ME2306

1
ME 2306 Thermal engineering Lab I

Lab Manual
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2
TABULATION:
Sl.
No.
Voltmeter
reading
(V)
Ammeter
reading
(A)
T
1

0
C
T
2

0
C
T
avg 1

T
3

0
C
T
4

0
C
T
Avg 2

T
5

0
C
T
6

0
C
T
7

0
C
T
8

0
C
K
W/m K

K
Avg
=
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3
Ex.No: 1 Date
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY APPARATUS-GUARDED HOT PLATE METHOD
AIM: To find the thermal conductivity of the specimen by two slab guarded hot plate method.
DESCRIPTION OF APPARTUS:
The apparatus consists of a guarded hot plate and cold plate. A specimen whose thermal
conductivity is to be measured is sand witched between the hot and cold plate. Both hot plate and
guard heaters are heated by electrical heaters. A small trough is attached to the cold plate to hold
coolant water circulation. A similar arrangement is made on the other side of the heater as shown in
the figure. Thermocouples are attached to measure temperature in between the hot plate and specimen
plate, also cold plate and the specimen plate.
A multi point digital temperature indicator with selector switch is provided to note the
temperatures at different locations. An electronic regulator is provided to control the input energy to
the main heater and guard heater. An ammeter and voltmeter are provided to note and vary the input
energy to the heater.
The whole assembly is kept in an enclosure with heat insulating material filled all around to
minimize the heat loss.
SPECIFICATION:
Thickness of specimen = mm
Diameter of specimen (d) = mm

GUARD HEATER MAIN HEATER SPECIMEN PLATES
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY APPARATUS

T T
T
T T T
T
T
4
MODEL CALCULATIONS:
FORMULA USED:
Since the guard heater enables the heat flow in uni direction
q = KA dT/dx
Where A = Surface area of the test plate considered for heat flow = m
2

dx = Thickness of the specimen plate = m
dt = Average temperature gradient across the specimen = C
q = Q/2 since the heat flow is from both sides of the heater = watts
T
avg1
= (T
1
+ T
2
)/ 2 ; T
avg2
=( T
3
+T
4
)/ 2
Q = V.I. Watts
Q = K
1
A. dT / dx (for lower side)
Q = K
1
. d
2
/4 (T
avg1
T
5
)/dx
Where dx = mm = m
Diameter of specimen
d = cm = m
Q = K
2
d
2
/4 (Tavg
2
T
6
)/dx ( for upper side)
K avg

= (K
1
+ K
2
)/ 2
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the power supply to the unit. Turn the regulator knob clockwise to power the
main heater to any desired value.
2. Adjust the guard heaters regulator so that the main heater temperature is less than or
equal to the guard heater temperature.
3. Allow water through the cold plate at steady rate. Note the temperatures at different
locations when the unit reaches steady state. The steady state is defined, as the
temperature gradient across the plate remains same at different time intervals.
4. For different power inputs is in ascending order only the experiment may by repeated
and readings are tabulated as below.
RESULT:
The thermal conductivity of the specimen is found to be ------------- W/mK.

5
Ex.No:2
Date:
HEAT TRANSFER THROUGH COMPOSITE WALLS
Aim:
To determine the rate of heat transfer through different layers of composite wall
Description of Apparatus:
When heat conduction takes place through two or more solid materials of different
thermal conductivities, the temperature drop across each material depends on the resistance
offered to heat conduction and the thermal conductivity of each material.
The experimental set-up consists of test specimen made of different materials aligned
together on both sides of the heater unit. The first test disc is next to a controlled heater. The
temperatures at the interface between the heater and the disc is measured by a thermocouple,
similarly temperatures at the interface between discs are measured. Similar arrangement is
made to measure temperatures on the other side of the heater. The whole set-up is kept in a
convection free environment. The temperature is measured using thermocouples (Iron-Cons)
with multi point digital temperature indicator. A channel frame with a screw rod
arrangement is provided for proper alignment of the plates.
The apparatus uses a known insulating material, of large area of heat transfer to
enable unidirectional heat flow. The apparatus is used mainly to study the resistance offered
by different slab materials and to establish the heat flow is similar to that of current flow in an
electrical circuit.
The steady state heat flow Q = t/R
Where t = is the overall temperature drop and
R is the overall resistance to heat conduction.
Since the resistance are in series
R = R
1
+ R
2

Where R
1
, R
2
are resistance of each of the discs.
6
TABULATION:
Sl.No. Voltmeter
reading
Ammeter
reading
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8

COMPOSITE WALLS
WOOD
ASBESTOS
MS
MS
ASBESTOS
WOOD
T8
T7
T6
T5
HEATER
T4
T3
T2
T1

7
SPECIFICATION:
1. Thermal conductivity
Of sheet asbestos = 0.116 W/MK
Thickness = 6mm
2. Thermal conductivity of wood = 0.052W/MK
Thickness = 10mm
3. Dia. Of plates = 300mm
4. The temperatures are measured from bottom to top plate T
1
,T
2
,.T
8
.
PROCEDURE
1. Turn the screw rod handle clockwise to tighten the plates.
2. Switch on the unit and turn the regulator clockwise to provide any desired heat input.
3. Note the ammeter and voltmeter readings.
4. Wait till steady state temperature is reached.
5. (The steady state condition is defined as the temperature gradient across the plates
does not change with time.)
6. When steady state is reached note temperatures and find the temperature gradient
across each slab.
7. Since heat flow is from the bottom to top of the heater the heat input is taken as Q/2
and the average temperature gradient between top and bottom slabs from the heater to
be taken for calculations. Different readings are tabulated as follows.

CALCULATION:
Now the resistance ( R ) offered by individual plates for heat flow.
R
1
= L1/AK
1
R
2
= L2 / AK
2
R
3
= L3/AK
3
Where A = Area of the plate
K = Thermal Conductivity
L = Thickness of the plate.
Knowing the thermal conductivities
Q = (T
4
T
1
)/R =(T
2
T
1
)/R
1
=(T
3
T
2
)/R
2
=(T
4
T
3
)/R
3
8

COMPOSITE WALLS
V A T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 Time for 1 Rev.
182 0.5 76 75 72 71 66 67 50 51 E.M
heater ms 71.5 ashess 66.5 wood 50.5
Area of the plate / 4 (0.3)
2
= 0.07m
2

Resistance of Asbestos (R
1
) = L
1
/A
1
K
1
= 0.005/0.07 X 69 X 10
-3
=1.03
Resistance of Wood (R
2
) = L
2
/A
2
K
2
= 0.008/0.07 X 52 X 10
-3
= 2.19
Heat flow Q
1
= Temp. across Asbestos / R
1
= 5/1.03 =4.85 Watts
Q
2
= Temp. across Wood / R
2
= 16/2.19= 7.3 Watts
As per electrical anology Q
1
= Q
2
= Q
3

Total Resistance R
3
= 1.03 + 2.19 = 3.22
Q
3
=(Temp. across Asbestos + Wood) / R
3
= 21/3.22 = 6.521
As we have find the inside heat transfer co-efficient for heat flow from heater to MS
plate, we consider only the second and third layer.

RESULT:
The rate of heat transfer through different materials are found to be
a. MS section = ------------- W
b. Wood section = ------------- W
c. Asbestos section = --------------W

TABULATION:
9
Sl.No. Voltmeter
reading
(V)
Ammeter
reading
(A)
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6

T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
NATURAL CONVECTION
10
Ex.No: 3 HEAT TRANSFER BY FREE CONVECTION
Date:
AIM:
To find the heat transfer coefficient under natural convection environment.

DESCRIPTION OF APPARATUS:
Convection is a mode of heat transfer where by a moving fluid transfers heat from a
surface. When the fluid movement is caused by density differences in the fluid due to
temperature variations, it is called FREE or NATURAL CONVECTION.
This apparatus provides students with a sound introduction to the features of free
convection heat transfer from a heated vertical rod. A vertical duct is fitted with a heated
vertical placed cylinder. Around this cylinder air gets heated and becomes less dense,
causing it to rise. This in turn gives rise to a continuous flow of air upwards in the duct. The
instrumentation provided gives the heat input and the temperature at different points on the
heated cylinder.
SPECIFICATION:
Length of cylinder = cm

PROCEDURE:
1. Switch on the unit and adjust the regulator to provide suitable power input.
2. Allow some time for the unit to reach steady state condition.
3. Note the temperature of inlet air, outlet air and temperatures along the heater rod.
4. Note ammeter and voltmeter readings.
5. For different power inputs the experiments may be repeated.
The readings are tabulated as below: -

FORMULA USED:
The power input to heater = V x A = hAt
Where A = Area of heat transfer = dl
D = Dia. Of heater rod = mm
L = Length of heater rod = mm
11
t= Avg. temp. Of heater rod Avg. temp. of air.
H = Overall heat transfer co-efficient.

THEORETICAL METHOD
Using free convection correlations for vertical cylinders.
Nu = hl / K = 0.53(GrPr)
1/4
for GrPr < 10
5

Nu = hl / K = 0.56(GrPr)
1/4
for 10
5
< GrPr < 10
8

Nu = hl / K = 0.13(GrPr)
1/3
for 10
8
< GrPr < 10
12

Characteristic length is the height of the cylinder (l)
K = Thermal conductivity of air
P = Prandtl number of air
G
r
= gl
3
t /
2

= 1 / Mean temp. of air + 273 K
The properties of air at mean temperature = (T
1
+T
2
+T
3
++T
8
)/ 8
Hence h can be evaluated.

NATURAL CONVECTION:
V A T
1
0
c T
2
0
c T
3
0
c T
4
0
c T
5
0
c T
6
0
c

= 1/51.8 + 273 = 3 X 10
-3

G
r
= gl
3
t /
2
t = [(T2 + T3 + T4 + T5) / 4 ] [(T1+F6)/2]

=
=

Where l = length of heater
= Kinematic viscosity of air at mean temp.

12
Pr = from data book for air mean temp.
=
Hence GrPr =
Hence using free convection correlations
Nu = hl / K = 0.13 (GrPr)
1/3
where K is the Thermal conductivity of air at mean temp.
=
Overall heat transfer co-efficient h = = W/m
2
-
0
c

RESULT:
The heat transfer coefficient is found to be -------------- W/m
2
K

13

Ex.No:4
Date:
FORCED CONVECTION
AIM:
To find the heat transfer coefficient under forced convection environment.
The important relationship between Reynolds number, Prandtl number and Nusselt
number in heat exchanger design may be investigated in this self contained unit.
The experimental set up (see sketch) consists of a tube through which air is sent in by
a blower. The test section consists of a long electrical surface heater on the tube which serves
as a constant heat flux source on the flowing medium. The inlet and outlet temperatures of
the flowing medium are measured by thermocouples and also the temperatures at several
locations along the surface heater from which an average temperature can be obtained. An
orifice meter in the tube is used to measure the airflow rate with a U tube water manometer.
An ammeter and a voltmeter is provided to measure the power input to the heater.
A power regulator is provided to vary the power input to heater.
A multi point digital temperature indicator is provided to measure the above
thermocouples input.
A valve is provided to regulate the flow rate of air.
TABULATION:
Sl
No
Inlet temp. of air Outlet temp. of air Temperatures along the duct

14

PROCEDURE:
1. Switch on the mains.
2. Switch on the blower.
3. Adjust the regulator to any desired power input to heater.
4. Adjust the position of the valve to any desired flow rate of air.
5. Wait till steady state temperature is reached, for 5min
6. Note manometer readings h
1
and h
2
.
7. Note temperatures along the tube. Note air inlet and outlet temperatures
8. Note voltmeter and ammeter reading.
9. Adjust the position of the valve and vary the flow rate of air and repeat the experiment.
10. For various valve openings and for various power inputs and readings may be taken to
repeat the experiments. The readings are tabulated

The heat input Q = h A L M T D = m C
p
(Temp. of tube Temp. of air)
M = mass of air. C
p
= specific heat of air.

T6 T5 T4 T3 T2
PIPE DIA. = 40
BLOWER
ORIFICE DIA = 20 mm
HEATER
T1
FORCED CONVECTION
15

LMTD = (Avg temp of tube outlet air temp) (Avg. temp of tube inlet air temp.)

1
n
x

(Avg. temp of tube outlet temp. of air)

(Avg. temp of tube inlet temp. of air)

H= Heat transfer co-efficient. A = Area of heat transfer = T
1
d
1

From the above, the heat transfer co-efficient h can be calculated. These experimentally
determined values may be compared with theoretical values.
Calculate the velocity of the air in the tube using orifice meter / water manometer.
The volume of air flowing through the tube (Q) = (cd
a1
a
2
2gh
0
) / (a
1
2
a
2
2
) m
3
/ sec.
h
o

= heat of air causing the flow.
= (h
1
h
2
)
w
/

a

h
1
and h
2
are manometer reading in meters.
a
1
= area of the tube.
a
2
= area of the orifice.
Hence the velocity of the air in the tube, V = Q / a
1
m/sec.The heat transfer rate and
flow rates are expressed in dimension less form of Nusselt number and Reynolds number
which are defined as
Nu = h D/K Re = Dv/
D = Dia. of the pipe
V = Velocity of air
K = Thermal conductivity of air.
The heat transfer co-efficient can also be calculated from Dittus-Boelter correlation.
Nu = 0.023 Re
0.8
Pr
0.4

16
Where Pr is the Prandtl number for air and can be taken as 0.7. The Prandtl number
represents the fluid properties. The results may be represented as a plot of Nu exp/ Nu corr.
Vs Re which should be a horizontal line.
FORCED CONVECTION
V A T
1
T
2
T
3
T
4
T
5
T
6
h
1
cm h
2
cm

Avg. Temp. Of heater = ( ) / 4 =
o
C
Avg. Temp. of Air = ( ) / 2 =
o
C
Vol. Of air flow Q = (C
d
a
1
a
2
2gh) / (a
1
2
a
2
2
)
Coefficient of discharge
Cd = 0.6
A
1
= /4 ( )
2
=
A
2
= /4 ( )
2
=
H =
water
/
air
(h
1
h
2
) mtrs
= 1000/1.16 ( ) = mtrs.
Q =

Velocity of air flow = Q / a
1
= m/sec

Re = D/ r =
R = kinematic viscosity at mean temp.
Using forced convection correlation
Nu = hD /k = 0.023 Re
0.8
Pr
0.4

Pr at mean temp =
= 0.023( )
0.8
( )
0.4

hD/k = = Thermal conductivity of air at mean temp
h =
17
= W/mC.
RESULT:
The heat transfer coefficient is found to be ---------------- W/m
2
K

Ex.No:5
Date:
STEFAN BOLTZMAN APPARATUS
AIM:
To find Stefan-Boltzman constant.
Stefan Boltzman law which establishes the dependence of integral hemispherical
radiation on temperature. We can verify this phenomenon in this unit. The experimental set
up consisting of concentric hemispheres with provision for the hot water to pass through the
annulus. A hot water source is provided. The water flow may be varied using the control
valve provided, thereby to control the hot water temperature. A small disk is placed at the
bottom of the hemisphere, which receives the heat radiation and can be removed (or) refitted
while conducting the experiment. A multi point digital temperature indicator and
thermocouples (Fe/Ko) are provided to measure temperature at various points on the radiating
surface of the hemisphere and on the disc.
SPECIFICATIONS:
1. Mass of the disc = kg.
2. Dia. of the disc = m.
3. Material of the disc = copper
4. C
p
= 381 J/KgK

TABULATION:
Sl.No. T
1
T
2
T
3

Avg.temp. of
hemisphere
T
h

T
4
Time
Steady
temp. of
the disc.
T
d

18

T1
HEATER
T2
T3
T4
WATER

STEFAN BOLTZMANN APPARATUS
PROCEDURE:
1. Allow water to flow through the hemisphere. Remove the disc from the bottom of the
hemisphere. Switch on the heater and allow the hemisphere to reach a steady
temperature.
2. Note down the temperatures T
1
, T
2
and T
3
. The average of these temperatures is the
hemisphere temperature (T
h
).
19
3. Refit the disc at the bottom of the hemisphere and start the stop clock.
4. The raise in temperature T
4
with respect to time is noted. Also note down the disc
temperature at T
4
when steady state is reached (Td).

CALCULATIONS :
Q = (T
h
4
T
d
4
) A.
= Q / (T
h
4
T
d
4
) A and =1.
The readings may be tabulated as follows:

T1 T2 T3 T4 Time

Final Temp of the disc
= Q /
b
(T
h
4
T
d
4
) A.
Q = Mass of the disc X C
p
of disc X d/c
C
p
= 381J/Kg
o
K
Q = 6.35 x 10
-3

Avg. Temp. of hemisphere = =
o
C + 273 =
T
d
=

A = Area of the disc = / r ( )
2
= 3.14 X 10
-4
dT/dt =
20
J =

RESULT:
Stefan Boltzman constant is found to be------------W/m
2
K
4

21

Ex.No:6
Date:

HEAT EXCHANGER TEST PARALLEL FLOW AND COUNTERFLOW

Aim:
To find the overall heat transfer co-efficient in parallel flow and counter flow.


Heat exchangers are devices in which heat is transferred from one fluid to another.
Common examples of the heat exchangers are the radiator of a car, condenser at the back of
domestic refrigerator etc. Heat exchangers are classified mainly into three categories. 1.
Transfer type 2. Storage type 3. Direct contact type.

Transfer type of heat exchangers are most widely used. A transfer type of heat
exchanger is one in which both fluids pass simultaneously through the device and head is
transferred through separating walls. Transfer type of exchangers are further classifies as

1. Parallel flow type in fluids flow in the same direction.
2. Counter flow type in fluids flow in the opposite direction.
3. Cross flow type in which fluids flow at any angle to each other.

A simple heat exchanger of transfer type can be in the form of a tube arrangement.
One fluid flowing through the inner tube and the other through the annulus surrounding it.
The heat transfer takes place across the walls of the inner tube.

22
TABULATION :
FOR PARALLEL FLOW

Sl.No.
Time for 1 Lit. of
Hot Water (sec)
Time for 1 Lit. of
cold water (sec)
T
1
T
2
T
3
T
4

FOR COUNTER FLOW
Sl.No.
Time for 1 Lit. of
Hot Water (sec)
Time for 1 Lit. of
cold water (sec)
T
1
T
2
T
3
T
4

23
The apparatus consists of a concentric tube heat exchanger. The hot fluid i.e. hot
water is obtained from an electric geyser and flows through the inner tube. The cold fluid i.e.
cold water can be admitted at any one of the ends enabling the heat exchanger to run as a
parallel flow apparatus or a counter flow apparatus. This can be done by operating the
different valves provided. Temperatures of the fluids can be measured using thermometers.
Flow rate can be measured using stop clock and measuring flask. The outer tube is provided
with adequate asbestos rope insulation to minimize the heat loss to the surroundings.

SPECIFICATIONS:
Length of the heat exchanger
Inner copper tube inner diameter = mm
Outer diameter = mm
Outer GI tube ID = mm

PROCEDURE:
1. Connect water supply at the back of the unit. The inlet water flows through geyser
and inner pipe of the heat exchanger and flows out.
Also the inlet water flows through the annulus gap of the heat exchanger and flows
out.
2. For parallel flow open valve V
2
, V
4
and V
5
.
For counter flow open valve V
3
, V
1
and V
5.
3. Control the hot water flow approximately 2 l/min. and cold water flow approximately
5 l/min.
4. Switch ON the geyser. Allow the temperature to reach steady state.
5. Note temperatures T
1
and T
2
(hot water inlet and outlet temperature
respectively).

24
P
A
R
A
L
L
E
L

F
L
O
W

H
E
A
T

E
X
C
H
A
N
G
E
R
C
O
L
D
H
O
T
T
h
i
T
h
o
T
c
o
T
c
i
Ti
Length of the Exchanger
T
h
i
T
c
i
T
c
o
T
h
o
T
o
T
m

=

T
i

-

T
o
L
o
g

e
T
i

T
o
P
A
R
A
L
L
E
L

F
L
O
W

6. Under parallel flow condition T
3
is the cold-water inlet temperature and T
4
is the cold
water outlet temperature. Note the temperatures T
3
and T
4.
Under counter flow
condition T
4
is the cold-water inlet temperature T
3
is the cold-water outlet temperature.
25
7. Note the time for 1 liter flow of the hot and cold water. Calculate mass flow rate in
kg/s.
8. Change the water flow rates and repeat the experiment.
C
O
U
N
T
E
R

F
L
O
W
T
o
T
i

L
o
g

e
T
o
T
i

-

T
m

=

T
o
T
h
o
T
c
o
T
c
i
T
h
i
Length of the Exchanger
T
c
i
T
c
o
T
h
o
T
h
i
H
O
T
C
O
L
D
C
O
U
N
T
E
R

F
L
O
W

H
E
A
T

E
X
C
H
A
N
G
E
R
T
i

26
CALCULATIONS:
Refer drawing and find
LMTD (tm) = t
1
t
o
/ l
n
(t
1
/ t
o
)
Please note t
1
and t
o
to be calculated as per drawing for Parallel flow and Counter flow.
Q
h
= A U (L M T D)
Hence the overall Heat transfer co-efficient
U = Q
h
/ A L M T D
Where Q
h
= m
h
C
p
(T
hi
T
ho
)
C
p
= Specific heat of water (J/kg
0
C)
A = Outer area of hot water pipe.
M
h
= Mass of hot water (kg/s)
Effectiveness of Heat exchanger
= Actual heat transfer/ Max. possible heat transfer
= (t
co
t
ci
) / (t
hi
t
ci
)

THEORETICAL METHOD:
The overall Heat transfer co-efficient
1/U = (1/h
o
) + (1/h
1
)
Neglect the thickness of inner tube and film resistance.
h
1
= Inside heat transfer co-efficient (from hot to inner surface of the inner tube)
h
o
= Out side heat transfer co-efficient (from outer wall of the inner tube to the cold fluid).
R
e
= hot water flow = D /
= Velocity of hot water.
Knowing the mass flow rates () may be calculated for hot and cold water.

N
u
= 0.023 (R
e
)
0.8
(P
r
)
0.3
= (h
i
D) /K
K = Thermal conductivity of water.

In a similar manner h
o
can also be calculated. However for finding h
o
the
characteristic dia. is taken as the annulus which is given by the (ID of the outer pipe OD of
outer pipe).
Hence, U the overall Heat transfer co-efficient is evaluated for Parallel flow / Counter flow
Heat exchanger.
27
Parallel Flow
Hot Water Temperature Cold Water Temperature
Time taken for
1litre Hot water
flow.

Time taken
for 1 litre
Cold Water
flow.

Inlet
T
1

T
hi

outlet
T
1

T
hi

Inlet
T
3

T
ci

Outlet
T
4

T
co

LMTD = (T
hi
T
ci
) (T
ho
T
co
) / l
n
(T
hi
T
ci
/ T
ho
T
co
)
=

Heat input Q
b
= A.U LMTD
Hence the overall heat transfer co-efficient, U = Q
b
/ A L M T D
Q
b
= m
b
C
b
(T
hi
T
ho
)
=

Theoretical Method:
1/U = 1/h
i
+ 1/h
o

h
i
= Volume of hot water flow = m
3
/ sec.
= m
3
/ sec.
Velocity of flow of hot water = m/sec
= m/sec
Re = D / =
=

Using the heat transfer correlation
Nu = 0.023 (Re)
0.8
(Pr)
0.3
= h
i
D/k
=
k = Thermal conductivity
of water
Pr = Values from data book
28

h
i
=

h
o
= Volume flow rate of Cold water m
3
/ s.
Q
c
= m
3
/ sec.
Velocity of Cold water flow Vc = Q
c
/ A
c

A
c
= Annulus area i.e. /4(D)
2
- /4 (d)
2

=
Vc = = m/sec
Re = D / =

Since the flow is not turbulent we can using the following equation.
Nu = 0.37(Re)
0.6
(Pr)
0.33

h
o
Dc / k = Dc = Annulus dia. (Dd) =

h
o
=
1/U = 1/h
i
+ 1/h
o
=

U = W/m
2 o
c.
This procedure is repeated for counter flow heat exchanger; however care to be taken
while calculating LMTD.
RESULT:
(i) Parallel flow
Overall heat transfer coeffient by theoretical method ----------- W/ m
2
K
Overall heat transfer coeffient by prctical method ----------- W/ m
2
K
(i) Counter flow
Overall heat transfer coeffient by theoretical method ----------- W/ m
2
K
Overall heat transfer coeffient by prctical method ----------- W/ m
2
K

29

Ex.No:7
Date:
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF INSULATING
MATERIAL - LAGGED PIPE
AIM :
To find the thermal conductivity of different insulating materials.

DESCRIPTION OF APPARATUS :
The insulator is a material, which retards the heat flow with reasonable effectiveness.
Heat is transferred through insulation by conduction, convection and radiation or by the
combination of these three.
The experimental set up in which the heat is transferred through insulation by
conduction is under study.
The apparatus consisting of a rod heater with asbestos lagging. The assembly is
inside an MS pipe. Between the asbestos lagging and MS pipe saw dust is filled. The set up
as shown in the figure. Let r
1
be the radius of the heater, r
2
be the radius of the heater with
asbestos lagging and r
3
be the inner radius of the outer MS pipe.
Now the heat flow through the lagging materials is given by
Q = K
1
2 L (t) / (ln (r
2
)/r
1
) or
= K
2
2 L(t) / (ln(r
3
)/r
2
)
Where t is the temperature difference across the lagging.
K
1
is the thermal conductivity of asbestos lagging material and
K
2
is the thermal conductivity of saw dust.
L is the length of the cylinder.
Knowing the thermal conductivity of one lagging material the thermal conductivity of the
other insulating material can be found.

30

TABULATION :

S.No
Heater temperatures
Asbestos
temperatures
Sawdust
temperatures
Applied
Voltage
volts
Current
Amps
T
1
T
2
T
3
avg T
4
T
5
T
6
avg T
7
T
8
avg

LAGGED PIPE
DUST DIA = 80 mm
d1 - HEATER DIA = 20 mm d2 - HEATER WITH ASBESTOS DIA = 40 mm
LENGTH = 500mm
d3 - ASBESTOS & SAW
SAW DUST
ASBESTOS
HEATER
ASBESTOS
SAW DUST
T3
T3
T6
T6 T8 T5 T7 T1 T4
T7
T1
T4
T5
T8

31
SPECIFICATION:
Diameter of heater rod, d
1
=
Diameter of heater rod with asbestos lagging, d
2
=
Diameter of heater with asbestos lagging and saw dust, d
3
=
The effective length of the cylinder =

PROCEDURE:
1. Switch on the unit and check if all channels of temperature indicator showing proper
temperature.
2. Switch on the heater using the regulator and keep the power input at some particular
value.
3. Allow the unit to stabilize for about 20 to 30 minutes. Now note down the ammeter,
voltmeter readings the product of which give heat input.
4. Temperatures 1, 2 and 3 are the temperature of heater rod, 4, 5 and 6 are the
temperatures on the asbestos layer, 7 and 8 are temperatures on the saw dust lagging.
5. The average temperature of each cylinder is taken for calculation. The temperatures
are measured by thermocouple (Fe/Ko) with multi point digital temperature indicator.
6. The experiment may be repeated for different heat inputs.
The readings are tabulated as below:

CALCULATIONS :
Lagged Pipe:

V A T
1
T
2
T
3
T
4
T
5
T
6
T
7
T
8

Avg. Temp. of heater = T
1
+T
2
+T
3
/ 3 =
o
C
Avg. Temp. of Asbestos lagging = T
4
+ T
5
+ T
6
/ 3 =
o
C
Avg. Temp. of sawdust lagging = T
7
+ T
8
/ 2 =
o
C
32
The heat flow from heater to outer surface of asbestos lagging =
Q = k
1
2 l (t) / ln (r
2
/ r
1
)
k
1
= Thermal conductivity of asbestos lagging, from data look at------------------
o
C
(average temp of asbestos lagging)
= W/m K.
r
2
= Radius of the asbestos lagging =
r
1
= Radius of the heater = mm
l = Length of the heater = m
Substituting these values
Q = ( ) 2 x l x (t) / (r
2
/ r
1
)

Substituting this value of q to find the thermal conductivity of saw dust, K
2

Q= K
2
x 2 x l x (t) / ln (r
3
/r
2
)
K
2
= x ln ( )/ 2 x x .
=

RESULT :
Thermal conductivity of
(i) Asbestos---------------W/mK
(ii) Sawdust----------------W/mK
33
Ex.No:8
Date:
HEAT TRANSFER FROM FINS

AIM:
To determine the temperature distribution of a PIN-FIN for forced convection and
FIN efficiency.

Consider a PIN-FIN having the shape of rod whose base is attached to a wall at a
surface temperature Ts, the fin is cooled along the axis by a fluid at temperature T
AMB.
The
fin has a uniform cross sectional area Ao is made of material having a uniform thermal
conductivity K and the average heat transfer co-efficient between the surface to the fluid. We
shall assume that transverse temperature gradients are so small so that the temperature at any
cross section of the fin is uniform.
The apparatus consists of a Pin-fin placed inside an open duct, (one side open) the
other end of the duct is connected to the suction side of a blower; the delivery side of a
blower is taken up through a gate valve and an orifice meter to the atmosphere. The airflow
rate can be varied by the gate valve and can be measured on the U tube manometer connected
to the orifice meter. A heater is connected to one end of the pin-fin and seven thermocouples
are connected by equal distance all along the length of the pin and the eighth thermocouple is
left in the duct.
The panel of the apparatus consists of voltmeter, ammeter and digital temperature
indicator. Regulator is to control the power input to the heater. U tube manometer with
connecting hoses.

SPECIFICATIONS:

Duct width b = mm
Duct height w = mm
Orifice dia. do = mm
34
Orifice co-efficient cd =
Fin length L = cm
Fin diameter df = mm
(Characteristic length)

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the three pin plug to a 230V, 50Hz, 15A power and switch on the unit.
2. Keep the thermocouple selector switch in first position.
3. Turn the regulator knob to clockwise and set the power to the heater to any desired
value by looking at the voltmeter and ammeter.
4. Allow the unit to stabilize for 10min
5. Switch ON the blower.
6. Set the airflow rate to any desired value looking at the difference in U tube
manometer limb levels.
7. Note down the temperatures indicated by temperature indicator.
8. Repeat the experiment by
a. Varying the airflow rate and keeping the power input to the heater constant.
b. Varying the power input to the heater and keeping the air flow rate
constant.
9. Tabulate the readings and calculate for different conditions.
10. After all the experiment is over, put off the blower switch, turn the energy regulator
knob anti clockwise, put off the main switch and disconnect the power supply.

35

TABULATION:
Sl.No.
Manometer
readings
Fin surface temp.

Amb. temp.
h
1
h
2
T
1
T
2
T
3
T
4
T
5
T
6

PIN - FIN APPARATUS
PIPE DIA = 40 mm
ORIFICE DIA = 20 mm LENGTH = 145 mm
HEATER
T7 T6 T5
T8
T3 T2 T1
BRASS PIN - FIN
T4
DIA = 12 mm

36

CALCULATIONS :
Volume of air flowing through the duct
Vo = C
d
a
1
a
2
2gh
a
/ a
1
2
a
2
2

Where C
d
= co-efficient of orifice = 0.6
g = gravitational constant = 9.81 m/sec
2

h
a
= heat of air = (l
w
/l
a
)h
a
1
= area of the pipe.
a
2
= area of the orifice.
h = manometer differential head.
Velocity of air in the duct = Vo / (W X B)
Where W = width of the duct.
B = breadth of the duct.
REYNOLDS NUMBER OF AIRFLOW:
Reynolds number Re = (L x Va x a) /
a

Where Va = Velocity of air in the duct.
a = Density of air in the duct.

a
= Viscosity of air at t
o
C.
L = length of fin in m
PRANDTL NUMBER OF AIRFLOW
Prandtl number = (Cpa x
a
) / K
a

Where Cp
a
= Specific heat of air.

a
= Viscosity of air
K
a
= Thermal conductivity of air.
HEAT TRANSFER CO-EFFICIENT CALCULATIONS
NUSSELT NUMBER (Nu)
For 40 < NRe < 4000
Nnu = 0.683 (NRe) 0.466 (NPr)
0.333

37
For 1 < NRe < 4
Nnu = 0.989 (NRe)
0.33
(NPr)
0.333

For 4 < NRe < 40
Nnu = 0.911 (NRe)
0.385
(NPr)
0.333

For 4000 < NRe < 40000
Nnu = 0.193 (NRe)
0.618
(NPr)
0.333

For NRe > 40000
Nnu = 0.0266 (NRe)
0.805
(NPr)
0.333

Heat transfer co-efficient h = Nnu (Ka / L)
Ka = thermal conductivity of air
L = length of fin.
Efficiency of the pin-fin = actual heat transferred by the fin

(heat which would have been transferred if entire fin where
at the base temperature)
= Tan Hyperbolic ML/ML
Where, h = Heat transfer co-efficient
L = Length of the fin
M = hp/ (K
b
X A)
P = perimeter of the fin
( D)
D = dia of the fin
A = cross sectional area of the fin.
K
b
= thermal conductivity of brass rod.
Temperature distribution = Tx = [cosh M (L-X) /cosh ML (T
o
- T
a
)] + T
a

X = distance between thermocouple and heater.
EVALUATION OF THE HEAT TRANSFER CO-EFFICIENT (h)
Natural convection (blower off)
N
uav
= (hd)/k = 1.1 (Gr Pr)
1/6
for 1/10 < Gr Pr < 10
4

38
N
uav
= 0.53 (Gr Pr)
1/4
for 10
4
< Gr Pr < 10
9
N
uav
= 0.13 (Gr Pr)
1/3
for 10
9
< Gr Pr < 10
12
Where N
uav
= average Nusselt number
= (hD) / K
D = Dia. of fin
K = thermal conductivity of air.
Gr = Grashof number = g T D
3
/ r
2

= 1/ (Tav + 273)
T= (Tav Tamb)

Pr = Prandtl Number = ( Cp) / K
PIN-FIN

V A T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 h
1
cm h
2
cm

Mean Temp =
o
C
Vol. of airflow thro duct = Q = Cd a
1
a
2
2gh / a
1
2
- a
2
2

a
1
= /4 =
a
2
= /4 =
h = w / a ( )
= m
Q = = m
3
/s
Velocity of air flow thro duct = Q/A
A = Length X Breadth of the duct
= = m
2

Velocity = m/sec

39
Re = D / = D = Length of the Fin =
=

Using the correlation
For 40 > Re <4000
Nu = 0.683 (Re)
0.466
(Pr)
0.33

=
=
Heat transfer coefficient, h =
=

M = hp / K
b
A = /4
=
Fin efficiency = Tan G ML/ML = =
Temp. distribution = [cosh M (L-X) /cosh ML (T
o
- T
a
)] + T
a

T
2
= [cosh M
=
T
3
=
T
4
=
T
5
=
T
6
=
T
7
=

RESULT :
The efficiency of the fin is found to be ----------------------
Temperature at x = 20mm, T
20
= -------------
40
= -------------
60
= -------------
Pr = hl / K

K= Thermal conductivity of
airflow at mean time
40
80
= -------------
41
Ex.No:9
Date:
TEST ON EMISSIVITY APPARATUS

AIM:
To measure the emissivity of the test plate surface.

DESCRIPTION OF APPARATUS :
An ideal black surface is one, which absorbs the radiation falling on it. Its reflectivity
and transivity is zero. The radiation emitted per unit time per unit area from the surface of
the body is called emissive power.
The emissive power of a body to the emissive power of black body at the same
temperature is known as emissivity of that body. For a black body absorptivity is 1 and by
Kirchhoffs law its emissivity is also 1. Emissivity depends on the surface temperature and
the nature of the surface.
The experimental set up consists of two circular aluminum plates identical in size and
are provided with heating coils at the bottom. The plates or mounted on thick asbestos sheet
and kept in an enclosure so as to provide undisturbed natural convection surroundings. The
heat input to the heaters is varied by two regulators and is measured by an ammeter and
voltmeter. The temperatures of the plates are measured by Ir/Con thermocouples. Each plate
is having three thermocouples; hence an average temperature may be taken. One
thermocouple is kept in the enclosure to read the chamber temperature. One plate is
blackened by a layer of enamel black paint to form the idealized black surface whereas the
other plate is the test plate. The heat dissipation by conduction is same in both cases.
SPECIFICATION:
Diameter of test plate and black surface = mm
PROCEDURE:
a) Connect the three pin plug to the 230V, 50Hz, 15 amps main supply and switch on
the unit.
b) Keep the thermocouple selector switch in first position. Keep the toggle switch in
position 1. By operating the energy regulator 1 power will be fed to black plate.
42
Now keep the toggle switch in position 2 and operate regulator 2 and feed power
to the test surface.
c) Allow the unit to stabilize. Ascertain the power inputs to the black and test
surfaces are at set values. i.e. equal.
d) Turn the thermocouple selector switch clockwise step by step and note down the
temperatures indicated by the temperature indicator from channel 1 to 7.
e) Tabulate the readings and calculate.
f) After the experiment is over turn off both the energy regulators 1 & 2.
g) For various power inputs repeat the experiment.

TABULATION :
Sl.No.
Black body
temperature
Average
Temp. Tb
Polished body
temperature
Average
Temp. T
p

Chamber
Temp. T
4

Emmissivity

T
5
T
6
T
7
T
1
T
2
T
3

EMISSIVITY APPARATUS
TEST PLATE
DIA. - 150 mm
CHAMBER
T7
T6
T5
T3 T2
T1 T4
BLACK PLATE
DIA. - 150 mm

43

CALCULATIONS:
Temperature of the black body in absolute unit T =
Temperature of the polished body in absolute unit T =
Temperature of the chamber in absolute unit T =
Emissivity p = b X T
4
ba - T
4
ca / T
4
pa - T
4
ca
Where b, emissivity of black body which is equal to 1.

EMMISSIVITY APPARATUS :
V A T
1
T
2
T
3
T
4
T
5
T
6
T
7

Avg. temp. of polished plate =
Avg. temp. of Black plate =
Chamber temp. =
Power Input Q =
p
A (Tp
4
-

Ta
4
) =

b
A (Tb
4
-

Ta
4
)
Since the power input is same for both heaters and area of radiating surface (A) is also same,
knowing the
b
=1. The emmissivity of polished surface
p
=
b
(Tb
4
-

Ta
4
) / (Tp
4
-

Ta
4
)
=
=
=

RESULT :
Emissivity of the specimen is found to be ---------------

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ME 2306 Thermal engineering Lab I

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