Class-10 (Navier-Stokes Equations)

5/7/2012 1
Angular deformation
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Angular deformation of the fluid particle is the sum of the two angular deformations
+
Also =

and =

, are given by =

and =

Rate of angular deformation in x-y- plane: lim

= lim

Hence Rate of angular deformation in the x-y- plane:

Rate of angular deformation in y-z- plane and x-z- plane:

and

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Newtonian and Non-Newtonian Fluids
For Newtonian fluids, the shear stress is linearly proportional to shear strain
Ex: Air and gases, water, kerosene, oil based liquids
Non-Newtonian fluids, shear stress is not linearly proportional to shear strain.
Ex: Slurries, colloidal suspensions, polymer solutions, blood, paste and cake batter
Shear thinning and shear thickening fluids:
Some non-Newtonian fluids become less viscous when more sheared. These are
called shear thinning fluids (Eg. Paint)
Some non-Newtonian fluids become more viscous when more sheared. These are
called shear thickening or dilatant fluids (Eg. Quick sand and water mixture)
If shear thinning is extreme, it is called plastic fluid

If fluid retains the original shape after shear force is
removed, it is called visco-elastic liquids




The angular velocity about the z axis is





Similarly,




A fluid at rest will have the following stress tensor (there is no shear stress)




Where P is the hydrostatic pressure , and is equal to the thermodynamic
pressure which depends on the type of gas, temperature and density

When the fluid is in motion, pressure is there and
shear stresses are acting due to viscosity



The new stress tensor is called the viscous stress tensor
Or the deviatoric stress tensor
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Stresses on a fluid at rest and in motion
Shear Stress and Viscosity 2 dimensional flow
The force is applied in the y-plane and in the x- direction. Hence shear stress


=

, the deformation rate = lim

= also for small angles =
SO,

, taking limits on both sides,

Hence the shear rate of the fluid is equal to

For a Newtonian fluid the shear stress is linearly related to the shear rate

And then

=

is the viscosity of the fluid
For a 3-dimensional flow, the shear stress becomes complicated, and

= (

)
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5
In an incompressible fluid, density is constant, and then the
thermodynamic pressure becomes the mechanical pressure P

It has been proved that

Also, for a Newtonian fluid, the shear (viscous) stress is linearly related to
the shear strain, and then where is the stress
tensor and the strain tensor

Hence the viscous stress tensor becomes
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Stresses on a fluid Incompressible fluid
Hence the total stress tensor becomes,

= + 2

= + 2

= + 2

But =
1
3
(

)
So

=
1
3
( +2

+ + 2

+ +2

) + 2

=
2
3
. + 2

=
2
3
. + 2

and

=
2
3
. + 2

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Stresses on a fluid Incompressible fluid
The differential momentum equation
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The differential momentum equation is

= (

+v

= (

+v

= (

+v

)








Where p is the Mechanical pressure (incompressible flow)

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The Navier-Stokes Equations
Substituting the value of the stresses in the differential momentum equations,

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For an incompressible flow,


For incompressible flow, . =

+ (

) + (

)

=

+ (

) +

)
=

+ (

)

Similarly

+(

+ (

)






The Navier-Stokes Equations