The Role and of Implementation of TQM for a Product Development Project
The Role and of Implementation of Total Quality Management for a Product
Development Project
By: Mousa Alzahrani
The Role and of Implementation of TQM for a Product Development Project 1
Contents Introduction: .................................................................................................................................................. 3 Definition of Quality: .................................................................................................................................... 4 ISO: ........................................................................................................................................................... 5 Deeming definition of Quality: ................................................................................................................. 6 Lean Six-Sigma:........................................................................................................................................ 6 Statistical Base of Six-Sigma: ............................................................................................................... 7 Basic Principles of Lean Six-Sigma: ........................................................................................................ 8 Improvement Program: ......................................................................................................................... 8 Critical to Quality: .................................................................................................................................... 9 Quality Function Development: .......................................................................................................... 10 Other Definitions .................................................................................................................................... 10 Just in Time: ........................................................................................................................................ 10 Management Approaches: ...................................................................................................................... 10 Modern Management Techniques:.............................................................................................................. 12 Total Quality Management: ........................................................................................................................ 14 Phases in TQM:....................................................................................................................................... 15 Total Productive Maintenance: ............................................................................................................... 15 Basic Approaches: .................................................................................................................................. 16 Top Management: ............................................................................................................................... 16 Focus on Customer: ............................................................................................................................ 17 Partnership with Suppliers: ................................................................................................................. 18 Quality Assurance: ...................................................................................................................................... 18 Project Management Skills: .................................................................................................................... 18 Plan Quality: ........................................................................................................................................... 19 Inputs to the Plan Quality Process: ..................................................................................................... 19 Outputs from the Plan Quality Process: .............................................................................................. 21 Quality Metrics: .................................................................................................................................. 21 Quality Control: ...................................................................................................................................... 22 Inputs: ..................................................................................................................................................... 23 Ishakawas7 quality tools: ....................................................................................................................... 23 The Role and of Implementation of TQM for a Product Development Project 2
Quality Assurance: .................................................................................................................................. 24 Product Development case Study Examples: .............................................................................................. 25 Real Scenario Example: .......................................................................................................................... 25 Companies in Japan implement TPM: .................................................................................................... 26 Conclusion: ................................................................................................................................................. 27 References:.28
The Role and of Implementation of TQM for a Product Development Project 3
Introduction: Different ways are being explored by worldwide organizations for improving business practices in order to get some edge in the market. Today the world is completely globalized. Global competition has led to quality being one of the most important factors to achieve competitive advantage. (Porter) Customers can be attracted to a specific product by its good quality and organizations can significantly increase their consumer base by managing it in an optimal way. More customers can be added by increasing the product quality and other customers can be retained. However, customers are distracted from brand loyalty when the quality of a product is poor. Not just loss of consumers occurs, but it has a significant effect on future sales and profits of the company. Geographical boundaries have been diffused by innovations in internet technology and it has made consumers more aware of all the information. Markets have changed from local to global; these are more diversified, and that is why the business environment has become more complex. Management faces constant pressure for improving competitiveness with a number of factors to be kept in mind. One is the reduction of costs and another is to improve logistics. Customers are now more aware about the standards and they have access available for different products and services. They can choose among a variety of products. Demand for quality product is now ever increasing and this has forced organizations to implement suitable technologies of total quality management. Within an organization, all the components must be involved in a collective manner for success of total quality management. (Shekhar Jha & Joshi) The Role and of Implementation of TQM for a Product Development Project 4
The entire company is involved in the achievement of quality targets and awareness of suppliers and customers is needed. Good practices and systems of management are required in every sector of the organization. Future vision is also an important aspect while maintaining a safe and secure environment at the workplace. There should be standardized procedures for product development with highly trained and well-motivated employees. This would lead to effective production control. Quality assurance is important for efficient sales and faster operations of production. Senior management has a crucial role to play and active participation is required from them. To enhance product quality, every staff member must support quality and hence Total Quality Management (TQM). Definition of Quality: A number of characteristics possessed by any product determine its quality. It can also be defined as customer needs that should be kept in mind during both the product development and production processes. The role of quality purpose is to satisfy the consumers for whom the product is being developed. It should meet their expectations. In the development of a quality product, techniques used play a significant role but management decisions and policies also play a critical role. Quality can also be defined as certain features that determine the desirability of the product for customers. These need to be considered by the manufacturer for maintaining some basic standard requirements. There are always some quality standards for every business, which The Role and of Implementation of TQM for a Product Development Project 5
produces goods for sale. If these standards are not met, the product quality is said to be poor and its popularity decreases among customers (Smith, 2004). It is an important competitive issue in global markets now. There might be consumer dissatisfaction because of poor quality management which affects sales and hence revenue of the organization. However, if the product is maintained at some existing level of quality for years, this also causes consumers divergence as they come across a number of innovative products. Recently in a study, it has been found that to producing high quality standards is a priority for a number of North American Companies. (Amanor-Boadu & Martin) ISO: ISO was founded in 1947 and it consists of national standards across the world in over 100 countries. ANSI, which American National Standards Institute, and it represents United States. ISO defines basic standards for products and the member countries are liable of acting and meeting these basic standards in product development. Moreover, for the promotion and development of international standards, member organizations show collaboration. (Clifford, 2008) The total characteristics and features of a product or service are included in the definition of the quality of a product. It shows the ability of the product to withstand with the requirements of customers and basic standards (Zeng, Tian, & Shi, 2005). The Role and of Implementation of TQM for a Product Development Project 6
Deeming definition of Quality: William Edwards Deming was born on 14 th of October 1900. He was a professor and author as well. He had played a significant role in innovation and production of high quality products, which later made repute of Japan for its economic power. He has defined quality as to fulfill the needs as well as expectations of consumers. His writing in Out of Crisis serves as guideline for quality management and many other aspects as well. His famous 14 points were also present in his writings, which are the guidelines for management in order to improve the quality. Following his points and ideas, higher profits can be retained and productivity will increase as well for the organization. (Edwards Deming, 2000) Businesses have reached that level today where best quality services are required for their competitive survival. They have to compete in order to survive and get a market share. It has been analyzed by tracking of the world economy that to be good is not enough. A number of factors therefore determine the success of any organization. Companies have to strive for excellence in order to stay competitive. Lean Six-Sigma: The concept of Lean and Six Sigma is combined in a managerial concept that is called Lean Six Sigma. This managerial concept has resulted in the elimination of many issues in the organizations including: defects, delays, overproduction, and under-utilization, inventory, extra- processing and inventory. Elimination of these problems improved the capability of organizational performance. (Aruleswaran, 2010 ) The Role and of Implementation of TQM for a Product Development Project 7
Statistical Base of Six-Sigma: The statistical base for Six Sigma is based on the provision of commodities (goods and services). This provision will be based on the rate of 3.4 defects per million opportunities (DPMO). In a normal distribution, 99.73% of measurements will fall within +/-3 sigma 99.99966% will fall within +/- 4.5 sigma With 1.5 sigma mean shift, we need specification limits = mean +/-6 sigma to achieve 99.99966% within specifications. Six Sigma performance implies a level of process and product performance of no more than 3.4 DPMO. (Breyfogle, 2003) Sigma level () Defects per million opportunities (DPMO) 6 3.4 5 233 4 6,210 3 66,810 2 308,770 1 697,672
Defect levels ppm (Taken from the CSSBB Primer, 2012)
Normal Distribution Shifted 1.5 (Breyfogle, 2003) The Role and of Implementation of TQM for a Product Development Project 8
The concepts of Lean Six Sigma were published in the book named Lean Six Sigma: Combining Six Sigma with Lean Speed. The book was written by Peter Vincent and Michael George in 2003. DMAIC (Define-Measure-Analyze-Improve-Control) phases are utilized in Lean Six Sigma as these are utilized in Six Sigma. (L. George, 2003) Lean Six Sigma projects include waste elimination and the projects that are based on characteristics of critical to quality (CTQ). The CTQ will be described below. All the lean and six sigma tools are included in Lean Six Sigmas DMAIC toolkit. Training criteria for Lean Six Sigma is similar to that provided for Six Sigma. Basic Principles of Lean Six-Sigma: Lean Six Sigma has proved to be a powerful method for improving efficiency in business and its effectiveness. Following can be regarded as the basic principles of Lean Six Sigma: Focus must be on the consumers It must be identified and understood how the work get done Flow of process must be in a manageable, smooth and improved manner. Unnecessary steps in production that add no value must be removed Variation should be reduced and process should be managed efficiently Skilled labor should be involved and they must be equipped in the process. Improvement mechanism must be done in a systematic way Improvement Program: Lean Six Sigma can be best regarded as a process of improvement plan for the organizations in which the concept of Lean and Six Sigma is combined. Lean is a collection of techniques to reduce the time required for the provision of goods and services. On the other The Role and of Implementation of TQM for a Product Development Project 9
hand, Six Sigma is a collection of techniques to improve the quality of goods and services and ultimately contributing towards the increased rate of consumer satisfaction. The combination of these two concepts provides a management strategy for the success of business that has proven helpful in the achievement of efficient operation. A number of quality improvement experts and business analysts say that Lean Six Sigma is regarded as the most famous methodology of business performance. Critical to Quality: Critical to Quality are the internal parameters of critical quality that develop a relationship between the needs of customers and what is delivered to them. These are different from CTCs that are Critical to Customer. Critical to Quality assures the best things that are meaningful and important according to the needs and requirements of the customer are delivered to them. Quality process or service is required to ensure better satisfaction to the consumers. (Pries, 2009)
Delievery of Product Quality of Product Look/Design of Product Quality Standard of Products Variety of Product Speed of providing services The Role and of Implementation of TQM for a Product Development Project 10
Quality Function Development: Critical to Quality can also be regarded as Quality Function Deployment (QFD). It relates Critical to Quality with Critical to Customers. Critical to Customers are meant to provide what customers demand and critical to quality demands quality in the provided goods or services. Critical to Quality provides a way to the organizations for achieving their objectives to make the provisions at the right time in the right way. Critical to Quality will eliminate the wastage of time. Overall, the concept and strategy is meant to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of the organization and its procedures. Other Definitions Just in Time: Another strategy that companies often employ in order to increase the efficiency of production and decrease the wastage and underutilization in the business is the Just in Time approach. Goods required are only produced depending on the demand and hence it reduces inventory costs. (Cheng & Podolsky, 1996) Management has an important role to play with the working of almost every strategy that is meant to improve the quality of service and success of organization. Management Approaches: One technique of effective management cannot be applied to every organization. Modern management techniques are developed according to different scenarios of the organization. These are sorted out according to the different stability conditions and changes required for the The Role and of Implementation of TQM for a Product Development Project 11
growth in the efficiency as well as productivity. Three perspectives of the organization are kept in mind while developing or implementing an effective management technique. These are the goals of organizations, aspirations and internal politicking. Advancement in any field causes the changes in other fields and the policies should be developed accordingly. The inventor requires a suitable milieu and new technology enables further sophisticated forms of organization. At the initial phase of business development, companies certainly require different management techniques than those firms which are in the mature phase of growth or development. The policies and procedures, which are developed for new firms, should be able to respond to the market conditions, which are changing over time. Rules and policies must be flexible in such a way, which can be adapted and implemented in the occurrence of any change in the market. Researchers and analysts have identified two important organizational approaches. Mechanistic Approach: The mechanistic approach is suitable for industries that are relatively stable and it is marked by highly hierarchical precise definition of member function. This is to make sure that the practices and policies, which are implemented in the large companies are complying the policies enforced by the top management of the organization. This approach is very helpful in identifying the hierarchical explanation of different functions.
The Role and of Implementation of TQM for a Product Development Project 12
Organic Approach: The organic approach is more suitable for industries that undergo change. Organic approach is considered as an important element in the practices of business environment. This approach appeared to provide the businesses the assurance about the quality and needs for improving the technological and managerial process to achieve the satisfaction of the customers through quality. Modern Management Techniques: Work practices need to be standardized as well as consistent. One should know his or her responsibilities in the working environment. At any workplace, 5S methodology can be used to sort out the issues and maintain the environment to manage the organization. 5S are described as follows (Manuele, 2008): Sorting: All the irrelevant tools, practices and instructions should be eliminated. Management should go through all the materials and the tools in the workplace. Only those elements or policies should be kept that have been effective and these need to prioritize. Stabilizing: Everything should be kept in place and there should be place for everything. Things must be arranged in a way that enhances the efficient working at the workplace. Items should be arranged in a manner that promotes efficient workflow so that the workers need not bend repetitively to access materials The Role and of Implementation of TQM for a Product Development Project 13
Systematic cleaning: Workplace need to be organized so that it influences the mind of the employees in a positive way. Maintaining the cleanliness should be a part of the daily routine work. Standardizing: Everyone should be aware of his or her duties at the work place. Work practices must be consistent and standardized. Sustaining the discipline or self-discipline: The standards should be reviewed and maintained. Once the standardizing, stabilizing and other such tasks have been gone through then the focus must be on maintaining the discipline of the environment. A strong factor influences the whole structure of an organization as well as a key point for the development of policies regarding the techniques in organization and implementation of 5s. Safety: Sometimes, safety measures are also regarded as an important policy factor for any organization that creates a sense of peace in the employees. All these factors can be applied to enhance the efficiency of any organization so that the appropriate management technique can be applied further. The Role and of Implementation of TQM for a Product Development Project 14
Total Quality Management: William Deming developed the concept of total quality management. He was a management consultant and his findings greatly influenced the Japanese manufacturing. Many of features in Six Sigma are similar to that of total quality management approach. However, it is not exactly same as Six Sigma. In total quality management, the focus is laid on standards and internal guidelines in order to reduce errors or defaults. Organization-wide efforts are required for installing total quality management (TQM) to improve the ability of delivering high quality products to the valued customers. The basic concepts of total quality management are laid on the previous management tools of quality control. Until 1990s, TQM got wide acknowledgement among organizations. Later it was overshadowed by Six Sigma and Lean manufacturing. Total Quality Management deals with the process of streamlining supply chain, reducing manufacturing defaults, motivating employees and improving customer services. All these measures of management are to improve the quality and standard of products supplied to customers. It is required by TQM that everyone in the organization gets involved in the progressive process. A standardized, comprehensive and structured approach for improving organizational outcome is called Total Quality Management (TQM). It improves the quality by making refinements in the organizational process. Different organizations use different management techniques in accordance to their structure an environment. Any organization can implement Total Quality Management approach. As it was firstly implemented in manufacturing sector but The Role and of Implementation of TQM for a Product Development Project 15
now it has been widely adapted by a number of organizations including schools, management of hotels, highway maintenance etc. Phases in TQM: Quality management is the basic aspect under TQM approach with great focus on e- business. There are four different categories involved in the process of total quality management. These are as follow: Planning Implementing (Doing) Checking Acting This is called the PDCA cycle. Firstly, an issue or problem is identified that is going to be addressed. Relevant information is gathered to sort out the issue. In the second phase, suitable approach is implemented to solve the issue. Later it is confirmed whether the implementation has resolved the issue or not. Finally, in the last phase, evaluation and recommendations are made. Some of the important management techniques are discussed as follow: Total Productive Maintenance: This management technique has been in use for more than 50 years. Total productive maintenance (TPM) is a new way of looking at maintenance but is not as true as in Japan it is an established process. The Role and of Implementation of TQM for a Product Development Project 16
The manager concentrates on the production management and the goal of the manager is to enhance the productive maintenance. It overall increase the maintain productivity of the workplace or organization. Total quality management had its own importance due to the overall participation across the company. A need for a total quality system was emphasized in order to build the quality into the products. It was also argued that poor quality in due to poor management and a companywide approach is required to improve the product quality. Quality program is characterized as made up of quality monitoring, quality planning and control. Basic Approaches: Six basic approaches are required by Quality Management: The involvement and commitment of the management to provide a long term high organizational support Focusing the customer needs both externally and internally. Effective utilization and involvement of the entire work force of the organization. Business improvement and improvement of production process continuously Supplier should be treated as partner Performance measures should be established.
Top Management: The future of any organization depends on the quality of its top management. The total quality approach requires that the selection of employees should be on the perfect basis. Right people should be employed for the right job. For this effective measure, the top management should be highly committed with towards the goal and performance of the organization. Number The Role and of Implementation of TQM for a Product Development Project 17
one position is occupied by the top management in the required list for effective implementation of Total Quality Management approach. Focus on Customer: The business need to focus on the needs and preferences of the customers. Customers are the center of focus for any business these days. TQM approach revolves around the satisfaction of the consumers. The ability of any organization to satisfy the needs of customers has a tremendous impact on the companys reputation. Delivering the requirements that are demanded can satisfy the external customer. Employee Involvement: For the success of every organization, involvement of employees in the practices of organization is very important along with the involvement of the top management. With the involvement of employees and top management in the policies and practices of the organization, then the organization can easily attain its objectives and goals efficiently. It is not only the success of management but also the success of Human Resource Practices, which enabled the employees to get involved in the practices to achieve organizational goals. Continuous Improvement: Retaining the initial success that has been achieved by the Total Quality Management is the key factor for the continuous improvement in every aspect of the business. The workforce should be trained with the latest practices and technologies that will result in more efficient and improved working. Quality improvement projects like delivery on time, order entry efficiency, satisfying the customer are good practices to begin with. The Role and of Implementation of TQM for a Product Development Project 18
Partnership with Suppliers: Supplier quality needs to be outstanding. Some companies lay great focus on quality and life cycle costs rather than price. Developing a good relationship with suppliers ensures the supply of high quality goods on time. Performance Measures: Indicators of active performance measures (Uptime), percentage of non-conformance, absenteeism and customer satisfaction should be determined and calculated according to the procedures systematically to analyze any discrepancy in the following of those policies and procedures. These measures should be implemented in such a way that will increase the performance of organization through motivation. Quality Assurance: This refers to the managerial process that determines the objectives, resources, funding agencies and performance standards. Dealing and implementing the appropriate steps to the problems sorted in the organization is a part of the QA approach. Project Management Skills: A solid understanding of organizational structure should be made at the start of any project. Certain skills are necessary for better outcomes. The organizational goals, customers satisfaction and all other important aspects should be kept in mind before going on any project. Best skills gather all the successful features to get organizational growth as a result. The Role and of Implementation of TQM for a Product Development Project 19
Plan Quality: In current world competition scenario, quality is that factor which makes difference for any organization. Better quality products earn good repute for organization. Those who compete in quality products are the one staying in competitions. Every organization is focused on different ways to enhance the quality products to satisfy the customers and keep on increasing their product quality.
Inputs to the Plan Quality Process: In the process of quality planning, a number of basic guidelines are necessary to be included. A proper schedule should be made for acting upon and that can serve as basic guidelines. All the environmental factors should be kept in mind for planning standards for any product. Planning and evaluaion Knowledge of Management Development of Workforce Project Management Continous Improvements in Quality The Role and of Implementation of TQM for a Product Development Project 20
Cost-Benefit Analysis: Cost benefits tradeoffs should be considered in planning for quality. If quality requirements are fully met, this reduces the wastage of time for reworks. On the other hand, productivity increases, costs decreases and shareholders gain higher profits through improved output of organization. Benchmarking: In order to generate different ideas of improving quality, benchmarking is important. Every organization should make its standard requirements for the product in contrast to other standardized products. A good comparison yields increased output quality and benefits (Linn, 2010). Design of Experiments (DOE): A method that can help in finding the relevant factors that affect a product is Design of Experiments. Many underproduction issues can be resolved by this statistical method. Cost of Quality (COQ): To avoid nonconformance in standard requirement, quality costs are incurred as a part of total costs. It helps in avoiding the failure of meeting requirements, wastage of resources and appraisal of products. The poor quality products indicate the failure of these costs. Additional Quality Planning Tools: There are many other tools of quality planning including affinity diagrams, brainstorming, analysis of force field, techniques of nominal group, flow charts etc. The Role and of Implementation of TQM for a Product Development Project 21
Outputs from the Plan Quality Process: Management plan of quality describes that how the team will implement the quality policies in an organization. Many important factors like quality control (QC) and quality assurance (QA) should be met for improvements in product quality (Mott, 2011). Quality Metrics: Quality Metrics is the measurement of quality control process in its operations. Quality metrics are used to analyze and indicate the performance, and different alternatives can be compared using quality metrics. Moreover, quality metrics not only indicate the performance but also predict and anticipate the performance. Quality Checklists: Quality checklist is a structural tool that is used to verify whether standardized steps of production are implemented/used or not. While checklists maintain the quality in the practices, they can be complicated or simple according to the complexity of the system or production unit. Different quality certifications can be adopted like ISO, HACCP, WQM and other quality certifications to provide the checklist to maintain the quality and quality checklist. Quality Baseline: All the objectives that should be met while producing or developing any products are provided by quality baseline. Quality performance is measured by the quality baseline that is part performance measurement. Two techniques are most commonly used by management to ensure quality of products. These are quality control and quality assurance. By employing these two techniques, management ensures that standard quality measures are fulfilled or not. The Role and of Implementation of TQM for a Product Development Project 22
Organizations follow many methods to ensure better quality standards for the organizations. It is tried by the management to maintain the level of quality that is basic standard set. Total Quality Management is believed to yield the best outcomes for any organization while some organizations think that other internal and external factors had better work. Basic standards set for products define many procedures and processes for activities of organization. These guidelines provide assistance in the functioning of organizations. There are many standards set for the quality measures. One of the organization that set quality standards for organizations is International Standards Organizations (ISO). It is the most prominent body. A number of organizations act on the standards set by ISO. Some standards are specifically designed for some industries. In the sectors of software development, SEI-CMMi standard is followed. Quality standards act like a symbolic measure of products and services. Customers prefer to buy the products from a standardized of ISO certified organization and hence showing a great concern for quality. It has become necessary for management to act on standards set by ISO in order to get customers attracted. Quality Control: Quality control and Quality assurance are two different things. Internal standards are defined by almost every organization. These internal standards are in every procedure and process. Organization if newly established, develop internal requirements with time and it would become necessary for the stakeholders to act upon them. The Role and of Implementation of TQM for a Product Development Project 23
Inputs: To ensure whether the internal requirements are being fulfilled or not, the process is called quality control. It is checked whether stakeholders adhered to the set objectives and standards. A verification process is implemented in quality control. Products and activities are verified with respect to the defined standards of quality. A quality manual is required by every organization that implements quality control system. The objectives and focus of the organization is highlighted in the quality manual. The quality manual provides guidelines for quality to different sectors within the organization. Everyone is liable of performing his duty with quality manual in correspondence. Ishakawas7 quality tools: There are many names of these seven basic tools, which are given by the admirers of quality. These tools were first suggested by Kaoru Ishikawa. He was an engineering professor at Tokyo University. He was named as the father of quality circles. The seven basic tools for quality product are given as below: 1. Cause-and-effect diagram helps in identifying many issues and suggest ideas for the elimination of these issues. 2. Check sheet helps in collecting and analyzing data that can be further used for many useful purposes. 3. Control charts develop graphs that can be studied to know about the variations over time. 4. Histogram shows the frequency distributions that shows variations in data. The Role and of Implementation of TQM for a Product Development Project 24
5. Pareto chart is like a bar graph reflecting variables that are more significant. 6. Scatter diagram shows the relationship among variables plotted against axis. 7. Stratification is a technique used to separate gathered data from different sources and analyze their patterns (Pun, 2006). Quality Assurance: A broad process used for assurance of quality products and services is called Quality Assurance. Quality control is far different from quality assurance. Quality practices are increased and upgraded in quality assurance. In this regard, organization faces improvements in expected quality functions continuously. A quality assurance team is hired which is for this. There is a dedicated quality assurance team commissioned. Sometimes, in larger organizations, a 'Process' team is also allocated for enhancing the processes and procedures in addition to the quality assurance team. Quality assurance team of the organization has many responsibilities. A proper process should be defined for the sake of ensured success achievement of company. ISO has been adopted by a number of organizations as a standard process. It allows organizations to define their internal objectives and act upon them (Zairi & Youssef, 1995). A number of tools are used by organizations to enhance their activities of quality assurance function. It can be done by many simple techniques as well as different latest software systems. Professionals hired for quality assurance should get formal training sessions and get certifications. In software development houses, it is applicable in quality assurance functions. Many opportunities are there to increase the products quality (Wankhade & Dabade, 2006). The Role and of Implementation of TQM for a Product Development Project 25
Quality can be enhanced in different ways. Teams of quality assurance in any organization work constantly to increase the standard of their products and services. Meanwhile they keep on increasing the innovations regarding quality upgrading, designing and much more. In such a way, quality is improved and services are optimized.
Product Development case Study Examples: Real Scenario Example: The Toyota Production system is the real example of a company that has implemented this management technique. Within a workstation, usually a local improvement involves a small group for improving their own work productivity and environment. The modern usage has focused on the addressing of a particular issue over a week and it has been referred as Kaizen Blitz. These have limitations in scope and issues that arise in them are dealt in Blitzes (Lockamy & Khurana, 1995).
Quality Assurance Focus on Production Process Quality is put into the product Quality Control Focus is on finished product's quality Standard of quality are met The Role and of Implementation of TQM for a Product Development Project 26
Implementation: The Toyota Production System is well known for Kaizen. Kaizen is a philosophy in business to identify the gradual or continuous increase in the performance of business practices/production. In case of any abnormality, it is expected by all line personnel that they will stop their moving production line along with their supervisor. This suggests an improvement for resolving the abnormality, which may start a kaizen. Involvement of all employees, quality, effort and willingness to change as well as communication are the key elements of kaizen (Parzinger, 1997). Companies in Japan implement TPM: Most of the companies believe that they can afford more time and resources as required by the Total Productivity Management techniques. Implementation of TPM requires the participation of everyone across the company and its results are fully seen after 3 to 5 years of implementation. Training is required for these this technique Total Quality Management (TQM): Total Quality Management offers a set of principles. These principles represent the basis for improvement of the organization continuously. It involves the application of human resources and quantitative methods for improving the overall process within the organization and increases the needs of the customers and in the future as well. Fundamental management technique is integrated with the improved efforts and tools under an approach that is disciplined. Everyone in the organization is involved in the technique of TQM.
The Role and of Implementation of TQM for a Product Development Project 27
Total Quality Management (TQM) in Japanese Companies: This technique was evolved in the past decades with the incorporation of data and ideas synthesized from many sources. Japanese companies were the first to introduce and use the TQM concept. The basic idea was generated from the United States. Joseph M Juran and W. Edwards Deming are the two people who were most closely linked with the development of quality management programs in Japan and afterwards in the United states (Jayaram, Ahire, Nicolae, & Ataseven, 2012). Conclusion: A quality control mechanism is a product-oriented process and on the other hand, a quality assurance mechanism is a process-oriented practice. In quality control, it is ensured whether the finished product meets all the standard requirements or not. However, standard process of production come under quality assurance, which can be implemented by adopting and using the quality checklist. Quality control is regarded as a reactive process while quality assurance is regarded as proactive process. Every organization has its own internal and external values and core factors. The leading role in the development of quality assurance and management of quality standards has to be implemented and monitored by top management. For this, management adopts several policies and management tools to stabilize the organization and make it achieve the goals by increasing its efficiency and productive capacity like Kaizen, 5s and other tools. Total Productivity Management, Total Quality Management and Quality Assurance are the tools that management can adopt to strengthen the organization and indulge the employees in increasing the productivity capacity of the working place. The Role and of Implementation of TQM for a Product Development Project 28
References Amanor-Boadu, V., & Martin, L. (n.d.). Quality Management in a Changing Organizational Environment. Retrieved February 26, 2014, from http://www.georgemorris.org/publications/file.aspx?id=ca8ade3f-4bdb-426a-a08d- 7b8642f60418 Aruleswaran, A. (2010 ). Changing With Lean Six Sigma. Changing with Lean Six Sigma. Breyfogle, F. W. (2003). Implementing Six Sigma (Second ed., pp. 3-15). Austin, TX: Smarter Solutions, Inc. Cheng, T., & Podolsky, S. (1996). Just-in-Time Manufacturing: An Introduction. Springer. Clifford, D. (2008). Implementing ISO/IEC 20000 Certification: The Roadmap. Van Haren Publishing. Edwards Deming, W. (2000). Out of the Crisis. MIT Press. Jayaram, J., Ahire, S., Nicolae, M., & Ataseven, C. (2012). The moderating influence of product orientation on coordination mechanisms in total quality management. International Journal of Quality & Reliability Management, 29(5), 531 - 559. L. George, M. (2003). Lean Six Sigma for Service: How to Use Lean Speed and Six Sigma Quality to Improve Services and Transactions. McGraw Hill Professional. Linn, M. (2010). Cost-benefit analysis: a primer. Bottom Line: Managing Library Finances, The, 23 (1) 31 - 36. Lockamy, A., & Khurana, A. (1995). Quality function deployment: total quality management for new product design . International Journal of Quality & Reliability Management , 12 (6) 73 - 84. Manuele, F. A. (2008). Advanced safety management focusing on Z10 and serious injury prevention. John Wiley & Sons. Mott, L. (2011). Cost-benefit analysis: examples. Bottom Line: Managing Library Finances, The, 24 (1) 68 - 72. Parzinger, M. (1997). A stage-wise application of total quality management through the product life cycle . Industrial Management & Data Systems, 97 ( 3) 125 - 130. Porter, M. E. (n.d.). The Competitive Advantage of Nations. Retrieved February 26, 2014, from http://kkozak.wz.cz/Porter.pdf The Role and of Implementation of TQM for a Product Development Project 29
Pries, K. H. (2009). Six Sigma for the New Millennium: A CSSBB Guidebook. ASQ Quality Press. Pun, K. F. (2006). Determinants of environmentally responsible operations: a review . International Journal of Quality & Reliability Management, 23 (3) 279 - 297. Shekhar Jha, V., & Joshi, H. (n.d.). Relevance of Total Quality Management (TQM) or Business Excellence Strategy Implementation for Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) A Conceptual Study. Retrieved Febraury 8, 2014, from http://mitiq.mit.edu/iciq/pdf/relevance%20of%20total%20quality%20management%20(t qm)%20or%20business%20excellence%20strategy%20implementation%20for%20enterp rise%20resource%20planning%20(erp)%20a%20conceptual%20study.pdf Smith, A. (2004). Off-campus support in distance learning how do our students define quality? Quality Assurance in Education, 12 (1) 28 - 38. Wankhade, L., & Dabade, B. (2006). Analysis of quality uncertainty due to information asymmetry . International Journal of Quality & Reliability Management , 23 (2) 230 - 241. Zairi, M., & Youssef, M. A. (1995). Quality function deployment: a main pillar for successful total quality management and product development . International Journal of Quality & Reliability Management , 12 (6) 9 - 23. Zeng, S., Tian, P., & Shi, J. J. (2005). Implementing integration of ISO 9001 and ISO 14001 for construction . Managerial Auditing Journa, 20 (4) 394 - 407.