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ISSN 1009 - 3095 Journal of Zhejiang University SCIENCE V. 4, No. 4, P. 393 - 399, July - A u g . , 2003

Axisymmetric fundamental solutions

for a finite layer with impeded boundaries"

CHENG Ze-hai ( ~ - ~ ) * , CHEN Y u n - m i n ( ~ ; f / ~ )

LING D a o - s h e n g ( ~ J ~ ) , TANG X i a o - w u ( N ~ )
( College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China )
*E-mail : czhl002 @ 163. com
Received Sept. 12,2002 ; revision accepted Dec. 2,2002

Abstract: Axisymmetric fundamental solutions that are applied in the consolidation calculations of a finite
clay layer with impeded boundaries were derived. Laplace and Hankel integral transforms were utilized with
respect to time and radial coordinates, respectively in the analysis. The derivation of fundamental solutions
considers two boundary-value problems involving unit point loading and ring loading in the vertical. The solut-
ions are extended to circular distributed and strip distributed normal load. The computation and analysis of set-
tlements, vertical total stress and excess pore pressure in the consolidation layer subject to circular loading are
presented.

Key w o r d s : Consolidation, Integral transform, Finite layer, Impeded boundaries

Document code : A C L C n u m b e r : TB121

INTRODUCTION also obtained an analytical solution for finite

Blot' s consolidation theory was proposed in
1941 from continuous medium fundamental
equations. The theory taking into account the
coupling between the solid strains and pore pres-
sure dissipation is called "coupled consolidation
theory". The solution of governing equations of a
porous solid is more complicated than those in-
volving ideal elastic solids. McNamee et al.
(1960a) presented a solution for plane and axi-
ally symmetric problems in terms of two displace-
ment functions. The general solution for dis-
placement functions is obtained through the ap-
plication of Laplace and Fourier integral trans-
forms for plane problems and Laplace and Han-
kel integral transforms for axisymmetric prob-
lems. Gibson et a l . (1970) obtained a solution
for plane strain and axially symmetric consolida-
tion of a clay layer on a smooth impervious base.
Puswewala et a l . (1988) presented axisymmet-
tic fundamental solutions for a completely satu-
rated porous elastic solid. Gu et a l . (1992) pr-
esented a solution for an axisymmetric vertical
loaded multi-layer base. Huang et a l . ( 1 9 9 6 )
layer through expanding the field of solution.
All the above investigations assumed that the
consolidation layer surface is fully permeable or
impermeable, but that the surface might be af-
fected by geotechnical engineering impediments
such as sand cushion in preloading, replacement
layer of embankment impeding permeation of the
consolidation layer. The impeded layer can be
simplified impeded boundaries of the sub-consol-
idation layer. Xie ( 1 9 9 6 ) studied one dimen-
sional consolidation of layered soils with impeded
boundaries. However results for two-dimensional
problem with impeded boundaries have not been
reported.
This paper deals with the derivation of axi-
symmetric fundamental solutions that are applied
in the consolidation calculations of a finite layer
with impeded boundaries. The derivation of fun-
damental solutions considers two boundary-value
problems involving unit point loading and ring
loading in the vertical direction. The solutions
are extended to circular loading and strip load-
ing. The calculation and analysis of settlements,
vertical total stress and excess pore pressure in

* Project(No. 500117) supportedby the NationaI NaturaI Science Foundationof Zhejiang Province
 394 CHENG Zehai, CHEN Yunmin et al.

the consolidation layer subject to circular loading z,t), e=(r,z,t) and e z r ( r , z , t ) are bulk
are p r e s e n t e d . strain components.
Following McNamee et a l . ( 1 9 6 0 b ) , dis-
GOVERNING EQUATIONS AND GENERAL SO- placements Ur ( r , Z, t ) and u, ( r , z , t ) and pore
LUTION pressure pf ( r , z , t ) are expressed in terms of
two functions r and ~b in the following form:
Following Biot ( 1941 ) , the displacement a~ 034
Ur -- 03r + z 03r (8)
equations for axisymmetric deformations of a
completely saturated isotropie and homogeneous 03r 034
poroelastie solid in a cylindrical coordinate sys- Uz - 03r + Z Orr - r (9)
tem are expressed in the following:
pf = 2 G ( 03q~ V2~b) (10)
03e 1 03pf - aT- ~
(V 2 - )Ur + (2r/ -- 1) Yrr + G 03r - - 0
r
It is convenient to dedimensionalize all quan-
1)
tities with respect to length and time by selecting
03e 1 03pf 0 a certain length " R " as u n i t y , and " R 2 / c '' as a
V2Ur "at+ (2r/ - 1) ~zz + G 03z - 2) unit of t i m e , r e s p e c t i v e l y . The substitution of
E q s . ( 8 ) - ( 1 0 ) in E q s . ( 1 ) - ( 3 ) y i e l d the
03e
cV2e -- 03t 3) following governing equations for functions 9~ and
so:
Where
V4@ = V2 03~ (11)
032 1 03 02 03t
V 2 -t- - - - - -t-
- 03r 2 r 03r 03z 2
V2~ = 0 (12)
1 [
( )
O-~-_rUr_ + r 03u~1 Laplace and H a n k e l transforms of E q s . ( 11 )
e = -7- 03r -ff-z-zl
r/ = (1 - v ) / ( 1 - 2 v ) and ( 1 2 ) result in the following two ordinary dif-
c = 2 Grlk ferential equations. Define ~hl and ~bhl as zero-
order Hankel transform and Laplace transform of
In the above equations, Ur ( r , z , t ) and u+ funetions ~ and @, respectively.
( r , z , t ) denote displaeements in r and z direc-
032 -- ~2 032
tions, respectively; pf ( r , z , t ) is the exeess
pore p r e s s u r e ; G and v denote shear modulus
and Poisson' s ratio of the bulk material ; k is the
eoeffieient of permeability of the m e d i u m ; e is (0@2- ~2)~bhl=0 (14)
the dilatation of the bulk material.
where p is Laplace transform p a r a m e t e r ; ~ is
The stress-strain relations are expressed as
H a n k e l transform p a r a m e t e r ; u = ~/~e + P .
CYrr Pf (4) Solution of the above two equations are
= err + ( q - - 1)e + -
2G 2G
@hl = A( ~ , p ) e -z~ + B ( ~ , p ) e -~7 +
O'00 Ps (5) C((,p)e ~ + D(~,p)e *r (15)
= e00 + ( r / - 1)e +--
2G 2G
9~hl = E ( ~ ) e -"~ + F ( ~ ) e ++~ (16)
~ zz
=e=+(rl-1)e+--
Pi
2G 2G (6) Based on E q s . ( 4 ) - ( 1 6 ) , general solutions for
d i s p l a c e m e n t s , excess pore pressure and stresses
O'zr
2 G - e+, (7) for axisymmetric deformations of a completely
saturated porous elastic solid can be written as
Where arr(r,z,t), aoo(r,z,t), a=(r,z, follows :
t ) and azr ( r , z , t ) are non-zero stress compo-
nents of the bulk material; e r r ( r , z , t ) , eoo(r, g+ = f+ ~ J o ( r ( ) E ~'Ae -+'g + ?+,Be-++? _ ~'CeZ~ _
Jo
 Axisymmetric fundamental solutions for a finite layer with impeded boundaries 395

$ D e ~7 - ( z ~ + 1 ) E e - ~ + ( z ~ - 1 ) F e Z ~ d ~ idation layer are derived in the following forms.

(17)
k2 3~-z kl ~Pf ( z = O) (22)
s = .I(7 ~ 2 J l ( r ~ ) [ A e - Z r + Be-Z7 + CeZ; +
~rz ----0 (Z = O) (23)
De ~ - zEe -~ - zFeZ;]d~ (18) a==poa(r)/(2=r) (z=O) (24)

pf = 2G ~Jo(r~)[rlpBe-ZZ + rlpDe~7 + In the m e a n t i m e , it is assumed that the base

0
of the consolidation layer rests on a smooth, rig-
~Ee - ~ - ~FeZ~]d~ (19) id and impervious m e d i u m , so that, over this

e= = 2G fo 0
~J0(r~)[- ~Ae-Z~ _ ~Be-*r _
plane,
Orz = 0 (z=h) (25)
~Ce z~ - ~De ~7 + ( z ~ + 1 ) E e -z~ + ( z ~ -
1) F e " ; ~d~ (20) Opf _ 0 (z=h) (26)
3z
oo

(z = h) (27)
~zr = 2G
X 0
~2Jl(r~) [ -

~ C e zr + y D e ~7 + z ~ E e - ~ - z ~ F e ~ ] d ~
~A e - ~r _ y B e - z7 +

(21)
Ltzz = 0

By Laplace transform and the zero order Hankel

transform, the boundary conditions are as fol-
where the superposed bar denotes the Laplace lows :
transform of the relevant quantity.
Combining the above general solutions with 3pf k Pf z = 0) (28)
k2 ~ - z = 1 H-
different boundary conditions, fundamental solu-
tions can be o b t a i n e d . ~rrz = 0 a = 0) (29)
~zz = p o / ( 2 7 v p ) z = 0) (30)
FUNDAMENTAL SOLUTIONS arz = 0 z = h) (31)

3pf _ 0 z = h) (32)
1. Fundamental solutions subject to point loading Oz
u= = 0 z= h) (33)
Base on E q s . ( 1 7 ) - ( 3 3 ) , the fundamental so-
Impeded layer
H P0 lutions in the Laplace domain can be obtained in
k~ F the following form.
0 ( 1 ) Displacement in the radial direction:
Consolidation layer
k2,c,G,v - P0
ur = - 16Gp~

Z .I: ~Jl(r~)e-Z(:~+g)-h(~'+2r ( ~e*r 2e2hr +

Fig. 1 Axisynnnetric point loading a 1 + e4hga2) (e 2z7 + e 2hz ) _ eZT+2h~( u + ~3/~1) 4-

eZT+2(h+ z)g( 7 a 2 -- a3Pl ) + eZT+2h(7+.~) ( yOL1 4-
In Fig. 1, H denotes the thickness of the im-
014/~1) 4 " e 2 h ( 7 + ~')+z(7+2~) ( -- yo~ 2 4" 0~4/~1) 4"
p e d e d layer; h is the thickness of the consolida-
tion layer; k l denotes the coefficient of perme-
e2hT+ zy +4h'~ ( _ ~OL2 4" p Z ~ 4 ) 4" eZT+4h~( 70~2 --
PZT"~3 ) -- eZ(7+2g) ( ~,0~1 4" pz~c~3 ) 4" e2hT+ zT + 2zg ,
ability of the i m p e d e d layer; k2 is the coefficient
of permeability of the consolidation. It is as- ( 7a 1 4" p z ~ t 4 ) ) / ( c o s h ( h u ( - Hk2 ~3 +
sumed that permeation only takes place vertically 2 h k l p ~ ? + Hk2 ~ 3 c o s h ( 2 h ~ ) + kl ( ~2 + p~?).
in the impeded layer not considering the vertical sinh(2h~) ) + ysinh(hu ( - 2k1 ~ c o s h ( h ~ ) 2 +
deformation of the impeded layer and shearing
Hk2 (2hp~? + ( - ~2 + p r ] ) s i n h ( 2 h ~ ) ) ) ) d ~
stress over the plane ( z = 0 ) . Following Terza-
(34)
ghi one dimensional consolidation t h e o r y , the
boundary conditions for the surface of the consol- 2) Displacement in the vertical direction:
 396 CHENG Zehai, CHEN Yunmin et al.

5) Excess pore-water pressure :

PO I= ~( r + ~)
uz - 4Gp~Jo Jo(r~) e- (7~e~(e 2*r-
Po [ = e-.,( 7+ ~')- h(}'+2~')
eZh7 ) ( 2 H k 2 (e2h(( _ a l _ ot2eghg ) + eZ7 +2h~o PU - 87rJo r/~J~ ( r ~ ) (- 1 +
( - 7"~ + p~3 - a3/3~ ~ ) + e ~+2h~r+ ~ ( ) ' ( ~ l - eZh~)(ot3eZT(e 2z~ + e 2h~) _ ot4e*Y+ZhT(e 2z~ +

pria4 + a 4 f l l ( ) - e zz+2(h+~)~ ( )'(a2 - pr/a3 - e2h~) _ aleZ~(e2Z~ + e zhT) + a2eZ~+Zh~(e 2~z +

a3/91~) + e2h(7+r )+'(1+2~) ( " ) " ~ a 2 -- pr]a 4 -- e2 h r ) ) / ( c o s h ( h u (-- Hk2 ~3 + 2 h k l p ~ r ] +
a 4 p 1 g ) -I- e "(r+2r ( )'ga 1 + pa3( -- 1 + z g ) r]) + Hk2~3cosh(2h~) + kl(~: + pr/)sinh(2h~)) +
e2h)'+")'+2zr -- u -- p a 4 ( -- 1 + Z ~ ) r ] ) + 7sinh(hu ( - 2kl ~ c o s h ( h ~ ) 2 +
e ~7+4h~ ( u 2 -- p a 3 ( 1 + z ~ ) r]) + e 2h7+ zT+4h'~o Hke(2hp~r/ + (_ ~2 + p r / ) s i n h ( 2 h ~ ) ) ) ) d ~
( - u + pa4(1 + z~)rl))/(Hk2((1 + e2hT) " (38)
( - 1 + e 2hg )2 ~3 + 4eh(7+2~) 7 s i n h ( h u (2hp~r] +
where
( _ ~2 + p r / ) s i n h ( 2 h ~ ) ) ) + k l ( ( 1 - e 2 h T ) (1 +
e2hg) 2 )'~ + 4 e h(7+2g) c o s h ( h ) ' ) ( 2 h p ~ r I + ( ~2 + a 1 =- k I + Hk2(

pq) sinh(2h~) ) ) )d~ (35) a2 = kl + Hk2

a 3 =- kl + Hk2u
3) Vertical total compressive stress:
a4 = k 1 + Hk2u
Po I = ~(7+ ~) fll = P r l ( 2 h - z)
a= - 2pTrJo ~Jo ( r ~ ) e - ( ~2eZr (e2Zl +
-

e 2h7 ) ( - - 2 H k 2 ( e 2h'~ + a 1 + a2 e4hg ) -eZT+2h~ .

2. Fundamental solution subject to ring loading
(~/~0~ 1 - - p r l o t 3 + Ot3~ 1 ~ ) - I - e ~7+2h(7+g) ( u 1 --
PW4 + a4/~l ~ ) + eZT+2(h+z) g ( ")'~~ -- P W 3 -- The system under consideration is shown in
a3/~ 1 ~ ) + e2h(7+ ~)+~(7+2~) ( _ y ~ z 2 + pr]o~4 + Fig. 2. Application of Laplace transform and
Hankel transform yields the following boundary
a4/31 g) - e=(r+ir + p a 3 ( - 1 + z ' ~ ) r I) +
conditions over the plane ( z = 0) :
e2hT+zT+2z'~(y~0r 1 + pa4( -- 1 + z'~):7) + e "7+4h~.
(u - p a 3 ( 1 + z~) r/) + eZhr+~r+4hg( -- u +
per4(1 + z ~ ) r ] ) ) / ( H k 2 ((1 + e2hr)(- 1 +
eZhr )2 ~3 + 4eh(~+2r y s i n h ( h u (2hp~r] + f Impeded layer
( _ ~2 + p 7 ) s i n h ( 2 h ~ ) ) ) + kl((1 -eZhr)(1 + k,
e2h~)2u + 4 e h ( Z + Z ~ ) c o s h ( h u (2hp~r] + ( ~2 + H
r
pr]) s i n h ( 2 h g ) ) ) ) d ~ (36)
Consolidation layer
4) Shearing stress: k2,c,G,v

a= - 8p~Jo
(u 2~r - e2h~)( -- 2Hk2 ~'e2t4" + al + a2 e4~') +
e ~ +ah~ ( 7 a l + a 3 f l l ) + e ~ + 2 ( ~ + ")~ ( ) ' a z - a3/~1 ) - Fig.2 Axisymmetric ring loading
eZ7 + 2h( 7 + [) . ( 70t 1 -t- a 4/~1 ) -I- e TM 7 + ~) + z(7 + 2~) .

( - ~ + ~4/~1) + e ~ + z ~ § -p~4~) - k2 Opf kl p f (39)

3z - H
e zl+4h'~ ( "),'a2 -- pzria 3 ) - e z(7+2g) ( ya~ + pzrla3 ) +
e2hT+ z7 + 2zg ( rot1 + pzT.]~ 4 ) ) / ( c o s h ( h u ~rz ---- 0 (40)
( - Hk2 ~3 + 2 h k l p ~ r ] + Hk2 ~ 3 c o s h ( 2 h ~ ) + a= = R J I ( R ~ ) (41)
k l ( ~2 + p r ] ) s i n h ( 2 h ~ ) ) + ysinh(hu Only change Po/27r in the fundamental solu-
( - 2kl ~ c o s h ( h ~ ) 2 + Hk2 (2hp~r] + tion for point load into RJo ( R ~ ) , and the fun-
( _ ~2 + p r / ) s i n h ( 2 h ~ ) ) ) ) d ~ damental solution for ring load can be obtained.
(37)
 Axisymmetric fundamental solutions for a finite layer with impeded boundaries 397

Impeded layer
SOLUTIONS FOR O T H E R DISTRIBUTED LOAD b b y
,r162

q ....
......... VVV V x
1. Solutions for circular loading 0 -\\

The system u n d e r consideration is shown in

Fig. 3 . Use of L a p l a c e transform and H a n k e l Consolidation layer _ 9M(x,z)
transform yields the following b o u n d a r y condi- Vz
tions over ( z = O) : Fig .4 Strip loading

1
q Impeded layer N U M E R I C A L COMPUTATION AND ANALYSIS
H ~ ' k~ ( C I R C U L A R LOADING)
VVvVvv d
_ R OR
Consolidation layer All the above solutions should be evaluated
h i
kvc, G,v numerically. In the numerical quadrature
s c h e m e , all infinite integrals with r e s p e c t to the
H a n k e l transform p a r a m e t e r ~ are e v a l u a t e d us-
I Z ing the Simpson rule ; and time domain solutions
Fig. 3 Axiymmetric circular loading are c o m p u t e d using the a p p r o x i m a t e L a p l a c e in-
verse formula suggested by S c h a p e r y ( 1 9 6 2 ) .
k2 ~ P f kl Pf (42) 1. The settlement at the center of the loaded area
3z - -H
As shown in Fig. 3 , for k l / k 2 = 1, R = h
r rz = 0 (43)
= l m , q = 1 N / m 2, v = 0 , H f r o m 0 m t o 5 m ,
a= = q R J I ( R [ ) / ( p ~ ) (44) the effect of the i m p e d e d l a y e r thickness on the
0 n l y c h a n g e Po/2~r in the f u n d a m e n t a l solu- progress of settlement at the c e n t e r of the loaded
area is shown in Fig. 5 . The results h a v e b e e n
tion for point loading into qRJ1 ( R ~ ) I ~ , and the
plotted in the form of curves of 2 G u = / q R against
f u n d a m e n t a l solution for ring loading c a n be ob-
c t / R 2. It is a p p a r e n t that the i m p e d e d layer
tained.
t h i c k n e s s has an important i n f l u e n c e . W h e n the
2 . Solutions for strip loading i m p e d e d l a y e r thickness is z e r o , the b o u n d a r y is
The system subject to strip loading is shown fully p e r m e a b l e .
in F i g . 4 . B a s e d on the f u n d a m e n t a l solutions for
2 . The top surface settlement of consolidation layer
point loading, the infinite integration in the y
For k l / k 2 = 1, R = h = l m , H= lm, q=
direction and finite integration in the x direction
of the f u n d a m e n t a l solutions yields the solution of 1 N / m 2 , v = O, when the i m p e d e d layer thickness
point M in the m e d i u m for strip l o a d i n g . is l m , the top surface s e t t l e m e n t of the consoli-

(~)H=5
-0.5 ~ ~) H=2 R
(~) H=I
-0.6 @ H=O.1
a<
s
..~ -0.7
9 -0.8 o
r

-0.9 , , %

0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10

T=ct/R2
(a) (b)
Fig.5 (a) Effect of the impeded layer thickness on settlement at the center of the loaded area; ( b ) sketch
map for the position of calculation point
 398 CHENG Zehai, CHEN Yunmin et al.

dation l a y e r develops with time as shown in Fig. 3 . Total compressive stress at 0 . 5 m under the center
6. T h e r e are some slight u p h e a v a l s beyond the of the loaded area
loaded a r e a .
For k l / k 2 = 1, R = h = l m , q = 1 N / m 2 , v
= 0 , the changing with time of vertical total
-0.2r
c o m p r e s s i v e stress at O. 5 m u n d e r the c e n t e r of
0
the loaded area during consolidation is shown in
X// . :000l the F i g . 7 . The results have b e e n plotted in the
0.4~,#/~1[ m T:O.O1
form of curves of a=/q against ct/R 2 . The

o.81 _ / / , T:I t h i c k e r the i m p e d e d l a y e r , the smaller the

1~![ x T=10 c h a n g e range of the total stress. It is clearly
] 9 T:100 shown in Fig. 8 that the change of vertical total
1.2 ~
Radial (r/R) stress is related to the c h a n g e of excess pore pre-
Fig.6 The development with time of the top surface
ssure.
settlement of the consolidation layer

@ H=0
| H=O.1
1.06 @ f ' , , @H=I
./ _\ @H=2
1.05
.w 1.04
~"~ 1.03
1.02
1.01
0.00001 0.001 0.1 10
,m?: 0

T=ct/R = z
(a) (b)

Fig.7 ( a ) Effect of the impeded layer thickness and time on vertical total compressive stress; ( b ) sketch
map for the position of calculation point

plotted in the form of curves of p f / q against c t /

4. Excess pore pressure
R 2 . M a n d e l - C r y e r effect is obvious for H = 0 .
For k l / k 2 = 1, R = h = l m , q = 1N/m2, v
M a n d e l - C r y e r effect is w e a k e n e d with t h i c k e n i n g
= 0 , the changing with time of excess pore p r e s -
of the i m p e d e d l a y e r .
sure at O. 5 m u n d e r t h e c e n t e r o f t h e l o a d e d a r e a
is s h o w n in the Fig. 8 . The results have been

@ a=5
0.5 | H:2 R
0.4 |
H=O.1
-~ 0.3
r
0.2
0
0.1
0
0.00001 0.001 0.1 1 10
T=ct/R 2
(a) (b)
Fig. 8 (a) Effect of the impeded layer thickness and time on excess pore pressure; ( b ) sketch map for the
position of calculation point
 Axisymmetric fundamental solutions for a finite layer with impeded boundaries
CONCLUSIONS
E x p l i c i t s o l u t i o n s for L a p l a c e t r a n s f o r m s of
d i s p l a c e m e n t s , t r a c t i o n s , pore p r e s s u r e ware d e -
r i v e d for a f i n i t e l a y e r with i m p e d e d b o u n d a r i e s
a n d s u b j e c t e d to a x i s y m m e t r i c p o i n t l o a d s a n d
ring loads. The Laplace and Hankel transforms
u t i l i z e d i n this p a p e r are e f f i c i e n t . T h e s o l u t i o n s
are e x t e n d e d to c i r c u l a r d i s t r i b u t e d a n d strip d i s -
tributed normal loadings. T h e r e s u l t is c o n v e r -
gent and satisfactory.
A s a r e s u l t of the c a l c u l a t i o n a n d a n a l y s i s , it
is a p p a r e n t that the t h i c k n e s s of the i m p e d e d
layer has an important influence on settlement,
v e r t i c a l total stress a n d pore p r e s s u r e of t h e c o n -
s o l i d a t i o n l a y e r . T h e v e r t i c a l total stress is t i m e -
d e p e n d a n t during consolidation. The thicker the
i m p e d e d l a y e r i s , t h e s m a l l e r the c h a n g i n g r a n g e
of the v e r t i c a l total stress a n d t h e w e a k e r the
Mandel-Cryer effect. The i m p e d e d layer delays
the settlement progress of the consolidation
layer.
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