Software Engineering in Geomatics

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Software Engineering in Geomatics
Draen Odobai
Mario Miler
Faculty of Geodesy, University of Zagreb
Zagreb, March 12, 2012
Software Engineering in Geomatics
Exercise 1
Internet
What is the Internet?
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Denition
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The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer
networks that use the standard Internet protocol suite to serve
billions of users worldwide.
Google, Facebook, E-Mail, File transfer,
HTTP, SMTP, FTP, BitTorrent, SCP,
Software Engineering in Geomatics
Exercise 1
Internet
What is the Internet?
originated 1969 within U.S. Defense Department program
called ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency
Network)
1970. newsgroups, buletin-board systems
1982-83. TCP/IP adopted as standard
1986. 10 000 hosts connected to the Internet
1988. IRC - Internet relay chat
1990. HTTP (World Wide Web), Mosaic browser
1995. Yahoo
1996. Google
1997. 10 000 000 hosts (100% growth per year)
2001. Wikipedia
2004. Facebook
2012. ?
Software Engineering in Geomatics
Exercise 1
Internet protocols
TCP/IP protocol suite (1)
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Simplication
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Data are split into datagrams (packets) which are transferred
between two hosts connected to the internet.
Transfer is routed through dierent network nodes, and for each
packet we get conrmation if packet was received. Dropped
packets are retransmitted.
Data are reconstructed on host.
Software Engineering in Geomatics
Exercise 1
Internet protocols
TCP/IP protocol suite (2)
Layer concept (RFC 1122)
1
:
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1
Link
PPP, PPPoE, DSL, ISDN,
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2
Internet
IP, ICMP, IPsec,
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3
Transport
TCP, UDP, RIP,
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4
Application
HTTP, FTP, BitTorrent, DNS, SMTP,
1
https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1122
Software Engineering in Geomatics
Exercise 1
Internet protocols
TCP/IP protocol suite (3)
Software Engineering in Geomatics
Exercise 1
Internet protocols
IP protocol (1)
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Task
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of delivering datagrams from the source host to the destination
host solely based on the addresses
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IP Address
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is a numerical label assigned to each device (e.g., computer,
printer) participating in a computer network that uses the Internet
Protocol for communication
Software Engineering in Geomatics
Exercise 1
Internet protocols
IP protocol (2)
Datagram
header
contains all the information sucient for routing from the
origin to the destination
payload
data, usually 1.5Kb
IP uses dierent datagrams for dierent purposes.
Software Engineering in Geomatics
Exercise 1
Internet protocols
IP protocol (3)
IPv4
32bit (4 294 967 296)
172.16.254.1
four 8bit blocks, range 0-255 (dec)
0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255
reserved private IP range
10.0.0.0 - 10.255.255.255 16 777 216 (24bits)
172.16.0.0 172.31.255.255 1 048 576 (20bits)
192.168.0.0 192.168.255.255 65 536 (16bits)
special localhost range: 127.0.0.0 127.255.255.255
last public block exhausted February 3, 2011, still in use
(NAT)
Software Engineering in Geomatics
Exercise 1
Internet protocols
IP protocol (4)
IPv6
128bit (3.40310
38
)
FE80:0000:0000:0000:0202:B3FF:FE1E:8329
eight 16bit blocks, range 0000-FFFF (hex)
0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000
FFFF:FFFF:FFFF:FFFF:FFFF:FFFF:FFFF:FFFF
future...
Software Engineering in Geomatics
Exercise 1
Internet protocols
IP protocol (5)
Software Engineering in Geomatics
Exercise 1
Internet protocols
TCP protocol (1)
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Transmission Control Protocol
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reliable stream delivery service that guarantees delivery of a data
stream sent from one host to another without duplication or losing
data.
IP handles actual delivery of the data, TCP keeps track of the
individual units of data transmission, called segments, that a
message is divided into for ecient routing through the network.
Even though every packet has the same destination address, they
can be routed on dierent paths through the network. When the
client program on the destination computer receives them, the TCP
reassembles the individual segments and ensures they are correctly
ordered and error free as it streams them to an application.
Software Engineering in Geomatics
Exercise 1
Internet protocols
TCP protocol (2)
Ordered data transfer
the destination host rearranges according to sequence number
Retransmission of lost packets
any cumulative stream not acknowledged is retransmitted
Error-free data transfer
each packet has a checksum to assure correctness
Flow control
limits the rate a sender transfers data to guarantee reliable
delivery
Congestion control
mechanisms control the rate of data entering the network,
keeping the data ow below a rate that would trigger collapse
Software Engineering in Geomatics
Exercise 1
Internet protocols
Application layer protocols
HTTP
Hypertext Transfer Protocol
THE Internet, more detail later
DNS
Domain Name System
translates queries for domain names (which are meaningful to
humans) into IP addresses for the purpose of locating
computer services and devices worldwide
www.google.hr 209.85.148.94
FTP/NNTP/SMTP/
File Transfer Protocol/Network News Transfer
Protocol/Simple Mail Transfer Protocol/
Software Engineering in Geomatics
Exercise 1
Internet protocols
DNS (1)
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Domain Name System
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is a hierarchical distributed naming system for computers,
services, or any resource connected to the Internet or a private
network
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Domain name
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is an identication string that denes a realm of administrative
autonomy, authority, or control in the Internet
Software Engineering in Geomatics
Exercise 1
Internet protocols
DNS (2)
Top-level domains names:
ccTLD - coutry-code top-level domains
.hr, .de, .ru, .us, .cn, .yp, .ly, .tk, .to, .me,
gTLD - generic top-level domains
.org, .net, .com, .edu, .info, .mobi, .mil,
Management of most top-level domains is delegated to
responsible organizations by the Internet Corporation for
Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN)
Software Engineering in Geomatics
Exercise 1
Internet protocols
DNS (3)
Fully qualied domain name (FQDN):
www.geof.unizg.hr
TLD hr
subdomain unizg
subdomain geof
host www
kartolog.geoinfo.geof.hr
www.facebook.com
Software Engineering in Geomatics
Exercise 1
Internet protocols
DNS (4)
Everyone can register a domain, usually paying a yearly fee
(depends on a provider):
Example: one_day_i_will_rule_the_world (www.orbis.hr):
.com 11
.net 11
.org 11
.hr 69
.name 8,26
.eu 11,90
.me 51,44
.si 25,25
.xxx 89
Software Engineering in Geomatics
Exercise 1
Exercise
EX: Setup
standard Linux/Windows installation
we prefer command line tools
most tools are already available, other tools/libraries will be
installed along the way
Everyone knows how to get to command line ?
Software Engineering in Geomatics
Exercise 1
Exercise
EX: Basic network tools (1)
PING - used to determine latency (round-trip) between systems
and networks
ping -n 3 www.facebook.com
Pinging www.facebook.com [69.171.242.12] with 32 bytes of data:
Reply from 69.171.242.12: bytes=32 time=112ms TTL=127
Reply from 69.171.242.12: bytes=32 time=112ms TTL=127
Reply from 69.171.242.12: bytes=32 time=110ms TTL=127
Ping statistics for 69.171.242.12:
Packets: Sent = 3, Received = 3, Lost = 0 (0% loss),
Approximate round trip times in milli-seconds:
Minimum = 110ms, Maximum = 112ms, Average = 111ms
Software Engineering in Geomatics
Exercise 1
Exercise
EX: Basic network tools (2)
TRACEROUTE - used to show all hops between two hosts
tracert -d www.facebook.com
Tracing route to www.facebook.com [31.13.72.20]
over a maximum of 30 hops:
1 <1 ms <1 ms <1 ms 10.0.2.2
2 80 ms 99 ms 99 ms 192.168.1.1
3 * * * Request timed out.
4 19 ms 18 ms 18 ms 172.29.16.129
5 26 ms 25 ms 26 ms 213.248.88.217
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10 58 ms 57 ms 58 ms 213.248.92.222
11 79 ms 60 ms 57 ms 204.15.22.111
12 57 ms 59 ms 57 ms 31.13.25.157
13 58 ms 58 ms 57 ms 31.13.72.20
Trace complete.
Software Engineering in Geomatics
Exercise 1
Exercise
Assignments
Choose 5 web sites you regularly visit, and for each site:
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1
identify domain parts (1 point)
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2
determine average ping response (1 point)
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3
use traceroute to determine IP addresses of hosts between you
and your destination (2 points)
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4
BONUS: geolocate tracerouted IPs using
http://geoiptool.com/ or some other service (2 points)
Send completed assignments to nastava@geoinfo.geof.hr