ACJC 2013 JC2 H2 Mathematics REVISION SET G

COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
Pure Maths Part II

VECTORS
1.
PJC07/1/6
1
l :
1
3 1
7 0
p
= +
| | | |
| |
| |
| |
\ . \ .
r
, e
(i) Given 1 q = and 4 p = , since C lies on
1
l ,
4 1
3 1
7 0
OC = +
| | | |
| |
| |
| |
\ . \ .

and
4 1
0 1
4 0
AC OC OA = +
| | | |
| |
=
| |
| |
\ . \ .

2
AC l
4
4
1
0 0
2

+ | |
| |
|
|
- =
|
|
|
|
\ .
\ .
12 = 8 9 7 OC = + i j k

(ii) 2 AB q = + i k
Given acute angle between
1
l and
2
l is 60 ,
2
1
1 0
cos 60
0 2
2 4
q
q
| | | |
| |
-
| |
=
| |
\ . \ .
+

2
2 4 2 q q + = 2 q =

SAJC/97/1/8

1
TJC07/1/4
By Ratio theorem,
1
2
OM = (a + c) and
1
2
OP = (5b 3a)

( ) 1 OS OP OM = +
2

= (5b 3a) +
1
2

(a + c)
=
1
2
2

| |

|
\ .
a +
5
2

b +
1
2

c
C, S and B are collinear OS = c + ( ) 1 b

Since a, b and c are non-parallel vectors,
1 5 1
2 0; 1 ;
2 2 2

= = =

1 3
,
4 8
= =
1
8
OS = (5b + 3c) (shown)

N1996/2/15

3.
1
l :
1 1
2 1 ,
0 1
r
| | | |
| |
= + e
| |

\ . \ .

2
l :
2 3
1 1 ,
7 5
r

| | | |
| |
= + e
| |
\ . \ .


3
1
If 1 2 3 ----(1)
and 2 1 ----(2)
and 7 5 ----(3),
we have from (1) & (2), 3 and 2 which satisfies (3) since
R.H.S of (3) = 7 + 5( 2) = 3 = L.H.S of (3) .
and l




+ =
= +
= +
= =

2
intersect and the coordinates of is (4, 1, 3). l E




2
1
3 1
1 1
5 1
9 3 3
cos
35 3 35 3 35
27 2 2
sin 1 cos 1
35 35
6
sin , where is the shortest dist from to and 2
10
2 2
140 4 2
35
.
p
p A l AE
AE
p
u
u u
u

| | | |
| |

| |
| |

\ . \ .
= = =
= = =

| |
|
= =
|
|
\ .
= =


ACJC 2004


5 (i)
0 1 1
1 2 2 (2 3) (1 4 3) 5
1 1 3

( | | | | | |
( | | |
+ - = + + + =
( | | |
| | |
(
\ . \ . \ .

Therefore the line l lies on
1
t

5 (ii)
2 2 0
1 3 4
4 3 1
AB OB OA
| | | | | |
| | |
= = =
| | |
| | |
\ . \ . \ .

1
2 2 2 2 2 2
1
0 1
4 2
1 3
11
cos
238
0 4 1 1 2 3
AB
AB
|
| | | |
| |
-
| |
| |
-
\ . \ .
= = =
+ + + +
d n
d n


1
11
cos 44.5185
238
|

= =
Hence angle between line AB and plane
1
t 90 44.5185 45.4815 45.5
o
= = ~

Alternatively, Let u be the acute angle between the line and the plane

1
2 2 2 2 2 2
1
0 1
4 2
1 3
11
sin
238
0 4 1 1 2 3
AB
AB
u
-
-
| | | |
| |
| |
| |
\ . \ .
= = =
+ + + +
d n
d n



1
11
sin 45.5
238
u

= =

5 (iii)









(iv)
Normal of plane
2
t ,
2
1 1 8 4
2 2 2 2 1
3 1 4 2
| | | | | | | |
| | | |
= = =
| | | |
| | | |

\ . \ . \ . \ .
n
Equation of plane
2
t ,
8 2 8 8 4
2 1 2 2 2 or 1 1
4 4 4 4 2
- - - -
| | | | | | | | | |
| | | | |
= = =
| | | | |
| | | | |

\ . \ . \ . \ . \ .
r r r
(Accept parametric form)

The 3 planes do not have a common point (or line) of intersection.

6
1
l :
1 3
5 2 ,
12 2

| | | |
| |
+ e
| |
| |

\ . \ .
r = and
2
l :
1 8
5 11 ,
12 6

| | | |
| |
+ e
| |
| |
\ . \ .
r =
Consider
3 8 34 2
2 11 34 17 2
2 6 17 1
| | | | | | | |
| | | |
= =
| | | |
| | | |

\ . \ . \ . \ .

A normal to
1
is
2
2
1
| |
|

|
|
\ .
.
1
2 1 2 2
2 5 2 2 4
1 12 1 1

| | | | | | | |
| | | |
= =
| | | |
| | | |
\ . \ . \ . \ .
: r r


6 Method 1
Line passing through Q and perpendicular to
1
,
4 2
: 0 2 ,
8 1
l o o
| | | |
| |
= + e
| |
| |
\ . \ .
r
Since R lies on l,
4 2
2
8
OR
o
o
o

+ | |
|
=
|
|
+
\ .
for some o e
At point of intersection of l and
1
,
4 2 2
2 2 4
8 1
o
o
o
+ | | | |
| |
=
| |
| |
+
\ . \ .

4
3
8 4 4 8 4 o o o o + + + + = =
4
3
8
3
20
3
OR
| |
|
=
|
|
\ .
(shown)
Method 2



RQ = Projection of PQ

onto the normal =

1 1
1 1
PQ
| |
|
|
\ .
n n
n n


3 2 2
8 5 2 2
3
4 1 1
8
3
4
3
2
4
2
3 4 4 1 4 4 1
1
| | | | | |
| | |

| | |
| | |

\ . \ . \ .

| |
|
| | | |
|
| | | |
= = =
|
|
| |
+ + + + \ .
| | |
\ . \ .
|
|
\ .

8 4
3 3
8 8
3 3
20 4
3 3
4
0
8
OR OQ RQ

| | | | | |
| | |
= = =
| | |
| | |
\ . \ . \ .
(shown)

2 possible scenarios

1
: 2 2 4 x y z + =
2
: 2 5 x ay bz + + =
3
: 3 7 x y z =
Direction vector of line of intersection of
1
&
3
=
1 2 5
3 2 3
1 1 4
| | | | | |
| | |
=
| | |
| | |

\ . \ . \ .

5 2
3 0 10 3 4 0 3 4 10
4
a a b a b
b
| | | |
| |
= + = + =
| |
| |
\ . \ .

1
H
Q(4, 0,8)
R
(1, 5,12) P

2

7
Given
1
2 4 2
: . 3 2 , 1 and 5
0
OA OB
p q
t
| | | | | |
| | |
= = =
| | |
| | |
\ . \ . \ .
r
(i) Equation of line AX : r =
4 2
1 3
0 p

| | | |
| |
+
| |
| |
\ . \ .
where e .
X is the point of intersection between line AX and plane
1
t , therefore

4 2 2
1 3 3 2
0 p

| | | |
| |
+ =
| |
| |
\ . \ .
8 4 3 9 2 + + = 1 = . Therefore
2
2 OX
p
| |
|
=
|
|
\ .

If OX makes an angle of 45
o
with z-axis
2
2 0
2 0
1
cos 45
8
p
p
| | | |
| |
| |
| |
\ . \ .
=
+


2
2
1
8
2
8
p
p
p
= =
+
2 2 p =
Since p > 0, we have 2 2 p =
(ii)
2
1
: 1 1
1
t
| |
|
=
|
|

\ .
r .
2
6 AB OB OA
q p
| |
|
= =
|
|

\ .

Plane
2
t parallel to vector
2
normal of plane AB AB t .

2 1
6 1 0
1 q p
| | | |
| |
=
| |
| |

\ . \ .
2 6 0 q p + + = 2 2 4 q = +
(iii)
3
2
: 3 0
0
t
| |
|
=
|
|
\ .
r
Perpendicular distance
= length of projection of OX onto the normal of both planes

=
2 2
2 3
0
2 2 2
13 13
| |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
\ .
\ .
=
X
O



Alternative method:
1
2
: . 3 2
0
t
| |
|
=
|
|
\ .
r
( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
2
. 3
0
2 2
13
2 3 2 3
| |
|
|
|
\ .
= =
+ +
r
Therefore the perpendicular distance is
2
13
.
(iv)
1
2
: . 3 2
0
t
| |
|
=
|
|
\ .
r and
4
1 2
: 3 3
2 0
t o |
| | | |
| |
= +
| |
| |
\ . \ .
r .
Since plane
4
t is parallel to -2i +3j which is the normal of
1
t
4 1
t t
normal of
4
t =
1 2 6
3 3 4
2 0 3
| | | | | |
| | |
=
| | |
| | |
\ . \ . \ .

4
6
Equation of : 4 0
3
t
| |
|
=
|
|
\ .
r
To find common point of intersection, solve the following equations:

1
2
4
: 2 3 2
: 1
: 6 4 3 0
x y
x y z
x y z
t
t
t
+ =
+ =
+ =

the position vector of the point of intersection is ( )
1
7 12 30
11
+ + i j k .
8
Sub ( ) , , 0 o | into H
1
and H
2
.
1
2
: 1( ) 3( ) (0) 8
: 3( ) 1( ) (0) 0
a
b
t o |
t o |
+ + =
+ + =

Using GC, 1, 3 o | = =

1 3 3
3 1 3
8
b a
a b
a b
| | | | | |
| | |
=
| | |
| | |

\ . \ . \ .

1
1 3
: r 3 3 ,
0 8
b a
l a b
| | | |
| |
= + e
| |
| |

\ . \ .

1 3
3 3
0 8
b a
a b
| | | |
| |
+ =
| |
| |

\ . \ .
5
2
2
| |
|
|
|
\ .
+
4
1
0

| |
|
|
|
\ .

1
4
=
Sub a b = and
1
4
= , we have
( )
( )
1
1 4 5 4
4
1
3 4 2
4
a
a

= +
= +

2, 2 a b = =

Since the 3 planes have no point in common, l
1
cannot intersect H
3
.
1
1 1
: r 3 1 ,
0 1
l
| | | |
| |
= + e
| |
| |

\ . \ .

Condition 1: ( ) 1, 3, 0 is not on H
3
. Hence
( 1) (3) (0) 11
4
p q
p
+ + =
=

Condition 2:
1
p
q
| |
|
|
|
\ .
and
1
1
1
| |
|
|
|

\ .
are perpendicular.
1 1
1 0 1 0 1
1
. p p q p q
q
| | | |
| |
= + = =
| |
| |

\ . \ .


COMPLEX NUMBERS
1

2(a)
( )
( )
3 3
2 2
3 i 3 i
1 i 1 i
z
p p

= =
+ +
( )
( )
3
2
2
3 1
1 p
+
=
+
2
8
1 p
=
+

2 z =
2
8
2
1 p
=
+

2
4 1 3 or 3 (rejected) p p = + =
( )
( )
3
2
3 i
arg arg
1 i
z
p
| |

|
=
|
+
|
\ .
( ) ( )
3 2
arg 3 i arg 1 3i = +

( ) ( )
3arg 3 i 2arg 1 3i = +
7
3 2
6 3 6
t t t | | | |
= =
| |
\ . \ .

For arg( ) z t t < s ,
7 5
arg( ) 2
6 6
z
t t
t = = (Shown)

2(b)
5
2 z =
( ) 2
i
i
2e 2e , 0, 1, 2
k
k
t t
t
+
= = =
By De Moivres Theorem,
2
1
5
10
i
2 e , 0, 1, 2
k
z k
t t + | |
|
\ .
= =
( )
3 3
1 1 1 1 1
5 5 5 5
10 10 10 10 10
i i i i
i
2 e , 2 e , 2 e , 2 e , 2 e z
t t t t
t
| | | | | | | |

| | | |
\ . \ . \ . \ .
=
1 1 3 1 1 1 3
10 5 10 5 10 10 5 10 5
i i i i
2 e , 2 e , 2 , 2 e , 2 e z
t t t t

=

3(a)
2 z = ( )
5
arg
6 6
z = =
5
i
6
2e z =
( )
4
i
i e
a b
z
+
=
4 4 i
i e e
a b
z =
5
i 4
4 6 i
2 e e e
a b
| |
|
\ .
=

4
e 2
4ln 2
a
a
=
=

5
i 4
6 i
e e
20 2
6 3
b
b
| |
|
\ .
=
=


3(b)
( )
2 +
i
i 2 + 3 3
8 8e 2e
k
k
w w
t t
t t
| |
|
\ .
= = =
( )
i
3
i
i
3

0, 2e 2 cos i sin 1 i 3
3 3
1, 2e 2 cos i sin 2

1, 2e 2 cos i sin 1 i 3
3 3
k w
k w
k w
t
t
t
| |
|
\ .
| |

|
\ .
| |
= = = + = +
|
\ .
= = = + =
| | | | | |
= = = + =
| | |
\ . \ . \ .

2,1 i 3,1 i 3 w = +

4 3
8 8 0 w w w + + + = ( )( )
3
1 8 0 w w + + =
1, 2, 1 i 3, 1 i 3 w = +
For
4 3
iz 8i 8 0 z z + + = , let i w z = . i, 2i, 3 i, 3 i z =



4(a)
( )
2
2
4
2i 2i 4 0
2i 2i 4( 4)(1)
2i 12
i 3
2 2
z z z
z
z
= + =


= = =


Since
1 2 1
Re( ) Re( ), 3 i z z z > =
In trigonometric form,
1

2 cos i sin
6 6
z
( | | | |
= +
| | (
\ . \ .


Using de Moivres theorem, ( )
1

2 cos i sin
6 6
n
n
n n
z
( | | | |
= +
| | (
\ . \ .

For ( )
1
n
z to real,

sin 0
6
n | |
=
|
\ .
.
Thus smallest possible positive integer is 6.

4(b)
(i)
i
1 e
o
+
i i i
2 2 2
e [e e ]
o o o | | | | | |
| | |
\ . \ . \ .
= +

i
2
i
2
e cos i sin cos i sin
2 2 2 2
2cos e
2
o
o
o o o o
o
| |
|
\ .
| |
|
\ .
| | | | | | | | | |
= + + +
| | | | |
\ . \ . \ . \ . \ .
| |
=
|
\ .


(ii) Let the fourth roots be z. Then

( )

i i 2
4 4 4
8 2 8 2 i 16e 16e
k
z
| | | |
+
| |
\ . \ .
= = =


i
16 2
2e
k
z
| |
+
|
\ .
= 1, 0 , 1, 2 k =

(iii) Let 2 z w = . Then

i
16 2
2 2e
k
w
| |
+
|
\ .
=

i i
16 2 32 4

2 1 e 4cos e
32 4
k k
k
w
| | | |
+ +
| |
\ . \ .
| |
| |
= + = + |
|
|
\ .
\ .
, 1, 0 , 1, 2 k =

Thus when 1 k = ,
9
i i
32 4 32
9
4cos e 4cos e
32 4 32
w
| | | |

| |
\ . \ .
| | | |
= =
| |
\ . \ .
.
The other roots are
7
i i
32 32
7
4cos e , 4cos e
32 32
| | | |
| |
\ . \ .
| | | |
| |
\ . \ .
and
15
i
32
15
4cos e
32
| |
|
\ .
| |
|
\ .
.




5(i)
Given
2
8i z = , we can rewrite it as
2 i
2 2
8
k
z e
t
t
| |
+
|
\ .
= .
1
2 i i
2 2 4
8e 2 2e
k k
z
t t
t t
| | | |
+ +
| |
\ . \ .
= = , where 0,1 k = .
i.e.
i
4
2 2e z
t

= or
3
i
4
2 2e
t
.
Converting to Cartesian form,
1 i
2 2
2
z
| |
=
|
\ .
or
1 i
2 2
2
+ | |
|
\ .

Hence 2 2i z = or 2 2i + .

5(ii)
Given ( )
2
4 4 2i 0 w w + + + = , using formula for solving using quadratic formula,
1
2 8i
2
w= .
Applying the result in (i),
( )
1
2 2 2i
2
w= + or
( )
1
2 2 2i
2
+ +
(note that there should only be two solutions for w)
Hence 1 i w= or 3 i + .

5(iii)

5(iv) The two loci are parallel to each other but are not the same line, so they do not
intersect. They therefore have no points in common.

6

Minimum value of
( )
2
2
2 2 3 2 2 2 z i = = 2.
( ) 1
2cos 3 2sin i = 2 3 2 i.
4 4
z
t t | |
= + + + +
|
\ .

7









2cos
8
a
t
=
Hence 2 cos sin i
8 8
z a a
t t | | | |
= +
| |
\ . \ .

= 2 2cos cos 2cos sin i
8 8 8 8
t t t t | | | |
+
| |
\ . \ .

= 1 cos sin i
4 4
t t | | | |
+
| |
\ . \ .
(by double angle formula)
=
1 1
1 i
2 2
| |
+
|
\ .
.
From right angle triangle in diagram,
1
sin
1
2 8
tan
1
8 2 1
cos 1
8 2
a
a
t
t
t
= = =
+
+
.
Hence
3
tan tan cot 2 1
8 2 8 8
t t t t | |
= = = +
|
\ .
.

8(i)
( ) ( )
2 cos 1 1 2sin z i u u = + +
( ) ( ) 1 2 cos sin z i i u u =
( ) 1 2 z i = since cos sin 1 i u u =
The locus of P is a circle with radius 2 and centre (1, 1). (shown)

Method 2
Let z x iy = + ,
( ) ( )
2 cos 1 1 2sin x iy i u u + = + +
Compare real and imaginary parts, we get
2 cos 1 x u = + and 1 2sin y u = +
( ) 1
1
cos and sin
2 2
y
x
u u
+

= =
Since
2 2
cos sin 1 u u + = ,
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
1 1
1 1 1 2
2 2
x y
x y
+
+ = + + =
The locus of P is a circle with radius 2 and centre (1, 1). (shown)

x
(2,0)
O
(i)
(ii)
(1,0)
7
8
t
a
8(ii)


8(iii)
Min. value of 6 4 z i + ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
6 1 4 1 2 74 2 = + = units

8(iv)
2
sin 0.16515 rad
74
o o = =

5
tan 0.62025 rad
7
| | = =
( ) ( ) Max. arg 6 4 0.455 rad z i | o + = ~ (3sf)














9(a) Given w* = z 2i, z = w* + 2i, we obtain |w|
2
= w* + 2i + 6.
Let w = i a b + .
( ) ( )
2 2
i 2i + 6 6 i 2 a b a b a b + = + = + +
Comparing real and imaginary parts,
2 b = 0 b = 2
( )( )
2
2
4 6
2 0
2 1 0
2 or 1(N.A.)
a a
a a
a a
a
+ = +
=
+ =
=

Therefore w = 2 + 2i.

Im(z)
Re(z)
(1, -1)


(-6, 4)
9(b)

arg(a) =
4
t

a = 1 + i

10

10 (i) Minimum value will be the perpendicular distance from origin to the line segment
CB. Let the point of intersection of this perpendicular and CB be D. By observing
the right angle triangle formed by O, C, and D, OD = | a | sin
4
t
=
| |
2
a
.

10 (ii) The locus of z satisfying both relations is the line segment CB, excluding C. The
argument of the point represented by B is arg( )
2
a
t
, while the argument of the
point represented by C is arg( ) a t.
Hence the range of values is arg( ) arg( ) arg( )
2
a z a
t
t < s .

11(i) Locus of P is a half-line from and excluding the point representing the complex
number1 2 i + that makes an angle of u with the positive real axis.

11(ii)

11(iii)


5 EF = and radius 2 EG= =
2
sin
5
o = 0.287 o =
Locus of P meets the locus of Q more than once when 0.287 0.287 u < < .


DIFFERENTIATION
1

2 2
6 2 21 0 x xy y + =
Differentiate with respect to x
( )
d d
2 6 4 0
d d
d
4 6 6 2
d
d 6 2
d 4 6
3

2 3
y y
x y x y
x x
y
y x y x
x
y y x
x y x
y x
y x
| |
+ + =
|
\ .
=

2(a)

4 e
1
tan
=

xy
x

0
d
d
e
1
1
1
tan
2
= |
.
|

\
|

y
x
y
x
x
x

x
y
x
x
y
x

+
=
1
tan
2
e
1
1
d
d


) 1 (
) 1 ( e
2
2 tan
1
x x
x y
x
+
+
=


2(b)
x
x y ) 1 2 ( + =

) 1 2 ln( ln + = x x y

) 1 2 ln(
1 2
2 1
d
d
+ +
+
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
x
x
x
y x
y

|
.
|

\
|
+ +
+
= ) 1 2 ln(
1 2
2
d
d
x
x
x
y
x
y


|
.
|

\
|
+ +
+
+ = ) 1 2 ln(
1 2
2
) 1 2 ( x
x
x
x
x

3(a)
2
2
2
2
2
ln 2
cos
d(ln( ))
2
(ln co )
2 sin 1
cos
1
2 ta
d
n
s x
x
d
x
x
x d
x x
x x
x x
x
x

=
=
=

3(b)
2
1
2
2 2
2 2
(1 2 ) (2 )( 2)
2 (1 2
tan (
(
)
)
2
1 2
1 )
1 2
1 2 4 2
(1 2 ) (2 )
5
5 1 5
1
x x
x x
x
x
x
x x
x x
x x
d
dx

+
+
=
+

+ +
=
+
=
+
+
=
+


4.
2
2 2 2
3
2 3 2 2
f ( ) e
f '( ) 3 e (2 e ) 1 e (3 2 ) 1
x
x x x
x x x
x x x x x x
= +
= + + = + +

For all values of x , we have
2
2 2
0, e 0, (3 2 ) 0
x
x x > > + > , and so
2
2 2
e (3 2 ) 0
x
x x + > .
Hence f '( ) 1 0 x > > , and so
2
3
f ( ) e
x
x x x = + is strictly increasing for all values of
x .

DIFFERENTIATION and its APPLICATIONS
1. ln ln y xy x =
Differentiate implicitly w.r.t x,
1 d d
ln
d d
1 y y
xy x x y
y x x x
= +
| |
| |
+
|
|
\ .
\ .

1 d d
ln ln
d d
y y
y x x y x
y x x
= + +
1 d
ln ln
d
y
x x y y x
y x
= +
| |

|
\ .

2 2
d (1 ln ) (1 ln )
d 1 ln 1 ln
y y x y x
x xy x y
+ +
=

=

For the tangent to be parallel to the yaxis,
d
0
d
x
y
=

2
1 ln
0
(1 ln )
y
y x

=
+
1 ln 0 y = e y =
Hence from
xy
y x = , we have
e
e
x
x =
e
e 0
x
x =

Hence x = 1.32, and since the tangent parallel to the y-axis takes the form x c = ,
hence equation of tangent is 1.32 x =


2.
2
1
2
dy
x at y at
dx t
= = = ,
Equation of tangent is
2
1
2 ( ) y ap x ap
p
=
2
py x ap = +

Equation of normal is
2
2 ( ) y ap p x ap =
3
2 y px ap ap = + +


(ii) A = (9a, 6a)
2
9 3 a ap p = =
Equation of normal is
2
3 (3) 2 (3) 3 33 y x a a x a = + + = +

Since Q lies on the normal, sub
2
( , 2 ) aq aq into eqn of normal to get:

2
2 3 33 aq aq a = +
2
3 2 33 0 q q + =
11
3 or
3
q q = =

Coordinates of Q are
121 22
,
9 3
a a
| |

|
\ .

(iii) Since
3
( , )
2
T a a lies on the tangent, it satisfies the equation

2
py x ap = +
2
3
2
ap a ap = +

2
2 3 2 0 p p + =

1
(2 1)( 2) 0 or 2
2
p p p + = =

Points B and C are
1
( , ) and (4 , 4 )
4
a a a a
(Gradient of TB) (gradient of TC) =
1
2 ( ) 1
2
=
Thus TB is perpendicular to TC


3
By Pythagoras Theorem,
( )
2
2 2
2
15 15
30 (shown)
r h
r h h
=
=





15
15 h
3(i)
( )
2 3
45
3
V h h
t
=

( )
( ) ( )
( )
2
2
d d
30
d d
d
20 30 5 5
d
d
0.050929 0.0509 cm/min (3.s.f)
d
V h
h h
t t
h
t
h
t
t t
t t
=
=
= =


Alternative
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
2 2
2
d
90 3 30
d 3
d d d
d d d
d 1
20
d
30 5 5
d
0.050929 0.0509 cm/min (3.s.f)
d
V
h h h h
h
h h V
t V t
h
t
h
t
t
t t
t t
= =
=
=

= =


3(ii)
( ) ( )
2
1
2
2
30
d 1
30 30 2
d 2
r h h
r
h h h
t

=
=

( )
( ) ( )
( )
2
d d d
d d d
15 5
d
When 5, 0.050929
d
30 5 5
d
0.045552 0.0456 cm/min (3.s.f)
d
r r h
t h t
r
h
t
r
t
=

= =

= =


4(i) Applying the cosine rule to AASB, we have
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
(3 2) ( 2 ) ( 3 ) 2 2 3 cos . s s s s u = + + + + +

Rearranging,
2 2 2
2 2 2 2
4 9 1 6
cos ,
2 4 9 4 9
s s s
s s s s
u
+ + + +
= =
+ + + +

which upon squaring both sides gives the required result.

4(ii)
2 2
2 2 2 2
( 6)
1
( 4)( 9) 4 9
s P Q
s s s s
+
= + +
+ + + +

So

2 2 2 2 2 2
( 6) ( 4)( 9) ( 9) ( 4). s s s P s Q s + = + + + + + +


Comparing coefficients gives

9 4 0
1,
P Q
P Q
+ =
+ =


4 9
and .
5 5
P Q = =
Thus

2 2
1 4 9
f ( ) 1
5 4 9
s
s s
| |
= +
|
+ +
\ .

and

2 2 2 2
2 9 4
f '( ) .
5 ( 9) ( 4)
s
s
s s
| |
=
|
+ +
\ .


4(iii) When f '( ) 0 s = , we have
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2
2 9 4
0
5 ( 9) ( 4)
9 4
0 (as 0)
( 9) ( 4)
9 4
( 9) ( 4)
3 2
(as all quantities are positive)
9 4
s
s s
s
s s
s s
s s
| |
=
|
+ +
\ .
= >
+ +
=
+ +
=
+ +

Thus
2
6, s = giving 6 s = as 0. s >

2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 9 4 2 5( 30)
f '( ) .
5 ( 9) ( 4) 5 ( 9) ( 4)
s s s
s
s s s s
| | | |
= =
| |
+ + + +
\ . \ .

This implies that

s
6

6
6
+

f '( ) s
0 < 0 0 >
f ( ) s
__

Since
2
cos u

is decreasing for 0,
2
t
u
(
e
(

, when f is minimum,
2
cos u

is
minimum and this implies u is maximum. Hence the soccer player should shoot
when 6. s =

Alternative solution : use graph




5










Let x be the distance between A and P. Then
2 2 2
8 64 PW x x = + = +
Cost of laying the pipe, ( )
2
60000 64 45000 12 C x x = + +
d
0
d
C
x
=
2
60000
45000 0
64
x
x
=
+

( )
2
2
2 2
2
60000 45000 64
4 3 64
16 9 64
576
7
576 576
(reject as 0)
7 7
x x
x x
x x
x
x x
= +
= +
= +
=
= >


To show that C is minimum when
576
7
x =
Method 1: First Derivative Test

x
576
7
x

| |
=
|
|
\ .
576
7
x =

576
7
x
+
| |
=
|
|
\ .

2
d 60000
45000
d
64
C x
x
x
=
+

< 0 0 > 0

C is a minimum when
576
7
x = .
Method 2: Second Derivative Test
( )
( ) ( )
2
2
2
2
2 2
2 2
3 3
2 2
2 2
60000
60000 64
d
64
d 64
60000 64 60000
3840000
0 for all
64 64
x
x
C
x
x x
x x
x
x x
+
+
=
+
+
= = >
+ +

C is a minimum when
576
7
x = .


Land
W
P B
A
8
Ocean
x 12 x
BINOMIAL EXPANSION and MACLAURINS SERIES
1
( )( ) ( )
( )
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
3
3
cos 2 4 3 cos 2 4 1
4
1 3
1 1 3 3 2 2
cos 2 1
2 2 4 2! 4
1 3 5
3 2 2 2

3! 4
1
2
x
x x x
x x
x
x

| |
| |
=
| |
\ .
\ .
| || |

| |

| | | || | | |
\ .\ .
= + +
| | | |
\ . \ .\ . \ .

( | || || |

| | |
(
| |
\ .\ .\ .
( + +
|
\ . (
(

| |
~
|
\ .
( )
2
2
3
2 3 2 3
2
3 27 135
1 1
2 8 128 1024
1 3 229 633 1 3 229 633
1
2 8 128 1024 2 16 256 2048
x
x x
x
x x x x x x
| |
| |
+ + + |
|
|
\ .
\ .
| |
| |
~ + = +
| |
\ .
\ .

Replace x with x ,
( )( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
2
1 1
2 2
1
2
1 3
2 2
2
cos 2 4 3 1 4 3
2
1 2 4 3
1 2 1 3 229 633
Thus
2 16 256 2048
4 3
x
x x x
x x
x
x x x
x

| |
|
~
|
|
\ .
=

~ +

2(i)
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
1 1
4 4
3 1
4 4
16
2
1
4 16 2 16
2 2 3 3 1 1
64 8192 32 4096
16 2 1
2 1 ...
2 1 ... 2 ...
x
x x
x
x x x x

+ = +
= + + +
= + + = + +

This expansion is valid for
16
1 16 16.
x
x < < <

2(ii)
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
1
4
2
2 2 2 3 1
32 4096
2 4 3 2
3 3 1
32 32 4096
2 3 27 1
32 32 4096
2 2 3 101
32 4096
16 3 2 3 3 ...
2 6 9 ...
2 ...
2 (up to term in )
t t t t t t
t t t t t
t t
t t t
+ + = + + + +
= + + + + +
= + + +
~ + +


2(iii)
Replacing t with t in the above expansion,
( )
1
4 2 2 3 101
32 4096
16 3 2 t t t t + ~ +

3
sin 2
sin cos 2 cos sin 2
4
4 4
cos cos
x
x x
x x
t
t t
| |
+
+ |
\ .
=


1 1
cos 2 sin 2
2 2
cos
x x
x
+
=


2
2
1 4 1
1 (2 )
2 2 2
1
2
x
x
x
| |
+
|
|
\ .
~

2
2
1 4 1
1 (2 )
2 2 2
1
2
x
x
x
| |
+
|
|
\ .
~

( )
1
2
2
1
1 2 2 1
2 2
x
x x

| |
= + |
|
\ .

( )
2
2
1
1 2 2 1 ...
2 2
x
x x
| |
= + + + |
|
\ .

2 2
1 1
1 2 2
2 2
x x x
| |
~ + +
|
\ .


2
1 3
1 2
2 2
x x
| |
= +
|
\ .


4(a)
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
2
2
2 3 2
3 2
3 2

tan cos2 10
4
tan 1
cos2 10
1 tan
Given that is sufficiently small,
1 4
1 10
1 2
1 1 2 1 10 1
1 1 2 2 10 10
2 12 10 2 0
6 5 1 0 (Shown)
x x x
x
x x
x
x
x x
x
x
x x x x x
x x x x x x
x x x
x x x
| |
=
|
\ .

=
+
| |
=
|
+
\ .
+ = +
+ =
+ + =
+ + =

Solving the cubic equation with GC,
4.95(N.A.) or 1.22(N.A.) or 0.166 (3 s.f.) x x x = = =

4(b)
( ) ( )
( )
( )
1
2 1
2
2
2
2
2
2 2
2
2
2
2 2
2
1 tan
1 tan
d 1
Differentiate w.r.t. , 2
d 1
d d 2
Differentiate w.r.t. , 2 2 1 2
d d
1
d d
(Shown)
d d
1
y x
y x
y
x y
x x
y y x
x y x x
x x
x
y y x
y
x x
x

= +
= +
=
+
| |
+ = + =
|
\ .
+
| |
+ =
|
\ .
+


( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
2
2 2 2
3 2 2
4 3 2 2
2
2 2
3
2
Differentiate w.r.t. ,
1 4 1
d d d d d
2
d d d d d
1
1 4

1
x
x x x
y y y y y
y
x x x x x
x
x x
x
+ + +
+ + =
+
+ +
=
+


2 3
2 3
2 3
2 3
d 1 d 1 d 5
When 0, 1, , , .
d 2 d 4 d 8
5 1
1
8 4
1
2 2 6
1 1 5
1
2 8 48
y y y
x y
x x x
y x x x
x x x
= = = = =

~ + + +
~ +


( )
1
1
1
2
2 2
2 2 2
2
1 tan
1
1 tan 1
1 3
1 1 1
2 2
1 1
2 8 2 2
1 3 1 1 1
1
2 8 2 4 8
1
1
2
x
x
x x
x x x x
x x x x x
x x

= +
| | | |

|
|
| |
\ .
~ + + + |
|
\ . |
|
\ .
~ + + + +
= + +


5
2 2
2 2 2
2 4
( 2)( 3)
1 1 ( 2)
2 2 2! 2
3
1
4
x x x
x x

| | | | | |
= + + +
| | |
\ . \ . \ .
= + + +


5(i)
Since x is sufficiently small for
3
x and higher powers of x to be neglected,
( )
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
sin 2sec
2
sin
cos
2
1
2
2 1
2
2 1
2 2
x x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x x
x x

+
= +
~ +
| |

|
\ .
| |
= +
|
\ .
~ + +
= + +
OR
2
2
2
2
sin 2sec
sin 2(1 tan )
2(1 )
2 2
x x
x x
x x
x x
+
= + +
~ + +
= + +

5(ii)
1 0 2 3
1
2
1 2 3 4
2 2 2 2 2
3 4
1 1
4 8
1
1 4
2
r
r
r

= + + + +
= + + + +
| |
= =
|
\ .

6(i)
1
2
4 2 2 1
2
x
x
| |
+ = +
|
\ .

( )( ) ( )( )( )
2 3 3 1 1 1 1
1
2 2 2 2 2
2 1 ...
2 2 2! 2 3! 2
x x x
(

| | | | | |
(
= + + + +
| | |
(
\ . \ . \ .

2 3
1 1 1
2 ...
2 16 64
Expansion is valid if 1 2 2 2.
2
x x x
x
x x
= + + +
< < < <


6(ii) d
:
dx

d
e 3cos3
d
y
y
x
x
= .
d
:
dx
( )
2
2
2
d d
e e 9sin3 9 e 1
d
d
y y y
y y
x
x
x
| |
+ = =
|
\ .

( )
2
2
2
d d
9e 9 0 Shown .
d d
y
y y
x x

| |
+ + =
|
\ .

d
:
dx
3 2
3 2
d d d d
2 9e 0
d d
d d
y
y y y y
x x
x x

| |
| |
+ + = |
|
|
\ .
\ .
.
When 0 x = , 0 y = ,
d
3
d
y
x
= ,
2
2
d
9
d
y
x
= ,
3
3
d
27
d
y
x
= .
2 3
3 9 27
...
1! 2! 3!
y x x x

= + + +
2 3
9 9
3 ...
2 2
x x x = + + .

6(iii)
( )
2 1
e
ln 2 1 ln 1 sin3
1 sin3
x
x x
x
+
| |
= + +
|
|
+
\ .

( )
( ) ( ) ( )
2 3
2 3
2 1 4 4 4 2 2
1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2 ... 2
2 16 64 4 8
x x x
x x x x x x
+ = + = +
= + + + ~ + +


( )
2 3 2 3
2 3
4 4 ln 1 sin3
1 1 9 9
2 ... 3 ...
4 8 2 2
17 35
2 2 ...
4 8
x x
x x x x x x
x x x
+ +
| | | |
= + + + + +
| |
\ . \ .
= + +


( )
2 1
0.1 0.1
2 3
0 0
e 17 35
ln d 2 2 d
1 sin3 4 8
0.19131 to 5 dp
x
x x x x x
x
+
| |
~ +
|
|
+
\ .
=
} }




INTEGRATION and ITS APPLICATION
1
1 2
cos d x x x

}

2 2
1 2
4
2 3
1 2
4
2
1 2 4
2
cos d
2 2
1
1 4
cos d
2 4
1
1
cos 1
2 2
x x x
x x
x
x x
x x
x
x
x x C

| |

=
|

\ .

= +
}
}

2
(i) tan t x =
2 2
sec 1
dt
x t
dx
= = +
=
2 2
2
1 1
1
1
1
dt
t t
t
| |
|
+
\ .
+
+
}

=
2
1
1 2
dt
t +
}

=
1
1
tan 2
2
t c

+
=
1
1
tan 2 tan
2
x c

+




(ii)
volume is same as

Exact volume =
2
4
2
0
1
d
1 sin
x
x
t
t
| |
|
|
+
\ .
}

4
1
0
1
1
tan 2 tan
2
tan 2
2
x
t
t
t

(
=
(

=


3 Method 1:
sin2 cos d x x x
}

1
sin3 sin d
2
1 cos3
cos
2 3
1 cos3
cos
2 3
x x x
x
x C
x
x C
= +
| |
= +
|
\ .
| |
= + +
|
\ .
}


Method 2:
sin2 cos d x x x
}

1
2
3
[f ( )]
2sin cos d [use f ( )[f ( )] d ]
1
2
cos
3
n
n
x
x x x x x x c
n
x C
+
= = +
+
= +
} }


(i)
d d
cos 1, 2cos 2
d d
x y
t t
t t
= + =
d d d 2cos 2
d d d cos 1
y y t t
x t x t
= =
+


When
d
0,
d
y
x
=
3 3 1 1 3
cos 2 0 2 , , ,
2 2 4 4 4 4 2 2
t t t x
t t t t t t
= = = = + +
At point A,
1
, 1
4 2
x y
t
= + =

1 y = is the equation of the tangent to the curve at point A.

Or
2
1
2
1 sin
y
x
= +
+

2
1
1 sin
y
x
=
+

y =2

Since 0 t t s s , the maximum and minimum values of y (i.e. sin2 y t = ) is 1 and -1. The
y-coordinate of point A is 1 and since the tangent to this max pt is a horizontal line
(
d
0,
d
y
x
= ), therefore the equation of the tangent to the curve at point A is y = 1.
(ii)











( )
1
4 2
4
4
4 4
Area 1 d
3 1
sin 2 cos 1 d
4 2
3 1
sin 2 cos sin 2 d
4 2
3 1 1 cos3 cos 2
cos
4 2 3 2 2
3 1 2 1 1

4 3 2 2 3 2
3 1 2 2

4 6 3
y x
t t t
t t t t
x t
x
t
t
t
t
t
t
t t
t t
t
t
t
t
t
+
=
= +
= +
( | | (
= +
| ( (
\ .
= +
=
}
}
}

4
2 2
3 1 3 1 ) 3 1 )( 3 1 (
10 2
x
C Bx
x
A
x x
x
+
+
+
+
=
+ +
+

By cover-up rule, when 1
3
1
= = A x
) 3 1 )( ( ) 3 1 ( 1 10 2
2
x C Bx x x + + + + = +
When x = 0, C = 3
When x = 1, B = 1
x
x
x
x
x
x x
x
d
3 1
3
3 1
1
d
) 3 1 )( 3 1 (
10 2
1
0
2
1
0
2 } }
+
+
+
+
=
+ +
+

y
x
A

( )
( )
3
4 ln
6
1
3 tan 3 4 ln
6
1
4 ln
3
1
3 tan 3 3 1 ln
6
1
3 1 ln
3
1
1
1
0
1 2
t
+ =
+ + =
(

+ + + + =

x x x


x x
e x e
x
cos cos
) (sin
d
d
=
}
}
= x x x e
x x e
x
x
d ) cos sin 2 (
d 2 sin
cos
cos

}
= x x xe
x
d ) )(cos sin ( 2
cos
| |
c x e
c e e x
x e x e x
x
x x
x x
+ =
+ + =
+ =
}
) cos 1 ( 2
2 ) (cos 2
d ) (sin ) (cos 2
cos
cos cos
cos cos

5 Equation of Tangent: y = 2x 2
When x = 3, y = 4

Area ) 4 )( 2 (
2
1
d ) 1 (
3
1
2
=
}
x x
4
3
3
1
3

= x
x


3
8
= or 2.67 (3 s.f.)

Volume ( )
}
+ +
}
|
.
|

\
| +
=
8
0
2
4
0
2
d 1 ) 4 ( ) 3 ( d
2
2
y y y
y
t t t

8
0
2
4
0
2
3
2
36 4 2
3 4
(

+ t t +
(

+ +
t
= y
y
y y
y


3
40t
=
6
2 2
2
1 2 (1 )
1 1

1 (1 )
x x
x x x
x x
=
+

= +



2 2
1 1
d d
1 2 1 (1 )
1
ln 1
(1 )
x
x x
x x x x
x C
x

= +
+
= + +

} }


2 2 2 2
2
1
e sin(e ) d (2e )sin(e ) d
2
cos(e )

2
x x x x
x
x x
C
=
= +
} }


1 1
2

1
1 2
2

1 2
1
sin d sin . d
1
1
sin ( 2 ).(1 ) d
2
sin 1
x x x x x x
x
x x x x x
x x x C

= +
= + +
} }
}


2
2

2

2 2

2 1
d
2 3
2 3
1 d
2 3
2 2 1
1 d
2 3 ( 1) 2
1 1
ln 2 3 tan
2 2
x
x
x x
x
x
x x
x
x
x x x
x
x x x C

= +
+

= +
+ +

= + + +
}
}
}

7(a)
(i)
Total area of all n rectangles, A
( )
( )
3 3
3 3
3
3 3 3 3
3
1
3
1
2
4
1 1 1 1 2
0 2 2 2
1 3 1 1
2 ... 2
1 1
2 2 ... 2 1 2 3 ... ( 1)
1 1
2
1 ( 1)
2 (
4
n
r
n n n n n
n
n n n n
n
n n
n r
n n
n
n
n

=
( (
| | | |
= + + + + + ( (
| |
\ . \ .
( (

( (
| | | |
+ + + + + ( (
| |
\ . \ .
( (

(
| |
= + + + + + + + + (
|
\ .
(

(
| |
= + (
|
\ .
(

= +

( )
2
2
2
2 2
1 1)
1
2 2 1
4
1 1 1 9 1 1
2 (shown)
4 2 4 2
4 4
n n
n
n n
n n
(
+
(
(

= + +
= + + = +

(ii)
Area under the curve
2
2
9 1 1 9
lim unit
4 2 4
4
n n
n

(
= + =
(


(iii)
For
2
9 1 1 9
0.99
4 2 4
4
n
n
| |
+ >
|
\ .

2
1 1
0.0225
2
4
n
n
s
Using GC,
0.512 or 21.7 n n s >
Since n
+
e , least n = 22
(b)(i) By GC, ( 0.340, 1.162) and (0.340, 1.162)
(ii) Since both curves are symmetrical about the y-axis,
(I)
Volume required
2
2
0.34001 0.5
2
2
0 0.34001
1
2 2 cos(5 ) d 1 d
4
x x x
x

(
(
= +
`
(



)
} }


3
2.61 unit or 0.832 (3 s.f.) by GC =
(II)
2
2 1
2 1
2 cos(5 )
5 cos (2 )
1
cos (2 )
5
y x
x y
x y

=
=
=


2
2
2
1
1
4
1
1
4
1
4( 1)
y
x
y
x
x
y
=
= +
=
+


Volume required
1.162 1.162
1
0 1
1 1
d cos (2 ) d
4( 1) 5
y y y
y

(
=
(
+

} }


3
0.567 unit or 0.180 (3 s.f.) by GC =

8(a)
( )
( ) ( )
2 2 2
2
2
2 1
1 1 6 1
d d d
1 3 6 1 3 1 3
1 1 1
ln 1 3 d
6 3 1/ 3
1 3
ln 1 3 tan 3
6 3
x x
x x x
x x x
x x
x
x x C

= +
+ + +
= + +
+
= + + +
} } }
}

(b) 2 2 2
2
d
e e 2 e
d
x x x
x x
x

=
Using by parts with
( )
2
2
' 1 2 e ,
x
v x u x

= = ,

( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2
2
2 1 d 1 2 d
d
1

2
x x
x x
x x
x x e x x x e x
x e xe x
x e e C



=
= +
= +
} }
}


9(i)
6/5 1/ 2 6/5
0 0 1/ 2
1/ 2 6/5
2 2
0 1/ 2
2 1 d 1 2 d 2 1 d

37

50
x x x x x x
x x x x
= +
( ( = +

=
} } }

(ii) d
2sin , 2cos
d
x
x u u
u
= =
1
0 0
6 3
sin
5 5
x
x
u
u

= =
= =

| |
2
6/5
0
2
1
0
2
0
2
0
2
0 0
0
0
2
1
1 d
4
4sin 3
1 2cos d where sin
4 5
4 4sin
2cos d
4
1 sin 2cos d
2cos d cos 2 1 d
1
sin 2 sin cos
2
sin cos sin 1 sin
3 4 3
sin
5 5 5
a
a
a
a a
a
a
x
x
a
a a a a a a
u
u u
u
u u
u u u
u u u u
u u u u u

= =

=
=
= = +
(
= + = +
(

= + = +
| || |
= +
| |
\ .\ .
}
}
}
}
} }
1
3
(Since sin )
5
12 3
sin (shown)
25 5
a

=
= +


(iii)
(a)
( )
2
6/5
0
2
6/5 6/5
0 0
6/5
1
0
1
1 2
3
Area of 1 2 1 d
4 5
3
2 1 d 1 d
5 4
37 3 12 3
sin
50 5 25 5
37 18 12 3
sin from (i) and (ii)
50 25 25 5
23 3
sin units
50 5
x
R x x
x
x x x
x

| |
=
|
\ .
= + +
( ( | |
= + + +
| ( (
\ .
| |
= + + +
|
\ .
| |
= +
|
\ .
}
} }

(iii)
(b)










Volume generated




y
x






Idea: +
( )
2
1 4/5
2
4/5 3/5
2
2/5
3/5
3 3
4
4 1 d d
2 5
1
d
5 2
851
3.56 units (to 3 s.f) by GC or units
750
y
y y y
y
y
t t
t
t

| |
= + +
|
\ .
| |

|
\ .
=
} }
}

11 (i) Total Area of rectangles

( )
1 1 2
0
1
e e e e

= + + + +
n
n n n
n


( )
1
1
e 1
1
e 1
| |

|
=
|

|
\ .
n
n
n
n


( )
1
e 1
e 1

n
n
(shown).


10(i)
2 2
2 2
1
2
4
3
x y
+ =
| |
|
\ .

2 2
9 4 16 x y + =

(ii)



(iii) Required volume
=
1.08729 1.08729
2
2
2
0 0
16 9 3
d d
4 4
x x
x x
x
t t
| |

|
\ . } }


= 9.487 (3 d.p.)



y
y = 0
x
-2 2
x = -2
x = 2
(1.09, 1.16)
(-1.09, -1.16)



(ii) Actual Area =
1
1
0
0
e d e e 1
(
= =

}
x x
x
Actual Area > Total Area of rectangles

( )
1
e 1
e 1
e 1

>

n
n


( )
1
e 1 1 >
n
n

1
1
e 1 > +
n
n
(shown)


e (1) =
x
y
e
(2) = y
x

Point of intersection is ( ) 1, e
Volume = ( )
2 e 4
2
1 e
e
ln d d
| |
+
|
\ .
} }
y y y
y
t t
= 4.99 (to 2 d.p)
12 (i)
Let 1 = + y x , then
d 1
d 2
y
x x
= .


( )
| | | |
4 3
1 2
3
2
3
2
1 1
d 2 1 d
1
1
2 1 d
2 ln
2 3 ln3 2 2 ln 2
2
2 2ln
3
x y y
y x
y
y
y y
= (

+
| |
=
|
\ .
= (

=
= +
} }
}















(ii)

Let
d 1
ln(1 ),
d
v
u x
x x
= + =

( )
( )
4
1
4
4
1
1
4
1
1
ln(1 ) d
1 1
2 ln(1 ) 2 d
1 2
1
4ln3 2ln 2 d
1
2
4ln3 2ln 2 2 2ln
3
6ln3 4ln 2 2
x x
x
x x x x
x x
x
x
+
| |
(
= +
|

+
\ .
=
+
| |
= +
|
\ .
=
}
}
}








13

14(a)

2
d
2 4
d
x
x t t
t
= = . when 0, 0 x t = = . when ( )
2
, 0
8 4
x t t
t t
= = > .
( )( )
( ) ( )
2
8
0
4
0
4 4
0 0
Area d
sin 4 d
4 cos 4cos d
y x
t t t
t t t t
t
t
t t
=
=
= (

}
}
}

( )
4
0
2
4sin
2
2 2
4 0
2 2
2
2 2
2
t
t
t
t
t
= (

| |
= +
|
|
\ .
=

15 (i)


4 4
2 2
2
2
3 1
1 1
1
( 1
1
1
tan
3
x x
x x
x x
x x
x
x x x C

=
+ +
= +
+
= + +
} }
}
d d
) d


(ii) Let tan u x =

2 2 2
2
d
sec tan 1 1
d
1
d d
1
u
x x u
x
x u
u
= = + = +
=
+

When

, tan 1
4 4
0, tan0 0
x u
x u
t t
= = =
= = =


4
1
4 4
2
0 0
3 1 1
0
1
tan d du
1
1
=[ tan ]
3
1 2
1 tan 1
3 4 3
u
x x
u
u u u
t

=
+
+
t
= + =
} }

(iii)
4 4 4 4
0
4
2 4
tan d 2 tan d 2( )
4 3 2 3
x x x x
t t
t

t t
= = =
} }

A parametric
2
tan , sec y x = u = u, where 0 2 s u s t.
(iv) When 1, tan 1 , 2
4
y x
t
= u = u = =
Area of region R =
2
1
2 d y x
}


2 4
0
2 2 4
0
2 2 4
0
4 2 4
0
2 tan 2sec tan d
4 tan sec d
4 tan (tan 1) d
4 (tan tan ) d (shown)
t
t
t
t
= u u u u
= u u u
= u u+ u
= u+ u u
}
}
}
}


4 2 4 4
0 0
2 4
0
4
0
4 (tan ) d 4 (tan ) d
2
4( ) 4 (sec 1) d
4 3
8
4[tan ]
3
8 4
4[1 ]
3 4 3
t t
t
t
= u u+ u u
t
= + u u
= t + uu
t
= t + =
} }
}

(v)
1
2 2
0
(2) 2 2 d
y
V x y = t t
}


2 2 2 4
0
8 2 (sec ) sec d 13.4
t
= t t u u u =
}



16 (b)
(i)
2
d
( sin 2 )
d
x x
x
=
2
2 sin2 2 cos2 x x x x +
(ii)
2 2
(2 cos 2 2 sin 2 ) d sin2 x x x x x x x + =
}


2 2
2
2
2
(2 cos 2 ) d 2 sin 2 d sin 2
[ cos 2 cos 2 d ] sin 2
1
[ cos 2 sin 2 ] sin 2
2
1
cos 2 sin 2 sin 2
2
x x x x x x x x
x x x x x x
x x x x x C
x x x x x C
= +
= +
= + + +
= + +
} }
}


2 2
1 1 1
(2 cos 2 ) d cos 2 sin 2 sin 2
2 4 2
x x x x x x x x C = + +
}


17(i)
( )( )
( )
( )( )
2
3 1
0
1
3 1 0 , 1
x x
x
x x x
+
s

+ s =





Hence, 1 3 x s s , 1 x = .
(ii)














( )( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
2
2 2
2
2
2
2
2
3 1
2 3
d d
1 1
2 1 4
d
1
1 4
d
1
4
1 d
1
4
1
x x
x x
x x
x x
x x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x C
x
+

=

+
=

= + +

} }
}
}
}

(iii)
( )( )
( )
( )( )
( )
( )( )
( )
| |
( )
2
2
3
2 2
2 3
3
2 3
2
3 1 7
d
6
1
3 1 3 1 7
d d
6
1 1
4 4 7
1 1 6
4 4 4 4 7
3 2 3
3 1 2 1 1 3 1 6
4 7
5 6 5
1 6
4 31
1 6
6 4 31
p
p
p
x x
x
x
x x x x
x x
x x
x x
x x
p
p
p
p
p
p
p p p
+
=

+ +
+ =

( (
+ + + =
( (


( | | ( | | | | | |
+ + + + + =
( | | | | (

\ . \ . \ . \ .
| |
+ + =
|

\ .
+ =

+ =
}
} }
( )( )
2
31
6 37 55 0
3 11 2 5 0
11 5
or (N.A.)
3 2
p p
p p
p
+ =
=
=


1 1 3
+ +
18(i)


4(ii)


( ) ( )
2 2
2
2
2
2
2 3
1
2 1
2
( 3) 1
2
2
3 1
2
y x
y
x
y
x
+
=
+ | |
=
|
\ .
+ | |
=
|
\ .

y
x



y
x

y = 2
2
2
2 2
2
0
2 2
2
0
2 2
2
2
0
2 2
3 1 3 1 d
2 2
2 2
9 6 1 1
2 2
2 2
9 6 1 1 d
2 2
2
12 1 d (shown)
2
y y
V y
y y
y y
y
y
y
t
t
t
( (
+ + | | | |
( (
= +
| |
( ( \ . \ .

(
+ + | | | |
(
= + +
| |
( \ . \ .

(
+ + | | | |
(
+
| |
( \ . \ .

+ | |
=
|
\ .
}
}
}


d
2 2sec , 2sec tan
d
y
y u u u
u
+ = =
( )
( )
( )
( )
2
2
0
2
3
0
3
0
3
0
2
12 1 d
2
12 sec 1 2sec tan d
=24 tan sec tan d
24 2 3 sec d from (*)
1
24 2 3 3 ln 2 3
2
12 2 3 ln 2 3
y
V y
+
| |
=
|
\ .
=
(
=
(

(
= +
(

(
= +

}
}
}
}
t
t
t
t
t u u u u
t u u u u
t u u
t
t


19 (i)

2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2
1 2 1 1
4 4
2 2
4
1
2
4 4
4 4
2 4
x
x x
x
x
x x
x x
x
(
| |
+ +
( |
\ .

| |

|
\ .
+
= +

=

(ii)
2 2 1
0
0
2 1
1 1 1
4 d 4 4sin
2 2 2 2
1
4 4sin
4 2 4
k
k
x
x x x x
k k
k k a

( | | | |
= +
( | |
\ . \ .
( | |
= + =
| (
\ .
}

(iii)
2 2
4 4 y x + =
2
2
2
1
2
x
y + =

2
1
k
R
2
0
1
4 d
2
k
R x x =
}

(iv)
1
Required area 4 with 1
1
3 4sin
2
3 4
6
2
3
3
R k
t
t

= =
| |
= +
|
\ .
| |
= +
|
\ .
= +




20





ln d x x x
}

=
2 2
1
ln d
2 2
x x
x x
x
| |

|
\ .
}

=
2 2
ln where is an arbitrary constant.
2 4
x x
x c c +




2
2
+ = x u
d
2 1
d
u
u
x
=
When x = 2 , u = 2. When x = 7, u = 3.

7
2
2
d
11
x
x
x
(
(
(
]
+
+
=
3
2
2
(2 ) d
9
u
u u
u
(
(
(
] +

=
3
2
2
2
2 d
9
u
u
u
(
(
(
]
+

=
3
2
2
9
2 1 d
9
u
u
(
(
(
]
| |

|
+ \ .

=
3
1
2
2 3tan
3
u
u

(

(


=
1
2
2 3 3 2 3tan
4 3

t ( | |
+
| (
\ .

=
1
3 2
2 6tan
2 3

t
+


21
(a) Then
d
d
x x
u
u e e u
x
= = = .
d 1
d
x
u u
=

1 1 1
d d
2
2
x x
x u
e e u
u
u

| |
=
|
+
\ .
+
} }


2
1
d
2
u
u
=
+
}


( )
-1
2
2
1 1
d tan
2 2
2
u
u c
u
| |
= = +
|
\ .
+
}


1
2
tan
2 2
x
e
c

| |
= +
|
\ .


(b)
( ) ( )
2
2 2
1
0 0 1
4 3 d 4 3 d 4 3 d
a a
x x x x x x x x x + = + +
} } }


1
3 3
2 2
0 1
2 3 2 3
3 3
a
x x
x x x x
( (
= + +
( (



3
2
1 1
2 3 2 3 2 3
3 3 3
a
a a
(
( (
= + + + +
(
( (




3
2
2
2 2 3
3 3
a
a a = +
22
2
1
d
1 ( 2)
y
y
}
=
1 1 ( 2)
ln
2 1 ( 2)
y
c
y
+
+

=
1 1
ln
2 3
y
c
y

2
2
2
x
x
y
+
+ =
2
2
2
2 2 2 2
2
2
2
2
( 2)
2
2( 2) ( 2)
2( 2)
1 ( 2)
2
2 where 2 and 2
1 ( 2)
x
y
x
y x y x
y
x
y
a b
y
=
+
+ =

=

= + = =



When x =
2
1
,
3
7
= y

Volume required
=
7
3
2
2
2
1 7 2
2 d
2 3 1 ( 2)
y
y
t t
(
(
(
]
| | | |
+
| |
\ . \ .

=
7
3
2
2
7 2
2 d
12 1 ( 2)
y
y
t
t
(
(
(
(
]
| |
+
|

\ .

=
7
12
t 7
2 2
3
t
| |
+
|
\ .

7
3
2
2
1
2 d
1 ( 2)
y
y
t
(
(
(
]


=
5
4
t
7
3
2
1
ln
3
y
y
t
(

=
5
4
t t
|
.
|

\
|
+
3
4
ln
3
2
ln
=
5
ln 2
4
t
| |

|
\ .


23














The intersection points are (2,1/3) and (3,1/2).
( ) ( )
( )
1/ 2
2 2 2
1/3
2
1/ 2
1/3
3
1 1
Volume required= 3 2
2 3
9 1 4
2 1 3
19
1.0159
6
6.76 units
x dy
y
dy
y
t t t
t t
t
t
t
| | | |

| |
\ . \ .
| | +
=
|

\ .
=
=
}
}













y
x
y=1
1 x = x=2 x=3
1/3
1/2










When , , x t y = = =
1
3 1
3

When , , x t y = = =
1 1
2
2 2


dx
dt t
=
2
1

d y x
}
1
2
1
3

d
dt
d
x
t
t

}
2
2
3
1
4


dt
t
t

}
2
2
2
3
1 1
4


a = 3 b= 2
Using t = 2sin u
When , t
t
= u = 3
3

When , t
t
= u = 2
4


1
1
2

1
2

1
3

x
y
cos
dt
d
= u
u
2

dt
t
t

}
2
2
2
3
1 1
4

cos d
sin
sin
t
t

= u u
u
u
}
4
3
2 2
2
1 1
2
2
4 4


cos d ec
t
t

= u u
}
4
3
2
1
4

| | cot
t
t

= u
4
3
1
4

| |
= +
|
\ .
1 1
1
4 3
| |
=
|
\ .
1 1
1
4 3

unit
2

(=0.382)

24











25
At point P, t =1, x = 3, y = 4.
At point Q, t =
1 3 13
, ,
2 4 8
x y = =
Area of the region
=
4
13
8
1 3 13
3 4 d
2 4 8
x y

| || |
+ +
| |
\ .\ .
}

=
1
2 2
1
2
675
(3 )(3 3) d
64
t t t

+
}

= 5.32 units
2



y = e
x
2,

When the graph crosses the x-axis, x = ln2.

2
0
1
2 d d
ln
k
e
x
e
e x x
x x
=
} }


ln2 2
0 ln2
1
( 2) d ( 2) d d
ln
k
e
x x
e
x
e x e x x
x
+ =
} } }


P
Q
C
2
0

ln2 2
0 ln2
2 2 ln ln
k
e
x x
e
e x e x x ( ( + = (




2
1
(2 2ln 2 1) ( 4 2 2ln 2) ln ln
2
e k k + + = =
lnk = 2(e
2
+ 4ln2 7)

26
( )
( )
1
3
3
2
1 1
2
0 0
0
1
5
2
0
(2 1) 1
(b) 2 1 d (2 1) d
3 3
1 1 (2 1)
3 3 0
3 3 5
1 2 3 1
3 9 3 1
15 5 15
x
x x x x x x
x
(
+
(
+ = +
(
(

(
+
(
=
(
(

= = +
} }





DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
1. DHS 12/P1/Q11
(a)





2
d
e
d
x
y
z
x
=
2 2
2 2 2
2 2
d d d d d
e 2e e 2
d d d d d
x x x
z y y y y
x x x x x
| |
= + = +
|
\ .

Given
2
1 4
2
d d
2 e
d d
x
y y
x x

+ =
2 1 4
d
e e
d
x x
z
x

=
1 4 2 1 2
d d
e .e e (shown)
d d
x x x
z z
x x

= =
Hence,
1 2
d e d
x
z x

=
} }


1 2
1
e
2
x
z C

= +
2 1 2
1 4 2
1 4 2
d 1
e e
d 2
d 1
e e
d 2
1 1
e e where and are arbitrary constants
8 2
x x
x x
x x
y
C
x
y
C
x
y C D C D

= +
= +
= +





2. HCI 12/P1/Q8

(i)
2 2
36 x y + =

(ii) d
d
y
ky
t
=

Method 1
Implicit Differentiation w.r.t. time
d d
2 2 0
d d
x y
x y
t t
+ =

2 2
d d
d d
= ( )
(36 )
(shown)
x y y
t x t
y
ky
x
y k x
k
x x
=

= =

Method 2
Implicit Differentiation w.r.t x

then using chain rule (rate of change equation)

d
2 2 0
d
y
x y
x
+ =

2 2
d d d d d d
or
d d d d d d
d (36 )
= (shown)
d
y y x x x y
t x t t y t
x ky y k x
k
x
t x x
y
| |
= =
|
\ .

= =

(iii)
2
2
2
2
2
2 4
2 4 4
d 2(36 )
(given)
d
d 2 d
36
1 2
d 2 d
2 36
1
ln 36 2
2
ln 36 4 '
36 e
36 e 36 e ( 0)
t
t t
x x
t x
x
x t
x
x
x t
x
x t C
x t C
x A
x A x A x

=
=

=

= +
= +
=
= = >
} }
} }

4
Using initial conditions, when 0, 4
4 36
20
36 20e
t
t x
A
A
x

= =
=
=
=

4
4
For to be 3,
36 9 27
27 36 20e
9
e
20
1 9
ln 0.2 s
4 20
t
t
OY
OX
t

= =
=
=
= =

(iv)






3. NJC 12/P1/Q4
(i)
( ) ( )
( )
2
2
2
2 2 2 2
4 2 4
2
d d
2
d d
d
2 2 0
d
d
d
d
shown
d
x ut
x u
tu t
t t
u
t tu t t ut ut
t
u
t u t
t
u
u
t
=
= +
| |
+ + =
|
\ .
=
=

(ii)
2
2
2
1
d 1dt
1
'
'
where '
u
u
t C
u
t
t C
x
t
x C C
t C
=
= +
=
= =
+
} }

Since there was 0.2 milligrams of bacteria
after 15 minutes, then
( )
2
0.25
1
0.2 0.05 0.2 0.0625
0.25 16
C C
C
= + = =
+

2
16
16 1
t
x
t
=
+

Jesses model is not appropriate.
Based on Jesses model, the rod
would never fall flat on the
ground.




When t = 4,
( )
( )
2
16 4
256
or 3.94
16 4 1 65
x = =
+


(iii)
As
2
16
, .
16 1
t
t
t

+

The particular solution of the DE suggests that the amount of bacteria in the Petri
dish will grow indefinitely as time passes. Hence the model is not a realistic one.


4. RJC 12/P1/Q9

2
d
2 ( 1)e
d
x
y
y x
x

+ = + --- (1)
Let
2
e
x
z y =
2 2
d d
e 2e
d d
x x
z y
y
x x
= +

Sub. into (1),

2
d
2 ( 1)e
d
x
y
y x
x

+ = +
2 2
d
e 2 e 1
d
x x
y
y x
x
+ = +
d
1
d
z
x
x
= +
( 1) d z x x = +
}

2
2
x
z x c = + + ,
2
2
e
2
x
x
y x c

| |
= + +
|
\ .


(i)

When 0, 1, 1. x y c = = =

2
2
The particular solution is e 1 .
2
x
x
y x

| |
= + +
|
\ .


(ii)

2
2
2 2 2
2
3 2
2 2 2
3 2
d
2 ( 1)e
d
d d
2 e 2( 1)e (2 1)e
d d
d d
2 2e 2(2 1)e 4 e
d d
x
x x x
x x x
y
y x
x
y y
x x
x x
y y
x x
x x

+ = +
+ = + = +
+ = + + =

2 3
2 3
2 3
2 3
d d d
When 0, 1, 1, 1, 2
d d d
1 2
Using Maclaurin's expansion, 1 ...
2! 3!
1 1
1 ...
2 3
y y y
x y
x x x
y x x x
x x x
= = = = =
= + +
= + +

(iii) Replace x by -2x in the standard series expansion of e
x
and perform an expansion for
2
2
e 1
2
x
x
x

| |
+ +
|
\ .
up to and including the term in x
3
. Compare the coefficients of this
series with that of the expansion in (ii) to verify the correctness.

5. RJC 12/P2/Q2
(i)

d
, 0
d
x
kx k
t
= >
1
d d x k t
x
=
} }

ln , 0 x kt c x = + >

e
kt
x A

=

When 0 t = , 80 x = , thus 80 A= .
When 3 t = , 20 x = ,

3
20 80e
k
=

1 1 1
ln ln 4
3 4 3
k = = .
Thus
ln4
3
80e
t
x

=

(ii)

2ln4
1
When 6, 80e (80)
16
t x

= = =
Just before the (n+1)th injection, the amount of drug present in the blood stream =
1
16
n
u
1
Immediately after the ( +1)th injection,
1
amount of drug present, 80
16
n n
n
u u
+
= +

In the long run, the amount present approaches the value 85.3 (3 s.f.).









6. RVHS 12/P2/Q1


3 2
3 2
2 2 2
d
(1 ) 0 (1)
d
d d
Let
d d
Subs. into (1):
d
0
d
d
( 1) (shown)
d
y
x x y x
x
u y
u xy x y
x x
u
y y x y x
x
u
ux x u x
x
+ =
= = +
+ =
= + = +

( )
3
3
3
2
3
3
3
3
3
1
d d
1
ln | 1|
3
1 e where e
e 1 1
e 1 (shown) and f
3
x
C
x
x
u x x
u
x
u C
u A A
A
u A y x x
x
=
+
+ = +
+ = =

= = =
} }

(i)
(ii)
1 A> 1 A<










7. TJC 12/P1/Q11(b)
(i)
Let (15 )
dx
kx x
dt
= .
Given that when t = 0, x = 5, 0.1
dx
dt
= . 0.1 = k(5)(15 5) k =
1
500

Hence,
(15 )
500
x x
dx
dt

= .
(ii)
(15 )
500
x x
dx
dt

=
1
500 1
(15 )
dx dt
x x
=

} }


( )
500 1 1
15 15
dx t c
x x
+ = +

}


100
ln ln 15
3
x x t c ( = +



( )
100
ln
3 15
x
t c
x
= +

as 0 15 x s s
When t = 0, x = 5 ( )
100 100
ln 0.5 ln 2
3 3
c = =
Hence,
( )
100 2
ln
3 15
x
t
x
=

is the solution of the DE.
(iii) When x = 0.95(15) = 14.25 m
2
, 121.25 t = hours. (2dp)
It required a minimum of 122 hours for 95% of the soil area to become infected.