THEEUROPEANAND

MEDITERRANEANPLANT

PROTECTIONORGANISATION
I
I
lsettorefitosanitarioe
lsettorefitosanitarioe
l'EPPO:
l'EPPO:
contributiecritica
contributiecritica
Roma,
Roma,
2011
2011

02
02

23
23
FranoisePetterEPPO
EuropeanandMediterraneanPlantProtection
EuropeanandMediterraneanPlantProtection

Organization
Organization
Regional Plant Protection Organization (article IX of the IPPC)
Creation 1951 by 15 countries
International cooperation in plant protection (plant quarantine and
plant protection products)
In2011:
50member

countries

In2011:
50member

countries
Regional Plant ProtectionOrganizations
EPPO
EPPO

and
and

the
the

EuropeanUnion
EuropeanUnion
27EUmembersareallEPPO

members
EUpreparesregulations
EPPOmakesrecommendations
e.g.regionalstandards
Plantprotectionproducts
Promotionoftheuseofmodern,safeandeffective

pestcontrolmethods.
Plantquarantine
Prevententryorspreadofdangerouspests(plant

quarantine).
EPPO:twomainareasofactivities
EPPO:twomainareasofactivities
EPPObodies
EPPObodies
Working Party on Phytosanitary
Regulations

Working Party on Phytosanitary
Regulations
Working Party on Plant Protection
Products

Working Party on Plant Protection
Products
WorkingPartiesarecomposedofrepresentativeofNPPOs
Meetonceayear
GivedirectionstoPanelsontheworktobecarriedoutandstandards

tobedeveloped/revised
ReviewthetechnicalworkdonebyPanels
Executive Committee (chairman, vice
chairman + 7 elected country
representative)

Executive Committee (chairman, vice
chairman + 7 elected country
representative)
Council (NPPO heads)
Council (NPPO heads)
Administrativebodies
Technicalbodies
Working Party on Phytosanitary Regulations
Working Party on Plant
Protection Products
EPPOtechnicalbodies
EPPOtechnicalbodies
ActivePanels
PhytosanitaryMeasures
CPMaffairs
QuarantinePestsforForestry
PhytosanitaryTreatments
BacterialDiseases
PRAdevelopment
DiagnosticsandQualityAssurance
PhytosanitaryProcedures
JointEPPO/OIBCPanelonbiologicalcontrolagents
Phytosanitarymeasuresforpotatoes
AdhocPanelonNematodes
AdhocPanelonInvasiveAlienSpecies
Panelonentomology
Panelonvirology
AdhocPanelonPlantProtectionInformation
DormantPanels
CertificationofFruitCrops
CertificationofPathogentestedOrnamentals
CertificationofSeedPotatoes
AdhocPanelonthePhytosanitaryRisksof

CompostedOrganicWaste
ActivePanels
EfficacyEvaluationofFungicidesandInsecticides
EfficacyEvaluationofHerbicidesandGrowth

Regulators
GeneralStandardsonEfficacyEvaluation
AdhocPanelonHarmonizationofDataonPlant

ProtectionProducts
ResistancePanelonPlantProtectionProducts
DormantPanels
RodentControl
EnvironmentalRiskAssessmentofPlantProtection

Products
GoodPlantProtectionPractice(GPP)
EPPOPanels
EPPOPanels
Panelsarecomposedofexperts

nominatedbyEPPOmember

countries
Meetonceayear(ortwice)
Preparedraftrecommendations

fortheWorkingParty,mostof

whichintheformofstandards
EPPOSecretariat
TheEPPOSecretariatpreparesandrunsall

meetings,andcoordinatestheactivitywhich

arisesfromthem.Itisresponsibleforall

publicationandinformationservices.
TheEPPOSecretariatisbasedinParis
EPPOSecretariatstaff
RingoldsArnitisDirectorGeneral
FranoisePetterAssistantDirector
VlastaZlofScientificOfficer
AndreiOrlinskiScientificOfficer
AnneSophieRoyInformationOfficer
MurielSuffertScientificOfficer
SarahBrunelScientificOfficer
RobertSunleyScientificOfficer
DamienGriessingerInformationTechnologyOfficer
MadeleineMcMullenManagingEditor
ElianeMadne

Administrator
MarieChristineOzanonSecretary
JocelyneKarquelSecretary
EPPO approval procedure
EPPO approval procedure
EPPO:twomainareasofactivities
EPPO:twomainareasofactivities
PlantProtectionProducts
PlantProtectionProducts
DevelopmentofStandards(e.g.efficacyevaluationmorethan

260Standards,environmentalriskassessment,goodplant

protectionpractices)
EPPOdatabaseonefficacyevaluationstandards:more

information

directaccess:http://pp1.eppo.org
Organizationofconferencesandworkshopsonthemesrelated

toplantprotection

Hottopics
Hottopics

include
include
minoruses,resistance,comparative
minoruses,resistance,comparative

assessment,zonalrecognition
assessment,zonalrecognition

Minoruses
Minoruses
Problemsintermsofcropprotectionproduct

availabilityforminorcrops.
CurrentEUreviewofactivesubstancesand

therationalizationofuses
Fewproductsavailableevenforsomemajor

uses
Minoruses
cropconsideredtobeofloweconomic

importanceatnationallevel(minorcrop),
pestoflimitedimportanceonamajorcrop

(minorpest).
Minoruses
Minoruses
Standard(PP1/224)
Describestheprinciplesfordeterminingthe

requirementsforefficacyevaluationforminor

usesofplantprotectionproductsina

registrationprocedure.
Providesadefinitionofminoruses
Providesguidanceonwheretoseekdatato

demonstrateeffectivenessandcropsafety,in

ordertosimplifytheregistrationprocess.
doesnotcoverotherminoruseconsiderationssuchasresiduesand

ecotoxicology
Minoruses:EPPOstandardPP1/257
Minoruses:EPPOstandardPP1/257
Strategytoaddressefficacydatarequirements=

extrapolatefromexistingregistereduses
EPPOstandardPP1/257
specificefficacyandcropsafetyextrapolations
32extrapolationtablesdevelopedsofartoaccompany

thisstandard
AvailableontheEPPOWebsitewww.eppo.org
extrapolation table for effectiveness of fungicides pome fruit
Disease Crop:pomeandstonefruit
1
Diseasespecies
2
Diseasegroup
3
Indicatorcrops
4
Extrapolationtoothercrops
5
Datafromothercrops(or

cropgroups)thatenables

reduceddataonthe

indicatorcrops(ornodata

*)
6
Dataonindicatorcrops

thatpermitsextrapolation

toothercrops(orcrop

groups)withreduceddata

(ornodata*)
Podosphaeraleucotricha

PODOLE
Powderymildew Apple Pomefruit Quince,Pear
VenturiainaequalisVENTI
VenturiapyrinaVENTPI
Scab Apple Pomefruit LoquatEIOJA,Pear
DiplocarponmespiliDIPCMA Leafspot(orblight) Pear Quince Quince
PhomapomorumPHOMPO Leafspot Apple Pear,Cherry Pear,Cherry
Mutualrecognitionandzonalassessment
Mutualrecognitionandzonalassessment
Core

principles

of

dossier

submission

for

the

authorization

of

plant

protection

products

under

the

newECRegulation1107/2009(replacing91/414/EEC),
Pb

many

of

the

technical

details

for

conducting

zonal

authorizations

still

need

to

be

addressed,

agreed

and

harmonizedamongEPPOmembercountries.
EPPOWorkshopBerlin
EPPOWorkshopBerlin
5&6
5&6

April2011
April2011
Deadlineforregistration
28
th

February2011
Comparativeassessment
Comparativeassessment
InEUcomparativeassessmentwillberequiredfor

authorizationofPlantProtectionProducts,which

containanactivesubstanceidentifiedasacandidate

forsubstitution(Regulation(EC)No1107/2009,

Articles24and50).
Countries

decided

that

EPPO

should

develop

a

standardtoaddressthisissue.
DraftstandardsentforCountryConsultationatthe

endof2010expectedtobeadoptedin2011.
Objectiveprovideguidancetodeterminewhetherthe

substitution

of

a

plant

protection

product

is

appropriateinviewofagronomicconsiderations.
EPPOactivitiesrelatedtohoneybees
EPPOactivitiesrelatedtohoneybees
EPPO/CouncilofEuroperiskassessmentschemefor

honeybees(EPPOSeriesPP3EnvironmentalRisk

AssessmentSchemeforPlantProtectionProducts

Chapter10:Honeybees)
Standardontheconductoftrialsfortheevaluationof

sideeffectsofplantprotectionproductson

honeybees(PP1/170).
ICPBRBeeProtectionGroup

providesthetechnical

inputforbothEPPOStandards.
Revisedin2010
Revisedin2010
ConductedaccordingtoEPPOStandardPP1/213

(basisforriskassessmentwithinauthorization

processinEPPOCountries)
Objectiveistodeterminewhethertheproposed

usepatternisacceptable
Twoparts:
resistanceriskassessment(evaluationofprobability

ofresistancedevelopmentanditslikelyimpact)
resistanceriskmanagement(ifnecessary,strategies

toavoidordelayresistancedevelopmentare

proposed)
EPPOWorkshoponAzolefungicidesandSeptoria

leafblotchcontrol
Harpenden(GB),20101207/09
In2011Tutaabsoluta
ResistanceRiskAnalysis
EPPO:twomainareasofactivities
EPPO:twomainareasofactivities
Plant
Plant

Quarantine
Quarantine
Plantquarantine:allactivities
Plantquarantine:allactivities

designedtopreventthe
designedtopreventthe

introductionand/orspread
introductionand/orspread

ofquarantinepestsorto
ofquarantinepestsorto

ensuretheirofficialcontrol
ensuretheirofficialcontrol

[IPPCdefinition].
[IPPCdefinition].
PlantQuarantine:
PlantQuarantine:

EPPO
EPPO

smissions
smissions
Prevententryandspreadofpests(crops,forests,natural

environments)
Identifypotentialrisks:Earlywarningsystemstoidentify

emergingrisksandmaintenanceofadatabase
Evaluatepotentialrisks:PestRiskAnalysis
Recommendationsonpestswhichshouldberegulatedas

quarantinepests(EPPOA1andA2Lists)
Preparationofstandards(e.g.officialcontrolstandards,

diagnosticprotocols,inspectionprocedures.)
ProvideinformationtoEPPOmembers
EMERGING
EMERGING

PEST
PEST

EARLYWARNING
EARLYWARNING
Whatareemergingplantdiseases?
Whatareemergingplantdiseases?
Diseaseswhoseincidenceisincreasing
Diseaseswhosegeographicalrangeisincreasing
Newpathogensdescribedbyscience
SuddenoakdeathinCalifornia
Impact can be
quite severe!
NPPOofSpain

InternationalConferenceRedpalmweevilcontrol

strategyforEurope

(Valencia,20100505/06)
SPAIN:estimatedcostsof

officialcontrolfrom2002to

2009:

45500000euros
SPAIN:estimatedcostsof

officialcontrolfrom2002to

2009:
45500000euros
Whatisthe

problem?
Possiblecausesofemergence
Possiblecausesofemergence
Intensificationanddiversificationofcommercial

exchangesofplantsandplantproducts
accidental

introductionsof

pathogensinto

newregions

accidental

introductionsof

pathogensinto

newregions
Possiblecausesofemergence
Possiblecausesofemergence
Tradeofmelon/watermelon

seeds:Acidovoraxcitrulli
TradeofCastaneawoodandtrees:
Cryphonectriaparasitica
Tradeofcuttingsandyoung

plants:Pucciniahoriana
In practice: the detailed pathways and history of disease introductions
are usually difficult to retrace
In practice: the detailed pathways and history of disease introd In practice: the detailed pathways and history of disease introductions uctions
are usually difficult to retrace are usually difficult to retrace
Possiblecausesofemergences:
Possiblecausesofemergences:

Spreadofinsectvectors
Spreadofinsectvectors
Beangoldenmosaicvirus Tomatoyellowleafcurlvirus
Tomatoinfectiouschlorosisvirus Bemisiatabaci
Thenumberof

virusestransmitted

byBemisiatabaci

isincreasing

(morethan150

speciesof

Begomovirusand

severalspeciesof

Crinivirus,

Ipomovirusand

Carlavirus).Many

ofthemhavebeen

recentlydescribed

andareassociated

withemerging

diseases

Thenumberof

virusestransmitted

byBemisiatabaci

isincreasing

(morethan150

speciesof

Begomovirusand

severalspeciesof

Crinivirus,

Ipomovirusand

Carlavirus).Many

ofthemhavebeen

recentlydescribed

andareassociated

withemerging

diseases
Possiblecausesofemergence
Possiblecausesofemergence
Progressinscience(detectionandidentificationof

newpathogens)
KowalskiT(2006)Chalarafraxinea

sp.nov.associatedwithdiebackofash

(Fraxinus

excelsior)inPoland.ForestPathology

36(4),264270.
Ashdieback
CausedbyChalarafraxinea

(newlydescribedspecies)

currentlyspreadinginEurope

ButC.fraxinea

istheanamorph

ofanalreadydescribedspecies,

Hymenoscyphusalbidus,

consideredasnonpathogenic,

native,andwidespreadin

Europe

Ashdieback
CausedbyChalarafraxinea

(newlydescribedspecies)

currentlyspreadinginEurope
ButC.fraxinea

istheanamorph

ofanalreadydescribedspecies,

Hymenoscyphusalbidus,

consideredasnonpathogenic,

native,andwidespreadin

Europe
Chalarafraxinea
Chalarafraxinea
Firstdescribedin2006inPoland.Then,symptomsorthepathogenwerereported

fromothercountries:

2007:Denmark,Germany,Estonia,Latvia,Lituania,Sueden,Switzerland

2008:Austria,Finland,Hungary,Norway

2009:Slovenia
Firstdescribedin2006inPoland.Then,symptomsorthepathogenwerereported

fromothercountries:
2007:Denmark,Germany,Estonia,Latvia,Lituania,Sueden,Switzerland
2008:Austria,Finland,Hungary,Norway
2009:Slovenia
www.biosecurity.govt.nz/
Identificationofanew

pathogen:Candidatus

Liberibactersolanacearum
Psyllid

yellows

in

North

America
Zebrachip

inUSA,or

Papamanchada)in

MexicoandGuatemala
Unknowndiseaseon

tomato(andpepper)in

NewZealand
Zebrachip:anewdiseaseofpotatoes
Zebrachip:anewdiseaseofpotatoes
Earlywarning:theEPPOAlertList
Earlywarning:theEPPOAlertList
Initiatedin1999
Providesearly

warning
Suggestspossible

candidatesforPest

RiskAnalysis


Criticallyreviewedeveryyear(whenalerthasbeengivenandno
Criticallyreviewedeveryyear(whenalerthasbeengivenandno

furtheractiontaken,pestsaredeletedafter3yearsonthelis
furtheractiontaken,pestsaredeletedafter3yearsonthelis
t)
t)


FreelyavailableontheEPPOwebsite:
FreelyavailableontheEPPOwebsite:www.eppo.org
EPPOAlertList:currentcontents
EPPOAlertList:currentcontents
Fungi Bacteria Viruses
Chalarafraxinea
Fusariumoxysporumf.sp.

lactucae
Melamsporaeuphorbiae
Phytophthorakernoviae
Phytophthorapinifolia
Phytophthoraramorum
Acidovoraxcitrulli
Liberibactersolanacearum
Pseudomonassyringaepv.

aesculi
Pseudomonassyringaepv.

actinidiae
Spiroplasmakunkelii
Irisyellowspotvirus
Pepinomosaicvirus
Tomatoapicalstuntviroid
Tomatotorradovirus
Fusariumoxysporumf.sp.lactucae Irisyellowspotvirus
Pepino

mosaic

virus
www.agf.gov.bc.ca
Acidovorax

citrulli
EPPOAlertList:currentcontents
EPPOAlertList:currentcontents
Insects&Nematodes
Insects Insects
Agrilusanxius
Chrysophthartabimaculata
Diaphaniaperspectalis
Diocalandrafrumenti
Drosophilasuzukii
Enaphalodesrufulus
Halyomorphahalys
Keiferialycopersicella
Leptocybeinvasa
Leucinodesorbonalis
Oemonahirta
Psacotheahilaris
Xylosandruscrassiusculus
Nematode Nematode
Meloidogyneethiopica
Diaphaniaperspectalis
Drosophila

suzukii
Leucinodes

orbonalis
Xylosandrus

crassiusculus
Meloidogyneethiopica
Keiferialycopersicella
EPPOAlertList
www.eppo.or

g

Itprovides

informationon:

distribution,
hostplants,

biology,

damage,

transmission,

pathway,

possible

risks
www.eppo.or

g
Itprovides

informationon:
distribution,
hostplants,
biology,
damage,
transmission,
pathway,
possible

risks
INFORMATION
INFORMATION

GATHERING
GATHERING

DATACOLLECTIONANDSTORAGE
DATACOLLECTIONANDSTORAGE
Collectandstoreinformationonpests
Collectandstoreinformationonpests
Officialpestreports

fromNPPOs
Literature,

Internetsurveys
Storeddata
Itcontains:

Newdataonbiology,hostplants,diagnostic

methodsandgeographicaldistributionof

quarantinepestsandpestsofpotential

quarantinesignificance

Interceptionreports

AdditionstotheEPPOAlertList,etc.
Availablebye
Availablebye

mail
mail
EPPOReportingService:afreemonthlynewsletter
EPPOReportingService:

exampleofafirstrecord
Source:
NPPOoftheNetherlands(201011).
Additionalkeywords:newrecord Computercodes:ANOLGL,NL
2010/200 First record of Anoplophora glabripennis in the Netherlands
The NPPO of the Netherlands recently informed the EPPO Secretariat of the first record of Anoplophora
glabripennis (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae EPPO A1 List) on its territory. On 2010-11-16, the identity of
the pest was confirmed on the basis of morphological analysis of wing covers and DNA analysis of larval
remains which had been found in 1 tree in a lane of Acer pseudoplatanus in the municipality of Almere.
In total 16 exit holes and 3 larvae were detected in one tree. Observations indicated that some exit holes
had been formed recently, whereas others were estimated to be at least three years old. The exact age
of exit holes is still to be determined. Signs of the presence of A. glabripennis have also been detected
on 6 adjacent trees in a lane of A. pseudoplatanus trees. These trees are located in an industrial area of
Almere and were planted approximately ten years ago. In this area there are no tree nurseries and only a
limited number of public or private gardens, but a nature conservation area is situated within the
surveillance area of 1 kilometre radius around the infested site. It is considered that the most likely
source of the outbreak is wood packaging material from Asia because there are several companies
importing goods from Asia in the vicinity. Investigations are being carried out to identify the possible
source of this infestation. The following phytosanitary measures aiming at a prompt eradication of A.
glabripennis are being taken and include the following:
1) Destruction of all symptomatic trees, as well as all deciduous trees and shrubs (with a diameter of
2.5 cm or more) located within a range of 100 m from the infested trees. Each individual plant will be
dissected and analysed by the national reference laboratory for any signs of the pest. It is envisaged to
finalize tree destruction by January 2011.
2) Restrictions on the movement of host plant material (with a diameter of more than 2.5 cm) within a
range of 500 m around the infested trees. This material should be officially reported and destroyed
according to official procedures.
3) Specific surveillance (also involving specialized tree climbers) will be carried out on an annual basis
within a radius of 1 000 m around the affected trees for at least the next four years.
The pest status of Anoplophora glabripennis in the Netherlands is officially declared as: Transient
Isolated outbreak, actionable, under eradication.
EPPOReportingService Pests&Diseases
NewEPPOdatabaseonpests
NewEPPOdatabaseonpests
Databasewhichcontainsinformationaboutmanyplantpests

andinvasivealienplants(EPPOA1/A2pests,EUregulatedpests

andmanyotherregulatedpestsforotherpartsoftheworldin

totalmorethan1500distributionrecords,morethan2100for

categorization)

Hostplants

Geographicaldistribution

Plantcommoditiesliabletocarryquarantinepests

Diagnosticprotocols,inspection,eradication,PP1
Atpresent,theearlierversionofthedatabase(formerlycalledPQR)canbe

downloadedfromtheEPPOwebsite,butitisnowunderreconstruction(it

willbeanonlinedatabase)

Atpresent,theearlierversionofthedatabase(formerlycalle Atpresent,theearlierversionofthedatabase(formerlycalledPQR)canbe dPQR)canbe

downloadedfromtheEPPOwebsite,butitisnowunderre downloadedfromtheEPPOwebsite,butitisnowunderre construction(it construction(it

willbeanonlinedatabase) willbeanonlinedatabase)
NewEPPOdatabaseonpests
NewEPPOdatabaseonpests
Geographicaldistribution,hostplants,shortreportsofEPPOReporting

Service,picturesetc.arestoredintheDatabase(underconstructiontobe

releasedsoon)

Geographicaldistribution,hostplants,shortreportsofEPPORe Geographicaldistribution,hostplants,shortreportsofEPPOReporting porting

Service,picturesetc.arestoredintheDatabase(underconstr Service,picturesetc.arestoredintheDatabase(underconstructiontobe uctiontobe

releasedsoon) releasedsoon)
PESTRISKANALYSIS
PESTRISKANALYSIS
Potentialinvasivepests
Potentialinvasivepests
PRA&phytosanitary
PRA&phytosanitary

regulations
regulations
Whennewpestsareemerging,studiescanbedone

toevaluatewhetherphytosanitaryregulationsare

appropriatetopreventintroductionandspread
PestRiskAnalysiscanbeperformed
Riskperception

Riskassessment

Riskmanagement
TheobjectiveofPRAistoanswerthese

simple

questions:

Canthepeststudiedbeconsideredas

aquarantinepest?

Canphytosanitarymeasures

(prohibitions,restrictionsontrade)

betakentoreducetherisktoan

acceptablelevel?
WhatisPestRiskAnalysis(PRA)?
EPPOStandardPM5/3(3)Decisionsupport

schemeforquarantinepests
Pest Risk Assessment Pest Risk Assessment
Probability of entry (pathways, detection, survival in transit)
Probability of establishment and spread (host plants, vectors, climate)
Economic impact assessment (direct/indirect damage)
Is it a quarantine pest?
Pest Risk Management Pest Risk Management
Is the risk acceptable?
For each possible pathway evaluate the
efficacy of possible phytosanitary measures
Propose management options
Initiation Initiation
Which pest to analyse?
Definition of the PRA area
Does an earlier PRA exist?
CLIMEX - Compare Locations (1 species)
Saperda candida final
Run on Dec 07 2009 14:45
World
No Climate Change / Irrigation: Not Set
0 to <10
20 to <30
40 to <50
60 to <70
80 to <90
90 to <100
Saperdacandida(roundheadedappletreeborer)
NorthAmericanpestofRosaceae(includingapple)
Climaticzoneswhicharesimilartotheareaoforigin

andwherethepestcouldestablish(CLIMEXstudies)

Saperdacandida(roundheadedappletreeborer)
NorthAmericanpestofRosaceae(includingapple)
Climaticzoneswhicharesimilartotheareaoforigin

andwherethepestcouldestablish(CLIMEXstudies)
PRAtools

Climatematchingstudiestopredictpestestablishment
PerformingandreviewingPRAtorecommendregulationofpests
EPPO recommendations may then serve as a basis for
establishing the EU regulations on plant health.
Council Directive 2000/29/EC on protective measures against the introduction into the
Community of organisms harmful to plants or plant products and against their spread
within the Community
EPPO recommendations may then serve as a basis for
EPPO recommendations may then serve as a basis for
establishing the EU regulations on plant health.
establishing the EU regulations on plant health.
Council Directive 2000/29/EC on protective measures against the introduction into the
Community of organisms harmful to plants or plant products and against their spread
within the Community
Any request for addition to the EPPO Lists should be supported by a PRA
PRAs prepared by EPPO
member countries
PRAs performed by an EPPO
Expert Working Group for PRA
PRAs are reviewed by EPPO Panels and pests are eventually
added to the EPPO A1/A2 Lists with recommendations on
management options (phytosanitary measures)
OtheractivitiesinthePRAframework
OtheractivitiesinthePRAframework

PrepareacompactPRAschemefor
PrepareacompactPRAschemefor

quickerdecisionmaking
quickerdecisionmaking
Prioritizationprocessforinvasivealienplants
(newstandardderdevelopment)
DevelopmentofEPPOStandards
DevelopmentofEPPOStandards
TohelpitsmembercountriesEPPOhas

developedStandardson:
Diagnosticprotocols
Eradication/containmentprogrammes
Inspection
Certificationschemes
BiologicalControlAgents
Inpractice,forpotentiallyinvasivespecieswhichhavenewlybeen

introduced,thedifficultyisthatfieldorlabexperienceislacking

(andtakestimetobuildup) sohowtoreactpromptly?
X
STANDARDS
STANDARDS

DIAGNOSTICPROTOCOLS
DIAGNOSTICPROTOCOLS
Laboratory analysis are often performed
Laboratory analysis are often performed
to detect and identify pests
to detect and identify pests
NPPOs perform inspections to
NPPOs perform inspections to
detect pests:
detect pests:
WhyaprogrammeonDiagnosticprotocols?
WhyaprogrammeonDiagnosticprotocols?
on imported consignments
(imported or exported)
for the surveillance of
their territory (in fields,
nurseries glasshouses.)
Need

for

a

harmonized

approach

to

diagnostic
Need

for

a

harmonized

approach

to

diagnostic

methodsforregulatedpestswasrecognized
methodsforregulatedpestswasrecognized
In1998,EPPOstartedaprogrammetoprepare
In1998,EPPOstartedaprogrammetoprepare

diagnosticprotocols.
diagnosticprotocols.
The

work

is

conducted

by

Panels
The

work

is

conducted

by

Panels

composed

of
composed

of

laboratory

specialists

nominated

by

their
laboratory

specialists

nominated

by

their

NPPOs.
NPPOs.
EPPOProgrammeonDiagnosticProtocols
EPPOProgrammeonDiagnosticProtocols
ObjectivesofEPPODP
ObjectivesofEPPODP

toensurecorrectdetectionandidentificationof

regulatedpests

toensureharmonizedmethodologyindifferent

diagnosticservices/laboratories

toimproveefficacyofinspectioninordertoensure

thateffectivemeasurescanbetaken
PreparationofEPPOdiagnosticprotocols
PreparationofEPPOdiagnosticprotocols
First

drafts

prepared

by

an

author

according

to

a

commonformat.
Drafts

are

reviewed

by

relevant

Panels

and

other
EPPObodies.
95

pest

specific

protocols

have

been

approved

and
6generalstandards
Approximately20protocolsareinpreparation.
EPPODPsareavailableontheEPPOWebsite
www.eppo.org
EPPODiagnosticProtocolinclude
EPPODiagnosticProtocolinclude
Pictures to illustrate symptoms
PSTV
or morphological characteristics
Conidia of
Colletotrichum
acutatum.
ColonyofCiborinia

camelliaeonpotato

dextroseagar(PDA).
EPPODiagnosticProtocolsinclude
EPPODiagnosticProtocolsinclude
Pupal cases of Aleurocanthus woglumi (left)
and A. spiniferus (right) (with the permission
of J .H. Martin)
submarginal row of glandular
structures/range submarginale
de structures glandulaires
submarginal spines
pines
submarginales
vasiform orifice
orifice vasiforme
marginal teeth
dents marginales
legs
pattes
doubled pair of submarginal spines
paire double d'pines submarginales
Ditylenchus
destructor.
Drawings
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EPPO
EPPO
&
&
Qualityassuranceand
Qualityassuranceand

accreditation
accreditation
NEED FOR HARMONIZATION
NEED FOR HARMONIZATION
Differences concerning the interpretation of
the Standard ISO/IEC 17025 for plant
pest diagnostic laboratories noted between
national accreditation bodies in different
countries.
Achievementssofar
Achievementssofar
2009
Standard on the interpretation of ISO 17025 for plant
pest diagnosis (including guidance on validation of
tests) PM 7/98
Standard will be revisited in 2012 based on experience
2007
Standard on basic requirements for quality
assurance PM 7/84

Specificrequirementsforlaboratoriespreparingfor
Specificrequirementsforlaboratoriespreparingfor

accreditationforplantpestdiagnosisactivities
accreditationforplantpestdiagnosisactivities

Core element of the Standard Core element of the Standard

A laboratory preparing for accreditation preparing for accreditation should only use
validated tests validated tests
Validated test = test with the following performance criteria
analytical sensitivity analytical sensitivity
analytical specificity analytical specificity
reproducibility reproducibility
repeatability repeatability
Depending on the scope of the test selectivity selectivity may also need to be
determined.
Validated tests providing performance criteria are considered as Validated tests providing performance criteria are considered as
standard tests standard tests (equivalent to " standard methods" in ISO 17025). (equivalent to " standard methods" in ISO 17025).

Specificrequirementsforlaboratoriespreparingfor
Specificrequirementsforlaboratoriespreparingfor

accreditationforplantpestdiagnosisactivities
accreditationforplantpestdiagnosisactivities

Laboratory
Laboratory
performing
performing
a test
a test
Test with validation data
Laboratory performs a verification Laboratory performs a verification
(to confirm its competence in (to confirm its competence in
performing the test) performing the test)
Test with no or
incomplete validation data
Laboratory should produce Laboratory should produce
missing validation data missing validation data
Validationtablesmycology
Validationtablesmycology
Molecular methods, e.g. hybridization, PCR (including DNA extraction)
Remark. This step also includes methods for isolation of DNA from the sample material.
Analytical sensitivity Because the concentration of fungi is never known, determine the maximum dilution of
DNA detected. Perform at least 3 experiments with 8 serial dilutions. If consistent
results are not obtained after 3 series then additional series should be prepared and
tested.
Analytical sensitivity refers to a specific set of test parameters which should be stringently
defined and standardised, e.g. brand of PCR reagents (in particular DNA
polymerase) and PCR cycle conditions.
Analytical specificity Screen once against a range of related target organisms and relevant non-related target
organisms (e.g. phylogenetically close fungi) that might be present in the sample and
sample extract. The test results can be supported by in silico verification (genomic
database comparison).
Selectivity Determine the relative insensitivity of the test to variations of the sample material, e.g. by
using different cultivars of the host plant.
Repeatability Perform 3 experiments at above, below and at the limit of detection with a minimum of 8
replicates. This can give indications on the level of certainty of measurement
Reproducibility As for repeatability but with different operator(s) if possible , on different days and with
different equipments when relevant
WhatabouttestsincludedinEPPOdiagnosticprotocols?
WhatabouttestsincludedinEPPOdiagnosticprotocols?
Notalltestsincludevalidationdata
Surveyconductedin2008ontheuseoftestsincludedin58

EPPODiagnosticprotocolsshowedthatmanytestsare

widelyused.
thesetestsareconsideredasgivingappropriateconfidence

regardingrepeatability,reproducibilityandanalytical

selectivity.
+
validationdataregardinganalyticalsensitivitytobe

producedonly
EuropeancooperationforAccreditation
EuropeancooperationforAccreditation

(EA)&EPPO
(EA)&EPPO
Collaborationinitiatedin2007and
Collaborationinitiatedin2007and

continuedsince.
continuedsince.
JointcommunicationEAEPPO
JointcommunicationEAEPPO

2009
2009

02
02

23
23
EPPOhasbeengranted
EPPOhasbeengranted

recognizedstakeholder
recognizedstakeholder

statusbyEA
statusbyEA

2011
2011

01
01
FutureplansinQAarea
FutureplansinQAarea
Create a database where validation
data can be made available.
Guidance on how to perform ring
testing and proficiency testing
Otherinitiativesintheframeworkof
Otherinitiativesintheframeworkof

diagnostics
diagnostics
Database on diagnostic expertise
Database on diagnostic expertise
(regulated pests)
Initiated in 2006 open access since 2007-11
Encourage collaboration and communication
between laboratories
70 laboratories from 25 countries in the
database (~500 experts)
Annual confirmation of declared expertise
requested.
OTHER
OTHER

STANDARDS
STANDARDS
EPPOStandards:eradicationandcontainment
EPPOStandards:eradicationandcontainment
Genericelementsforcontingencyplanning:arapidandeffectiveresponseof

NPPOstopestoutbreaks(containment/eradication):
o ageneralframework
o pestspecificcontingencyplansremaintobedrafted
Decisionsupportschemeforeradication(inframeworkof
PRATIQUE)
Nationalregulatorycontrolsystems:recommendationson

delimitingsurveys,sampling,trapping,measuresininfested

areas:
o

Bursaphelenchusxylophilus
o

Diabroticavirgifera
o

Heteroderaglycines
.
o

DraftAgrilusplanipennis(EmeraldAshBorer)
Inspectionprocedures
Inspectionprocedures
Proceduresforconsignment

inspectionandplaceofproduction

inspection
Biologicalcontrolagents
Biologicalcontrolagents
PhytosanitaryTreatments(PM10):
PhytosanitaryTreatments(PM10):
standardsdescribingthemethodstobe

followedfortreatmentsofcommoditiesand

treatmentsofcropsforcontainmentor

eradicationofregulatedpests:e.g.
Number TitleofStandard
PM10/1(1) Disinfectionproceduresinpotatoproduction
PM10/2(1) HotwatertreatmentofDracaenaand

Yucca

cuttingsagainstOpogonasacchari
PM10/4(1) Sulfurylfluoridefumigationofdriedfruitsandnutstocontrol

variousstoredproduct

insects
PM10/6(1) Heattreatmentofwoodtocontrolinsectsandwoodbornenematodes
PM10/7(1) Methylbromidefumigationofwoodtocontrolinsects
PM10/8(1) Disinfestationofwoodwithionizingradiation
PM10/9(1) Lowenergyelectrontreatmentofcerealseedagainstfungi
BeforeIthankyouforyour
BeforeIthankyouforyour

attention
attention
Iwouldliketothanktheexperts.
Iwouldliketothanktheexperts.
EPPO
EPPO

sachievementsarebased
sachievementsarebased

oncollaborationbetween
oncollaborationbetween

expertsfromourregion.
expertsfromourregion.
Thank
you!