An Efficient Analysis of the Long-wire antenna

With Matched Loading Terminations

#
Yanling.Guo, Jian.Wang ,Xinliang Wang
College of Electronic Engineering
University of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaUESTC
No.4, Section 2, North Jianshe Road, Chengdu, P.R.China(610054)
Email: gylingsky@yahoo.com.cn
Abstract In this paper, the method mixed potential integral
equation (MPIE) combined with half rooftop basis function is
used to analysis the long-wire antenna with matched loading
terminations. MPIE is a kind of integral equations in Method of
Moment (MOM) and can effectively deal with models with
terminal loads. The contribution of this method is that we can
take proper measures to the boundaries of the model by using the
half basis function, which allows the current to flow across the
edges. All of the elements in MoM impedance matrix, only the
elements in the first and second rows need calculating for the
structure of straight line according to the principle of reciprocity
and symmetry. The results of current, voltage along the line and
the radiation field calculated by this method agree well with the
results of theoretical value and transmission-line theory(TL).
Keywords-long-wire antenna, Matched losding, MPIE MOM
I. INTRODUCTION
Although, many commercial software have been
development very mature, it is difficult to deal with some
electrical large size and complex structure models taking into
account computer's memory and efficiency. Method of
Moment (MOM) is one of the important numerical methods,
and has been widely used in the electromagnetic field for its
many advantages in analysis process. Such as high efficiency,
flexible, fast, accurate, not limit geometric objects Shape, and
solid theoretical foundation.
Usually, the problem of terminating with arbitrarily load at
some ports will be encountered in the analysis of the multi
ports circuits,. so analyzing this problem is the foundation of
analyzing other more complex circuits.
So far, many scholars have put forth different methods. One
is electromotive force (EMF) combined MOM in [1][2].
Another method is proposed in [3], which introduce special
MOM half basis function to analysis micro-strip filters
avoiding stub elements; Ulrich Jakobus [5] has made a similar
analysis for micro-strip circuits with loaded monopole
elements, but their analyzing method is complicated.
In this paper, an efficient analysis way will be presented to
solve the long-wire antenna with a matched loading
terminations using MPIE/MOM. The half basis and testing
functions are selected as rooftop and pulse functions
respectively. They are used at the excitation and loading ports.
The numerical method proposed in this paper is very suitable
for the analysis of loaded antennas. Moreover, it is also useful
to analyze some other complex structures such as bend, cross,
power divider , filter etc can easily be dealt with.
This paper is organized as below. Firstly, the detailed
geometry of the antenna is described; In Section 3, the
operational principle of selecting the basis and testing functions
are briefly introduced; Methods of calculating impedance
elements, current , voltage distributions and some conclusions
are described in the last section. The effectiveness of this
method is validated through the calculations of impedance and
antenna pattern etc.
II. THE GEMOMETRYANDMPIE FORTHE LONG
WIRE ANTENNASTRUCTURE
The geometry of the long-wire antenna in free space is
shown in Figure 1.A traveling-wave wire antenna having a
length
0
4 L = and radius
0
0.001 a = is placed
0
0.8 H = above an infinite ground plane, where
0
is the
free-space wavelength at frequency
0
f , Vg is the excitation
voltage of the antenna, Zg and
L
Z are the driving port
impedance and terminal load respectively. According to the
image theory, the geometry shown in figure1 is placed with an
equivalent model composed of two driving long wire elements,
two driving port impedances Zg and two matched terminal
loads
L
Z . An integral equation for the currents and the charges
can be set up according to the boundary conditions of the
electric field on the surface S of the upper conductor
( ) ( ) ( )
i s
t t s s
Z + = E E J (1)
where, is position vector of the observation point on S,
s
Z
is the impedance of the long-wire.
i
t
E is the excitation field and
s
t
E is the scattered field which can be written as
V j
s
= A E (2)
where
) ( ) / ( ) ( =

s
s
A
s d J G A (3)

=
s
s
q
q G s d V ) ( ) / ( ) ( (4)
1-4244-2424-5/08/$20.00 2008 IEEE ICCS 2008 388
Figure.1 the geometry of long-wire antenna
Figure.2 equivalent circuit and basis function on the line
The surface current and charge density
s
J and
s
q are related
through the continuity equation
0 = +
s s
q j J (5)
A
G is the dyadic Greens function for the vector potential
and
q
G is the scalar potential, according to (1)-( 4), the MPIE
can be written as
) ( ) ( ) / (
) ( ) / ( j


i
t
s
s
q
t
s
s
A
s d q G
s d
E
J G
=
+

on S (6)
where,
y
y
x
x
t

= . Substitution equation (5) into (6)

we can obtained
) ( ) ( J ) / (
j
1
) ( ) / ( j

i
t
s
s
q
t
s
s
A
s d G
s d
E
J G
=

on S (7)
III. SELECTING THE BASIS FUNCTIONS AND TESTING
FUNCTING
If the radius of the long wire a is much smaller than the
wavelength in the free space, the current density of the y-
component can be neglected. There is only
s sx
J xJ =
presence on the antenna.
0
( ) ( )
N
sx n xn
n
J x I T x
=
=

(8)
According to equation (5)
0
( ) 1
( )
N
xn
s n
n
T x
q x I
j x
=

(9)
where
n
I is the unknown expansion coefficients, the basis
functions
xn
T are of rooftop type defined as
1 1
1 1
( ) / ,
( ) ( ) / , , | |
0 ,
n n n
xn n n n
x x x x x
T x x x x x x y a
elsewhere

+ +

(10)
The equivalent circuit and the basis functions on the line are
shown in Fig.2. n x
n
= ( N n ,..., 2 , 1 , 0 = ) is the partition
node, N L / = is the partition size, L is the length of the
long wire antenna. N is the number of nodes. Half basis
functions should be considered for the half-subsections at the
ends of the line ( N n , 0 = ). The first statement of (10) is used
when N n = , and the second statement is used when 0 n = .
The testing functions are chosen to be
N m y x W y x
xm m
,..., 2 , 1 , 0 ), , ( ) , ( = = x W

(11)
where
0 ,
, 0
, 1
) , ( =

=
+
y
elsewhere
x x x
y x W
m m
xm
(12)
in which 2 / =

m m
x x and 2 / + =
+
m m
x x .
IV. NUMERICAL EVALUTION
A. Calculating the impedance elements
mn
Z
As described before, the half-testing functions should be
used for the half-subsections at the both ends of line also when
0 = m and N m = . With a suitable definition of inner
product, we can obtain

=
=
N
n
m n mn
V I Z
0
, N m ,..., 2 , 1 , 0 = (13)
Where,
q
mn
A
mn mn
Z Z Z + = (14)
A
mn
Z and
q
mn
Z can be given out( with 0 = =
n m
y y )
( )
( )( )
0
0
0
0
j | |
( , )(1 )
4
j
4
A A
mn x xx m n
A A
x mn mn
z x
Z k h G x x x y dx
z
k h

= +

(15)
where
x
h n = .
0
( , )(1 )
A A
mn xx m n
x
G x x x y dx

(16)
( )
( )
0
m
0
j4
q q q q q
mn
n m n m n m n
x
z
Z
k h
+ + + +
= +
(17)
where
/ 2
/ 2
( , )
q q
m n
m n
G x x x y dx

(18)
After introducing the half-basis functions and half-testing
functions at the ends of the long-wire antenna, the elements
389
mn
Z at the first and last rows and columns in matrix
mn
Z will
relate to them. Only the elements in the first row need
calculating because of the principle of reciprocity and
symmetry. Except these impedance elements, the others satisfy
the law of toeplitz.
In the first row m=0 and / 2
m m
x x
+
= . The first
element in this row (n=0) is
( )
( )
0 0
00 0 00
0 0
0
j
4 j4
A q
x g
x
z z
Z k h Z
k h
+ +
+
= + + (19)
The last element in first row ( N n = ) is
( )
( )
0 0
0 0 0
0
0
j
4 j4
A q
N x N
N
x
z z
Z k h
k h
+

= (20)
The other elements in first row ( 1 1 N n ) are
( )
( )
0
0 0 0 0
0
0 0
0
j
( )
4
( )
j4
A A
n x n n
q q
n n
x
z
Z k h
z
k h

+ + +
+
= + +

(21)
The Impedance elements in the last row (m=N) can be
expressed by the ones in the first row according to the principle
of symmetry.

+ =
= =

L g NN
n N Nn
Z Z Z Z
N n Z Z
00
, 0
1 ,..., 2 , 1 , 0 ,
(22)
The Impedance elements in the first and last columns can be
obtained by the elements in the first row according to the
principle of reciprocity and symmetry.

=
=
m N mN
m m
Z Z
Z Z
, 0
0 0
, 1 ,..., 2 , 1 = N m (23)
The Impedance elements
mn
Z except the first and last rows
and columns can be expressed by equation.(15) to (18). They
construct a toeplitz type matrix. So only the elements in the
frist row need calculating, Other remaining elements can be
obtained by the rearrangement algorithm

=
+
1 1
1 1
,
1 | | , 1
N n
N m
Z Z
n m mn
(24)
Of all the impedance elements, some need special
processing. They are far fields and self-impedance elements.
When the observer is located many cells away from the source,
equations (16) and (18) can be written approximately as
( , 0)
2
( , 0)
A A
mn xx m n
q q
m n
m n
G x x
G x x

(25)
B. The voltage and current distributions along the line
The term
m
V on the right of (13) is the excitation voltage
along the segment. The exciting field
i
x
E can be derived by
the boundary conditions.
The equivalent circuit of Fig.2 is a two-port network. The
port 1 is driving source port with a internal impedance
g
Z , and
the port 2 is loading port with load impedance
L
Z . The
boundary conditions of the two ports are
0 0 g g
N N L
V V I Z
V I Z
=

(26)
where
0
V and
N
V are the voltages defined at the center of the
two ends half-subsection respectively. In the delta-gap model,
the port 1 and port 2 are assumed to be excited by a voltage
source of magnitude
0
V and
N
V . The delta-gap voltage source
at each port provides an impressed excitation field described by
the expression as flowing
) ( ) ( ) (
0 0
+
+ =
N N
i
x
x x V x x V x E (27)
So, the
m
V can be written as
( , )
m
m
x
i
xm x m
x
V E x y dx
+

(28)
Substituting (18), (26) into (28), yields

=
=
=
=

+
=
otherwise
N m Z I
m Z I V
dx x E y x W V
L N
g g
x
x
y
i
x xm m
m
m
, 0
,
0 ,
) ( ) , (
0
0
(29)
The excitation voltage
g
V should be replaced by
g
V 2
according to the image principle. Substituting (30) into (13)
yields
[ ] [ ] [ ]
e
m n mn
V I Z = (30)
Where
T
N n
I I I I ) ,..., , , ( ] [
2 1 0
= I
T
g
e
m
V ) 0 ,..., 0 , 0 , 2 ( ] [ = V , and the impedance element
mn
Z
in ] [
mn
Z is

+
= = + +
= = + +
=
otherwise Z Z
N n m Z Z Z
n m Z Z Z
Z
q
mn
A
mn
L
q
mn
A
mn
g
q
mn
A
mn
mn
,
,
0 ,
(31)
The current distribution can be obtained by linear equation
(30).
Substituting (9) into (4) yields
( )
( )
0
0
0
( )
j4
N
q q
m n
mn mn
n
x
z
V x I
k h
+
=
=

(32)
390
where
m
x is the arbitrarily position on the line. The voltage is
defined in the central line ( 0 = y ) of the long-wire. The port
voltage is defined at 2 /
0
+ = x x
m
and 2 / =
N m
x x .
C. Result and discussing
For the purpose of verify the accuracy of analysis method
described above, we can utilize the transmission line theory to
compare with. The voltage and current wave on the
transmission line terminated in load impedance
L
Z can be
written as
[ ]
[ ]
0
0
0
0
0
,
) (
) (
Z Z
Z Z
e e
Z
V
x I
e e V x V
L
L
x j x j
x j x j
+

=
+ =

+
+


(33)
where
+
0
V is incident wave voltage, which equals
g
V
described in Fig.1. and
0
Z are the propagation constant and
characteristic impedance of definite transmission line
respectively.
Fig.3 shows the current and voltage distributions along the
long-wire antenna, which calculated by MOM as described in
front and transmission line theory (TL). Theoretically, the
current and voltage along the line with matched load should
agree well with the result of TL .However, it is impossible
without any reflect wave in practice because of electric loss on
the line and complex environment. After debugging program,
the load on the antenna best matched when Z
L
=0.52Z
C
.that is,
the current on the line is traveling wave. As shown in Fig.3,
smaller reflect wave exists when terminal matched
(Z
L
=0.52Z
C
), which is in line with the actual situation.
Figure.4 shows the radiation patterns of the traveling-wave
and standing wave long-wire antenna. From (a), We can
observed that antenna pattern changes with the load changing.
The antenna radiates to the both ends with standing-wave on
the line (Z
L
=0Z
C
). In order to eliminate or suppress reflected
wave, we add load resistances at the end port, good results can
be obtained when Z
L
=0.52Z
C
, where Z
C
is the characteristic
impedance. In this situation, the reflect-wave is the smallest
gain is increased and the directional of antenna is strengthened.
Obviously, radiation pattern agrees well with the theoretical
value as well from (b).
V. CONCLUSION
In this paper, an efficient analysis way has been presented
for the long wire antenna with a matched loading terminations
using MPIE/MOM. This is achieved by introducing the half
basis and testing functions, which allows the current to flow
across the edges. The results of current and voltage along the
line with matched load and the radiation field calculated by
MoM agreed well with the results of theoretical values and TL.
Howevery, this method also need further improving in many
aspects to get more accurate results.Having solved the problem
of loading straight line, many complex and practical structures
such as rhombic antenna, V-shaped antenna, power divider,
filter etc can easily be dealt with [16-18].
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This research work has been supported by Natinonal Natural
Science Foundation of China, NSFC-60632020
(a) current distribution
(b) voltage distribution
Figure.3 The current and voltage distributions with loading
Z
L
=0.52Z
C
and Z
L
=0 calculated by MoM
and TL(traveling-wave)
391
(a) rectangular coordinate system
(b) polar system
Figure.4 radiation pattern in rectangular and polar coordinate
system
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