FIBER OPTIC HYDROPHONE NOISE

EQUIVALENT PRESSURE SENSITIVITY

USING HOMODYNE PHOTO
DETECTION TECHNIQUE
Under the guidance of:
Mr. Prashil M Junghare
Assistant Professor, Dept of ECE,
KSSEM, Bangalore
Presented by:
Harsha M V
1
st
Sem, M.Tech(VLSI & Embedded System)
KSSEM, Bangalore
Contents
Introduction
Aim of the Project
Block Diagram
Working Principle
Applications
Conclusion
Introduction
An optical fiber is a flexible, transparent fiber made of glass or
plastic, slightly thicker than a human hair. It functions as
a waveguide or light pipe, to transmit light between the two ends
of the fiber.
Optical fibers are widely used in fiber optic communication, which
permits transmission over longer distances and at
higher bandwidths (data rates) than other forms of communication.
An optical fiber that is exposed to pressure variations undergoes
deformations and changes in refractive index. Such pressure
variations impose phase modulation on a coherent light beam
passing through the fiber.
Aim of the Project
Previous treatments of fiber-optic hydrophone sensitivity have
neglected the effect of dimensional changes of the fiber in response
to acoustic pressure.
It is shown here that the changes in length actually contribute more
to hydrophone sensitivity than to do refractive index changes; the
two contributions are of opposite sign.
Fiber optic Hydrophone have been proposed as a means to achieve
high sensitivity and low noise.
Block Diagram
Methodology
Optic Hydrophone
Photomultiplier
Bandpass filters
Spectrum analyzer
Noise reduction
Homodyne
A single frequency laser source is used in homodyne systems,
which results in an outbound beam with a single frequency F1.
The laser beam from the stationary reference path is returned with
frequency F1 but the beam from the moving measurement path is
returned with a Doppler shifted frequency of F1F.
Photo Detector
Photo detectors are used primarily as an optical receiver to convert
light into electricity.
The principle that applies to photo detectors is the photoelectric
effect, which is the effect on a circuit due to light.
A photo detector operates by converting light signals that hit the
junction to a voltage or current.
The junction uses an illumination window with an anti-reflect
coating to absorb the light photons.
The result of the absorption of photons is the creation of electron-
hole pairs in the depletion region.
Examples of photo detectors are photodiodes and phototransistors.
Photodiodes
Acommonly used photo detector is the photodiode.
Aphotodiode is based on a junction of oppositely doped regions (pn
junction) in a sample of semiconductor. This creates a region
depleted of charge carriers that results in high impedance.
The high impedance allows the construction of detectors using
silicon and germanium to operate with high sensitivity at low
temperatures.
Pin Photodiode
Another type of photodiode is the PIN photodiode.
This photodiode includes an intrinsic layer in between the P and N
type materials.
The PIN must be reverse bias due to the high resistivity of the
intrinsic layer; the PIN has a larger depletion region which allows
more electron-hole pairs to develop at a lower capacitance.
The illumination window for a PIN is on the P-side of the diode
because the mobility of electrons is greater than holes which results
in better frequency response.
Avalanche Photodiode
An Avalanche photodiode is operated at reverse bias close to the
breakdown, which causes photo excited charge carriers to accelerate
in the depletion region and produce additional carriers by
avalanching.
The avalanche photodiodes are good for fiber optic systems that
require low light levels with quantum efficiency larger than 100%.
Photomultiplier
Photomultiplier tubes, members of the class of vacuum tubes, and
are extremely sensitive detectors of light in the ultraviolet, visible,
and near infrared ranges of the spectrum.
The great advantage of photomultipliers is their extreme
sensitivity.
They are able to multiply the signal produced by the incident light
by figures up to 100 million.
In addition to their very high levels of gain, photomultipliers also
exhibit a low noise level, high frequency response and a large
collection area.
Figure depicts a fiber-optic hydrophone consisting of an optical
interferometer, one arm of which (the signal arm) contains a fiber-
optic coil immersed in an underwater sound field.
Since acoustic oscillations produce variations in the optical path
length of this arm, the light incident on the photodetector is phase
modulated by the sound wave..
The output current of the photodetector may be expressed as
i = [P
r
+ P
s
+ 2(P
r
P
s
)
1/2
cos(
0
+ )]
Where is photodetector responsiveness in amperes/watt
P
r,
reference beam incident light power
P
s,
signal beam power
homodyne efficiency

0
phase difference between 2 beams in absence of sound
acoustic pressure phase shift
The signaling current can be represented as
i
s
= 2(P
r
P
s
)
1/2

Typical Calculations
If the given pressure changes results in a fiber core axial strain
z and radial strain r.
P11 & P12 are the elastooptic coefficient of the core and n is the
refractive index.
r radial strain due to the fiber mandrel diameter change.
z axial strain due to the fiber mandrel length change.
Pressure P interacting with the fiber induces a change in phase of
signal is,
0 0 0
n Lk L n k
P

Calculations Continued
From the formula for phase sensitivity:
P11 & P12 - elastooptic coefficient of the core
n- refractive index of core
r -radial strain due to the fiber mandrel length change.
z - axial strain due to the fiber mandrel length change.
So, from above eqn;
Assume: changes in the length of the fiber 10^-4mtr
so, as per properties of the material r = 0.605, z = 0.351
P11 = 0.121, P12 = 0.27
= 3.3504*10^-3 rad
Calculations Continued
Calculations Continued
Therefore, Pressure P interacting with the fiber induces a change in
phase of signal is,
Where = 3.3504*10^-3 rad
k0 = 2/ = 4.051*10^6 rad/mtr
n = 1.46, L= L - L` = 10mtr 10^-5mtr =9.99999mtr
n0 = n n` = 1.46 7.534*10^-3 = 1.452
So, P = 2.786*10^-11 pascal
Variation in Phase due to change in
Length
Change in Pressure vs Change in
Phase
Applications
Northrop Grummans Fiber Optic Array Sensors.
Light Weight Wide Aperture Array (LWWAA).
Centurion Harbor Surveillance Program for Homeland Security.
Perimeter Intruder Detection.
Seismic Sensing Arrays.
Future Scope & Conclusion
Future work must involve a careful analysis of the source of noise
so they may be reduced to the shot-noise limit.
This technology has great advantages and can be implemented in
Bio-inspired Sensors, MEMS based sensors, Off shore oil
industries etc...
The fiber optic hydrophone is a well-suited tool for sound
measurements in liquids especially in an environment where high
positive or negative pressures are expected.
We may conclude that the fiber optic hydrophone sensitivity is
correctly matched with the equation, which includes the effect of
pressure changes.
References
Beyer, R.T.,Nonlinear Acoustics, U.S. Naval Sea Sys. Comm.,
Washington D.C.(1974)
http://www.wikipedia.com
B. P. Chandra, Acoustic and photon emissions during mechanical
deformation of coloured alkali halide crystals, J. Phys. D Appl.
Phys., vol. 17, pp. 117123, 1984.
H. L. W. Chan, K. S. Chiang, D. C. Price, J. L. Gardner, and J.
Brinch, Use of a fiber-optic hydrophone in measuring acoustic
parameters of high power hyperthermia transducers, Phys. Med.
Biol., vol. 34, no. 11, pp. 16091622, 1989.
IMMNH YOL.