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1. INTRODUCTION
From the structural engineer's point of view, high rise building structures (Schueller, 1997). may be defined as
one in which lateral forces equivalent to dynamic loads (Chopra, 2003) as wind or earthquake play an important
or dominant role in the structural design. In general, different structural systems have evolved for residential and
office buildings, which reflect their differing functional requirements. One of the most fundamental components
of high rise buildings is the rigid frame, which achieve its lateral stiffness from the rigidity of the joints between
columns and beams. Excessive lateral sway that a building's structural system may be able to withstand still to be
reduced to the acceptable limits for human use. To attain lateral deflection of multistory and multibay frames
under lateral loads, it is required to solve statically indeterminate structure from higher degree of indeterminacy.
When using finite element analysis (Felton, 1996; Bathe, 2003), the effect of both flexural and axial stiffness of
the columns and girders is not clear. Semi-exact and simple equations were derived in this paper to obtain the
lateral sway as a function in all factors affecting its value by using energy approach.
2. ASSUMPTIONS
Consider a multistory frame as shown in Fig. 1. submitted to lateral static load with the following assumptions:
no. i+1
no. n
Ac i+1
Acn
Ac i-1
Ici
Aci
Ic i+1
Ac i+1
Icn
Acn
h
Agi-1
Igi-1
Ici-1
Ic i-1
Ic1
Agi
Ig i
Ici
Aci
Ac1
Ici+1
Agi+1
Ig i+1
H=n.h
floor no. i
Ac i-1
Ic1
no. i-1
Ac1
Agn
Ig n
Icn
floor no. 1
Ag1
Ig 1
In the beginning of the study, we pointed the main factors that may affect the analysis of the multistory frames
under lateral loads. These factors depend on the dimensions of the frame, the properties of the cross sectional area and
the material of each frame element, which are:
1) Bay width (b).
2) Height of each floor (h).
3) No of floors (n).
4) No of bays (n1).
5) Cross sectional area of the columns (Aci).
6) Moment of inertia of the columns (Ici).
7) Cross sectional area of the girders (Agi).
8) Moment of inertia of the girders (Igi).
9) Shear shape factor (k`).
10) Modulus of elasticity of the material, of which the frame is made, (E).
11) Shear modulus (G).
12) Lateral load (P-Load system) which may be concentrated loads at each floor level.
3. METHOD OF ANALYSIS
By applying the energy method (Virtual work method) to the multistory and multibay frames under lateral loads,
the maximum lateral sway "s" at the higher point of the frame can be determined by the following equation
s=
N 0 N1 dx
E A
M 0 M 1 dx
E I
Q0 Q1 dx
G Ar
(1)
Where N0, Q0 and M0 are the straining actions produced by the P-load system, N1, Q1 and M1 are the straining actions
produced by the unit load acting at the upper point of the frame.
The third term on the right hand side of (1) which represents the contribution of the shearing forces to the total
deflection (lateral sway) is very small compared to the first and second terms.
Q0 Q1 dx
=0
G Ar
(2)
The first term on the right hand side of (1) which represents the contribution of the normal forces to the total
deflection (lateral sway) can be divided into two terms which represent the effect of the normal forces in columns and
girders as follows
N 0 N1 dx
E A
1
E A [( A
ci
i =1
* ( N 1 ) ci
N 0 ci
1
E A [( A
n
i =1
gi
N 0 gi
* ( N1 ) gi
(3)
Also, the second term on the right hand side of (2) which represents the contribution of the normal forces of the
girders is very small. Thus, the contribution of the normal forces is mainly from columns.
N 0 N1 dx
E A
1
E A [( A
ci
i =1
N 0 ci
* ( N1 ) ci
(4)
The second term on the right hand side of (1) which represents the contribution of the bending moments to the
total deflection (lateral sway) is the main term of the deflection and also can be divided into two terms which
represent the effect of the bending moments in columns and girders as follows
M 0 M 1 dx
E I
1
E A [( A
ci
i =1
] + E 1A [( AM 0 ) gi * (M 1 ) gi ]
gi
n
M 0 ci
* ( M 1 ) ci
i =1
(5)
s=
1
E A [( A
i =1
ci
N 0 ci
] E 1A [( AM 0 ) ci * (M 1 ) ci ] + E 1A [( AM 0 ) gi * (M 1 ) gi ]
ci
gi
n
i =1
i =1
* ( N 1 ) ci +
(6)
s = s1 + s2 + s3
(7)
Where s1, s2 and s3 represent the contribution of the normal forces in the columns (the effect of the cross sectional
area of the columns), the contribution of the bending moments in the columns (the effect of the moment of inertia of
the columns) and the contribution of the bending moments in the girders (the effect of The moment of inertia of the
girders) respectively.
To apply the analysis of multistory and multibay frames under lateral static loads by using the virtual work
method (Shames, 1985; Williams, 1978; Coates, 1990; Smith, 1980), the straining actions due to the lateral static
load (P-load system) and due to unit load at the upper point of the frame under study are required. These
straining actions were obtained by using portal frame method (Scarlat, 1996) assuming the inflection points form
exactly at mid-span of columns and mid-span of beams.
4. THEORETICAL EQUATIONS
P1
x
*
P2
i=1
P3
i=2
M0 (h)
M/2
M/4
h/2
M0 (2h)
M/2
*
M0 (2.5h)
M/2h
M/2h
i=3
M0 (3h)
M0 ((i-0.5)h)
b
*
0
M ((i-0.5)h)
b
M/2
Overall B. M.
(a) N0 , M 0
1 ton
x
i=1
h/2
h/2
i=2
h/4
h/2
2h
h/2
2.5 h
1/2
3h
1/2
i=3
(i-0.5)h
b
(i-0.5)h
b
Overall M1 . D.
(b) N1 , M 1
s1 =
1
E Aci
i =1
s2 =
2(i 0.50) h 2
M 0* ((i 0.50) h)
2
b
h 2
E I ci 24 ( M 0* (i h) M 0* ((i 1) h)
i =1
E I gi 12
1
s3 =
hb
i =1
( M 0* (i h) M 0* ((i 1) h)
(8a,b.c)
Where,
M0*(x) = external bending moment function (the frame as a cantilever)
x = the height from the higher point of the frame
Applying the same method to determine the lateral sway at any floor level no. m from the higher floor of the
frame, we can obtain
(9)
Where,
n
s1m =
i =m
1 2 (i m + 0.50) h 2
M 0* ((i 0.50) h)
2
E Aci
b
E I
s 2m =
i =m
s3 m =
h 2
* (i h) M * ((i 1) h)
(M 0
0
24
ci
EI
i =m
gi
h b
*
*
12 * ( M 0 (i h) M 0 ((i 1) h)
(10a,b,c)
s1 =
i =1
n
s2 =
i =1
1 (i 0.50) h 2
M 0* ((i 0.50) h)
2
E Aci
2 b
1 h 2
( M 0* (i h) M 0* ((i 1) h) +
E I c1i
96
E I gi 24
s3 =
i =1
hb
EI
i =1
c 2i
h2
( M 0* (i h) M 0* ((i 1) h)
48
( M 0* (i h) M 0* ((i 1) h)
(11a,b,c)
Where,
Ic1i, Ic2i are the moment of inertia of the exterior and interior columns respectively.
P1
x
i=
M0*(2.5h)
h
M0*(3h)
M/4
3
M ((i-0.5)h)
2b
M/
h i=
M/2
M/4
M0*((i-0.5)h)
2b
*
0
Overall B. M.
(a) N0
M
M/
M/
DM/
i=
P3
M0*(2h)
/2
P2
M0*(h)
,0
1
h
ton
x
i=
2.5 h
1/
0.5)h
(i-
h/
h/
h/
i=
h/
2
i=
1/
1/
2b
/2
0.5)h
(i-
2b
Overall M 1. D.
(b) N1 , 1
M
Fig. 3. Straining actions of multistory frame with two bays
Also, the lateral sway at any floor level no. m from the higher floor of the frame can be obtained referring to (9)
1
E Aci
(i m + 0.50) h 2
M 0* ((i 0.50) h)
2
2b
1
E I ci
h 2
( M 0* (i h) M 0* ((i 1) h)
32
s1m =
i =m
s2 m =
i =m
s3 m =
EI
i =m
gi
h b
*
*
24 ( M 0 (i h) M 0 ((i 1) h)
(12a,b,c)
s1 =
i =1
s2 =
i =1
1
E Aci
1
E I c1i
2(i 0.50) h 2
*
M
((
i
0
.
50
)
h
)
0
n12 b 2
h2
*
*
(
M
(
i
h
)
M
((
i
1
)
h
)
+
0
0
2
24 n1
i =1
1
E I c 2i
(n1 1) h 2
*
*
(
M
(
i
h
)
M
((
i
1
)
h
)
0
0
2
12 n1
s3 =
hb
E I g i 12 n1 ( M 0* (i h) M 0* ((i 1) h)
i =1
(13a,b,c)
Then,
1 2(i 0.50) h 2
M 0* ((i 0.50) h)
2
2
E Aci
n1 b
s=
i =1
1
E
i =1
h2
(n1 1) h 2
hb
*
*
+
+
[ M 0 (i h) M 0 ((i 1) h)]
2
2
12
n
I
12 n1 I c 2i
24 n1 I c1i
1 gi
(14)
I c1i = I c 2i = I ci
If
1 2(i 0.50) h 2
M 0* ((i 0.50) h)
2 2
E Aci
n1 b
s=
i =1
1 (2n1 1) h 2
hb
*
*
+
[ M 0 (i h) M 0 ((i 1) h)]
E 24 n12 I ci
12 n1 I g i
i =1
(15)
The lateral sway at any floor level no. m from the higher floor of the multistory frame with multibay as follows
n
sm =
i =m
2(i m + 0.50) h 2
M 0* ((i 0.50) h)
2
2
n1 b
1
E Aci
n
i =m
h2
(n1 1) h 2
hb *
*
+
+
[ M 0 (i h) M 0 ((i 1) h)]
2
2
24 n1 I c1i 12 n1 I c 2i 12 n1I g i
1
E
(16)
I c1i = I c 2i = I ci
If
sm =
1
E Aci
i =m
i =m
2(i m + 0.50) h 2
*
M
((
i
0
.
50
)
h
)
0
n12 b 2
1
E
(2n1 1) h 2
hb
*
*
+
* [ M 0 (i h) M 0 ((i 1) h)]
2
12 n1 I g i
24 n1 I ci
(17)
Thus, the maximum deviation for vertical line between adjacent floors No. m and m+1 can be obtained from the
previous equations. This maximum deviation "s" can be written as in the following:
(18)
s = s1 + s2 + s3
s1 =
1
E Ac m
2(m 0.50) h 2
*
M
((
m
0
.
50
)
h
)
0
n12 b 2
i = m +1
1
E Aci
2(i 0.5) h 2
*
M
((
i
0
.
50
)
h
)
0
2 2
n1 b
s2 =
h2
*
*
(
M
(
m
h
)
M
((
m
1
)
h
)
0
0
2
24 n1
(n1 1) h 2
1
*
*
+
(
M
(
m
h
)
M
((
m
1
)
h
)
0
0
E I c 2 m 12 n12
1
E I c1 m
hb
1
( M 0* ( m h) M 0* (( m 1) h)
E I g m 12 n1
s3 =
(19a,b,c)
Then,
1 2(i m + 0.50) h 2
M 0* ((i 0.50) h)
2 2
E Aci
n1 b
s =
i =m
i =m
1
E
h2
(n1 1) h 2
hb
*
*
+
+
[ M 0 (i h) M 0 ((i 1) h)]
2
2
12
n
I
24 n1 I c1i 12 n1 I c 2i
1 gi
(20)
If
I c1i = I c 2i = I ci
n
s =
i =m
1
E Aci
+
2(i m + 0.50) h 2
*
M
((
i
0
.
50
)
h
)
0
n12 b 2
i =m
1
E
(21)
(2n1 1) h 2
hb
*
*
+
[ M 0 (i h) M 0 ((i 1) h)]
2
12 n1 I g i
24 n1 I ci
5. LOAD SYSTEMS
5.1 General Load System
By assuming the lateral load as a different concentrated load at each floor level and assuming no relation between
these concentrated loads as a general case, the external bending moment (cantilever bending moment) can be
expressed as function of the distance from the higher point of the frame. So that, this function will be the summation
of the effect of each concentrated load as follows
M 0* (i h) =h
Pj (i j )
j =1
*
M0
((i - 0.50) h ) =h
Pj (i j +0.50)
(22a,b,c)
j =1
M 0* (i h) M 0* ((i 1) h) =h
Pj
j =1
s1 =
E A
i =1
ci
2 (i 0.50) h 3
n12 b 2
j =1
2 h3
(i j + 0.5) = 2
2
n1 E b
i =1
1
(i 0.50)
Aci
j =1
(i j + 0.50)
s2 =
j =1
h3
(n 1) h 3
1
E I c1i 24 n 2 Pj + E I c 2i
i =1
h3
I c1i Pj +
24 n 2 E
i =1
(n1 1) h 3
j =1
n12
12
j =1
I c 2i Pj
i =1
j =1
i
n
i
2
h2 b
1
1
h b
Pj =
Pj
12 n1 E
E I g i 12 n1
I gi
i =1
j =1
i =1
j =1
s3 =
12 n12
Pj
(23a,b,c)
Then,
s=
2 h3
n12 E b 2
+
1
(i 0.50)
Aci
i =1
( n1 1) h3
12 n12 E
i =1
1
I c 2i
j =1
i
Pj +
j =1
h2 b
12 n1 E
h3
24 n12 E
Pj (i j + 0.50) +
n
1
I gi
i =1
i =1
1
I c1i
j =1
j =1
(24)
If
I c1i = I c 2i = I ci
s=
2 h3
n12 E b 2
+
i =1
1
(i 0.50)
Aci
(2n1 1) h
24 n12 E
i =1
(i j + 0.50)
j =1
1
I ci
Pj +
j =1
h2 b
12 n1 E
1
I gi
i =1
j =1
(25)
Substituting (22 a,b,c) in (16), we can obtain
n
sm =
i =m
2 (i m + 0.50) h3 i
P
(
i
j
+
0
.
50
)
j
n12 b 2
j =1
n
1
h3
(n1 1) h3
h2 b
+
+
+
1
E Aci
j =1
(26)
If
I c1i = I c 2i = I ci
n
sm =
i =m
1
E Aci
2 (i m + 0.50) h3
n12 b 2
i =m
Pj (i j + 0.50)
j =1
i
1 (2n1 1) h3
h2 b
+
E 24 n12 I c 2i
12 n1 I g i
j =1
(27)
function of the distance from the higher point of the frame as follows
M 0* ( x ) = ( P / h) * x 2 / 2
(28)
Then,
Ph
(i 0.50) 2
2
Ph
M 0* (i h) M 0* ((i 1) h) =
(2i 1)
2
Substituting (28) and (29 a,b) in (13a,b,c), we can obtain
M 0* ((i - 0.50) h ) =
s1 =
s2 =
P h3
n12
Eb
i =1
(29a,b)
1
(i 0.50) 3
Aci
( n 1) P h 3
1
1
( 2i 1) + 1
( 2i 1)
2
2
I
I
48 n1 E i =1 c1i
24 n1 E
c
2
i
i =1
P h3
s3 =
P h2 b
24 n1 E
i =1
1
(2i 1)
I gi
(30a,b,c)
Then,
s=
n12
Eb
+
If
P h3
1
P h3
(i 0.50)3 +
Aci
48 n12 E
i =1
(n1 1) P h
24 n12 E
1
(2i 1)
I c1i
i =1
1
P h2 b
(2i 1) +
I c 2i
24 n1 E
i =1
i =1
1
(2i 1)
I gi
(31)
I c1i = I c 2i = I ci
P h3
s= 2
n1 E b 2
1
( 2n1 1) P h3
(i 0.50)3 +
Aci
48 n12 E
i =1
i =1
P h2 b
+
24 n1 E
( 2i 1)
ci
1
( 2i 1)
I gi
i =1
(32)
If the cross sectional area of the columns, the moment of inertia of the columns, and the moment of inertia of the
girders are the same in all the floors and equal to Ac, Ic and Ig respectively, the equation (32) will be in the following
explicit form
s=
P h3
n12 E Ac b 2
+
(i 0.50) 3
i =1
( n1 1) P h
24 n12
I c2 E
3
Ph n
4 n12 E Ac b 2
48 n12 I c1 E
(2i 1) +
i =1
Ph n
P h3
2
(2i 1)
i =1
Ph b
24 n1 I g E
48 n12 E I c1
(2i 1)
(33)
i =1
(n1 1) P h 3 n 2
24 n12 E I c 2
P h2 b n2
24 n1 E I g
(34)
10
I c1 = I c 2 = I c
If
s=
P h3 n4
4 n12 E Ac b 2
(2n1 1) P h 3 n 2
48 n12 E I c
P h2 b n2
24 n1 E I g
(35)
sm =
+
P h3
n12
Ph
Eb
n
48 n12
i =m
i =m
1
(i 0.50) 2 (i m + 0.50)
Aci
1
(2i 1) +
I c1i
( n1 1) P h 3
24 n12
i =m
1
I c 2i
(2i 1) +
P h2 b
24 n1 E
i =m
1
(2i 1)
I gi
(36)
6. COMPARISON OF RESULTS
Several steel frames were analyzed in order to discuss the derived equations and to evaluate the ability of present
work to accurately compute lateral displacement comparing with the more exact analysis using finite element method
[10].
Three frames, shown in Fig. 4, represent realistic designs and were chosen to include varies number of bays and
floors and varies bay width.
To compute the results from the investigated equations, a simple spread sheet program (EXCEL) was developed
which clarify the effect of each input data and the simplicity to change any (see appendix). Modulus of elasticity for
all frame elements was taken equal to 2100 t/cm 2.
Fig. 5. shows distinctly the accuracy of the results for the lateral sway computed from the predicted equations
compared with that computed by finite element program. Also, comparison of lateral roof displacement was shown in
Table 1.
11
B.F.I. 240
B.F.I. 260
B.F.I. 220
B.F.I. 300
B.F.I. 320
B.F.I. 340
B.F.I. 280
(c)
4.00 m
7.00 m
B.F.I. 360
B.F.I. 300
(b)
20 @ 3.00 m
B.F.I. 280
B.F.I. 240
15 @ 3.00 m
B.F.I. 260
B.F.I. 240
B.F.I. 260
10 @ 3.00 m
B.F.I. 280
(a)
4.00 m
5.00 m
5.00 m
5.00 m
Fig. 4. (a) 10-story, one bay frame, (b) 15-story, two-bay frame, (c) 20-story, three-bay frame
60.0
54.0
45.0
30.0
48.0
42.0
27.0
39.0
36.0
24.0
33.0
21.0
(a)
(c)
42.0
(b)
36.0
30.0
30.0
27.0
18.0
)
heigt(m
)
t(m
eig
h
15.0
)
t(m
eig
h
24.0
24.0
21.0
18.0
12.0
18.0
15.0
9.0
12.0
12.0
S1
S2
S1
9.0
S2
S3
P. W.
F. E. Method
0
01
20
30
40
50
60
70
0.0
S3
S2
6.0
3.0
6.0
S3
P. W.
F. E. Method
P. W.
F. E. Method
0.0
0.0
0
1
0
0
2
0
3
0
4
0
5
0
6
0
7
0
8
0
9
0
1
0
1
0
2
1
0
3
1
0
4
1
0
5
1
3.0
S1
0
1
0
0
2
0
3
0
4
0
5
0
6
0
7
0
8
0
9
0
1
0
1
0
2
1
6.0
Fig. 5. Comparison of lateral centerline displacements resulting from present work and finite element analysis for: (a) 10-story,
one bay frame, (b) 15-story, two-bay frame, (c) 20-story, three-bay frame
12
F. E. M.
P. W.
% Diff.
58.73
58.76
0.05%
142.60
142.30
-0.21%
107.99
105.65
-2.17%
7. CONCLUSION
In this research, a theoretical analysis is developed to determine the side sways for multistory and multibay frames
under lateral loads. An approximate method is presented for the predication of the lateral deflection for any number of
floors and for any number of bays by means of energy.
From the previous results the following conclusions may be drawn.
(1) The proposed method of analysis offers a number of relatively simple expressions from which the lateral sway can
be easily calculated for multistory and multibay frames under lateral loads that saving time and attractive for use
in preliminary design and studying structures subjected to dynamic loads.
(2) The present analysis describes the relation between the side sway and all the factors that affect in it (i.e. the
lateral sway function in all factors that affect in it). Thus, the effect of each factor can be investigated from these
relations as follows:
- The maximum sway depends mainly in the contribution of the bending moment of girders, the bending moment in
columns and the normal forces in columns which represent the contribution of the moment of inertia of girders, the
moment of inertia of columns and the cross sectional area of the columns.
- The contribution of the normal forces in girders approximately equals to zero which represent the contribution of the
cross sectional area of the girders. Also, the contribution of the shear forces in columns and the shear forces in girders
are very small compared with the total value of the lateral deflection.
(3) The great advantage of the present analysis is the determination of the lateral sway by using hand calculations
only (without the use of computer computations) or by using simple spread sheet program [EXCEL Program]
which gave us the ability and the simplicity to change any of the input data (cross sectional area and moment of
inertia of columns and moment of inertia of girders at each floor, bay width, height of the floor and the lateral
load value) and obtain the lateral sway immediately in no time that save time and gave us the effect of our
changing data in the lateral sway value.
Finally, the present analysis provides sets of equations and simple programs, which can be of great help for design
13
purposes especially for preliminary design and to verify the accuracy of the results obtained from finite element
computer programs. The comparison of the results with the finite element method confirms the accuracy of such
equations.
APPENDIX
The spread sheet of model shown in Fig. 4 (a)
i
Ac
cm
Ic
2
cm
Ig
4
cm
S1
S2
S3
102.2
10892.85
33740
0.000
0.246
0.370
102.2
10892.85
33740
0.009
0.738
1.111
102.2
10892.85
33740
0.040
1.230
1.852
113.5
14350.86
33740
0.099
1.307
2.593
113.5
14350.86
33740
0.211
1.680
3.334
113.5
14350.86
33740
0.385
2.053
4.075
126.42
18596.6
33740
0.570
1.872
4.816
126.42
18596.6
33740
0.876
2.161
5.557
126.42
18596.6
33740
1.275
2.449
6.298
10
126.42
18596.6
33740
1.780
2.737
7.039
5.243
16.471
37.048
Sway = 58.76 mm
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