6/30/14 Thermodynamics eBook: Isentropic Process

https://ecourses.ou.edu/cgi-bin/ebook.cgi?doc=&topic=th&chap_sec=06.4&page=theory 1/3
Ch 6. Entropy Multimedia Engineering Thermodynamics
Entropy Tds Relations
Entropy
Change
Isentropic
Process
Isentropic
Ef f iciency
Entropy
Balance (1)
Entropy
Balance (2)
Reversible
Work
Thermodynamics Isentropic Process Case Intro Theory Case Solution Simulation
Chapter
1. Basics
2. Pure Substances
3. First Law
4. Energy Analysis
5. Second Law
6. Entropy
7. Exergy Analysis
8. Gas Power Cyc
9. Brayton Cycle
10. Rankine Cycle

Appendix
Basic Math
Units
Thermo Tables

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Author(s):
Meirong Huang
Kurt Gramoll

Kurt Gramoll
THERMODYNAMICS - THEORY

Isentropic Processes
A Reversible and Adiabatic Process is also
an Isentropic Process
An Isentropic Process and an Actual
Process on a h-s Diagram

The term "isentropic" means constant entropy. A
process during which the entropy remains constant is
called an isentropic process, which is characterized by
S = 0 or s
1
= s
2
for a process 1-2
If a process is both reversible and adiabatic, then it is
an isentropic process.
An isentropic process is an idealization of an actual
process, and serves as a limiting case for an actual
process.






Isentropic Processes for Ideal Gases

An Isentropic Process of Ideal Gases
on a T-s Diagram

The relations of entropy change for ideal gases are
(1)
and
(2)
By setting s to 0 in the above equations, the relations
for an ideal gas which undergoes an isentropic process
can be obtained. Setting equation (1) to zero gives,


If the constant-specific-heats assumption is valid, the
above equation can be integrated and rearranged to give

6/30/14 Thermodynamics eBook: Isentropic Process
https://ecourses.ou.edu/cgi-bin/ebook.cgi?doc=&topic=th&chap_sec=06.4&page=theory 2/3
Constant Specific Heat Used in Small
Temperature Interval



where
k = specific heat ratio, k = c
P
/c
v
and R = c
P
- c
v
The second relation can be obtained by setting equation
(2) to zero.

Also, if the constant-specific-heats assumption is valid,
the above equation becomes

The third relation can be obtained by combining the first
and the second relations. That is,

The three relations of an isentropic process for ideal
gases with constant specific heats in compact form are
Tv
k-1
= constant
TP
(1-k)/k
= constant
Pv
k
= constant

Using P
r
Data to Determine Finial
Temperature during an Isentropic Process
Click to View Movie (46.0 kB)
Ideal Gas Properties Table -- Air

If the constant-specific-heats assumption is not valid,
the entropy change of ideal gases during a process 1-2
is

Setting the above equation to zero and rearranging, one
obtains

If exp(s
0
/R) is defined as the relative pressure P
r
, then
the above equation becomes
(P
2
/P
1
)
s = constant
= P
r2
/P
r1
6/30/14 Thermodynamics eBook: Isentropic Process
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Values of relative pressure are tabulated against
temperature in tables.

Using v
r
Data to Determine Finial
Temperature during an Isentropic Process
Click to View Movie (49 kB)
Ideal Gas Properties Table -- Air

In an automotive engine, the ratio v
2
/ v
1
is used instead
of the ratio P
2
/ P
1
. The ideal-gas relation gives
v
2
/ v
1
= T
2
P
1
/T
1
P
2
Replacing P
2
/P
1
by P
r2
/P
r1
in the above equation gives

T/P
r
is defined as relative specific volume v
r
and its
value is also tabulated with temperature. Thus,
(v
2
/v
1
)
s = constant
= v
r2
/ v
r1


Isentropic Processes for an
Incompressible Fluid or Solid
The Isentropic Process of an
Incompressible Substance is
also Isothermal

The entropy change of incompressible fluids or solids
during a process 1-2 with constant specific heats is
s = c
ave
ln(T
2
/T
1
)
Setting s to zero gives
T
2
= T
1
That is, an isentropic process of an incompressible
substance is also isothermal.