CONSTITUTIONAL LAW II

(Atty Yap)
Police Power
GUBANTES, DARLENE
1. MMDA vs. BelA!" #!lla$e Ass%&!at!%', I'&. ()* SCRA *(+, ,G.R. N%. 11*1)-. (Ma"&/ )-, )000)
D%es MMDA p%ssess %" &a' !t e1e"&!se p%l!&e p%2e"3
FACTS: Metropolitan Manila Development Authority sent a notice to Bel-Air Village Association (BAVA) reuesting to open !eptune
Street to vehicular tra""ic an# has comman#e# "or the #emolition o" the perimeter $all separating the su%#ivision "rom the a#&acent
'alayaan Avenue( BAVA "ile# a preliminary in&unction %e"ore the Court o" Appeals to prohi%it the actions to %e ta)en %y the petitioners(
MMDA claims that it has the authority to #o so %ecause it is an agent o" the State en#o$e# $ith police po$er in the #elivery o" %asic
services in Metro Manila(
*SS+,: -hether or not MMDA possess police po$er an# is entitle# to e.ercise it(
/+0*!1: !o( The authority invo)e# %y MMDA cannot %e interprete# as an e.press or implie# grant o" police po$er( 2olice po$er is an
inherent attri%ute o" sovereignty( *t is the po$er veste# %y the Constitution in the legislature to ma)e3 or#ain3 an# esta%lish all manner o"
$holesome an# reasona%le la$s3 statues an# or#inances3 either $ith penalties or $ithout3 not repugnant to the Constitution3 as they shall
&u#ge to %e "or the goo# an# $el"are o" the Common$ealth3 an# "or the su%&ects o" the same( 1enerally it cannot %e e.ercise# %y any
group or %o#y o" in#ivi#uals not possessing legislative po$er %ut may #elegate this po$er to the 2resi#ent3 a#ministrative %o#ies3
la$ma)ing %o#ies o" municipal corporations an# local government units( There $as no provision in the MMDA charter that grants
MMDA the police po$er3 let alone legislative po$er( All its "unctions are a#ministrative in nature(
MMDA cite# the cases o" Sangalang vs *AC3 ac)no$le#ging police po$er possesse# %y MMDA4s pre#ecessor3 MMC( But the court
rule# that they cannot apply these cases in this instant case on the groun# that those cases are a%out 56!*!13 an# also3 the la$
,72/,SS,D08 M,!T*6!,D the legislative po$er veste# to MMC (MMDA4s pre#ecessor) %eing the central government o" Metro
Manila %e"ore3 $hile on the other han#3 MMDA is only a #evelopment authority( They only have limite# "unctions such as "ormulation3
policy-ma)ing3 en"orcing3 implanting3 etc3 none o" $hich are the po$er to enact3 repeal3 or amen# any or#inance(
ESBER, EIT4EL
). I&/%'$ vs. 4e"'a'5e6 a'5 Sa"7!e't%, 101 8/!l. 1199 ,L90:0*.
Ca' a t"eaty &;"ta!l %" "est"!&t a p%l!&e p%2e" 7eas;"e3
W/at 2as t/e la2 <;est!%'e5 !' t/!s &ase3 W/at t"eaty 5!5 t/e pet!t!%'e"s !'v%=e t/at t/e la2 alle$e5ly v!%late53
FACTS: /epu%lic Act 99:; entitle# <An Act to /egulate the /etail Business= $as passe#( *n e""ect it nationali>es the retail tra#e
%usiness( The sai# la$ provi#es "or a prohi%ition against "oreigners as $ell as corporations o$ne# %y "oreigners "rom engaging "rom
retail tra#e in our country( The 2etitioner in this case %rought an action to o%tain a #eclaration that /A 99:; unconstitutional is an invali#
e.ercise o" police po$er %ecause it #enies them the eual protection o" the la$s an# #eprives o" their li%erty an# property $ithout #ue
process o" la$ an# the Act violates international an# treaty o%ligations o" the /epu%lic o" the 2hilippines(
*ssue: -hether or !ot /epu%lic Act 99:; is a vali# e.ercise o" police po$er(
?el#: 8es( *t has %een sai# the police po$er is so "ar @ reaching in scope3 that it has %ecome almost impossi%le to limit its s$eep( As it
#erives its e.istence "rom the very e.istence o" the State itsel"3 it #oes not nee# to %e e.presse# or #e"ine# in its scopeA it is sai# to %e co@
e.tensive $ith sel"@protection an# survival3 an# as such it is the most positive an# active o" all governmental processes3 the most essential3
insistent an# illimita%le( ,specially is it so un#er a mo#ern #emocratic "rame$or) $here the #eman#s o" society an# o" nations have
multiplie# to almost unimagina%le proportionsA the "iel# an# scope o" police po$er has %ecome almost %oun#less3 &ust as the "iel#s o"
pu%lic interest an# pu%lic $el"are have %ecome almost all@em%racing an# have transcen#e# human "oresight( 6ther$ise state#3 as $e
cannot "oresee the nee#s an# #eman#s o" pu%lic interest an# $el"are in this constantly changing an# progressive $orl#3 so $e cannot
#elimit %e"orehan# the e.tent or scope o" police po$er %y $hich an# through $hich the State see)s to attain or achieve interest or
$el"are( So it is that Constitutions #o not #e"ine the scope or e.tent o" the police po$er o" the StateA $hat they #o is to set "orth the
limitations thereo"( The most important o" these are the #ue process clause an# the eual protection clause(
/esuming $hat $e have set "orth a%ove $e hol# that the #ispute# la$ $as enacte# to reme#y a real actual threat an# #anger to national
economy pose# %y alien #ominance an# control o" the retail %usiness an# "ree citi>ens an# country "rom #ominance an# controlA that the
enactment clearly "alls $ithin the scope o" the police po$er o" the State3 thru $hich an# %y $hich it protects its o$n personality an#
insures its security an# "utureA that the la$ #oes not violate the eual protection clause o" the Constitution %ecause su""icient groun#s e.ist
"or the #istinction %et$een alien an# citi>en in the e.ercise o" the occupation regulate#3 nor the #ue process o" la$ clause3 %ecause the la$
is prospective in operation an# recogni>es the privilege o" aliens alrea#y engage# in the occupation an# reasona%ly protects their
privilegeA that the $is#om an# e""icacy o" the la$ to carry out its o%&ectives appear to us to %e plainly evi#ent B as a matter o" "act it
seems not only appropriate %ut actually necessary B an# that in any case such matter "alls $ithin the prerogative o" the 0egislature3 $ith
$hose po$er an# #iscretion the Cu#icial #epartment o" the 1overnment may not inter"ereA that the provisions o" the la$ are clearly
em%race# in the title3 an# this su""ers "rom no #uplicity an# has not misle# the legislators or the segment o" the population a""ecte#A an#
that it cannot %e sai# to %e voi# "or suppose# con"lict $ith treaty o%ligations %ecause no treaty has actually %een entere# into on the
su%&ect an# the police po$er may not %e curtaile# or surren#ere# %y any treaty or any other conventional agreement(
9( Can a Treaty curtail or restrict a police measureD
2olice po$er may not %e curtaile# or surren#ere# %y any treaty or any other conventional agreement(
E( -hat $as the la$ uestione# in this caseD
/epu%lic Act !o( 99:; entitle# FAn Act to /egulate the /etail Business(F
*n e""ect it nationali>es the retail tra#e %usiness( The main provisions o" the Act are: (9) a prohi%ition against persons3 not citi>ens o" the
2hilippines3 an# against associations3 partnerships3 or corporations the capital o" $hich are not $holly o$ne# %y citi>ens o" the
2hilippines3 "rom engaging #irectly or in#irectly in the retail tra#eA (E) an e.ception "rom the a%ove prohi%ition in "avor o" aliens actually
engage# in sai# %usiness on May 9G3 9HGI3 $ho are allo$e# to continue to engage# therein3 unless their licenses are "or"eite# in
accor#ance $ith the la$3 until their #eath or voluntary retirement in case o" natural persons3 an# "or ten years a"ter the approval o" the Act
or until the e.piration o" term in case o" &uri#ical personsA (J) an e.ception there "rom in "avor o" citi>ens an# &uri#ical entities o" the
+nite# StatesA (I) a provision "or the "or"eiture o" licenses (to engage in the retail %usiness) "or violation o" the la$s on nationali>ation3
control $eights an# measures an# la%or an# other la$s relating to tra#e3 commerce an# in#ustryA (G) a prohi%ition against the
esta%lishment or opening %y aliens actually engage# in the retail %usiness o" a##itional stores or %ranches o" retail %usiness3 (K) a
provision reuiring aliens actually engage# in the retail %usiness to present "or registration $ith the proper authorities a veri"ie# statement
concerning their %usinesses3 giving3 among other matters3 the nature o" the %usiness3 their assets an# lia%ilities an# their o""ices an#
principal o""ices o" &u#icial entitiesA an# (L) a provision allo$ing the heirs o" aliens no$ engage# in the retail %usiness $ho #ie3 to
continue such %usiness "or a perio# o" si. months "or purposes o" liui#ation(
J( -hat treaty #i# the petitioners invo)e that the la$ allege#ly violate#D
Another su%or#inate argument against the vali#ity o" the la$ is the suppose# violation there%y o" the Charter o" the +nite# !ations an# o"
the Declaration o" the ?uman /ights a#opte# %y the +nite# !ations 1eneral Assem%ly( -e "in# no merit in the !ations Charter imposes
no strict or legal o%ligations regar#ing the rights an# "ree#om o" their su%&ects (?ans 'elsen3 The 0a$ o" the +nite# !ations3 9HG9 e#( pp(
EH-JE)3 an# the Declaration o" ?uman /ights contains nothing more than a mere recommen#ation or a common stan#ar# o" achievement
"or all peoples an# all nations (That such is the import o" the +nite# !ations Charter ai# o" the Declaration o" ?uman /ights can %e
in"erre# the "act that mem%ers o" the +nite# !ations 6rgani>ations3 such as !or$ay an# Denmar)3 prohi%it "oreigners "rom engaging in
retail tra#e3 an# in most nations o" the $orl# la$s against "oreigners engage# in #omestic tra#e are a#opte#(
The Treaty o" Amity %et$een the /epu%lic o" the 2hilippines an# the /epu%lic o" China o" April 9:3 9HIL is also claime# to %e violate#
%y the la$ in uestion( All that the treaty guarantees is euality o" treatment to the Chinese nationals Fupon the same terms as the
nationals o" any other country(F But the nationals o" China are not #iscriminating against %ecause nationals o" all other countries3 e.cept
those o" the +nite# States3 $ho are grante# special rights %y the Constitution3 are all prohi%ite# "rom engaging in the retail tra#e( But even
supposing that the la$ in"ringes upon the sai# treaty3 the treaty is al$ays su%&ect to uali"ication or amen#ment %y a su%seuent la$ an#
the same may never curtail or restrict the scope o" the police po$er o" the State (plaston vs( 2ennsylvania3 G: 0( e#( GJH()
#ALERA, MON C4ERIE
(. >MM 8"%7%t!%'s a'5 Ma'a$e7e't vs. C%;"t %? Appeals, )+0 SCRA (1: ,G.R. N%. 1)000:9. (A;$;st 9, 1::+)
W/at 2as t/e p%l!&e p%2e" 7eas;"e assa!le5 !' t/!s &ase3 W/% !ss;e5 t/e p%l!&e p%2e" 7eas;"e3 D!5 !t v!%late t/e p"!'&!ple %?
'%' 5ele$at!%' %? p%2e"3
Facts:
Former 2resi#ent Cora>on C( Auino or#ere# a total %an against the #eployment o" per"orming artists to Capan an# other "oreign
#estinations( The government3 through the Secretary o" 0a%or an# ,mployment3 su%seuently issue# Department 6r#er !o( E:3 creating
the ,ntertainment *n#ustry A#visory Council (,*AC)3 $hich $as tas)e# $ith issuing gui#elines on the training3 testing certi"ication an#
#eployment o" per"orming artists a%roa#(2ursuant to the ,*AC4s recommen#ations3 the Secretary o" 0a%or3 issue# Department 6r#er !o(
J esta%lishing various proce#ures an# reuirements "or screening per"orming artists un#er a ne$ system o" training3 testing3 certi"ication
an# #eployment o" the "ormer( 2er"orming artists success"ully hur#ling the test3 training an# certi"ication reuirement $ere to %e issue# an
Artist4s /ecor# Boo) (A/B)3 a necessary prereuisite to processing o" any contract o" employment %y the 26,A( The petitioners assaile#
the constitutionality o" the sai# 6r#er (,A*C) contenting that it violate# the constitutional right to travelA a%ri#ge# e.isting contracts "or
employmentA an# #eprive# in#ivi#ual artists o" their licenses $ithout #ue process o" la$ that the sai# 6r#er is not a vali# police po$er(
The lo$er court #ismisse# the case an# the petitioners appeale# %ut the SC "oun# no error in the #ecision o" the lo$er court(
*ssue:
-6!3 the Department 6r#er $as a vali# police po$er e.ercise# %y the Secretary o" 0a%or an# ,mloyment(
?el#:
8es( The latin ma.im salus populi est suprema le. em%o#ies the character o" the entire spectrum o" pu%lic la$s aime# at promoting the
general $el"are o" the people un#er the State4s police po$er( As an inherent attri%ute o" sovereignty $hich virtually <e.ten#s to all pu%lic
nee#s3= this <least limita%le= o" governmental po$ers grants a $i#e panoply o" instruments through $hich the state3 as parens patriae
gives e""ect to a host o" its regulatory po$ers( 2olice po$er concerns government enactments $hich precisely inter"ere $ith personal
li%erty or property in or#er to promote the general $el"are or the common goo#( As the assaile# Department 6r#er en&oys a presume#
vali#ity3 it "ollo$s that the %ur#en rests upon petitioners to #emonstrate that the sai# or#er3 particularly3 its A/B reuirement3 #oes not
enhance the pu%lic $el"are or $as e.ercise# ar%itrarily or unreasona%ly(
-?,/,F6/,3 "in#ing no reversi%le error in the #ecision sought to %e revie$e#3 petition is here%y D,!*,D(
-hat $as the police po$er measure assaile# in this caseD
-ho issue# the police po$er measureD Di# it violate the principle o" non #elegation o" po$erD
The Artist /ecor# Boo) reuirement an# the uestione# Department 6r#er relate# to its issuance $ere issue# %y the Secretary o" 0a%or
pursuant to a vali# e.ercise o" the police po$er( *t #i# not violate the non #elegation o" po$er %ecause the legislature have it %eing
regulate# an# the government through Secretary o" 0a%or carrie# on$ar# %y the current o" legislation3 the &u#iciary rarely attempts to #am
the onrushing po$er o" legislative #iscretion3 provi#e# the purposes o" the la$ #o not go %eyon# the great principles that mean security
"or the pu%lic $el"are or #o not ar%itrarily inter"ere $ith the right o" the in#ivi#ual(= Thus3 police po$er concerns government enactments
$hich precisely inter"ere $ith personal li%erty or property in or#er to promote the general $el"are or the common goo#(
From SC/A
Constitutional 0a$A 2olice 2o$erA The latin ma.im salus populi est suprema le. em%o#ies the character o" the entire spectrum o" pu%lic
la$s aime# at promoting the general $el"are o" the people un#er the State4s police po$er(BThe latin ma.im salus populi est suprema le.
em%o#ies the character o" the entire spectrum o" pu%lic la$s aime# at promoting the general $el"are o" the people un#er the State4s police
po$er( As an inherent attri%ute o" sovereignty $hich virtually <e.ten#s to all pu%lic nee#s3= this <least limita%le= o" governmental po$ers
grants a $i#e panoply o" instruments through $hich the state3 as parens patriae gives e""ect to a host o" its regulatory po$ers(
SameA SameA 2olice po$er concerns government enactments $hich precisely inter"ere $ith personal li%erty or property in or#er to
promote the general $el"are or the common goo#(BThus3 police po$er concerns government enactments $hich precisely inter"ere $ith
personal li%erty or property in or#er to promote the general $el"are or the common goo#( As the assaile# Department 6r#er en&oys a
presume# vali#ity3 it "ollo$s that the %ur#en rests upon petitioners to #emonstrate that the sai# or#er3 particularly3 its A/B reuirement3
#oes not enhance the pu%lic $el"are or $as e.ercise# ar%itrarily or unreasona%ly(
SameA SameA The Artist /ecor# Boo) reuirement an# the uestione# Department 6r#er relate# to its issuance $ere issue# %y the
Secretary o" 0a%or pursuant to a vali# e.ercise o" the police po$er(BA thorough revie$ o" the "acts an# circumstances lea#ing to the
issuance o" the assaile# or#ers compels us to rule that the Artist /ecor# Boo) reuirement an# the uestione# Department 6r#er relate# to
its issuance $ere issue# %y the Secretary o" 0a%or pursuant to a vali# e.ercise o" the police po$er(
SameA SameA The $el"are o" Filipino per"orming artists3 particularly the $omen $as paramount in the issuance o" Department 6r#er !o(
J(BClearly3 the $el"are o" Filipino per"orming artists3 particularly the $omen $as paramount in the issuance o" Department 6r#er !o( J(
Short o" a total an# a%solute %an against the #eployment o" per"orming artists to <high-ris)= #estinations3 a measure $hich $oul# only
#rive recruitment "urther un#ergroun#3 the ne$ scheme at the very least rationali>es the metho# o" screening per"orming artists %y
reuiring reasona%le e#ucational an# artistic s)ills "rom them an# limits #eployment to only those in#ivi#uals a#euately prepare# "or the
unpre#icta%le #eman#s o" employment as artists a%roa#( *t cannot %e gainsai# that this scheme at least lessens the room "or e.ploitation
%y unscrupulous in#ivi#uals an# agencies(
SameA SameA Apart "rom the State4s police po$er3 the Constitution itsel" man#ates government to e.ten# the "ullest protection to our
overseas $or)ers(B*n any event3 apart "rom the State4s police po$er3 the Constitution itsel" man#ates government to e.ten# the "ullest
protection to our overseas $or)ers( The %asic constitutional statement on la%or3 em%o#ie# in Section 9: o" Article ** o" the Constitution
provi#es: Sec( 9:( The State a""irms la%or as a primary social economic "orce( *t shall protect the rights o" $or)ers an# promote their
$el"are( More emphatically3 the social &ustice provision on la%or o" the 9H:L Constitution in its "irst paragraph states: The State shall
a""or# "ull protection to la%or3 local an# overseas3 organi>e# an# unorgani>e# an# promote "ull employment an# euality o" employment
opportunities "or all(
SameA SameA 2rotection to la%or #oes not in#icate promotion o" employment alone(B6%viously3 protection to la%or #oes not in#icate
promotion o" employment alone( +n#er the $el"are an# social &ustice provisions o" the Constitution3 the promotion o" "ull employment3
$hile #esira%le3 cannot ta)e a %ac)seat to the government4s constitutional #uty to provi#e mechanisms "or the protection o" our
$or)"orce3 local or overseas(
SameA SameA A pro"ession3 tra#e or calling is a property right $ithin the meaning o" our constitutional guarantees(BA pro"ession3 tra#e
or calling is a property right $ithin the meaning o" our constitutional guarantees( 6ne cannot %e #eprive# o" the right to $or) an# the
right to ma)e a living %ecause these rights are property rights3 the ar%itrary an# un$arrante# #eprivation o" $hich normally constitutes an
actiona%le $rong(
SameA SameA !o right is a%solute3 an# the proper regulation o" a pro"ession3 calling3 %usiness or tra#e has al$ays %een uphel# as a
legitimate su%&ect o" a vali# e.ercise o" the police po$er %y the state(B !evertheless3 no right is a%solute3 an# the proper regulation o" a
pro"ession3 calling3 %usiness or tra#e has al$ays %een uphel# as a legitimate su%&ect o" a vali# e.ercise o" the police po$er %y the state
particularly $hen their con#uct a""ects either the e.ecution o" legitimate governmental "unctions3 the preservation o" the State3 the pu%lic
health an# $el"are an# pu%lic morals( Accor#ing to the ma.im3 sic utere tuo ut alienum non lae#as3 it must o" course %e $ithin the
legitimate range o" legislative action to #e"ine the mo#e an# manner in $hich every one may so use his o$n property so as not to pose
in&ury to himsel" or others(
SameA SameA So long as pro"essionals an# other $or)ers meet reasona%le regulatory stan#ar#s no such #eprivation e.ists(B0ocally3 the
2ro"essional /egulation Commission has %egun to reuire previously license# #octors an# other pro"essionals to "urnish #ocumentary
proo" that they ha# either re-traine# or ha# un#erta)en continuing e#ucation courses as a reuirement "or rene$al o" their licenses( *t is
not claime# that these reuirements pose an un$arrante# #eprivation o" a property right un#er the #ue process clause( So long as
pro"essionals an# other $or)ers meet reasona%le regulatory stan#ar#s no such #eprivation e.ists(
SameA SameA The eual protection clause o" the Constitution #oes not "or%i# classi"ication "or so long as such classi"ication is %ase# on
real an# su%stantial #i""erences having a reasona%le relation to the su%&ect o" the particular legislation(BThe eual protection clause is
#irecte# principally against un#ue "avor an# in#ivi#ual or class privilege( *t is not inten#e# to prohi%it legislation $hich is limite# to the
o%&ect to $hich it is #irecte# or %y the territory in $hich it is to operate( *t #oes not reuire a%solute euality3 %ut merely that all persons
%e treate# ali)e un#er li)e con#itions %oth as to privileges con"erre# an# lia%ilities impose#( -e have hel#3 time an# again3 that the eual
protection clause o" the Constitution #oes not "or%i# classi"ication "or so long as such classi"ication is %ase# on real an# su%stantial
#i""erences having a reasona%le relation to the su%&ect o" the particular legislation( *" classi"ication is germane to the purpose o" the la$3
concerns all mem%ers o" the class3 an# applies eually to present an# "uture con#itions3 the classi"ication #oes not violate the eual
protection guarantee(
CONCE8CION, REY EDWARD
@. Depa"t7e't %? E5;&at!%', C;lt;"e a'5 Sp%"ts (DECS) vs. Sa' D!e$%, 1*0 SCRA 9(( ,G.R. N%. *:9-). (De&e7Ae" )1, 1:*:)
Sa7e <;est!%'s as >MM.
G.R. N%. *:9-) De&e7Ae" )1, 1:*:
D,2A/TM,!T 6F ,D+CAT*6!3 C+0T+/, A!D S26/TS (D,CS) an# D*/,CT6/ 6F C,!T,/ F6/ ,D+CAT*6!A0
M,AS+/,M,!T3 petitioners3 vs( /6B,/T6 /,8 C( SA! D*,16 an# C+D1, T,/,S*TA D*56!-CA2+06!13 in her capacity as
2resi#ing Cu#ge o" the /egional Trial Court o" Valen>uela3 Metro Manila3 Branch 9LE3 respon#ents(
<S$ampe# $ith me#iocrityM not %ecause $e are lac)ing in intelligence %ut %ecause $e are a nation o" mis"its(=
FACTS: 2rivate /espon#ent San Diego "lun)e# the !ational Me#ical A#mission Test (!MAT) "our (I) times( -hen he $as a%out to
apply "or him to %e a%le to ta)e !MAT "or the "i"th time3 the petitioner conten#e# that un#er its rule (M,CS 6r#er !o( 9E3 Series o"
9HLE)3 <A stu#ent shall %e allo$e# only three (J) chances to ta)e the !MAT( A"ter three (J) successive "ailures3 a stu#ent shall not %e
allo$e# to ta)e the !MAT "or the "ourth time( San Diego argue# that he has a constitutional right to aca#emic "ree#om an# uality
e#ucation(
*SS+,: -hether a person $ho has thrice "aile# the !ational Me#ical A#mission Test (!MAT) is entitle# to ta)e it againD
/+0*!1: !o( The or#er issue# $as constitutional( -hile every person is entitle# to aspire to %e a #octor3 he #oes not have a
constitutional right to %e a #octor( !MAT is a measure inten#e# to limit the num%er o" me#ical stu#ents $ho shoul# have prove# their
competence "or a me#ical e#ucation( *t is the right an# in#ee# the responsi%ility o" the State to insure that the me#ical pro"ession is not
in"iltrate# %y incompetents to $hom patients may un$arily entrust their lives an# health(
-hat $as the police po$er measure assaile# in this caseD
M,CS 6r#er !o( 9E3 Series o" 9HLE $hich provi#es "or the <three-"lun) rule= "or !MAT ta)ers(
-ho issue# the police po$er measureD
The Department o" ,#ucation3 Culture3 an# Sports3 thru the Director o" Center "or ,#ucational Measurement issue# the assaile# or#er(
Di# it violate the principle o" non #elegation o" po$erD
!o( Because it is the right an# in#ee# the responsi%ility o" the State to insure that the me#ical pro"ession is not in"iltrate# %y incompetents
to $hom patients may un$arily entrust their lives an# health( *t $oul# %e more appropriate "or D,CS to regulate "or the su%&ect matter is
e#ucation(
MANABO, MABEL DERIC
9. #elas&% vs. #!lle$as, 1)0 SCRA 9+* ,N%. L)@19(. (CeA. 1@, 1:*()
W/at 2as t/e %"5!'a'&e t/at 2as assa!le5 !' t/!s &ase3 S/%;l5 t/!s Ae a val!5 p%l!&e p%2e" 7eas;"e3
Facts: 2etitioner allege# that the sai# or#inance is unconstitutional3 the contention %eing that it amounts to a #eprivation o" property o"
their means o" livelihoo# $ithout #ue process o" la$(
/espon#ent claims that this is a police po$er measure an# #elegates in statutory "orm the police po$er to a municipality(
*ssue: -N! the sai# or#ianance is a vali# police po$er measureD
/uling: 8es( The police po$er %eing #eligate# to a municipality enacte# the sai# or#inance to impose payment o" the license "ee "or
engaging in the %usiness o" massage clinic an# an entirely #i""erent measure than the or#inance regulating the %usiness o" %ar%ershops
an# to "orestall possi%le immorality $hich might gro$ out o" the construction o" separate rooms "or massage o" customers(
-hat $as the or#inance that $as assaile# in this caseD 6r#inance !o( IHKI
Shoul# this %e a vali# police po$er measureD 8es(
The o%&ectives %ehin# its enactment are: F(9) To %e a%le to impose payment o" the license "ee "or engaging in the %usiness o" massage
clinic un#er 6r#inance !o( JKGH as amen#e# %y 6r#inance ILKL3 an entirely #i""erent measure than the or#inance regulating the %usiness
o" %ar%ershops an#3 (E) in or#er to "orestall possi%le immorality $hich might gro$ out o" the construction o" separate rooms "or massage
o" customers(F
US-CASE
6. United States vs. Toribio, 15 Phil 85 (1910)
What was the olice ower !eas"re at iss"e in this case# Who e$ercised this
!eas"re# What was the ob%ect o& the !eas"re# Was the !eans &or !eas"re &o"nd
reasonable#
,minent Domain
BERNALDED, MAE 8AMELA
-. C!ty %? Ma'!la vs. C/!'ese Ce7ete"y %? Ma'!la, @0 8/!l. (@: ,N%. 1@(99. (1:1:)
W/% &a' e1e"&!se t/e p%2e" %? e7!'e't 5%7a!'3
FACTS: 2lainti"" $ante# to construct an e.tension o" /i>al Avenue all the $ay to Caloocan "or the purpose o" provi#ing an easy access
"rom Manila to Caloocan( They #eci#e# on e.propriating the $hole or in part3 the Chinese Cemetery( De"en#ant conten#s that the
property $as alrea#y #evote# to pu%lic useA accor#ingly they #i# not $ant "or the e.propriation to ta)e place(
*SS+,: -6! private property alrea#y #evote# to pu%lic use can still %e a su%&ect o" e.propriation(
?,0D: !6( The Supreme Court sai# that the City o" Manila cannot e.propriate the property that $as alrea#y #evote# "or pu%lic use
%ecause the City o" Manila $as merely acting un#er a general grant o" authority(
A #elegate o" Congress cannot there"ore e.propriate private property alrea#y #evote# to pu%lic use i" that #elegate3 acts merely pursuant
to a general grant o" authority( The general grant o" authority $as containe# in the Charter o" the City o" Manila(
Converse to the #ecision3 i" it is Congress that #irects the e.propriation3 then Congress can e.propriate even i" the private property is
alrea#y #evote# to pu%lic use or Congress coul# %y la$3 grant the #elegate speci"ic authority to e.propriate the particular property #esire#
even i" the particular property is #evote# to pu%lic use(
SANTOS, SALYMAR
*. Rep;Al!& vs. 8LDT, )+ SCRA +)0 ,L1**@1. (>a'. )-, 1:+:)
Is la'5 %" "eal p"%pe"ty t/e %'ly %AEe&t %? e7!'e't 5%7a!' %" e1p"%p"!at!%'3
FACTS: The plainti"" /epu%lic o" the 2hilippines is a political entity e.ercising government po$ers through one o" its %ranches3 the
Bureau o" Telecommunication (B6T)( The #e"en#ant3 20DT is a pu%lic service corporation hol#ing a "ranchise to install operates an#
maintains a telephone system( A"ter its creation3 the B6T set up its o$n government telephone system %y utili>ing its o$n appropriations
an# other euipment an# %y renting trun) lines o" the 20DT to ena%le the government o""ices to call privately( B6T entere# into an
agreement $ith the /CA Communications *nc( "or &oint overseas telephone service $here%y B6T $oul# convey overseas calls receive#
%y /CA to local resi#ents( 20DT complaine# to the B6T that it $as a violation o" the con#ition o" their agreement since the B6T ha#
use# trun) lines only "or the use o" government o""ices %ut even to serve private persons or the general pu%lic in competition $ith the
%usiness o" 20DT( Su%seuently3 the plainti"" commence# suit against 20DT as)ing the court &u#gment %e ren#ere# or#ering the 20DT
to e.ecute a contract $ith the plainti""3 through the B6T "or the use o" the "acilities o" 20DTOs telephone system throughout the country
un#er such con#itions as the court may consi#er reasona%le( The CF* ren#ere# &u#gment stating that it coul# not compel 20DT to enter
into such agreement( ?ence this petition(
S4ORTER #ERSION OC T4E CACTSF
2u%lic petitioner commence# a suit against respon#ent praying "or the right o" the Bureau o" Telecommunications to #eman#
interconnection %et$een the 1overnment Telephone System an# that o" 20DT3 so that the 1overnment Telephone System coul# ma)e
use o" the lines an# "acilities o" the 20DT( 2rivate respon#ent conten#s that it cannot %e compelle# to enter into a contract $here no
agreement is ha# %et$een them(
*SS+,: -hether or not it $as the right o" the Bureau o" Telecommunications to #eman# interconnection %et$een the 1overnment
Telephone System an# that o" 20DT NN
-hether or not interconnection %et$een 20DT an# the 1overnment Telephone System can %e a vali# o%&ect "or e.propriation
?,0D: 8,S( *n the e.ercise o" the sovereign po$er o" eminent #omain3 the /epu%lic may reuire the telephone company to permit
interconnection as the nee#s o" the government service may reuire3 su%&ect to the payment o" &ust compensation( The use o" lines an#
services to allo$ inter-service connection %et$een the %oth telephone systems3 through e.propriation can %e a su%&ect to an easement o"
right o" $ay(
(*s lan# or real property the only o%&ect o" eminent #omain or e.propriationD)
!6( The po$er o" eminent #omain results in the ta)ing or appropriation o" title to3 an# possession o"3 the e.propriate# propertyA %ut no
cogent reason appears $hy the sai# po$er may not %e availe# o" to impose only a %ur#en upon the o$ner o" con#emne# property3 $ithout
loss o" title an# possession( *t is unuestiona%le that real property may3 through e.propriation3 %e su%&ecte# to an easement o" right o"
$ay( The use o" the P'(T)s lines and services to allow inter*service connection %et$een %oth telephone systems is not much #i""erent( *n
either case private property is su%&ecte# to a %ur#en "or pu%lic use an# %ene"it( *"3 un#er section K3 Article 7***3 o" the Constitution3 the
State may3 in the interest o" national $el"are3 trans&er "tilities to pu%lic o$nership upon payment o" &ust compensation3 there is no reason
$hy the State may not reuire a pu%lic utility to ren#er services in the general interest3 provi#e# &ust compensation is pai# there"or(
+ltimately3 the %ene"iciary o" the interconnecting service $oul# %e the users o" %oth telephone systems3 so that the con#emnation $oul#
%e "or pu%lic
ABAD, A#ALA#ENIA
:. Ma'apat vs. C%;"t %? Appeals, 9(+ SCRA () ,G.R. N%. 110@-*. (O&t. 19, )00-)
C%'st!t;t!%', A"t!&le III, Se&t!%'s : G 10
Ca' a &%'t"a&t Aet2ee' p"!vate p"%pe"t!es Ae s;pe"!%" t% e7!'e't 5%7a!'3
II. B!ll %? R!$/ts
FACTS:
A 2resi#ential Decree $as issue# to cover the a##itional amount nee#e# "or the e.propriation o" 1race 2ar)( The !ational ?ousing
Authority (!?A)3 2??C4s successor3 then "ile# several e.propriation procee#ings over the alrea#y su%#ivi#e# lots "or the purpose o"
#eveloping 1race 2ar) un#er the 5onal *mprovement 2rogram (5*2) an# su%#ivi#ing it into small lots "or #istri%ution an# resale at a lo$
cost to the resi#ents o" the area(
Manapat3 in turn3 argues that as he is also the %ene"iciary o" the e.propriation3 it $oul# %e incongruous to ta)e the lan# a$ay "rom him
only to give it %ac) to him as an inten#e# %ene"iciary(
*SS+,:
-6! the !?A may vali#ly e.propriate the parcels o" lan# su%&ect o" these cases(
/+0*!1:
8,S3 the !?A may vali#ly e.propriate the su%&ect parcels o" lan#(
All reuirements "or the vali# e.ercise o" the po$er o" eminent #omain have %een complie# $ith(
The 5*23 %eing implemente# "or government %y !?A3 #ra$s %reath "rom policy man#ates "oun# in the 9H:L Constitution *t is an integral
part o" the government4s <sociali>e# housing= program $hich3 #eeme# compliant $ith the <pu%lic use= reuirement3 it %eing a program
clearly #evote# to a <pu%lic purpose(=
FACTS:
A 2resi#ential Decree $as issue# to cover the a##itional amount nee#e# "or the e.propriation o" 1race 2ar)( The !ational ?ousing
Authority (!?A)3 2??C4s successor3 then "ile# several e.propriation procee#ings over the alrea#y su%#ivi#e# lots "or the purpose o"
#eveloping 1race 2ar) un#er the 5onal *mprovement 2rogram (5*2) an# su%#ivi#ing it into small lots "or #istri%ution an# resale at a lo$
cost to the resi#ents o" the area(
Manapat3 in turn3 argues that as he is also the %ene"iciary o" the e.propriation3 it $oul# %e incongruous to ta)e the lan# a$ay "rom him
only to give it %ac) to him as an inten#e# %ene"iciary(
*SS+,:
-6! the !?A may vali#ly e.propriate the parcels o" lan# su%&ect o" these cases(
/+0*!1:
8,S3 the !?A may vali#ly e.propriate the su%&ect parcels o" lan#(
All reuirements "or the vali# e.ercise o" the po$er o" eminent #omain have %een complie# $ith(
The 5*23 %eing implemente# "or government %y !?A3 #ra$s %reath "rom policy man#ates "oun# in the 9H:L Constitution *t is an integral
part o" the government4s <sociali>e# housing= program $hich3 #eeme# compliant $ith the <pu%lic use= reuirement3 it %eing a program
clearly #evote# to a <pu%lic purpose(=
The parcels o" lan# su%&ect o" the e.propriation are3 precisely3 %eing ta)en so that they can %e su%#ivi#e# into much smaller lots "or
#istri%ution to #eserving #$ellers in the area(
Art(J3 Section H( 2rivate property shall not %e ta)en "or pu%lic use $ithout &ust compensation( Section 9;( !o la$ impairing the o%ligation
o" contracts shall %e passe#(
-The po$er o" eminent #omain is an inherent an# in#ispensa%le po$er o" the State( ... By virtue o" its sovereign character3 the e.ercise
o" the po$er prevails over the non-impairment clause3 an# is clearly superior to the "inal an# e.ecutory &u#gment ren#ere# %y a court in
an e&ectment case(
Me7%"!6e A"t!&le III, Se&t!%' 1.
Rea5 a'y te1tA%%= %' 2/at !s t/e B!ll %? R!$/ts esp. %' D;e 8"%&ess.
W/at a"e t/e t/"ee $"eat ?;'5a7e'tal "!$/ts %? t/e &!t!6e'3
W/at a"e t/e t/"ee $"eat ?;'5a7e'tal $;a"a'tees ava!laAle t% pe%ple3 W/% a"e p"%te&te5 Ay t/e B!ll %? R!$/ts3
A"e t/e p"%v!s!%'s !' t/e B!ll %? R!$/ts sel?e1e&;t%"y3 W/y3
W/at p%2e"s %? $%ve"'7e't a"e l!7!te5 Ay t/e B!ll %? R!$/ts3
CARREON, MARGERY
10. 8BM E7pl%yees Ass%&!at!%' vs. 8BM, SCRA 1*:
W/at !s t/e p;"p%se %? t/e B!ll %? R!$/ts3 4%2 !s !t 5e?!'e53
Facts: 2etitioner in"orme# respon#ent company that they $ill stage a mass #emonstration against pasig police an# reueste# that the 9st
an# morning shi"t %e e.cuse# "rom $or) to &oin the such( /espon#ent #enie# such reuest "or it $ill negatively a""ect the company an#
$arne# those employees that their "ailure to report to $or) the "" morning $ill result to #ismissal( 2etitioner stage# their mass
#emonstration against the allege# a%uses o" pasig police inclu#ing the 9st an# morning shi"t employees( /espon#ent no$ #ismisse# the
o""icers o" the #emonstration on the groun# that they violate# CBA an# their "ailure to report to $or) tantamount to illegal stri)e
*ssue: -6! petitioner is guilty o" illegal la%or practice(
?el#: !o( /espon#ent herein is the one guilty o" un"air la%or practices "or not %eing a%le to protect the rights o" its employees( The
petitioner $ante# to put an en# to the a%uses %rought %y pu%lic o""icials an# the companyOs re"usal to permit all $or)ers to &oin the
#emonstration an# the su%seuent separation o" : o" the petitioners "rom service consitute# an unconstitutional restraint on the "ree#om o"
e.pression 3 o" peace"ul assem%ly "or it is a potent means o" inhi%iting the speech( As reiterate# %y the petitioners3 it is a mass
#emonstration not a #eclaration o" stri)e as it $as not against the company an# the purpose o" such $as "or their mutual ai# an#
protection(
(2+/26S, 6F B*00 6F/*1?TS) Bill o" rights-#esigne# to preserve i#eals o" li%erty3 euality a# security against the assaults o"
opportunism3 e.pe#iency o" the passing hour3 the erosion o" small encroachment an# scorn an# #erisiono" those $ho have no patience
$ith the gen principles
*ts purpose is to $ith#ra$ certain su%&ects "rom the vicissitu#e o" political controversy an# to est $ith legal principles to %e applie# %u the
court
>URADO, ACE
11. S!7%' vs. C%77!ss!%' %' 4;7a' R!$/ts,.)): SCRA 11-, ,G.R. N%. 100190.
(>a';a"y 9, 1::@)
C%'st!t;t!%', A"t!&le HIII, Se&t!%'s 1- G 1*
W/at a"e &!v!l "!$/ts3 W/at a"e p%l!t!&al "!$/ts3 D%es t/e C4R /ave <;as!
E;5!&!al p%2e"s3 W/at /appe'e5 !' t/!s &ase3
FACTS: C?/ issue# an or#er3 #irecting the petitioner to #esist "rom #emolishing the stalls an# shanties at !orth ,DSA pen#ing the
resolution o" the ven#orsN suatters complaint %e"ore the Commission an# or#ering sai# petitioner to appear %e"ore the C?/( The
petitioner "ile# a motion to #ismiss( The petitioner conten#s that the CommissionOs authority shoul# %e con"ine# only to investigate the
violations o" civil an# political rights( Thr C?/ conten#s that the FCon ComF create# the sai# commission an# its po$er is not limite# to
investigate civil an# political rights3 %ut it shoul# %e consi#ere# a uasi-&u#icial %o#y $ith po$er to provi#e legal measures "or the
protection o" human rights(
*SS+,: -6! the issuance o" an or#er is vali#D
/+0*!1: !o( The issuance o" an or#er to #esist is not $ithin the e.tent o" authority an# po$er o" the C?/( Article 9J3 sec 9 provi#es the
po$er an# "unctions o" the C?/ is to investigate on its o$n or %y complaint %y any part involving civil an# political rightsA an# Article
9J3 sec J3 2rovi#e appropriate legal measures "or the protection o" human rights o" all persons $ithin the 2hilippines3 as $ell as Filipinos
resi#ing a%roa#3 an# provi#e "or preventive measures an# legal ai# services to the un#er-privilege# $hose human rights have %een
violate# or nee# protection(
Civil rights - it is the %asic right such as right to li"e3 li%erty an# propertyA "ree#om o" speech3 o" the press3 o" religion an# the rights o" the
accuse# to #ue process o" la$(
2olitical rights - it is the right to3 such as right to elect pu%lic o""icials3 to %e electe# to pu%lic o""iceA social rights3 right an e#ucation3
employment an# social services(
Does the C?/ have uasi-&u#icial po$ersD
C?/ $as not meant %y the Constitution to %e uasi-&u#icial agency in this country( The commissionOs po$er is to investigate3 receive
evi#ence an# ma)e "in#ings regar#ing human rights violations involving civil an# political rights
US-CASE
'i&e
1+. ,"c- vs. ,ell, +./ US +00
0n this US case, %"st &ind o"t how 1li&e2 is de&ined.
3onstit"tion 4rticle 00, Sections 6, ., 5 1+
US-CASE. 'ibert6
What is the 'ibert6 conte!lated in the ,ill o& 7i8hts.
19.:"nn vs. 0llinois, 9/ U.S. 1/9
0n this US case, %"st &ind o"t what is 1libert6.2
US-CASE
. Proert6
What co!rises the roert6 rotected "nder the ,ill o& 7i8hts.
1/. Torraco vs. Tho!son, +69 US 19.
0n this US case, how is 1roert62 de&ined.
MAG8ILE, ADRIEL
19. R;A! vs. 8"%v!'&!al B%a"5 %? M!'5%"%, (: 8/!l. ++0, ,N%. 1@0-*., (Ma"&/ -, 1:1:)
N%teF T/!s !s a ve"y l%'$ &ase. D% '%t pa'!&. >;st ?!'5 %;t /%2 t/e S;p"e7e C%;"t 5e?!'e5 IL!?eJ a'5 IL!Ae"tyJ !' t/!s &ase.
Facts:
The provincial %oar# o" Min#oro a#opte# resolution !o( EG $herein uncivili>e# tri%es $ill %e #irecte# to ta)e up their ha%itation on sites
on unoccupie# pu%lic lan#s( *n that case3 pursuant to Section E9IG o" the /evise# A#ministrativeCo#e3 all the Mangyans inclu#ing the
petitioner $ere or#ere# to ta)e up their ha%itation on the site( The petitioner no$ conten#s that the sai# resolution is unconstitutional
%ecause they are %eing illegally #eprive# o" their li%erty %y the provincial o""icials( ?o$ever3 the respon#ents conten# that sai# resolution
o" the provincial %oar# o" Min#oro $ere claime# as necessary measures "or the protection o" the Mangyanes o" Min#oro as $ell as the
protection o" pu%lic "orests in $hich they roam3 an# to intro#uce civili>e# customs among them(
*ssue: -6! the sai# resolution o" the provincial %oar# #oes not violate the right to li"e or li%erty as a vali# police po$er measure(
/uling:
!o( Various conceptions o" civil li%erty are uote# in the opinion( Civil li%erty may %e sai# to mean that measure o" "ree#om $hich may
%e en&oye# in a3 civili>e# community3 consistently $ith the peace"ul en&oyment o" li)e "ree#om in others( 0i%erty inclu#es the right o" the
citi>en to %e "ree to use his "aculties in all la$"ul $aysA to live an# $or) $here he $illA to earn his livelihoo# %y any la$"ul callingA to
pursue any avocation3 an# "or that purpose3 to enter into all contracts $hich may %e proper3 necessary3 an# essential to his carrying out
these purposes to a success"ul conclusion(F0i%ertyF as un#erstoo# in #emocracies is not licenseA it is Fli%erty regulate# %y la$(F -henever
an# $hereever the natural rights o" citi>en $oul#3 i" e.ercise# $ithout restraint3 #eprive other citi>ens o" rights $hich are also an# eually
natural3 such assume# rights must yiel# to the regulation o" la$( The authority con"erre# upon e.ecutive o""icials %y section E9IG o" the
A#ministrative Co#e o" 9H9L #oes not un#uly inter"ere $ith the li%erty o" the citi>en $hen the #egree o" civili>ation o" the Manguianes is
consi#ere#(
The $or#s Fnon-ChristianF have a clear3 #e"inite an# $ell settle# signi"ication $hen use# in the 2hilippine statute-%oo) as a #escriptive
a#&ective3 applie# to Ftri%es3F FpeoplesF or Finha%itants3F #$elling in more or less remote #istricts an#-provinces throughout the *slan#s(
The "un#amental o%&ective o" governmental policy is to esta%lish "rien#ly relations $ith the so-calle# non-Christians3 an# to promote their
e#ucational3 agricultural3 in#ustrial3 an# economic #evelopment an# a#vancement in civili>ation( *n so "ar as the Manguianes themselves
are concerne#3 the purposes o" the 1overnment are to gather together the chil#ren "or e#ucational purposes3 an# to improve the health an#
moralsBis in "ine3 to %egin the process o" civili>ation( Moreover3 #ue process o" la$ an# the eual protection o" the la$s are not violate#
%y section E9IG o" the A#ministrative Co#e o" 9H9L since there e.ists a la$A the la$ seems to %e reasona%leA it is en"orce# accor#ing to
regular metho#s o" proce#ureA an# it applies to all o" a class(Con"inement in reservations in accor#ance $ith section E9IG o" the
A#ministrative Co#e o" 9H9L #oes not constitute slavery an# involuntary servitu#e(The police po$er o" the State is a po$er coe.tensive
$ith sel"-protection3 an# is not inaptly terme# the Fla$ o" overruling necessity(FThe 1overnment o" the 2hilippine *slan#s has %oth on
reason an# authority the right to e.ercise the sovereign police po$er in the promotion o" the general $el"are an# the pu%lic interest(
CONCE8CION, REY EDWARD
1+. A7e"!&a' I'te"Cas/!%' C%"p%"at!%' vs. O??!&e %? t/e 8"es!5e't, 1:- SCRA @0:
,G.R. N%. :)@)). (May )(, 1::1.
Iss;eF Ca' a 7e"e p"!v!le$e ev%lve !'t% a p"%pe"ty "!$/t t/at ?alls !'t% t/e p"%te&t!%' %? t/e 5;e p"%&ess &la;se %? t/e C%'st!t;t!%'3
FACTS: 1arments an# Te.tile ,.port Boar# (1T,B) rule# that 1lorious Sun (1lorious) $as guilty o" mis#eclaration o" importe# ra$
materials resulting in #ollar salting a%roa# an#3 there"ore3 its e.port uotas shoul# %e cancelle#( 1lorious then "ile# a petition "or certiorari
an# prohi%ition conten#ing that its right to #ue process o" la$ $as violate#3 an# that the 1T,B #ecision $as not supporte# %y
evi#ence(The Court issue# a resolution or#ering 1T,B to con#uct "urther procee#ings( ?o$ever3 1lorious su%seuently "ile# a motion to
$ith#ra$ its petition3 $hich $as grante#( 1lorious then "ile# another motion to #ismiss3 $hich $as #uly note# %y the court(
T$o years later3 1lorious "ile# $ith the 1T,B a petition "or restitution o" its e.port uota an# reueste# "or a reconsi#eration o" the
previous #ecision %y the 1T,B( *n a##ition to alleging that it $as #enie# #ue process3 it also conten#e# that the 1T,B #ecision to cancel
its uotas $as #ue to #uress an# threats "rom "ormer Minister 6ngpin in or#er to trans"er 1lorious4 uotas to Marcos crony-o$ne#
corporations Del Soleil Apparel Manu"acturing an# American *nter-Fashion Corporation (A*FC)( This petition $as #enie#(
Therea"ter3 an appeal $as %rought to the 6""ice o" the 2resi#ent( A*FC sought to intervene claiming that the 1T,B #ecision ha# long
%ecome "inal(
The 6""ice o" the 2resi#ent rule# in "avor o" 1lorious an# reman#e# the case to 1T,B "or "urther procee#ings(
*SS+,: Can a mere privilege (in this case3 e.port uota) evolve into a property right that "alls into the protection o" the #ue process clause
o" the ConstitutionD
/+0*!1: The recor# clearly mani"ests that in cancelling the e.port uotas o" 1lorious3 1T,B violate# the private respon#entOs
constitutional right to #ue process( Be"ore the cancellation in 9H:I3 the 1lorious ha# %een en&oying e.port uotas grante# to it since 9HLL(
*n e""ect the private respon#entOs e.port uota allocation $hich initially $as a privilege evolve# into some "orm o" property right $hich
shoul# not %e remove# "rom it ar%itrarily an# $ithout #ue process only to hurrie#ly con"er it on another(
DE 8EDRO, I#Y >OYCE
1-. D;'&a' Ass%&!at!%' %? E7pl%yees vs. Gla1% Well&%7e ,G.R. N%. 1+)::@. (Sept. 1-, )00@)
Ca' e7pl%ye"s p"%/!A!t t/e!" e7pl%yees ?"%7 7a""y!'$ e7pl%yees 2%"=!'$ !' &%7pet!t%" &%7pa'!es3 Is t/!s a v!%lat!%' a$a!'st
t/e "!$/t t% 7a""y3
D+!CA! ASS6C*AT*6! 6F ,M2068,,S vs( 10A76 -,00C6M,
Facts: 2etitioners uestion the vali#ity o" the policy o" 1la.o -ellcome prohi%iting its employees "rom marrying employees o" any
competitor company( 2e#ro Tecson3 an employee o" 1la.o3 marrie# Bettsy3 an employee o" Astra3 a competitor( 2rior their marriage3 his
superiors in"orme# him that their marriage gave rise to a con"lict o" interest( 1la.o therea"ter trans"erre# Tecson to Butuan an# #eprive#
him o" the opportunity to atten# pro#uct seminars an# training sessions(
*ssue: -hether or not the prohi%ition o" 1la.o -ellcome to their employees "rom marrying employees $or)ing in competitor companies
is a violation against the right to marry(
/uling: !6( 1la.o possesses the right to protect its economic interests( The Constitution recogni>es the right o" enterprises to a#opt an#
en"orce such a policy to protect its right to reasona%le returns on investments an# to e.pansion an# gro$th( *n any event3 "rom the
$or#ings o" the contractual provision an# the policy in its employee han#%oo)3 it is clear that 1la.o #oes not impose an a%solute
prohi%ition against relationships %et$een its employees an# those o" competitor companies( *ts employees are "ree to cultivate
relationships $ith an# marry persons o" their o$n choosing( -hat the company merely see)s to avoi# is a con"lict o" interest %et$een the
employee an# the company that may arise out o" such relationships(
MORALES, MARY ARMIN OCELIA
1*. GSIS vs. M%'tes&la"%s, @(@ SCRA @@1 ,G.R. N%. 1@+@:@. (>;ly 1@, )00@)
Is a pe's!%' pla' a p"%pe"ty "!$/t3
Facts: 2etitioner assaile# the constitutionality o" the 1S*S proviso prohi%iting her "rom receiving survivorship pension o" her hus%an# on
the groun# that they contracte# their marriage $ithin J years %e"ore her pensioner-hus%an# uali"ie# "or pension(
*ssue: -6! the proviso is unconstitutional(
?el#: 8es( *t is violative o" #ue process %ecause o" outright con"iscation o" %ene"its(
A proviso reuiring certain num%er o" years o" %eing marrie# %e"ore the employeeOs #eath is vali# to prevent sham marriages contracte#
"or monetary gain(
?o$ever3 on this case3 the petitioner marrie# the pensioner more than J years %e"ore the latterOs #eath %ut she $as #isuali"ie# %ecause
their marriage too) place F$ithin J years %e"ore the pensioner uali"ie# "or pensionF( The o%&ect o" prohi%iton is vague( There is no
reasona%le connection %et$een the means employe# an# the purpose inten#e#(
A 2,!S*6! 20A! *S A 2/62,/T8 /*1?T consi#ering the man#atory salary #e#uctions "rom the govt( employee3 the govt( pensions
#o not constitute mere gratuity %ut "orm part o" compensation( The employees have contractual or veste# rights in the pension an# that
%ene"it is protecte# %y the #ue process clause(