circuit. Similar
to fabricated in-cell TFT-LCDs (e.g., [13]), the sensor and the
display driver circuits are integrated on the glass substrate. All
the LTPS-TFTs used in the sensors, the pixels, and the driver
circuits are PMOS type devices, which simplies the TFT sub-
strate fabrication process.
The capacitive in-cell TFT-LCD supports dual operational
modes for both touch sensing and ngerprint scan. A row de-
coder can decode a given row address and store the decoded
line in a shift register. In shift mode, the shift register can
Rows of Display Pixels
Multi-Resolution Touch-Fingerprint
Readout Circuit
Display Data Driver
Capacitive Sensing Cells
D
is
p
la
y

D
r
iv
e
r
Multi-Resolution Driver Circuitry
for Capacitive Sensor Cells
D
e
c
o
d
e
r
D Q
D Q
D Q
Decoder Output
CapacitiveSensor Driver
pre-charge TFT
pre-charge line
discharge TFT
read TFT gate line
sensor data line
sensing electrode
Fig. 4. Block diagram of touch-ngerprint in-cell TFT-LCD. A row of
capacitive sensors are placed between rows of LCD display pixels. The
display pixels are controlled by the display driver. The capacitive sensor
driver controls the pre-charge gates of the capacitive sensors using a
multi-resolution shift register. The touch-ngerprint in-cell TFT-LCD
supports two sensing mode, touch detection and ngerprint scan. The readout
circuit can be used for either locating touch locations or scanning ngerprint
images.
TABLE I
SPECIFICATIONS OF THE CAPACITIVE IN-CELL TFT-LCD
Display size 4.5 inch diagonal
Display resolution 960 x 640
Display pixel pitch 0.075mm
Number of sensor rows 320
Sensor pitch 0.15mm x 0.05mm
Touch sampling resolution 80 rows
Touch sampling delay 8.32ms
Fingerprint sampling period 17.9ms
Frame rate at highest sensing resolution 55.8Hz
select capacitive sensor rows sequentially with different row
stride distances depending on whether the system is set to de-
tect touches or scan ngerprints. For ngerprint scan, the rows
will be selected one after the other at the maximum resolution.
For touch detection, the rows will be selected with reduced res-
olution (e.g., one row out of four sensor rows). For column se-
lection, dual operational modes for ngerprint and touch sens-
ing are supported by selecting sensor dataline outputs at dif-
ferent resolutions. For touch detection, fewer columns are se-
lected and whose signals are converted into digital data by the
readout circuit. For ngerprint scan, the datalines surrounding
a target touch location are sampled at the maximum resolution.
Super Resolution Due to under-sampling caused by the rel-
atively large sensor pitch, ngerprint images captured by in-
cell TFT-LCDhave lower resolution than typically required for
ngerprint verication. One solution to this problem is to ap-
ply super resolution (SR) processing. The goal of SR is to ex-
tract the independent information from a set of ngerprint im-
ages taken by the in-cell TFT-LCD and combine the informa-
tion into a single high resolution (HR) ngerprint image. SR
approach (e.g., [12]) based on POCS (Projection onto Convex
Sets) is ideally suited for such a purpose as POCS is designed
to account for both the blurring introduced by the sensors as
well as the effects of under-sampling.
Evaluation Based on the documented designs of capacitive
in-cell TFT-LCDs (e.g., [9, 13]), we evaluated our touch-
ngerprint in-cell LCD using circuit simulation and measured
in-cell TFT-LCD characteristics reported in the literature. The
touch-ngerprint sensing system is implemented using Silvaco
CAD tools. Table I summarizes performance numbers of the
in-cell LTPS TFT-LCD validated by circuit simulation and
measured results from fabricated in-cell TFT-LCDs.
To evaluate the performance of the in-cell TFT-LCDs on
verifying users, we used simulated capacitive sensors at dif-
ferent sensor pitches, 0.1mm, 0.15mm, and 0.2mm. The mod-
eled sensor has signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) value 5, which is
comparable with fabricated in-cell LTPS TFT-LCD [13]. Fin-
gerprint images are produced with the modeled in-cell device
using ngerprint database of ten actual users. To compensate
for the large sensor pitch and insufcient sampling, we have
applied a SR algorithm to increase the resolution from a num-
ber of consecutive ngerprint images. Features are extracted
from the result HR (high resolution) ngerprint images and
then subjected to user verication. Table II shows the verica-
tion results at various conditions. Both false reject rate (FRR)
and false acceptance rate (FAR) increase when sensor pitch
grows from 0.1mm to 0.15mm and 0.2mm (leading to reduced
resolution). The results indicate that sensor pitch at 0.1mm is
sufcient for ngerprint verication. However, this setting is
impracticable due to its impact on aperture ratio. After apply-
ing the SR algorithm, the verication performance at 0.15mm
sensor pitch has gained signicant improvements in terms of
both FAR and FRR. Unfortunately, for 0.2mm sensor pitch, SR
is no longer effective to restore the features. The results sug-
gest that with image super resolution, it is feasible to support
ngerprint based verication on capacitive in-cell TFT-LCD
TABLE II
THE RESULTS OF FINGERPRINT VERIFICATION. SR MEANS RESULTS
USING HR FINGERPRINT IMAGES AFTER APPLYING SUPER RESOLUTION.
Pitch 0.1mm 0.15mm 0.15mmSR 0.2mm 0.2mmSR
FAR (%) 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.5 4.0
FRR (%) 5.0 42.5 12.5 41.5 37.5
with around 0.15mm sensor pitch.
III. COMPARISON
Among the three approaches (transparent ngerprint read-
ers on-top of a touch panel - ngerprint reader on-panel, uni-
ed touch-ngerprint panel, and touch-ngerprint in-cell TFT-
LCD), unied touch-ngerprint panel can be integrated with
the existing display techniques in the same way as a multi-
touch panel. Issues of dual mode support (touch detection and
ngerprint scan) and sensing speed can be addressed by us-
ing a variety of techniques such as multi-resolution driver for
sampling capacitive sensing cells at different scales and par-
allel analog-to-digital comparators. Impact of unied touch-
ngerprint panel to display brightness is similar to todays
touch panel because highly transparent TTFTs have been
demonstrated recently (e.g., [2, 6]). Touch-ngerprint in-cell
TFT-LCD has the advantages of being compatible with the ex-
isting capacitive in-cell TFT-LCD techniques. However, its
main challenge is the required minimal sensor density for n-
gerprint scan and its impact on display aperture ratio. Image
super resolution provides a potential solution to support nger-
print scan at sparse level of sensor cells.
IV. IMPACTS
Multi-users and Identity Based Phone User Interfaces
Smartphone platforms have been designed to serve a single
physical user. However, many people lend their mobile phones
to someone else; a friend, a coworker, or even a stranger, in
which case the owner would prefer to disallow access to per-
sonal information (e.g., contacts, pictures, personal applica-
tions etc.) that is stored on the phone (e.g., [7]).
Lost Smartphones Corporations, universities, and govern-
ment institutes have increasingly handed out mobile comput-
ing systems and applications allowing their employees to work
remotely while continuously staying connected to the organi-
zations infrastructure. As such, sensitive information (con-
dential documents, trade secrets, credentials) is frequently
stored or accessed from these systems. A recent study of 439
companies and over 3 million smartphones shows that the per-
centage of unrecoverable smartphone loss is 8.76% [1].
Online Transactions Smartphone enables its users to carry
out effective online transactions. To ensure security, the cur-
rent practice is to download a Digital Certicate from an ID
provider that resides in the particular terminal application on
the smartphone. The digital certicate, when coupled with a
PIN or a user dened password serves to prove the identity of
the user. It becomes necessary for the user to remember the
PIN/password in order to prove his/her identity every time the
application needs to be used. This, burdensome task, however,
can be avoided with our system.
V. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This material is based upon work supported by the U.S.
Department of Homeland Security under Award Number
N66001-13-C-3002. The views and conclusions contained in
this document are those of the authors and should not be in-
terpreted as representing the opinions or policies of the U.S.
Government. Mention of trade names or commercial products
does not constitute their endorsement by the U.S. Government.
VI. CONCLUSIONS
This paper explores and compares different design ap-
proaches for creating a unied touch sensing and ngerprint
scan device to enable burden free and user transparent iden-
tity sensing capability. Such capability will result in new user
experiences that combine identity sensing with touch interac-
tions. Integrating ngerprint based identity sensing with touch-
display will further lead to more elegant and compact physical
design of smartphones. The paper evaluates the different ap-
proaches in terms of feasibility, challenges, and technical solu-
tions.
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