Table of Contents iii

Table of Contents
Table of Contents ........................................................................................................................... iii
Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... v
Chapter 1 ......................................................................................................................................... 9
Diction......................................................................................................................................... 9
Word Choice ........................................................................................................................... 9
Connotation ............................................................................................................................. 9
Denotation ............................................................................................................................... 9
Figures of Speech .................................................................................................................... 9
Syntax/Sentence Structure/Phrasing ........................................................................................... 9
Types of sentences ................................................................................................................ 10
Point of view ............................................................................................................................. 10
Types ..................................................................................................................................... 10
Participant point of view ....................................................................................................... 11
Nonparticipant point of view ................................................................................................ 11
Tone .......................................................................................................................................... 12
Detail ......................................................................................................................................... 12
Theme ....................................................................................................................................... 12
Chapter 2 ....................................................................................................................................... 15
Organization/Narrative Structure .............................................................................................. 15
Concept ................................................................................................................................. 15
Shift ....................................................................................................................................... 15
Analytical Structure .................................................................................................................. 15
Mind Map.................................................................................................................................. 16
Symbolism ................................................................................................................................ 17
Form ...................................................................................................................................... 17
Allusion ..................................................................................................................................... 21
Archetypes ................................................................................................................................ 21
Types ..................................................................................................................................... 22
Index ............................................................................................................................................. 29

Introduction v
Introduction

Have you ever had a paper due a few days from now and youre still staring blankly at
the computer screen, hoping that the blinking text box symbol will magically create paragraphs
of writing all on its own? Knowing and exploring what makes writing and its contents happen
and have meaning is essential to writing any type of paper. This is a short and helpful guide to
understanding how to write a paper or writing passage, whether you are writing a creative or
analytical paper. This will also give an insight of different writing devices like symbolism, point
of views, archetypes, and other useful devices.
Thank you for using this guide.

Chapter 1
Figure 2 Word Choice

Chapter 1
Diction

Diction is often synonymous with the terms:
o language
o figurative language
o figures of speech

Word Choice
Words can be:
monosyllabic one syllable in length
polysyllabic more than one syllable in length
colloquial slang
informal conversational
formal literary
euphonious pleasant sounding
cacophonous harsh sounding

Connotation
Connotation is implied or suggested meaning attached to a word, the emotional
'tag' that goes along with a word.
Denotation
Denotation is the literal, dictionary definition of a word
Figures of Speech
Figures of speech were words or phrases that describe one thing in terms of
something else. It involves an imaginative comparison between seemingly different things. Not
meant to be taken literal, figurative language is used to produce images in a reader's mind and to
express ideas in fresh, vivid, and imaginative ways. Simile, metaphors, and personification are
common examples of figurative language in both prose and poetry.

Syntax/Sentence Structure/Phrasing

Syntax
10 Title of Manual
Syntax is the arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences
in a language.
Types of sentences
Declarative (assertive) sentence makes a statement
Imperative sentence gives a command
Interrogative sentence asks a question
Exclamatory sentence makes an exclamation
Simple sentence contains one subject and one verb
Compound sentence contains two independent clauses joined by a coordinated
conjunction (and, but, or) or by a semicolon.
Complex sentence contains an independent clause and one or more subordinate
clauses.
Compound-complex sentence contains two or more principle clauses and one or
more subordinate clauses.
Repetition is a device in which words, sounds, and ideas are used more than once
to enhance rhythm and create emphasis.
Rhetorical question is a question that expects no answer. It is used to draw
attention to a point and is generally stronger than a direct statement.

Point of view
Point of view or perspective is the way in which the author chooses to present an essay,
story, or other piece of writing.
Types
First person narrator
First person narrator is used when one of the characters tell the story and
speaks in 'I', an eyewitness.
Third person limited
Third person limited is used when the story is shown from only one
character's point of view but not first hand. The reader would feel a sense of distance from
others, and in addition, is limited to one perspective, the narrower view of subject may be biased
in only one direction; the narrative distance may be useful, done on purpose by the author.
Third person omniscient

Third person omniscient is used when the point of view is all knowing, no
restricted in any way; for either third-person limited or omniscient, look for phrases and
sentences that describe the emotions, feelings, and reactions of the characters. The reader feels
more distant then with first person, but also has a wiser, more panoramic view of the subject; the
reader knows everything that an outside observer would know.
Remember
Authors often vary the point of view within a piece in order to achieve a desired
effect.
Participant point of view
First person point of view
I, me, my, we, us, our
The first person point of view allows the reader to be discerning; the
reader must determine whether the narrator is trustworthy. The first person narrator understands
other characters only by observing what they say and do. This narrator cannot enter the mind of
the other characters and is unable to grasp their inner thoughts. The first person narrator outlines
what a character observes and feels, and thus the narrator's conclusions may be inaccurate; the
reader may question the validity and accuracy of the narrator's opinion.
The narrator as a major character in the story: the story is told by the
narrator and is chiefly about them.
The narrator as a minor character: the narrator tells a story that focuses on
someone other than themselves, but is still a character in the story.
Nonparticipant point of view
Third person point of view
he, him, she, her, they, them
Omniscient narrator can enter the minds of all the characters. This point
of view allows great freedom in that the narrator knows all there is to know about that characters,
externally and internally.
Selective (limited) omniscient narrator limits the omniscience to the minds
of a few of the characters or to the mind of a single character. In this point of view, the author
knows everything about a particular character with a sense of distance from the other characters.
The story is more unified through this point of view.
Objective Narrator does not enter a single mind, but instead records what
can be seen and heard. The type of narrator is like a camera or a 'fly on a wall'.

12 Title of Manual
Tone
Tone
Tone describes the feelings in a passage.
Attitude describes the author's or the reader's feelings toward the subject.
Tone of voice words:
Note: Avoid the word 'very' to describe an emotion

Detail
Detail is a literal or factual description of who, what, where, and/or when. Details are
concrete facts that are included or omitted for effect or meaning. To draw a comparison, diction
refers to connotative vocabulary, whereas detail refers to literal description.
The difference between Detail and Imagery is that imagery is the use of vivid
descriptions or figures of speech that appeal to the senses.

Theme
Theme is the central message of the literary work. It is not the same as the subject, which
can be expressed in a word or two. The theme is the idea the author wishes to convey about the
subject, expressed as a sentence or general statement about life or human nature. A literary work
can have more than one theme, and most themes are not directly stated but implied. The reader
must think about all the elements of the work and use them to make inferences, or reasonable
guesses, as to which themes seem to be implied.
Analysis Questions
-What life lessons did the main character learn?
-What lesson did the reader learn as a result of reading the passage?
Analysis 'Steps'
-Summarize the 'plot' in a paragraph
-List the subjects
Analyze the relation between the theme and the subject

Chapter 2

Figure 3- Archetypes
Chapter 2 15
Chapter 2

Organization/Narrative Structure
Definition
Understanding what the author written structurally
Concept
The concept of an author's organization, structure, or form is difficult to master
because there is no set formula to follow. Watch for a broader pattern in a piece of writing.
Identify and analyze why the author chose to write this way.
Starting point
-the beginning or ending of the passage
-a particular sequence that is importance
-a noticeable chronology
-any literary techniques that stands out
-an emphasis one any one part
-a shift in tone from one section to the next

Shift
Shift or progression is the change that occurs in the speaker's feeling
during the course of the book or writing passage changing from one tine, attitude, or distance
to another.
Instruction
Common signal shifts:
key words but, yet, nevertheless, however, although
punctuation dashes, periods, colons, ellipsis
irony sometimes irony hides shifts
changes in sounds that may indicate changes in meaning
changes in diction slang to formal language
stanza divisions
changes in stanza line or stanza length or both

Analytical Structure
Definition
Analysis is the process of breaking a complex topic or substance into smaller
parts to gain a better understanding of it. A literary analysis essay retells the essential parts of a
16 Title of Manual
story for those that don't know or don't understand the story. The writer takes piece by piece the
big events and the smaller details, showing how the author rhetorically conveys one central
message or theme.
Grabber
In the first paragraph, start by grabbing with attention of the reader with a
rhetorical question, a deep thought, or an action. Then introduce or orient the reader to the
novel, the author, and the thesis statement.
Remember that the thesis statement is the opinion or argument that centers around
the evidence stated in the body of the essay
Body
First paragraph of the body is the data of the subject. Present the information as it
is, history or background, and details of the evidence in order of priority
Second paragraph of the body is the evidence. Analyze the information, present
the findings in a way that follows logic and reasoning to the reader, and prove the thesis is
correct by using quotes for a source, preferably the original source.
Third paragraph of the body can either be a commentary of the subject or a
chance to analyze the subject again with an opposite perspective of the thesis in mind. It can be
either a nod to or deconstruction to the opposing thesis.
Conclusion
Summarize the essay in a few simple sentences, bringing thesis and evidence to
full circle.


Mind Map
Definition
Like Character Building
Motivation/Values
What is the characters objectives?
What is the most important goal for the character?
What drives their thoughts and actions?
Virtue/Vice
What is the characters most admirable qualities?
Their worst qualities?
How does the audience perceive the character?
Color/Symbols
Color are often symbolic. What color associate with the character? Why?
Chapter 2 17
What object(s) can be associated with the character that illustrate their
essence?
Are these objects mentioned within the story or writing passage itself?
If not, choose objects that especially correspond with the character.
Conflicts
With or what does the character struggle?
Another character?
Their own personality and/or decisions?
Unforeseen events?
Fate?
Mirrors
Does the character appear to others on the surface and what you know about the
characters inner self?
Changes
How has the character changed within the story or writing passage?
Ups and downs
What are the high and low points of the characters like within the story or writing
passage? Before the timeline of the story? Determine the cause and effect of these ups and
downs.
Expansion

Symbolism
Symbol is the use of a concrete object to represent an abstract idea. When used in
literature, it is often a figure of speech in which a person, object, or situation represents
something in addition to its literal meaning. Conventional or traditional literary symbols work in
similar ways and because they have a previously agreed upon meaning, they can be used to
suggest ideas more universal than the physical aspect itself. As symbol can appear in a work of
literature in a number of different ways to suggest a number of different things. A symbol more
commonly present itself in the form of a word, a figure of speech, an event, the total action, or a
character.
Form
Color
Red: immoral; the color of the life principles, blood, passion, emotion,
danger, or daring; often associated with fire.
Black: seen as a cold and negative aspect suggesting passivity, death,
ignorance, or evil;
White: innocence, life, light, purity, or enlightenment
Green: inexperience, hope; new life, immaturity; a combination of blue
and yellow, it mediates between heat and cold and high and low; it is a
comforting, refreshing human color; it is the color of plant life.
18 Title of Manual
Yellow: rotting, heat, decay, violence, decrepitude, old age, and the
approach of death.
Blue: cool, calm, peaceful; an insubstantial color in the real world except
as translucency; the void of heavens.
Pink: innocence or femininity
Purple: royalty, bruising or magic element
Brown: a color somewhere between russet and black; it is the color of
earth and ploughed-land and soil; it represents humility and poverty.
Orange: symbolizes the point of balance between the spirit and the libido;
it may be the emblem of divine love or extreme lust.
Violet: composed of red and blue, it is the color of temperance and clarity
of mind
Nature
Seasons
Spring: birth, new beginning
Summer: maturity, knowledge
Autumn: decline, nearing death, growing old, maturity and wisdom
Winter: death, sleep, hibernation, or stagnation
Christmas Season: birth, change for the better
Easter season: rebirth, enlightenment
Light: truth, safety, warmth, knowledge
Darkness: evil, ignorance
Trees
Apple: temptation, loss of innocence
Chestnut: foresight
Oak: strength, wisdom
Pear: blossoming, fleeting nature of life
Poplar: linked to the underworld, to pain, sacrifice, and grief, a funeral
tree, symbolizes the regressive powers of nature
Sycamore: a sign of vanity
Pine: symbol of immortality because of its evergreen
Weeds: evil (hemlock, pigweeds, etc), wildness/outcasts of society
Flowers
Anemone: transience
Chrysanthemums: solar symbol; represents perfections, an autumn flower
Rose: budding youth, romance, potential, fragility
sunflower: Sturdiness
Violet: shyness, something petite
Lily: evokes unlawful passion, temptation, the election of ones choice
Water: washes away guilt, origin of life, regeneration, vehicle of cleansing
River: fluidity of life, stream of life and death
Chapter 2 19
Moon: changing and returning shape, feminine symbol
Sun: source of light, heat and life; a masculine symbol
Cavern: the maternal womb, natural defense, inherent knowledge, challenge
Mountain: places where heaven and earth meet; stability, safety, often symbolic
of human pride.
Stones/Metals
Rubies: represents good fortune; it was believed that they banished sorrow
and warded off evil spirits.
Sapphires: contemplation, purity
Pearls: associated with water, they may be regarded as symbols of
knowledge and wealth.
Silver: relates to the moon, to water, and the female principle; it may also
symbolize the object of all desires and the harm they cause.
Gold: the perfect metal; a reflection of heavenly light; it suggest the sun-
fertility, wealth, dominion, it is a male principle.
Direction
East: land of birth or rebirth; of the Sun and Venus; it is associated with renewal,
youth, feasting, song and love.
North: the side which lies on the suns right hand and lies on the either side of
life; it symbolizes night sky and night wind and is the home of the Moon and the Milky Way.
North represents coldness, alienation, and hostility; it is the abode of death.
South: the side which lies one that Suns left hand and is the hand of fire;
represents warmth and comfort.
West: land of evening, old age, and the descending passage of the sun
Weather
Snow: blanket which obscures, covers or even smothers
Fog/Mist: prevents clear vision or thinking; represents isolation; mist is
often the symbol of the indeterminate phase in development when shapes
have yet to be defined; they are preludes to important revelations or
prologues to manifestations.
Rain: sadness or despair or new life; a symbol of celestial influences the
Earth receives
Wind: change
Storms: violent human emotions
Lightening: indicates the spark of life and the powers of fertilization; it
can be either life-giving or death-dealing, so it is a sign of power and
strength.
Thunder: the voice of God or gods
Rainbows: intermediaries and pathways between Heaven and Earth;
generally are heralds of good and are linked with cycles of rebirth, but
they may also serve as prologues to disturbance.
20 Title of Manual
Time
Morning: the time of Gods blessings; the beginning of when all is still
uncorrupted; symbol of purity and promise.
Animals
Dove: peace, purity, simplicity
Fox: slyness, cleverness
Raven: death, destruction, they often play prophetic roles or function as a
conductor of the soul
Lion: a solar symbol, power, pride
Peacock: pride, vanity
Serpent/Snake: temptation, evil
Mouse: shyness, meekness
Hawk: sharp, keen eyesight
Owl: wisdom, ration knowledge, messenger of death
Salmon: instinct, sacred wisdom
Cats: are often viewed as serpents of the underworld; they also symbolize
cunning , forethought, and ingenuity
Lamb: serves as a manifestation of the power of Spring and renewal,
sacrificial element
Cuckoo: jealousy and parasitism, it lays eggs in the nests of other birds;
laziness
Walls
Walls: barriers between people, both physical and mental; a barrier that shuts out
the world
Human body parts
Blood: symbolizes all the integral qualities of fire and the heat and vitality
inherent in the sun; it also corresponds to vital and bodily heat.
Bones: represents the framework of the human body, but since they
contain marrow, also symbolize strength and virtue
Hands: strength or weakness
Eyes: windows to the soul or barometer of emotions
Mouth: indicator of character traits
Neck: long slender neck is associated with sexuality
Knee: main source of bodily strength according to ancient traditions
Right/Left
To look to ones right hand is to look to the protector; this is the place of the elect
at the Last Judgment, the damned will go to the left.
Chapter 2 21
Clothing
Cape: or any circular garment or vestment with a hole in the middle suggests a
celestial and ascendant symbolism. When monks or nuns withdraw from the world, they cover
themselves in a cape or cloak, which symbolizes a withdrawal into oneself or into God.
Cloak: symbol of human trickery and the different personalities human can
assume
Mask: externalize demon tendencies; may also allow its wearer to emphasize one
facet of themselves, or submerge themselves and perform acts that are totally out of their
character
Objects
Chain: symbolizes the bond which connects Heaven and Earth or ties
together two extremes or beings
Key: power and authority of letting in and shutting out; to hold a key
means to have been initiated. It not only shows the power to enter a place,
town, or house, but to accede to a spiritual state or abode or to a level of
initiation.
Ladder: symbols of ascension and realization of potential; they are also
symbols of intercommunication and the comings of goings between
Heaven and Earth
Mirror: often a solar symbol; an unbroken mirror can be a sign of a happy
marriage. A broken mirror would indicate a separation or destruction of
the union
Tower of Babel: confusion, human pride, resulted in multiple
languages(see Allusion)


Allusion
An allusion is a passing or casual reference; an incidental mention of something, either
directly or by implication.
The unwritten rule of allusions is if its not public knowledge, cite the reference.

Most common sources of allusions
Shakespeare
Mythology
The Bible
Public Domain literature



Archetypes
In literature, an archetype is a character, an action or a situation that represent a universal
pattern of human nature.
22 Title of Manual

An archetype, also known as universal symbol, may be a character, a theme, a symbol or even a
setting. Many literary critics are of the opinion that archetypes, which have a common and
recurring representation in a particular human culture or entire human race, shape the structure
and function of a literary work
-can be applied to
An image
A theme
A symbol
An idea
A character type
A plot pattern
-can be expressed in
Myths
Dreams
Literature
Religions
Fantasies
Folklore

Types
Heroic
Hero as warrior: A near god-like hero faces physical challenges and external
enemies.
Hero as lover: A pure love motivated hero to complete his quest
Hero as scapegoat: Hero suffers for the sake of others
Transcendent Hero: The hero of tragedy whose fatal flaw brings about his
downfall, but not without achieving some kind of transforming realization or wisdom.
Romantic/Gothic Hero: Hero/lover with a decidedly dark side
Proto-Feminist Hero: Female heroes
Apocalyptic Hero: Hero who faces the possible destruction of society.
Anti-hero: A non-hero, given a vocation of failure, frequently humorous
Defiant Anti-hero: Opposes societys definition of heroism/goodness
Unbalanced Hero: The Protagonist who has status or essential otherness makes
heroism possible.
The Other the denied hero: The protagonist whose status or essential otherness
makes heroism possible.
The Super heroic: Exaggerates the normal proportions of humanity; frequently
has divine or supernatural origins. In some sense, the superhero is one apart, someone who does
not quite belong, but who is nonetheless needed by society.
Chapter 2 23
Situational
The Quest
What the hero must accomplish in order to bring fertility back to the
wasteland, usually a search for an item, which will restore peace order, and normalcy to a
troubled land.
The Task
The nearly superhuman feat(s) the hero must perform in order to
accomplish their quest.
The Journey
The journey sends the hero in search of some truth that will help save the
kingdom.
The Initiation
The adolescent comes into their maturity with new awareness and
problems.
The Ritual
The actual ceremonies the Initiate experiences that will mark their rite of
passage into another state of being. A clear sign of the characters role in their society.
The Fall
The descent from a higher to a lower state of being usually as a
punishment for transgression. It also involves a loss of innocence.
Death and Rebirth
The most common of all situational archetypes, this motif grows out of a
parallel between the cycle of nature and the cycle of life. Thus morning and springtime represent
birth, youth, or rebirth, while evening and winter suggest old age or death.
Battle between Good and Evil
A battle between two primal forces, humankind shows eternal optimism in
the continual portrayal of good triumphing over evil despite great odds.
The Un-healable Wound
Either a physical or psychological wound that cannot be fully healed, the
wound symbolizes a loss of innocence.
Character
The Hero
The Hero is a person who, in the opinion of others, has heroic qualities or
has performed a heroic act and is regarded as a model or ideal.
Young Man from the Provinces
The hero returns to their home and heritage where they are a stranger who
can see new problems and new solutions.
The Initiates
The Initiates are young heroes or heroines who must go through some
training and ceremony before undertaking their quest.
Mentor
24 Title of Manual
The Mentor is an older, wiser teacher to the initiates. He oftens serves as
a father or mother figure. They give the hero items like weapons, food magic, information, etc,
and serve as a role model or as heros conscious.
Mentor Pupil Relationship
In this relationship, the Mentor teaches the hero/pupil the necessary skills
for surviving the quest
The Threshold Guardian
Tests the heros courage and worthiness to begin the journey
Father Child Conflict
In this relationship, the tension is built due to separation from childhood or
some other source when the two meet as adults.
Hunting Group of Companions
There are loyal companions willing to face hardship and ordeal in order to
stay together.
Loyal Retainers
The Retainers duty is to reflect the nobility and power of the hero
Friendly Beast
An animal companion showing that nature is on the side of the hero
The Shadow
A worthy opponent with whom the hero must struggle in a fight to the
end. Must be destroyed or neutralized. Psychologically can represent the darker side of the
heros own psyche.
The Devil Figure
The character is evil incarnate
The Evil Figure with Ultimately Good Heart
A devil figure with the potential to be good. This person is usually saved
by the love of the hero.
The Creature of Nightmare
A monster usually summoned from the deepest, darkest part of the human
psyche to threaten the lives of the hero/heroine. Often it is a perversion or desecration of the
human body.
Scapegoat
An animal or human whose death in a public ceremony expiates some
taint or sin of a community. They are often more powerful in death than in life.
The Outcast
A character banished from a social group for some real or imagined crime
against other characters, usually destined to wander from place to place.
The Platonic Ideal
A woman or man who is a source of inspiration to the hero, who has an
intellectual rather than physical attraction to them.
Damsel in Distress
A vulnerable woman (sometimes man or child) who needs to be rescued
by the hero. Often used as a trap to ensnare the unsuspecting hero.
Chapter 2 25
The Earth Mother
Symbolic of fruition, abundance, and fertility, this character traditionally
offers spiritual and emotional nourishment to those with whom she comes into contact. Often
depicted in earth colors, has large breast and hips symbolic of her childbearing capabilities.
The Temptress or Black Goddess
Characterized by sensuous beauty, this woman (sometimes man) is one to
whom the protagonist is physically attracted and who ultimately bring about their downfall. May
appear as a witch/warlock or vampire
White Goddess
Good, beautiful maiden, usually blond, may make an ideal marriage
partner; often has religious or intellectual overtones.
The Unfaithful Wife
A woman married to a man she sees as dull or distant and is attached to
more virile or interesting men.
Star-crossed Lovers
Two characters engaged in a love affair fated to end tragically for one or
both due to the disapproval of society, friends, family, or some tragic situation.
-Symbolic
Light vs. Darkness
Light usually suggest hope, renewal, or intellectual illumination; darkness
implies the unknown, ignorance, or despair.
Innate Wisdom vs. Educated Stupidity
Some characters exhibit wisdom and understanding of situations
instinctively as opposed to those supposedly in charge. Loyal retainers often exhibit this wisdom
as they accompany the hero of the journey
Supernatural Intervention
Spiritual beings intervene on the side of the hero or sometimes against
them
Fire and Ice
Fire represents knowledge, light, passion, conflict, life, and rebirth,
sometimes destruction, while ice represents ignorance, darkness, sterility, death, and hate.
Nature vs. Mechanistic World
Nature is good while technology is evil
The Threshold
Gateway to a new world which the hero must enter to change and grow.
The Underworld
A place of death or metaphorically an encounter with the dark side of the
self. Entering an underworld is a form of facing a fear of death
Haven vs. Wilderness
Places of safety contrast sharply against a dangerous wilderness. Heroes
are often sheltered for a time to regain health and resources.
Water vs. Desert
26 Title of Manual
Because Water is necessary to life and growth, it commonly appears as a
birth symbol, as baptism symbolizes a spiritual birth. Rain, rivers, oceans, etc. also function the
same way. The Desert suggests the opposite.
Heaven vs. Hell
Humans has traditionally associated parts of the universe not accessible to
them with the dwelling places of the primordial forces that govern that characters world. The
skies and mountaintops houses the gods, the bowels of the earth contain diabolic forces.
The Crossroads
A place or time of decision when a realization is made and change or
penance results
The Maze
A puzzling dilemma or great uncertainty, search for the dangerous
monster inside of oneself, or journey into the heart of darkness.
The Castle
A strong place of safety which holds treasure, may be enchanted or
bewitched
The Tower
A strong place of evil, represents the isolation of self
The Magic Weapon
The weapon the hero needs in order to complete the quest
The Whirlpool
Symbolizes the destructive power of nature or fate
Fog
Symbolizes uncertainty
Colors
Red: blood, sacrifice, passion, disorder
Green: growth, hope, fertility
Blue: highly positive, security, tranquility, spiritual purity
Black: darkness, chaos, mystery, the unknown, death, wisdom,
evil, melancholy
White: light, purity, innocence, timelessness (negatives: death,
horror, supernatural)
Yellow: enlightenment, wisdom
Numbers
Three: light, spiritual awareness, unity, male principle
Four: associated with the circle, life cycle, four seasons, female principle.
Earth, nature elements.
Seven: symbolic number signifying the union of three and four

Archetypal Theme
Good vs. Evil
Christian vs. Pagan Beliefs
Chapter 2 27
Nature vs. Man (Nature being hostile and uncontrollable)
Fate vs. Man (Fate randomly selects its victims)
Brotherhood of Man

Archetypal Narrative

Quest: The hero leaves the security of home and family to search for an item to
combat a mortal enemy, or to undertake an ordeal which tests their powers; ultimately, they
return in triumph.
Death/Rebirth: The hero faces a foe who takes his their life, travels to the
underworld or spirit world, but rises from the dead to return to safety and life.
Journey: The hero faces threats that test their valor and courage and lead to
development of their character.
Loss of Innocence: The hero loses their naivet and comes to recognize the
existence of evil in the world.
Initiation: The hero passes from ignorance or immaturity and attains social or
spiritual awareness to become an adult member of the clan.
Comedic Mode: The hero begins in prosperity, descends into tragedy, and rises to
happiness.
Crime and Punishment: The criminal destroys the order of society; society thwarts
the criminal and punishes their wrongdoing; peace and order return to society.
Temptation: The innocent hero faces the evil machinations of a seducer or
temptress.
Rescue: Characters undergo dire threats but are eventually rescued.
Rags to Riches: The hero overcomes obstacles of ostracism and poverty to rise
socially and materially
Index 29
Index

Allusion, iii, 21
Analysis, 12, 16
Archetypes, iii, 22
Connotation, 9
Denotation, 9
http
//www.aacc.edu/creativewriting/image/wr
iting-2.jpg, 29
Point of view, 10
Shift, 15
Symbolism, iii, 17
Syntax, 10
Theme, 12
Tone, 12
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/hero
http://www.umich.edu/~umfandsf/symbolismproject/symbolism.html/
http://literarydevices.net/archetype/
http://www.soulcraft.co/essays/images/archetypal_wheel.bmp
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