1 of 12 Earthing Riser

1.0 Notes
1.01
1.02
1.03 Every fifth pole of fence surrounding the switchyard is earthed & 1.5 meter distance is considered in every adjacent pole.
2.0 SELECTION OF CONDUCTOR FOR EARTH RISERS:-
2.01 Earthing conductor Material
Ko + Tm
I = A n -------- > Equation 1.01
Ko + Ta
I
A =
Ko + Tm
n
Ko + Ta
Where, ( As per IEEE-80 Page Number 41, Eqn 37)
15
t = Duration of fault current for conductor selection 1
I = is the rms current in KA. 40
Tm = is the maximum allowable temperature for Welded joints in
0
C 419
Ta = is the ambient temperature in
0
C 40
Tr = is the reference temperature for material constants in
0
C 20

0
= is the thermal coefficient of resitivity at 0
0
C in 1/
0
C 0.00341

r
= is the thermal coefficient of resitivity at reference temperature Tr in 1/
0
C 0.0032
r = is the resistivity of the ground conductor at reference temperature Tr in cm 20.1
K
0
= 1 /
0 293
TCAP = is the thermal capacity per unit volume in J /(cm
3
.
0
C) 3.93
Area of Conductor A mm
2
= 587.013907 mm
2
Accordingly; the minumum cross section required is = 587.01 Sq.mm
0% (Please refer below table)
Sr. No.
Percentage
Corrosion
1 0% As per CBIP Publication No.223, Page no. 6
2 15%
3 30%
2.02 587.0139067 Sq.mm.
2.03
Width of the condcutor selected 65 mm
Thickness of the conductor selected 10 mm
3.0 Calculation of Quantity of Earth- Risers
a) Height of Main / Lower Bus above gravel 5.5 meters
b) Height of High level Bus above gravel 9.5 meters
Substituting the values in equation 5.01, we get
Allowance for corrosion =
Soil Resitivity
G.I. Flat
TCAP X 10
-4
t x
r
x
r
TCAP x 10
-4
t x
r
x
r
I = Actual Fault Current given by Client / Calculated in KA
This document outlines and describes the Technical Parameters for selection of Earthing conductor as per IEEE Std 80-
2000 Revision.
Auxiliary earth mats are placed below the operating mechanism of disconecting equipments like Isolator, CB, NGR,
Earth switches. Generally earth mat of size 1.5 M X 1.5 M is designed with uniform spacing of 300mm.
Selection of Earthing Conductor
Hence area of the conductor required, with allowance for corrosion of 0% = 587.01 x
1.00 =
>25 & < 100 ohms-m
< 25 ohms-m or treated soil
Therefore area of the conductor selected = 65 x 10 = 650 sq.mm, which is equal to the conductor area requirement of
587 ; hence aequate
> 100 ohms-m
2 of 12 Earthing Riser
3.01 Quantity of Earth Risers for Equipments - I
1 CT 5 6 6 P
2 PT/ CVT 3 3 109.80
3 LA 2 0 28.60
4 BPI 1 3 81.20
5 ISOLATOR 1 4 103.50
6 CB 0 0 0.00
7 CC 0 0 0.00
8 WT 0 0 0.00
9 NGR 0 0 0.00
10 Other Eqpt.(If any) 0 0 0.00
11 Other Eqpt.(If any) 0 0 0.00
323.10
16.155
339.26
3.02 Quantity of Earth Risers for Equipments - II
Sr. No.
Equipment
Details
Total quantity
in Mtrs
1 Transformer 13.20
2 Lighnting Mast 16.50
3 Gantry Column 19.80
4 Tr.Tower 6.60
5 Lighting Pole 33.00
6 Earth Pit 132.00
7 Cable Trench in Mtrs 66.00
8 Fence In Mtrs 44.00
9 Aux. Earth Mats 249.75
10 Other Eqpt.(If any) 0.00
580.85
29.04
609.89
3.03 Quantity of other Earthing material
a) Earthing Material
Sr. No.
Equipment
Details
Quantity /
Equipment
No. of
Equipment
s
Total Qty. in
Mtrs.
1 Gate 5.00 1 5
2 CT /PT JB 5.00 2 10
3 Bay M. Box 5.00 3 15
4 Other Eqpt.(If any) 5.00 4 20
5 Other Eqpt.(If any) 5.00 5 25
75.00
3.75
78.75
Total Quantity-I in Mtrs
Equipment
Height in
6
40
15
Additional 5 % for Bends
5
Sub-Total Quantity in Mtrs
Sub -Total Quanity in Mtrs
200
Quantity of Equipments
2
10
100
4
Sr No
Main Bus
Equp Qty
High level bus
Equt Qty In
Additional 5 % for Bends
Total Qty. in
Mtrs.
Equipment
Details
Total Quantity- II in Mtrs
Coper Cable / Fexible Braid of size 30 sq.mm.
Sub -Total Quanity in Mtrs
Additional 2 % for Bends
Total Quantity- II in Mtrs
3 of 12 Earthing Riser
4.0
230
M.S. Rod
32 mm. M.S.Rod
5363
G.I. Flat
65 x 10mm. Strip
949.15
47
27
20
32 mm M.S Rod
, 3000 mm.
Coper Cable /
Fexible Braid of
size 30 sq.mm.
78.75
Number of Treated Earth Electrodes
Total Length of conductor in meters for Earth Riser in Mtrs
Number of Earth Electrodes
Type of Earthing conductor for Earth Riser
Earth Riser conductor size in mm
Type of Earthing conductor for Main Earth Mat
Total Length of buried conductors in meters
Size of Earthing Material for Gate, BMB,JB etc.
Quantity of Earthing Material for Gate, BMB,JB etc. in Mtrs
Number of Untreated Earth Electrodes
Size & Length of Earth Electrodes
Buried conductor size in mm
Voltage level of the substation in Kv
SUMMARY
4 of 12 Earthing Riser
1.0 Notes
1.01
1.02
1.03 If Bentonite treatment is considered then 80% reduction in the Measured Resitivity value may be considered
1.04 The term "Mesh Voltage" means the maximum touch voltage within a mesh of a ground grid.
2.0 Legends
A =
I =
I
G
=
t =
= Soil Resistivity in Ohm- mtr.

s
= Top Gravel Resistivity in Ohm-mtr.
h = Depth of Conductor buried in meters.
Cs = Surface layer derating factor.
ts = Duration of Shock current in secs
hs = Thickness of the crushed rock surface layer in meters
d = Diameter of earthing conductor in mm or meters
Et = Tolerable Touch Potential in Volts
Es = Tolerable Step Potential in Volts
L = Total length of buried Conductors in meters
Em = Mesh Voltage in Volts
Es = Step Voltage in Volts
D = Spacing between grid conductors in meters
n = Geometric factor.
Km = Spacing factor for mesh voltage
Ks = Spacing factor for step voltage
Ki = Corrected factor for grid geometry
Kii = Corrective weighing factor
Kh = Corrective weighing factor for grid depth
W = Width of Earthing Material
T = Thickness of Earthing Material
Bwf = Body Weight Factor
Operating time of the disconnecting device in secs.
This document outlines and describes the Technical Parameters for Earthing calculation as per IEEE Std 80-
2000 Revision.
Cross-sectional are of the conductor in mm
2
RMS value of the AC Ground fault current, which can flow through the conductor in Amps
RMS value of the maximum Grid current in Amps
For the conductor spacing calculations, the rectangular portion of the switchyard is considered however in those
cases, where the switchyard is not essentially rectangular in shape, the value of rectangle having the same area
as that enclosed by irregular switchyard should be taken.
5 of 12 Earthing Calculation
3.0 DATA
a) = 15,061 6,000 MVA
b) = 40,000
c) 230
d) = 1
e)
=
0.5
As per IEEE-80 Page No.87
f)
= 110
= 67
(Consider 1 m extra length outside fence on both sides of switchyard i.e L + 2, B + 2. )
= 110 x 67
g) = 176
h) = 3000 As per IEEE-80 Page No.51 & 52
i) = 0.6 As per IEEE-80 Page No.88
j) Thickness of the crushed rock surface layer in meters = 0.15
k) = M.S. Rod
l) = 500 As per IEEE-80 Page No.44
4.0 Number of earth electrode
4.01 32 mm M.S Rod is considered for the following equipment
4.02 Length of Earth Electrodes 3 meters
Per Eqpt qty Eqpt Qty Total qty
1 15 15
1 4 4
1 7 7
1 4 4
1 4 4
1 3 3
1 0 0 By Others
1 0 0 By Others
1 10 10
47
Switchyard Size in Mtrs
Length of Switchyard in meters
Standard Fault Current (A) considered for Conductor Sizing
Fault Duration for selection of conductor in seconds (tc)
Fault Duration for calculation of Step & Touch Potentials
(ts) in seconds
Therefore Area of swichyard considered for calc.
VTs / CVTs
Lightning Arrester (treated earth pits)
Equipment
Depth of Conductor buried (h) in meters
Maximum allowable temperature for welded joint
0
C
Earthing conductor Material
Top Gravel Resistivity (
s
) in Ohm-meter
Current Transformer
Lightning Mast (treated earth pits)
Breadth of Switchyard in meters
Driven earth electrodes of Outer Dia.
Soil Resistivity () in Ohm-meter
Power Transformer (treated earth pits)
Total
Corners of the buries grid and distributed
earth rods on the periphery of grid
Actual Fault Current arrived from TNEB data (A)
Voltage Level of Sub-Station in KV
Tower / Equipment
Control Room
PLCC (treated earth pits)


6 of 12 Earthing Calculation
5.0 CONDUCTOR SELECTION
5.01
Ko + Tm
I = A n -------- > Equation 5.01
Ko + Ta
I
A =
Ko + Tm
n
Ko + Ta
Where, ( As per IEEE-80 Page No 41 & 42, Eqn 37)
I = is the rms current in KA. 40
Tm = is the maximum allowable temperature in
0
C 500
Ta = is the ambient temperature in
0
C 40
Tr = is the reference temperature for material constants in
0
C 20

0
= is the thermal coefficient of resitivity at 0
0
C in 1/
0
C 0.00165

r
= is the thermal coefficient of resitivity at reference temperature Tr in 1/
0
C 0.0016
r = is the resistivity of the ground conductor at reference temperature Tr in cm 15.9
K
0
= 1 /
0 605
TCAP = is the thermal capacity per unit volume in J /(cm
3
.
0
C) 3.28
Area of Conductor A mm
2
= 480.1192781 mm
2
Accordingly; the minumum cross section required is = 480.12 Sq.mm
15% (Please refer below table)
Sr. No. Corrosion
1 0%
2 15% As per IS:3043
3 30%
5.02 552.1371698 Sq.mm.
5.03
Width of the condcutor selected 75 mm
Thickness of the conductor selected 10 mm
5.04 = NA meter
5.05 If M.S. Rod is to be selected then,
Required diameter of circular conductor (M.S. Rod) can be calculated as follows.
d
2
4
d = 26.52092 mm
Therefore Selected size of Main Earthing Conductor is 32 mm
5.06 M.S. Rod Diameter(d) = = 0.032 mm
Selection of Earthing Conductor
Substituting the values in equation 5.01, we get
< 25 ohms-m or treated soil
Allowance for corrosion =
Soil Resitivity
TCAP x 10
-4
t x
r
x
r
t x
r
x
r
TCAP X 10
-4
Hence area of the conductor required, with allowance for corrosion of
15% = 480.12 x 1.15 =
> 100 ohms-m
>25 & < 100 ohms-m
Not Applicable, as Earthing Conductor is M.S.Rod.
552.14
Equivalent conductor diameter (d) =
=
Therefore area of the conductor selected = 804 sq.mm, which is equal to the conductor area requirement of 552
; hence aequate.
w X T

4
7 of 12 Earthing Calculation
6.00 Calculation of tolerable touch (e
t
) & step (e
s
) potential
6.01 Surface layer derating factor (C
s
). Refer equation 27 of IEEE 80, page no. 23
C
s = -------- > Equation 6.01
Cs = 0.7827692
Weight of the Person = 50 Kg As per IEEE-80 Page No. 27
Body weight Factor for 50 Kg = 0.116
Body weight Factor for 70 Kg = 0.157
6.02 Tolerable Touch Potential E
t
(Refer equation 32 of IEEE 80, page no. 27)
E
t -------- > Equation 6.02
6.03 Tolerable Step Potential Es (Refer equation 29 of IEEE 80, page no. 27)
E
s
-------- > Equation 6.03
E
s
Substituting values in equation 6.02 , we get
Substituting values in equation 6.03 , we get
=
(1000 + 6x0.783x3000)0.116
(Sqr. Root 0.5)
(Sqr. Root 0.5)
(1000 +1.5x0.783x3000)0.116
2475.4707
741.90427 E
t = Volts
Substituting values in equation 6.01 , we get
Volts
09 . 0 2
1 09 . 0
1
+
|
|

\
|

s
s
h

( )
ts
Bwf
s xCsx 5 . 1 1000+
( )
ts
Bwf
s xCsx 6 1000 +
8 of 12 Earthing Calculation
7.0 CALCULATION OF LENGTH OF GROUND CONDUCTOR
7.01 = 3 Meters
7.02 = 23 Nos
7.03 = 37 Nos
7.04
= 5009 Meters
7.05 = 3 Meters
= 47 Nos
= 141 Meters
7.06 = 354 Meters
8.0
8.01 Spacing factor for Mesh voltage Km (formula number 81 of IEEE 80, page number 93)
------ > Eqn 8.1
Where K
ii
= 1
K
h
= = = 1.2649111
8.02 n = n
a
X n
b
X n
c
X n
d
As per IEEE 80 page 93 formula number 84 ------ > Eqn 8.2
2 x 5009
354
0.5
n
b
=
1.02
n
c
= 1 for rectangular grids
n
d
= 1 for rectangular grids
8.03 Substituting values in equation 8.2, we get n = 28.30 x 1.02 x 1 x 1 28.73
8.04 Substituting values in equation 8.1, we get Km = 0.225
8.05 Correction factor for grid geometry (Ki) (formula number 89, page 94 of IEEE 80)
K
i
= 0.644 + 0.148 n = 0.644 + 0.148 x 28.73 4.90
8.06 = 1 As per IEEE-80 Page No. 152 to 162
Hence IG = 15061 x 1.0 = 15061.31137 Amperes
8.07 Effective buried conductor length ( L
M
) for Mesh voltage
5009 + 141 = 5150 Meters
8.08 Mesh Voltage (E
m
) (formula number 80 of IEEE 80, page number 91)
176 x 15061 x 0.225 x 4.90
E
m
= 566.56 Volts
8.09
47 x 3
Length of buried Conductors in horizontal
grid L
c
23 x 110 + 37 x 67
Spacing (3-15m) As per IEEE-80 Page No.88
Length of each ground rod Lr
Number of ground rods
Total length of ground rods L
R
The peripheral length of grid Lp 2 (110 + 67 )
Volts
------ > Eqn 8.8
Substituting values in equation 8.8,we get Em =
The calculated mesh / touch voltage is = 566.56 volts. Which is less than the tolerable touch voltage of
741.90 Volts.Hence Safe.
5150
28.30
E
m
=
CALCULATION OF MESH / TOUCH VOLTAGE
=
Conductor spacing assumed (D)
No. of Conductors parallel to 110 meters
n
a
= =
The switchyard fault level is 15061 Ampers. As per IEEE 80, page 153, a split factor of 1.00 can be considered.
L
M
= L
C
+ L
R
=
No. of Conductors parallel to 67 meters
n
b
=
354
4 x sqr.root (110x67 )
Split factor
( )
( )
2
2
2 1 8
ln ln
2 16 8 4 2 1
D h D h Kii
Km
hd Dd d Kh n
( | |
+
( | = + +
| (
\
ho
h
+ 1
P
C
L
L . 2
A
L
P
4

G m i
M
I K K
L

9 of 12 Earthing Calculation
9.0
9.01
9.02 Effective buried conductor length(Ls) for step voltage (formula number 93, page number 94)
L
S
= 0.75L
C
+ 0.85L
R ------ > Eqn 9.2
Substituting values in equation 9.2,we get Ls = 0.75 x 5009 + 0.85 x 141 = 3877
9.03 Step Voltage (Es) (formula number 92 of IEEE 80, page number 94)
176 x 15061 x 0.460 x 4.90
E
m
= 1539.43 Volts
9.04
10.0
10.1 As per IEEE 80, formula number 52, P.No. 65, the Grid resistance RG is given by:
Where
L = 5504
h = Depth of Conductor buried in meters = 0.6 Mtrs
A = Area of Grid = 110 x 67 Sq. mtrs 7370
= 176
The calculated step voltage is = 1539.43 volts. Which is less than the tolerable Step voltage of 2475.47
Volts.Hence Safe.
0.460
3877
Substituting values in equation 9.1,we get Ks =
Substituting values in equation 9.2,we get Es = Volts
CALCULATION OF STEP VOLTAGE
Ks =
E
s
= ------ > Eqn 9.3
Soil Resistivity in Ohm-mtr
Spacing factor for Step Voltage (Ks). (formula number 94, page number 94)
------ > Eqn 9.1
Length of buried conductors in m. = 5009 + 141 + 354 Meters =
CALCULATION OF GRID RESISTANCE
------ > Eqn 10.1
( )
(

+
+
+
2
5 . 0 1
1 1
2
1 1
n
D h D h

G s i
S
I K K
L

1 1 1
1
2 0 2 0
1
G
R
L A
h
A

( | |
( |
= + +
( |

| +
(
\
10 of 12 Earthing Calculation
0.9349 Ohms
10.2
11.0
Substituting values in equation 10.1,we get R
G
=
According to IEEE 80-2000 clause no. 14.1 (Usual requirements of ground resistance). For most large
substations, the ground resistance is usually less than 1 or less.
CONCLUSIONS
The calculated buried grid resistance is =0.935 Ohms., which is less than 1.0 Ohms as specified in IEEE
80. Hence the spacing of buried conductors at 3.0 meters is Safe.
11 of 12 Earthing Calculation
12.0
176
230
15061.31137
110
67
47
27
20
M.S. Rod
3
3
5363
23 Nos
37 Nos
566.563 Volts
1539.434 Volts
741.904 Volts
2475.471 Volts
0.935 Ohms
32 mm. M.S.Rod
Number of Earth Electrodes (considered in calculations)
Combined Resistance of Grid Electrode with earth electrode as per IEEE 80 in Ohms
Total Length of buried conductors in meters considered in calculations
Number of conductors parallel to Length of Substation
Number of Grid conductors parallel to Breadth of Substation
Calculated maximum step potential in Volts
Breadth of Substation in meters considered for calculations
Tolerable touch potential in Volts
Calculated maximum touch potential in Volts
Number of Earth Electrodes (Treated)
Type of Earthing conductor
Buried conductor size in mm
Tolerable step potential in Volts
Spacing of conductors parallel to Length of Substation in meters
Spacing of conductors parallel to Breadth of substation in meters
SUMMARY
Number of Earth Electrodes (untreated)
Length of Substation in meters considered for calculations
RMS value of the AC Ground fault current, which can flow through the conductor in Amps
Soil Resistivity in Ohm meter
Voltage level of the substation in Kv
12 of 12 Earthing Calculation