American Society

02.03.14
Lecture 3
1. EEOC: race (1964)
Receipts:
o 93-4: jump up
o 96: goes down
o !!6-"# "-$ jumps up 3%
Reso&utions
o 9'-6 jumps up
o !!9-!1!: jumps up
(ett&ements: drops down consistent&) 9-6
o *oes +ac% up in 9"
o ,aria+&e unti& !!# prett) stead) a-terwards
.it/drawa&s wit/ +ene-its
o 0own ti&& 9$# t/en up
o 9-94 /ig/est amount a+so&ute and 1wise
2+so&ute 3 inc# 1wise sta)s t/e same 4 more appea&s# same decisions
2dmin c&osure: 9-4 up 1wise# t/en sta)s t/e same unti& !!9-!1
5ig/est 1 in 6no reasona+&e cause.7 8owest in 6success-u& conci&iations.7
196"# 8owe 9s ,irginia stri%es down &aw aganst interracia& marriage. :i;ed-race parenting
<ami&) mem+er w/o 6passed7 as w/ite
./at is race= >sing ?5E@OAB?CC c/aracteristics (+&ac% men and s/a9ing +umps..&o&)
o 5air te;ture# 2<RODDE m) /air is +eing used as discriminator) target. 2-ro is a
&ega&&) recogniFed categor). 5air as mar%er o- sur9ei&&ance# mar%er o- tr)ing to
create a /osti&e wor% en9ironment 9s. emp&o)ees.
Skin complexion: pigmentograp/iesE peop&e wit/in same racia& group# are t/ere di--s in
peop&e wanting to date t/emGemp&o)mentGetc .CA5C@ t/e group as -unction o- s%in tone=
Emp&o)er co9erage: 1'
,er) &ow reasona+&e cause 9s. unreasona+&e cause

.
Ao e;p&ain data trends: po&ic) ana&)sis# w/at impact does po&ic) /a9e on c/anging data
trends= 0ata co&& c/anges# met/odo&ogica& c/anges# po&itics o- presidentsHw/at -unding is
gi9en= Cdeo&ogies o- EEOC directors= Cmpact on sta--ing= Ao e;p&ain# most )ou can do is
mention t/e C0EO8O*CC28 aspects. Ao e;p&ain# &oo% at /ow t/ings are measured#
co&&ected# w/at it pro9ides in terms o- po&ic) (6c/arge /and&ing process7)
0onIt ma%e causa&it) c&aims. Cntegrate 0E<C@CACO@(# w/at act it re&ates to# w/o po&ic)
app&ies toJ+e ana&)tica&Gdescripti9e statistica&&)-wise
3. EEOC: 202
0isa+i&ities 2ct o- KE w/o does t/is act app&) to= 2pp&ies to indi9idua&s wit/ disa+i&ities
treated un-a9ora+&) due to disa+i&it)
2pp&ies to -irms t/at /a9e 1' OR :ORE emp&o)ees. (t/is is /ow itIs measuredGde-ined
according to EEOCE emp&o)er co9erage)
Receipt: a&& c/arges -i&ed according to 202. ./at does t/is mean=
o ./atIs t/e ratio o- receipts : reso&utions= 1:1. :ore t/an one receipt can +e
recei9ed per reso&ution=... i- )ou /a9e more sett&ements t/an receipts# met/odo&og)
issues# ta%es a w/i&e to sett&e. (ome cases are carr)ing o9er# not +eing reso&9ed
wit/in t/e same -isca& )ear. C@C8>0E( c/arges carried o9er -rom same -isca&
)ears.
o Le a+&e to sa)# /ow is t/is measured= ./atIs t/e discrepanc) +etween t/ese 3s=
o Cntroduce data ta+&es (w/ere its -rom# )ear# etc)
./at t)pes o- reso&utions or sett&ements /appen=
o 5O. did t/e issue get reso&9ed=
o 8oo% at part) in c/arge at t/e time. .as someone more &i+era&= Conser9ati9e=
4. 2ge discrimination EEOC
5owIs it measured On&) in peop&e 4!M )ears o&d. @o data -or )ounger popu&ation
o Cncreasing interest in )out/ unemp&o)ment. 5ig/ sc/oo& )out/# racia&&)--ocused
(+&ac% )out/ emp&o)ment# o9era&& wea&t/ status o- racia& group itse&-)E a&so issues
o9er emp&o)ment access t/at racia& group /as. C- adu&ts /a9e /ard time getting jo+s#
t/in% a+out a&& t/e age groups contri+uting to t/at data.
o 2s )ou /a9e more peop&e tr)ing to get wor% +ecause o- economic crisis# do we
/a9e to t/in% o- age discrim more +road&)=
./en was t/is po&ic) passed= 196"
Cou&d /a9e di--s +etween w/en t/e) start CO88ECAC@* data and w/en t/e) ma%e it
?>L8CC.
2ccess: sometimes data is co&&ected +ut not made pu+&ic on&ine.
Emp&o)er co9erage: !M emp&o)ees
5ig/ 6no reasona+&e cause7 reso&ution amount. (omeone sa)ing t/is sa)s 6t/ereIs no
discrimination#7 t/us @O C@AE@A
Recent&)# more pressure /as +een put on 2??8CC2@A to pro9e C@AE@A. ?ost-intentiona&
societ)
5ow we demonstrate intent is a&so c/angingJ&anguage identi-ied as discriminator)
o Ce&e+rities using n-word: 6C didnIt mean it# it wasnIt intentiona&7
o 8ega&&)# e9en w/en peop&e caug/t sa)ing racia& prejorati9es# t/e) sa) 6C didnIt
mean an)t/ing +) it. A/is wasnIt m) intention.7 (o /ow do )ou demonstrate
intention= ./o decides +etween teasing and /arassment
o EEOC o--icer in9estigating t/is# ro&e in decision
!!9-1!# merit reso&utions: 1 going 0O.@# +ut 82R*ER 2:O>@A O< :O@EB. (o
'. EEOCE @ationa& Origins
5owIs it measured= C- t/e) 2RE# or 6appear to +e#7 -rom certain countr) (accent)
5owIs &anguage inc&uded= 0istinction +etween +eing 2L8E to spea% Eng&is/# and
spea%ing Eng&is/ wit/ an accent DD
@ationa& origins act precedes /istoric somet/ing act
!Is-6!Is# to get ,C(2# ca&cu&ated nationa& origin. C- ou originate -rom t/ese countries#
w/atIs )our sett&ement pattern= <a9ored groups wit/ origins in European countries w/o
/ad easier immigration -&ow to >(. :ade up &arger popE e9en t/o e9er)one /as 1# +ui&ds
on e;isting /ierarc/ies# so ur 1 &arger
..CC 2sians pro/i+ited -rom entering# discrim -or citiFens/ip# etc
Cta&ians pus/ed -or repea& o- origins actE European-+ased groupsE iris/ +ase# Cta&ian +ase#
pus/ing %enned) to ?2(( t/is act. 2-rican americans# cari++eans pus/ -or repea& o-
nationa& origins act.
@eeds-+ased# education-+ased# etc.
Emp&o)er co9erage: 1'M emp&o)eesG-irm
0ec&ine in 3receipts unti& 99# t/en 3 jumps# -air&) stead) rise ti&& !1
Cs&amop/o+ia in perception o- +eing :us&im# +ut not a&& 2ra+s are :us&im# +ut t/e)Ire
percei9ed to +e. (o t/ere cou&d +e e9idence -or discrim# +ut mig/t not +e a+&e to -i&e c&aim
+ased on &ega&itiesG/ow 2ra+s are c&assi-ied (2s Caucasian=)
6C mig/t not +e minorit) &ega&&)# +ut m) @2:E is +eing used as signi-ier -or
N-oreignnessI7
6./itening t/e resume7: ta%ing out et/nic mar%ers a+out )ourse&-# c/ange names as muc/
as )ou can
CIm c&assi-ied as w/ite# +ut peop&e are treating m) accent as -oreign# t/in%ing o- +road
wa)s po&ic) app&ied to t/em
5ow man) sett&ements /appened= ./at proportion o- sett&ements is +iggest# &owest= O/#
merit reso&utions constitute on&) 1# t/en ta&% a+out mone) (put into perspecti9e).
:i&&ions o- do&&ars are /anded out# +ut t/at was on&) 31 o- a&& sett&ements. :an) more
peop&e -i&ing t/at arenIt getting compensation.
6. EEOC: (e;-+ased c/arges
1964# 1' emp&o)ees co9ered
@ot just gender# +ut connection +etween group# courier# se;ua& orientation
Cdea o- se; 9s. gender: genderGse;ua&it) po&itics. 5ow do )ou e;press )ourse&-=
5ow do peop&eIs wor% e;periences# discrimination di--er
".
Race and se; /a9e t/e /ig/est 3 o- receipts. Race is t/e /ig/est# t/en se;.
EEOC# w/at t/e)Ire tas%ed wit/ doing# data ana&)sis
$. ,ideo: Race
Origina& socia& securit) program e;c&uded +&ac%s
End o- ..CC: *CIs come /ome read) to start -ami&ies# /a9e now/ere to &i9e. ,eterans turn
to @ew0ea& /ousing decision
Federal Housing Admin: pro9ides &oans or +ac%ing -or &oans to a9g americans to
purc/ase /ouse
?rior to 193!Is# /a9e to pa) '!1 o- sa&es price -or /ouse up -ront. @ew terms# put 1!-!1
down# and +an% -inances $!1 o9er 3! )ears at &ow rates. Opened opp -or a9g person to
open /ome w/at we use toda)
Creation o- su+ur+ia# Levittown. :ortgage pa)ments &ow.
L&ac% *CIs# /ome owners donIt se&& /ouses to +&ac%s
<52 underwriting manua&: presence o- 1- nonw/ite -ami&ies cou&d undermine rea& estate
in su+ur+s. 2dapted +) &oca& rea& estate practicecs.
(tarting in 193!Is# go9t institutions o--icia&iFe go9t appraisa& s)stem# e9a&uate cities -or
-inancia& ris%. A/us# t/ose a&&-w/ite communities got /ig/est ratingE integrated or minorit)
neig/+or/ood is 6unsta+&e#7 socia&&) 2@0 economica&&) (-inancia& ris%)
:ost mortgages go to su+ur+aniFed 2merica
1934-196 -ed go9t underwrote +i&&ions o- new /ousing# +ut &ess t/an 1 went to non-
w/ites.
A/is was a go&den opp# +ut actua& <E0ER28 po&icies undermined it.
>topia o- midd&e c&ass w/ites den)ing t/e)Ire in mu&tiracia& wor&d
L&ac%s comp&ete&) &e-t out o- /ousing mar%et. A/e)Ire e;poed to ?>L8CC 5O>(C@*#
w/ic/ was +ui&t a&most e;c&usi9e&) in centra& cities
A/en +ui&t pu+&ic /ousing projects ca&&ed = Concentrating &arge 3s o- poor peop&e in one
p&ace
Urban Renewal Program: supposed to ma%e cities more &i9ea+&e. Lut 9!1 o- /ouses
destro)ed in program were @OA RE?82CE0. ?rett) muc/ a&& o- t/is was +&ac% or &atino.
Fair Housing Act: racia& &anguage remo9ed -rom /ousing po&icies# +&ac%s -ina&&) started
to mo9e into su+ur+ia
Economic 9a&ue o- race in rea& estate mar%et: 6+&oc% +usting#7 rea& estate agents p&a) on
w/iteIs -ears o- +&ac% peop&e mo9ing in# get t/em to se&& /ouse -or &ess t/an rea& estate
9a&ue to mo9e out
Exodus o w!ites as more and more +&ac%sG5ispanics mo9e into Roose9e&t. Rea& estate#
econom) +ecame 0E?RE((E0. ./ites 8E2,C@* is w/at caused t/is to go down.
Cndi9idua& w/ites /a9e economic incenti9e to &ea9e# cu ot/ers ma%e t/is ca&cu&ation to
&ea9e# so t/e) se&& and &ea9e
22Is are !1 o- mar%et. Lan%s ma%e &oans in regions on t/e rise w/ite communities#
ma%e it di--icu&t to ma%e &oans -or +&ac%s. ./ites a&& +) t/emse&9es ta%e a&& amenities wit/
t/em. L&ac%s +) t/emse&9es canIt get &oans# jo+s# ta; &oans4t/is a&& +ecomes associated
wit/ 6+&ac% space7
Aa; +ase erodedE sc/oo&s and ser9ices dec&ineE town seen as dumping ground -or we&-are
-ami&ies
*oegrap/) does t/e wor% o- Oim Crow &awsPPPP ./) are jo+s# sc/oo&s# mar%et segregated=
Lecause weI9e reinscri+ed racia& geograp/ic space in t/e >(.
:ost nonw/ite -ami&ies w/o sta)ed in ur+an neig/+or/ood# /ousing mar%et opening to
t/em was rent mar%etE +ut )ou donIt gain eQuit) +) pa)ing rent. :ajorit) o- 2mericans
/o&d wea&t/ in /ome eQuit)# t/atIs /ow t/e) -inance education o- o--spring. CtIs t/eir
sa9ings +an%.
"omparative net wort!#wealt!: add up e9er)t/ing )ou own# su+tract de+ts# t/tIs )our net
wort/. L&ac%s now /a9e 1G$ o- a9erage w/ite -ami&). 8egac) o- racia& ineQua&it) -rom past
generations.
9.
>nderwriting in t/e <52: -ed go9t guaranteeGinsure &oans made -rom +an%s. ?art o- t/at
+an% &oan is t/en guaranteed +) go9t. i- )ou were to de-au&t on t/at &oan# go9t s/ou&d
insure t/at certain 1 is co9ered +) de+t
C- go9t is pu+&ic entit) +ut partner wit/ pri9ate entit) &i%e +an%s# Question o- pri9atiFation
(s/ou&d go9t +e partnering wit/ pri9ate entities=)# +an%s /a9e &ots o- &eewa) on w/et/er or
not t/e) s/ou&d +e ma%ing t/eir own &oans
./at responsi+i&it) does -ed go9t /a9e to its citiFens= :inorities demand -ed go9t to
inter9ene in pri9ate sp/ere (<or pro-it coIs# pri9ate emp&o)ers# etc)
:8RIs pu+&ic +i&& o- rig/ts# ta&% a+out /ow )ou canIt wait -or pri9ate interestsGcompanies
to /a9e c/ange o- /eart. CanIt wait -or mora& con9ersion# wait -or cos to sudden&) +e non
racist.
<ed go9t s/ou&d gi9e jo+ guarantee
Lan%s now can sa)# i- someone de-au&ts# t/ereIs guaranteed insurance so we can recuperate
some o- &osses. Lut in underwriting manua& (statisticians ca&cu&ate ris% assoc wit/ race#
nationa&it))
A/e wa) insurance was structured was to discourage +an%s# mortgage companies -rom
&ending. Redlining
?eop&e in cities (&oc%ed out o- su+ur+ia# &oc%ed in) now +eing pus/ed out. Cncreased renta&
rate# peop&e mo9ing +ac% in. cities designed to +e amena+&e to midd&e c&ass &i-est)&e. (o
now or peop&e pus/d into su+ur+s. Cities +ecoming e;c&usi9e again# recruiting peop&e wit/
certain disposa+&e income# a&so connected to c/anging racia& demograp/ics. @B &osing
+&ac%s# -or e;.
A/e ,28>E o- /ome di--ers +ased on race. Lad cuF peop&eIs most mount o- wea&t/ in
t/eir /ome.
?redator) &ending: /istorica&&)# red&ining means e;c&usion t/roug/ &ending process. Leing
e;c&uded -rom access to &oans# getting a /ome. Re9erse red&ining is predator) &ending#
-orec&osures and su+prime &oans +eing associated wit/ ris%ier app&icants# more intense
pro9isions re&ated to t/em. ?eop&e targeted -or su+prime &oans e9en i- t/e)Ire e&igi+&e -or
ot/er &oans. ?us/ peop&e into su+prime &oans wit/ ris%ier pro9isions and /ig/er interest
rates e9en w/en t/e)/ Qua&i-) -or sa-er &oans.
Reverse redlining: targeting peop&e -or C@C8>(CO@ t/at puts t/em at great ris% t/roug/
t/e targeting. Aargeting isnIt ser9ing t/e peop&e# +ut rat/er t/e +an%ing and mortgage
industr).
o L&ac% communit) 6/ungr) -or &oans7E
5a9ing certain re&ations/ip wit/ +an% is necessar) -or certain ot/er e;c/anges
5istorica&&)# peop&e didnIt +u) /omes (not e9er)one /ad access to '!1 down pa)ment).
Lut now# /ome owners/ip is sign o- -u&& 2merican citiFens/ip. :ortgageG+an%ing industr)
/e&ped mar%et t/at notion. C- t/ereIs racia& po&itic /ammered on w/oIs rea& 2merican or
not# re9erse red&ining +asica&&) e;p&oits peop&eIs rea& desire -or /ome and w/at it means.
2&so /ome on emotiona& &e9e&# sense o- +e&onging and citiFens/ip.
5ousing rig/ts in genera&..e9en i- )oure ris%) on paper# do )ou not deser9e +asic /ousing=
8ots o- pro9isions -or getting /ousing# &i%e /a9ing pre9ious -e&on)# etc.
1!. (o-t ?ower 9s. 5ard ?ower
SuestionE w/en go9t reac/ing out to 22s in particu&ar# is it tr)ing to support t/em#
c/a&&enging socia& order= Or connected to attempt to di--use po&itica& organiFing=
(trategica&&) incorporating a group# does t/at di--use po&itica& mi&itance=
./at do )ou do wit/ socia& protest= (een as a pro+&em -or in9estment# 6+ad -or +iF.7 LiF
operating=
./at do we do wit/ +&ac% socia& protest=
11. Race and t/e ?o&itics o- Containment
Racia& con-&ict and ci9i& rig/ts protest 6+ad -or +usiness7
Co&d .ar po&itics
o Co&d .ar racia& po&itics and g&o+a& impression management (Rus/ing)
o ./at ma%es up researc/ triang&e= Cd%J
o (out/ was 9iewed as 6+ac%wards7 to ur+an @ort/. :ade it di--icu&t -or (out/ to get
in9estors to in9est in state. @ort/ Caro&ina -ocuses on researc/Gde9e&opment as one
o- main industries. Researc/ triang&e /as &ots o- &oans in it# w/ic/ +rings in mone)
to state# w/ic/ gets gradGco&&ege students to come in.
o @ort/ Caro&ina /ad to dea& wit/ image as +astion o- racia& segregationE concept o-
impression management$ pro-segregationist po&iticians in @C ?>L8CC288B
adopted pro-Ci9i& Rig/ts agenda# a&t/o +e/ind t/e scene t/e) %ept ro-segregationist
po&icies going
o 2dopted it to de-er protests -or /appening
o 0oesnIt mean in9estors care a+out 22Is# +ut mig/t /a9e seen it as +ad in9estment
-inancia&&)P
o ./at i- peop&e see )ou as 6too racist7= Concern -or (out/ern 0emocrats# donIt
want to +e seen &i%e t/is cuF o- its sout/ern conser9ati9e -action# t/e 0i;iecrats.
o (o# /ow do peop&e gi9e C:?RE((CO@ t/at t/e)Ire not discriminator) e9en w/en
t/e)Ire actua&&) pro-segregation# pus/ing po&icies +e/ind scene= 5ow are t/e)
tr)ing to di--use con-&ictGsocia& protest +) impression management= ./at are
strategic gains# ot/er programs t/at emerge -or minorities in t/is time period=
o E; o- 52R0 power 9s (O<A power...
0Ttente: easing o- strained geopo&itica& re&ations
@i;on 9isits C/ina and (o9iet >nion (19")
Oosep/ (. @)e: /ow to dea& wit/ opposition# managing con-&ict7&eader is +est w/en
peop&e +are&) %now /e e;ists#7 8ao Asu
5ard power 9s so-t power 9s smart power (@)e)
o ?ower: a+i&it) to a--ect +e/a9ior o- ot/ers to get w/at one wants
o 5ard power: coercion and pa)ment
?o&icies# +an%s# etc.
Coercion# mi&itar) power
o (o-t power: o+taining pre-erred outcomes 9ia attraction
>se cu&tura& s)m+o&s 9a&ua+&e to peop&e# &i%e democrac)# eQua&it)G-airness#
/umanitarianism
Encourages use o- &anguage t/at +rings peop&e toget/er# stu-- peop&e a&&
em+race
o (mart power (!!3): com+ined to&&s o- /ard and so-t power
5es not opposed to /ard power. *&o+a& strategies# argues /ard power wor%s
+est wit/ so-t power
L&ac% capita&ism as so-t power# po&icies &ur%ing +e/id t/is po&ic)# @i;onIs use o- /ard
power
1.