I. Kevin Johnson, AS,BS, NREMT I.

Kevin Johnson, AS,BS, NREMT- -P P

Paramedic Program Paramedic Program
Inver Hills Community College Inver Hills Community College

Central Nervous
Central Nervous
System
System

brain & spinal cord
brain & spinal cord

Peripheral Nervous
Peripheral Nervous
System
System

Cranial and peripheral
Cranial and peripheral
nerves
nerves
Somatic nervous system Somatic nervous system
voluntary movement voluntary movement
Autonomic Autonomic
Central Nervous System
Peripheral Nervous System
Somatic Nervous System Autonomic Nervous System
Parasympathetic Sympathetic
Alpha
Receptors
Beta
Receptors

Responsible for control of involuntary or

Responsible for control of involuntary or
visceral bodily functions
visceral bodily functions

cardiovascular
cardiovascular

respiratory
respiratory

digestive
digestive

urinary
urinary

reproductive functions
reproductive functions

Key role in the bodies response to stress
Key role in the bodies response to stress

Sympathetic nervous system

Sympathetic nervous system

allow body to function under stress
allow body to function under stress

fight or flight
fight or flight

Parasympathetic nervous system

Parasympathetic nervous system

controls
controls
vegatative
vegatative
functions
functions

feed or breed or rest and repose
feed or breed or rest and repose

constant opposition to sympathetic system
constant opposition to sympathetic system

Neuron
Neuron

Sensory
Sensory
-
-
Afferent
Afferent

Motoneurons
Motoneurons
-
-
Efferent
Efferent

Neurotransmitter
Neurotransmitter

chemical substance which travels across a
chemical substance which travels across a
synaptic junction to act on a target cell.
synaptic junction to act on a target cell.

Effector
Effector
Organs
Organs

specific tissues stimulated by the autonomic
specific tissues stimulated by the autonomic
nervous system
nervous system
Sensory Motoneuron

Autonomic Nervous system

Autonomic Nervous system

activated by reflex centers located in the brain
activated by reflex centers located in the brain
and spinal cord
and spinal cord

Reflex arc
Reflex arc

complete circuit of nerves involved in an
complete circuit of nerves involved in an
involuntary movement
involuntary movement

From the stimuli to the
From the stimuli to the
effector
effector
organ
organ

Norepinephrine
Norepinephrine

Post
Post
-
-
ganglionic
ganglionic
Neurotransmitter for the
Neurotransmitter for the
sympathetic Nervous system
sympathetic Nervous system

Acetylcholine
Acetylcholine

pre
pre
-
-
ganglionic
ganglionic
Neurotransmitter for both
Neurotransmitter for both
systems
systems

Post
Post
-
-
ganglionic
ganglionic
neurotransmitter for the
neurotransmitter for the
parasympathetic nervous system
parasympathetic nervous system

Junction of Pre and Post synaptic neurons

Junction of Pre and Post synaptic neurons

Neurotransmitter produced in
Neurotransmitter produced in
presynaptic
presynaptic
membrane
membrane

Moves across synaptic space
Moves across synaptic space

binds with receptor on postsynaptic membrane
binds with receptor on postsynaptic membrane

causes impulse potential
causes impulse potential
Preganglionic
Neuron
Postganglionic
Neuron
Neurotransmitter
Neuroreceptor
MAO
Electric Current
Rejuventated
Electric Current

Initiation
Initiation

Sensory bodies initiate impulse
Sensory bodies initiate impulse

depolarization
depolarization

Afferent impulse
Afferent impulse

Conduction
Conduction

impulse is conducted along neuron to
impulse is conducted along neuron to
Synaptic Junction
Synaptic Junction

Neurotransmitter is released
Neurotransmitter is released

Synaptic Activity
Synaptic Activity

neurotransmitter is release
neurotransmitter is release

crosses synaptic cleft
crosses synaptic cleft

Stimulates receptors on next neuron
Stimulates receptors on next neuron

Immediately, neurotransmitter is inactivated by
Immediately, neurotransmitter is inactivated by
enzyme (cholinesterase)
enzyme (cholinesterase)

Action Potential is
Action Potential is
intiated
intiated
along 2nd neuron
along 2nd neuron

impulse travels down efferent neuron to

impulse travels down efferent neuron to
Effector
Effector
Gland or muscle
Gland or muscle
Sympathetic Parasympathetic
Sympathetic Parasympathetic

Thoracolumbar
Thoracolumbar

Conduction takes
Conduction takes
place along very short
place along very short
neurons, effecting
neurons, effecting
directly on gland or
directly on gland or
muscle
muscle

Vagus
Vagus
Nerve
Nerve

Main regulator of
Main regulator of
Automatic functions
Automatic functions

Neuron pathways are
Neuron pathways are
much longer, making
much longer, making
this a slower system
this a slower system

Craniosacral
Craniosacral

brain to
brain to
affector
affector
organ
organ

parasympathetic nervous system
parasympathetic nervous system

Thoracolumbar
Thoracolumbar

ganglia are located near the spine
ganglia are located near the spine

makes for a quicker response
makes for a quicker response

Sympathetic nervous system
Sympathetic nervous system

Reflex Arc
Reflex Arc

complete
complete
circuit of
circuit of
nerves involved
nerves involved
in involuntary
in involuntary
movement
movement
synaptic junction
ACh released
Terminal of
postganglionic
Fiber
norepinephrine stimulates
receptor directly
Thoraco-lumbar
System
stimulate sweat glands stimulate sweat glands
constrict peripheral vessels constrict peripheral vessels
increase blood to skeletal increase blood to skeletal
muscles muscles
increase increase chronotropic chronotropic and and
inotropic inotropic effects effects
bronchodilation bronchodilation
stimulation of NRG stimulation of NRG
production production
reduce blood flow to reduce blood flow to
abdomen abdomen
decrease digestive activity decrease digestive activity
relax smooth muscle in wall relax smooth muscle in wall
of bladder of bladder
release glucose stores from release glucose stores from
liver liver

This area of the nervous system is also

This area of the nervous system is also
stimulated by the release of
stimulated by the release of
norepinephrine
norepinephrine
.
.

This releases
This releases

noradrenalin & adrenalin
noradrenalin & adrenalin

These are released into the body to also react
These are released into the body to also react
with receptors and
with receptors and
prolong the effects of
prolong the effects of
sympathetic stimulation
sympathetic stimulation

As
As
norepinephrine
norepinephrine
is released, it travels
is released, it travels
across the synaptic cleft and interacts with
across the synaptic cleft and interacts with
adreneric
adreneric
receptors
receptors

Epinephrine will also stimulate these receptors
Epinephrine will also stimulate these receptors

Two Types of Sympathetic Receptors

Two Types of Sympathetic Receptors

adrenergic
adrenergic

dopaminergic
dopaminergic

Alpha 1
Alpha 1

Peripheral Vasoconstriction
Peripheral Vasoconstriction

Positive
Positive
inotropic
inotropic
effect
effect

Negative
Negative
chronotropic
chronotropic
effect
effect

Alpha 2
Alpha 2

Peripheral
Peripheral
vasodilation
vasodilation

limits release of
limits release of
norepinephrine
norepinephrine

stimulated by excessive amounts of
stimulated by excessive amounts of
Norepinephrine
Norepinephrine
in synaptic cleft
in synaptic cleft

Beta 1
Beta 1

positive
positive
inotropic
inotropic
effect on heart
effect on heart

increased contractility
increased contractility

positive
positive
chronotropic
chronotropic
effect on heart
effect on heart

increased heart rate
increased heart rate

positive
positive
dromotropic
dromotropic
effect on heart
effect on heart

automaticity
automaticity

Beta 2
Beta 2

Peripheral
Peripheral
vasodilation
vasodilation

Bronchodilation
Bronchodilation

Uterine smooth muscle relaxation
Uterine smooth muscle relaxation

GI smooth muscle relaxation
GI smooth muscle relaxation

Sympathomimetics
Sympathomimetics

meds that stimulate the sympathetic
meds that stimulate the sympathetic
nervous system
nervous system

Sympatholytics
Sympatholytics

inhibit the sympathetic system
inhibit the sympathetic system

Alpha or Beta agonist

Alpha or Beta agonist

stimulate Alpha sites
stimulate Alpha sites

Alpha or Beta antagonists

Alpha or Beta antagonists

block effects of Beta stimulation
block effects of Beta stimulation
Parasympathetic Nervous System
Parasympathetic Nervous System

Stimulation Results in:
Stimulation Results in:

pupillary
pupillary
constriction
constriction

secretion by digestive
secretion by digestive
glands
glands

increased smooth muscle
increased smooth muscle
activity along GI tract
activity along GI tract

bronchoconstriction
bronchoconstriction

reduced HR & negative
reduced HR & negative
Inotropic
Inotropic
effects
effects
Craniosacral System
Vagus
Nerve
Post-ganglionic
Fibers
Preganglionic
Fibers
ACh
released

Parasympathomimetics
Parasympathomimetics

stimulate parasympathetic nervous system
stimulate parasympathetic nervous system

Physostigmine
Physostigmine

Anticholinesterase
Anticholinesterase
inhibitor
inhibitor
OD of Atropine, OD of Atropine, Tricyclic Tricyclic Antideressants Antideressants, CO poisoning , CO poisoning
Some research on improving Alzheimer's disease Some research on improving Alzheimer's disease

Parsympatholytics
Parsympatholytics

block action of parasympathetic system
block action of parasympathetic system

Atropine Sulfate
Atropine Sulfate

parasympathetic blocker
parasympathetic blocker

S
S
alivation
alivation

L
L
acrimation
acrimation
(teary eyes)
(teary eyes)

U
U
rination
rination

D
D
efecation
efecation

G
G
astric disturbance
astric disturbance

E
E
mesis
mesis
Cholinesterase breaks down excess Acetylcholine shutting down the parasympathetic
System. Exposure to some organophosphates (fertilizers) or biochemical weapons such
Sarin, Soman, Tabun bind up cholinesterase, preventing the system from shutting down
and causing the signs below
Antidote would be a
Parasympathetic Blocking
drug such as
Atropine Sulphate

Pure Beta Blocker

Pure Beta Blocker

What effects will it have on Heart?

What effects will it have on Heart?

What are some benefits in AMI?

What are some benefits in AMI?

What are some potentially hazardous

What are some potentially hazardous
side effects?
side effects?

Alpha & Beta stimulator
Alpha & Beta stimulator

Alpha Effects
Alpha Effects
arterioles in Bronchioles constrict arterioles in Bronchioles constrict
reducing edema reducing edema
Peripheral vasoconstriction Peripheral vasoconstriction
increased B/P increased B/P

Beta Effects
Beta Effects

Beta 1
Beta 1
-
-
increases heart rate & CO
increases heart rate & CO

Beta 2
Beta 2
-
-
bronchiole smooth muscle relaxes
bronchiole smooth muscle relaxes
increases lung capacity increases lung capacity