CC2417 - Human Biology I

Laboratory I – Integumentary System, Skeletal System & Nervous System

Venue: 1307 Health Care Lab
Date: Week 12 (16th – 20th November 2009)

Aims of the laboratory session:

After the laboratory exercises, students are expected to be:
1. able to identify the organization, landmarks and features of the skeletal system, nervous
system;
2. able to relate the physiology to anatomy; and
3. differentiate different types of joints.

Activities:
Relate to diagrams in your textbook and models of
1. whole skeleton
2. skulls,
3. vertebral column with pelvis
4. pelvis, knee joint and foot joint , shoulder joint, elbow joint, hand joint,
5. brain , and
6. the spinal cord.

Then, do the following activities.

Group 1 Skull
Part I Examining the Cranium (x 8)
1. Identify foramina, sutures and base of the skull
Name the four cranium sutures. What kind of tissue made up of this suture? How does the
anatomy of a baby skull different from an adult?
Coronal – between the parietal bones and the frontal bone
Lambdoidal – between the parietal bones and the occipital bone
Squamosal – between each parietal bone and each temporal bone
Sagittal – between the parietal bones

Fibrous connective tissue joins bone to bone.

A baby has anterior and posterior fontanels.

2 Locate the following skull bones; observe how each bone joint or articulate with other
bones

Cranium Bone Articulate with Special features

Frontal parietal, nasal, zygomatic, ------
sphenoid, ethmoid and maxillae
Parietal (x2) articulate with occipital, frontal, -------
temporal, sphenoid
Temporal (x2) occipital, frontal, zygomatic, encloses auditory
sphenoid and mandible; ossicles
Occipital Parietal, temporal, sphenoid Foramen magnum

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 Occipital condyles articulate
with atlas (1st cervical
vertebra)
Sphenoid occipital, frontal, temporal,
zygomatic, palatine, maxillae,
ethmoid and vomer
Ethmoid Frontal, nasal, lacrimal,
sphenoid, maxillae and vomer
allows the spinal cord
passing through
Sella Turcica encloses
the pituitary gland
Forms the roof of
nasal cavity

Part II Examining the facial bones 9X14)

1. Identify the landmark and functions of the following bones

2. Locate the sinuses and discuss the functions of sinuses
Inferior nasal conchae x2
Face Bones Function
Mandible Forms the chin
Maxillae Forms the main part of face
(upperx2) All face bones, except mandible, join the maxillae
Forms the anterior 2/3 of the hard palate
Palatine (x2) Forms the posterior 1/3 of the hard palate
Zygomatic (x2) Form the cheekbone
Lacrimal (x2) The lacrimal foramen drains tears from orbit to nasal cavity
Nasal (x2) Support bridge of nose
Vomer Forms inferior and posterior part of nasal septum
Sinuses Frontal Reduce the weight of the skull
Ethmoid Give the voice a resonant sound.
Sphenoid
Maxillary

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Group 2 – Vertebral column with pelvis, Joints
Part I Examining the vertebral column
Referring the model of vertebral column,
1. Identify the common features of a typical vertebra- Spinous Process, Lamina, Transverse
process, pedicle, body, notch foramen, articular facet

2. Identify the 5 regions of vertebral column – cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum and
coccyx
3. Examine the 4 curves of vertebral column- cervical, thoracic, lumbar and pelvic regions

Cervical and lumbar – convex anteriorly

Thoracic and sacral – concave anteriorly.
Vertebral Column (Spine) x26
Seven cervical (neck), Twelve thoracic (chest), Five lumbar (lower back), Five sacral,
Three to five coccygeal

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Part II Examining Pectoral girdle

Recognize the composition of a pelvic girdle- formed by 2 coxal bones

1. Name the three bones which form the coxal bone.

Each coxal bone is fused by ilium, ischium and pubis.

Identify symphysis pubis and pubic arch, Obturator foramen

2. How does a male pelvis different from a female pelvis? State the significance of this
difference.
i. Female has broader hips
ii. Female pelvis is wider
iii. Female inlet and outlet of the true pelvis are wider
iv. Female pelvic cavity is more shallow
v. Female bones are lighter and thinner
vi. Female pubic arch is wider

Thus, the outlets is large enough to allow a baby to pass through during the birth process.

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Part III Examining the Pelvis, knee joint, foot joint , shoulder joint, elbow joint, hand joint
1. With the given models, classify them into the following 6 types of synovial joints
Saddle joint : first metacarpals, carpal
ball- and socket joint : head of humerus, scapula
pivot joint : radius & ulna,
hinge joint : elbow joint (radius & humerus)
gliding joint: carpals
condyloid joint : phalange & metacarpal

2. Correlate their shapes with movement

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Group 3 Nervous System
Part I Brain

Observe the brain model and answer the following questions.

1. Identify the major parts of the brain. What are they?
Cerebrum, Diencephalon, Cerebellum, Brain stem
2. How are the cerebral hemispheres connected together?
By the corpus callosum.
3. Locate hypothalamus and explain its function.
Regulates hunger, sleep, thirst, body temperature, and water balance
Link between nervous and endocrine systems
4. Which functional system of the brain is responsible for emotion?
Limbic system

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Part II Spinal Cord

Identify different parts of the spinal cord.

Locate ganglion, the gray matter, and white matter.
Distinguish sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron, dorsal root, ventral root.

1. A careless student touches a hot beaker. Draw a labeled diagram showing the path of a reflex
arc and briefly explain the phenomenon.
Sensory fibers enter at the posterior root.
Motor fibers exit at the anterior root.
The cell body of a sensory neuron is in a posterior-root ganglion
Sensory receptors to generate action potential that travel in sensory neurons to spinal cord.
Interneuron integrate the data & relay signal to motor neurons.
Skeletal muscle contracts and the hand withdraw immediately.
This is a kind of spinal reflex.

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Reviewing the whole skeleton (Optional)
Part I Identify the components of the axial skeleton
Skull
Hyoid bone
The vertebral column
The thoracic cage
Middle ear bones

Examining the Rib cage

1. Identify different parts of the rib cage and differentiate true rib and false ( floating ribs)
2. Identify sternum – manubrium, body and xiphoid process

Examining the Vertebral Column

1. Identify different parts of the Vertebral Column (Spine)
2. State their functions and normal curvatures

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 Part II Identify the components of the appendicular skeleton
Examining Pectoral Girdle

1. Recognize the composition of a pectoral girdle

2. Recognize what are process and cavity
3. Locate the scapula, and clavicle

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Examining upper limbs

1. Recognize what are Head, Neck, Shaft, tubercle, tuberosity, groove, fossa and condyle
2. Identify the features in humerus ( head , neck, shaft, lateral & medial
epicondyle)
radius ( head, neck and styloid process)
ulna ( olecranon and styloid process)
3. Identify carpal, metacarpals and differentiate proximal from distal phalanges

Examining the pelvis

1.Recognize the composition of a pelvic girdle- formed by 2 coxal bones

Each coxal bone is fused by ilium, ischium and pubis

2. Identify ilium, iliac crest, spine and iliac fossa

Ischium, ischial spine and tuberosity
Pubis, symphysis pubis and pubic arch

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Examining lower limbs

1. Recognize what are Head, Neck, Shaft, tubercle, tuberosity, groove, fossa and condyle
2. Identify the features in
femur ( head, neck, greater tronchanter, medial condyle and epicondyle
patella ( sesamoid bone)
tibia ( tubial tuberosity, medial malleolus)
fibula ( lateral malleolus)
3. Identify tarsal, metatarsals and differentiate proximal from distal phalanges

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Write the scientific name of the numbered bones.

50. skull bone 51. sternum 52. ribs 53. vertebrae 54. intervertebral disks
55. clavicle 56. scapula 57. humerus 58. radius 59. ulna 60. carpals
61.metacarpals 62. phalanges 63. pelvic girdle 64. femur 65. patella
66. tibia 67. fibula 68. tarsals 69. metatarsals 70. phalanges.

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