Job Safety Analysis - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

3/7/2014 Job safety analysis - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Job safety analysis
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
A Job Safety Analysis (JSA) is one of the risk assessment tools used to identify and control workplace hazards. A
JSA is a second tier risk assessment with the aim of preventing personal injury to a person, or their colleagues, and
any other person passing or working adjacent, above or below. JSAs are also known as Activity Hazard Analysis
(AHA), Job Hazard Analysis (JHA) and Task Hazard Analysis (THA).
Contents
1 Purpose
2 Workplace Hazard Definition
3 Workplace Hazard Categories
4 Workplace Hazard Types
5 Workplace Hazard Groups
6 Hazard Families
7 Workplace Hazard Criterion
8 Mechanism of Injury (MoI)
9 Likelihood
10 Consequence
11 Risk
12 ALARP
13 Reasonably Practicable
14 Work Process - PEPE
15 Hierarchy of Control
16 When a JSA is required
17 How a JSA is created
18 Sample JSA
19 Assessing Risk Levels
20 Identifying responsibilities
21 After the JSA worksheet is completed
22 Tips and tricks
23 References
24 External links
Purpose
The purpose of a JSA is to identify workplace hazards with a 'Likelihood' of possible or greater. Controls are then
selected and applied to reduce the risk associated with the identified hazards to acceptable levels in accordance
with the principles of 'ALARP' and using the 'Hierarchy of Control'.
Workplace Hazard Definition
A workplace hazard is defined as anything that has the potential to injure or harm.
Workplace Hazard Categories
Workplace Hazards are in three categories:
1. Types,
2. Groups, and
3. Families.
Workplace Hazard Types
There are two hazard types. They are:
1. Hazards to Safety - Anything assessed as 'possible', or greater, to cause an immediate injury
2. Hazards to Health - Anything assessed as 'possible', or greater, to cause harm by exposure over time.
Workplace Hazard Groups
There are three hazard groups. They are:
1. Physical Object Hazard Touch or inhale it.
2. Hazardous Work Type Requires a permit, qualification etc.
3. Duty of Care Breaches - Legislative &/or company contraventions.
Hazard Families
There are many hazard families. The following list is not exhaustive. Many hazards will fit into more than one family.
Physical, Chemical, Electrical, Mechanical, Hydraulic, Pneumatic, Biological, Magnetic, Thermal, Gravitational,
Environmental, Psychological, Invisible, Visible, and Developing.
Workplace Hazard Criterion
The criterion is a set of standards to assist in deciding to include, or exclude, certain identified hazards related to our
task.
The workplace hazard criterion used to identify genuine workplace hazards is:
1. It is clearly identifiable - Clearly identifiable means that we are specific about the hazard to the point
where the hazard type, group and family are instantly linked to it.
2. A scenario is not required for its articulation - It can be clearly described in five, or less, words. If you
cannot, it probably is not a hazard.
3. It has an inherent likelihood of possible or greater - If the hazard you are applying the criteria to does not
have an inherent likelihood of Possible, or greater, then drop it and move on.
4. It is without judgmental adjectives - Judgmental adjectives are negative and sometimes overlap with
descriptions of absence. Adjectives such as poor, deficient, defective, scant, weak, unsound, faulty are not to be
used in the hazard column.
5. It contains no descriptions of absence - Descriptions of absence are usually negative and sometimes overlap
with Judgmental adjectives. They include: Without, lack of, minimal, unsuitable, unavailable, inadequate, missing,
non-existent.
Mechanism of Injury (MoI)
One other very important and defining facet of a hazard is its mechanism of injury (MoI).
It is important because in the absence of an MoI it isn't a hazard, and this is about job 'hazard' analysis.
The MoI is the method in which an injury occurs.
All hazards have an MoI.
Common MoIs are slips trips and falls.
Hazard = Tool bag (in walkway)
MoI = Trip (over tool bag)
Injury = Broken wrist
Other common MoIs include:
Struck against / by
Contact with / by
Caught in / on / by / between
Exposure to
Fall to same / lower level
Likelihood
Likelihood is expressed as the number of occurrences of an event in a given time.
The likelihood, MoI and severity
relationship.
It may be expressed as chance, frequency or a percentage. Either way, the application of the rule of being
reasonable and realistic is paramount.
Consequence
Consequence is the outcome of an event expressed qualitatively or quantitatively, being a loss, injury, disadvantage
or gain. There may be a range of possible outcomes associated with an event.
[1]
Consequence consists of two factors. The first is the mechanism of injury covered above. The second factor is the
estimation of the severity of the injury or harm that can be reasonably and realistically expected from exposure to
the obvious mechanism of injury of the hazard being rated.
The consequence is quantified using a severity of consequence scale.
It is acknowledged that an implemented control may lower the severity of the injury, it may also increase it, either
way, it has no effect on the way the injury occurred. Therefore, when rating risk, the consequence remains the same
for both the initial rating and the residual rating.
People inherently lean toward a higher than actual consequence when rating risk, so remember to apply the rule of
being reasonable and realistic.
Risk
Risk is the correlation between likelihood and consequence.
ALARP
[2]
ALARP is an acronym for As Low As Reasonably Practicable.
This means that we reduce risk only to the point where further control/s
do not become grossly disproportionate to any achievable safety benefit.
Reasonably Practicable
[3]
Reasonably practicable, in relation to a duty to ensure health and safety, means that which is, or was at a
particular time, reasonably able to be done to ensure health and safety, taking into account and weighing up all
relevant matters including: a. the likelihood of the hazard or the risk concerned occurring; and
b. the degree of harm that might result from the hazard or the risk; and
c. what the person concerned knows, or ought reasonably to know, about the hazard or risk, and about the ways
of eliminating or minimising the risk; and
d. the availability and suitability of ways to eliminate or minimise the risk; and
e. after assessing the extent of the risk and the available ways of eliminating or minimising the risk, the cost
associated with available ways of eliminating or minimising the risk, including whether the cost is grossly
disproportionate to the risk.
Work Process - PEPE
The way in which work is performed is called the 'Work Process'.
The work process comprises four elements that are present in every task.
These elements are known by the acronym PEPE:
Process,
Environment,
People,
EMT is itself an acronym for 'equipment, materials and tools'.
Absolutely every task undertaken is affected in some way by elements of PEPE.
PEPE is particularly handy in identifying hazards.
As mentioned earlier, the best first tier risk assessment tools are actually simple checklists based on PEPE.
1. Process
Process is all about procedures, standards, legislation, safe work instructions, permits and permit systems, risk
assessments and policies.
Key factors about Process is that the relevant components are: - In Place. - User Friendly - (So they are
followed, not bypassed). - Reviewed Regularly & update.
2. Environment
People may be exposed to issues related to:
Access & Egress.
Obstructions.
Weather.
Dust, heat, cold, noise.
Darkness.
Contaminants.
Isolated workers.
Other Workers.
3. People
People are any organisations most valuable asset.
To assist people to be safe in their workplace they need to be provided with sufficient information, training,
instructions and supervision.
People may be:
Untrained.
Not yet competent.
Uncertified.
Inexperienced.
Unsupervised.
Affected by alcohol or other drugs.
Fatigued.
Inadequately instructed.
Suffering from: Stress / Home Life / Workplace Bullying.
Have a Poor Attitude to / refusal to follow procedures.
4. Equipment, Material & Tools (EMT)
Select the right EMT for the task. Incorrect EMT selections are hazardous in themselves.
Is the EMT hazardous, e.g.: is it sharp, hot, vibrating, heavy, fragile, contain pinch points, a hazardous
substance including hydrocarbons, acids, alkalis, glues, solvents, asbestos etc.
Do you need to be isolated from energy sources including electricity, hydraulic, pneumatic, radiation and
gravitational sources.
Is the EMT in date? Does it require certification and/or calibration, tested and tagged?
Are obstructions out of walkways and leads and hoses suspended?
Hierarchy of Control
Hierarchy of Control is a system used in industry to minimize or eliminate exposure to hazards.
It is a widely accepted system promoted by numerous safety organizations. This concept is taught to managers in
industry, to be promoted as standard practice in the workplace. Various illustrations are used to depict this system,
most commonly a triangle.
The hierarchy of hazard controls are, in order of effectiveness: Elimination, Substitution, Engineering, Administration
and Personal Protective Equipment.
When a JSA is required
Workplace hazard identification and an assessment of those hazards should be performed before every job.
JSAs are usually developed when directed to by a supervisor, when indicated by the use of a first tier risk
assessment and whenever a hazard associated with a task has a likelihood rating of 'possible' or greater.
A JSA is a documented risk assessment developed when company policy directs people to do so.
Generally, high consequence, high likelihood tasks are addressed by way of a JSA.
High consequence, high likelihood tasks include, but are not limited to, those with:
A history of, or potential for, injury, harm or damage such as those involving:
1. Fire, chemicals or a toxic or oxygen deficient atmosphere.
2. Tasks carried out in new environments.
3. Rarely performed tasks.
4. Tasks that may impact on the integrity or output of a processing system.
How a JSA is created
The JSA or JHA should be created by the work group performing the task. Sometimes it is expedient to review a
JSA that has been prepared when the same task has been performed before but the work group must take special
care to review all of the steps thoroughly to ensure that they are controlling all of the hazards for this job this time.
The JSA is usually completed on a form. The most common form is a table with three columns (although each
company has a variation with many having five or six columns). The headings of the three columns are (1) Job Step
(2) Hazard (3) Controls. A Hazard is any factor that can cause damage to personnel, property or the environment
(some companies include loss of production or downtime in the definition as well). A Control is any process for
controlling a hazard. The work group firstly breaks down the entire job into its component steps. Then, for each
step, hazards are identified. Finally, for each hazard identified, controls are recorded in the 3rd column. In the
example below, the hazards are analyzed for the task of preparing and painting a handrail:
Sample JSA
Step Hazard Control
(1) Prepare
Surface Using
Electric Wire
Brush
Vibration
*Wear thick gloves.
Use vibrating tool no more than 20 minutes at a time and for no
more than 2 hours a shift
Lead based paint
Wear a P3 organic vapor mask when disturbing old paint. Wear
disposable coveralls. Wash hands thoroughly before eating or smoking.
Maintain a high standard of housekeeping.
Power leads Suspend electrical cables over walkway.
Sun Radiation Wear broad brim and SPF 40+ sun block.
(2) Paint
Handrails
Damage to
adjacent surfaces
from thinners and
paint
Use drop sheets
Fumes from
thinners
Employ intrinsically safe fume extraction fans. Wear P3 organic vapor
mask.
Splashed Paint
Wear safety goggles when working above shoulder height, safety glasses at
other times
Fire
Remove all combustibles from work area. Remove all sources of ignition
from work area. Maintain a fire watcher for task plus 30 minutes. Position
appropriate fire fighting equipment in work area
(3)
Housekeeping
Obstacles in work
area
Remove waste to bin, tools to store, ensure barriers and signs are in place
to denote wet paint.
Assessing Risk Levels
Some organisations add columns for risk levels. The risk rating of the hazard prior to applying the control is known
as the 'inherent risk rating'. The risk rating of the hazard with the control in place is known as the 'residual' risk
rating.
Risk, within the occupational health and safety sphere, is defined as the 'effect of uncertainties on objectives
[4]
'. In
the context of rating a risk, it is the correlation of 'Likelihood' and 'Consequence'.
Likelihood is a quantitative evaluation of occurrences over set periods of time.
Consequence is a qualitative evaluation of both the 'Mechanism of Injury' and the reasonable and realistic 'Severity
of Injury'.
As it is historically correct to reasonably and realistically evaluate that the likelihood of an adverse event whilst
operating a hot particle producing tool, (grinder), is 'possible' the act of grinding meets the workplace hazard
criteria.
It would also be reasonable and realistic to evaluate that the mechanism of injury of an eye being struck at high
speed with hot metal particles, whether it be the eye of the grinder operator, a crew member or any person passing
or working adjacent, above or below may result in a permanent disability.
The severity of reasonably and realistically expected injury is (blindness). Therefore, grinding warrants a high
severity rating.
Wearing eye protection whilst in the vicinity of grinding operations reduces the likelihood of this adverse event
occurring.
If the eye protection was momentarily not used, not fitted correctly or failed and hot high speed particles struck an
eye, the expected mechanism of injury (adverse event) has still occurred, hence the consequence rating remains the
same for both the inherent and residual consequence rating.
It is accepted that the control/s may indeed lessen, and in some cases increase, the severity of injury, however, the
'rated' consequence remains the same.
One of the known risk rating anomalies is that we can scale likelihood and the severity of injury, but we cannot
scale mechanism of injury. This is the reason why the mechanism of injury is bundled with severity, to allow a rating
to be given. The MoI is the important factor as it signals the obvious controls.
Identifying responsibilities
Another column that is often added to the basic three columns in a JSA form or worksheet is the Responsible
column. The Responsible column is for the name of the individual who will put the particular control in place.
Defining who is responsible for actually putting the controls in place that have been identified on the JSA worksheet
ensures that an individual is accountable for doing so.
After the JSA worksheet is completed
After the JSA worksheet is completed, the work group that is about to perform the task should have a toolbox talk,
and discuss the hazards and controls, delegate responsibilities, ensure that all equipment and PPE described in the
JSA are available, that contingencies such as fire fighting are understood, communication channels and hand signals
are agreed etcetera. Then, if everybody in the work group feels that it is safe to proceed with task, work should
commence.
If at any time during the task circumstances change, then work should be stopped (sometimes called a "time-out for
safety"), and the hazards and controls described in the JSA should be reassessed and additional controls used or
alternative methods devised. Again, work should only recommence when every member of the work group feels it
is safe to do so.
When the task is complete it is often of benefit to have a close-out or "tailgate" meeting, to discuss any lessons
learned so that they may be incorporated into the JSA the next time the task is undertaken.
Tips and tricks
It is vitally important that workers understand that it is not the JSA form that will keep them safe on the job, but
rather the process it represents. It is of little value to identify hazards and devise controls if the controls are not put
in place.
Workers should never be tempted to "sign on" the bottom of a JSA without first reading and understanding it. JSAs
are quasi-legal documents, and are often used in incident investigations, contractual disputes, and court cases.
Everybody in the workforce should be involved in creating the JSA. The more minds, the more years of experience
applied to analysing the hazards in a job, the more successful the work group will be in controlling them.
It is widely known that creating a JSA, also known as AHA or JHA, can be very tedious and take a long time to
create. To expedite this process, there are web-based programs that can help you create your JSA's. Gadzoom.net
is a leader in the ability to create JSA's. All you would do is select the steps and the program does the rest of the
work for you.
References
1. ^ AS/NZS4360:2009 Risk Management/year=2009, Austalian Standards
2. ^ Risk Management - Risk assessment techniques - International Standard IEC/ISO 31010, ISO, 2011, p. 90
3. ^ HOW TO DETERMINE WHAT IS REASONABLY PRACTICABLE TO MEET A HEALTH AND SAFETY
DUTY - Guidance note - Safe Work Australia - May 2013
4. ^ AS/NZS ISO 31000:2009 Risk management - Principles and guidelines. Standards Australia. pp. Preface (a).
ISBN 0 7337 9289 8.
AS/NZS 4360:1999 Risk Management ISBN 0 7337 2647 X Published by Standards Association of
Australia
Greenwood, R. (2006). Reader: Job Safety Analysis Occupational Health and Safety Practitioner. Safetyline
Institute
Kjellen, U. (2000) Prevention of Accidents Through Experience Feedback. CRC Press. ISBN
0748409254
http://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/hsprograms/job-haz.html "Job Safety Analysis"
Maersk Contractors (2005)MODU Procedures Manual Edition 1, 3.7 "Conduct of Safe Job Analysis"
US Dept of Labor (2002) Job Hazard Analysis. OSHA 3071
Roughton,J and Crutchfield,N (2008) "Job Hazard Analysis, A Guide for Voluntary Compliance and
Beyond," http://emeetingplace.com/safetyblog/?page_id=80. Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-7506-
8346-3
Roughton,J and Mercurio,J (2002) "Developing an Effective Safety Culture: A Leadership Approach,"
http://emeetingplace.com/safetyblog/?page_id=80; www.ncsafetyandife.com. Butterworth-Heinemann.
ISBN 978-0750674119
External links
Job Hazard Analysis, Occupational Safety and Health Administration
(https://www.osha.gov/Publications/osha3071.html)Accessed 30/Jul/13
Job Safety Analysis, Canadian Center for Occupational Health and Safety
(http://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/hsprograms/job-haz.html)Accessed 30/Jul/13
Job Hazard Analysis (JHA) - An overview, University of Alaska (http://www.uaf.edu/safety/occupational-
safety/job-hazard-analysis/)Accessed 30/Jul/13
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Job_safety_analysis&oldid=606407341"
Categories: Occupational safety and health Hazard analysis
This page was last modified on 30 April 2014 at 00:04.
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