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.
ItisOK
.
Embedmentlengthprovidedfrom innerfaceofsupport
.
=250+4
2
=125+225
350mm>Ld
3
Since the beam is simply supported, the compressive reaction will confine the
reinforcement,thereforevalueof Ml isincreasedby30%i.e., 1.3 M!
V Xv
.. Conditiontobesatisfiedfordevelopmentlength, Ld ::;1.3Ml +Lo
\ V
Where, M1 =Momentofresistanceprovidedby4barsof20mm fjJ
M
J
0.87fyAstl[d_fyAstl]
fck
b
;:: 0.87x415x1256.64[540 415X1256.64]
20x300
[-:ASll =4x : (20)2=1256.64mm
2
]
=453709.87[453.08]
=2.0556687x10
8
Nmm
8
1.3xMJ +4=1.3x2.0556687x10 +225
V 170500
=1792.37mm>l.:J
1792.37mm>940.23mm
65
HencecheckfordevelopmentlengthisOK.
Note:ForHYSDsteelbarsU-shapedhooksareavoidedbut90bendcanbeprovidedif
anchorageis required.
Q.1B. A simply supported RCC beam 300 x500mm (effective), has a clear span of 5 m.
Thefactored shearforceatthecentreof300mmwidesupportis120kN.The beam
is reinforced with 4 bars of 20 mm (out of 4 bars, 2 bars are bent up). Check for
development length if M20 concrete and Fe 250 steel are used. Assume cover to
reinforcementonall sidesas30mm.
Ans. DataGiven:
Widthofbeam. b=300mm
Effectivedepth, d=500mm
Factoredshearforce, Vu=120kN 120x10
3
N
fck :::; 20N/mm2
fy =250N/mm2
.
.. Developmentlength. Ld :::; 0.87x fy x 0.87x250x20
4''Z"bd 4x1.2
Tbd :::; 1.2N/m2 forM20andFe:::; 250
Ld =906.25mm
As percodal provision. atsimplesupportthetwobars of20mm f/J mustextend beyond
theface ofsupportbyadistancenotlessthan
La =906.25=302.08mm
2 3
Lengthofbaravailablefrom innerface ofsupport:::; Widthofsupport- Endcover
=300 30 [Assuming endcover:::;30mm]
L
=270mm<_dor302.08mm
3
Asthelengthofbaravailablefrom innerfaceofsupportislessthan La therefore. endanchorage
3
shouldbeprovided.
Anchoragehastobeprovided.eitherintheformof:
i) StandardU-shapedhook
(ii) Standard90bend.
(i) Providingstandard U-shaped hookwith anchoragevalue =16timesthe nominal
diameterofbari..e. 16 f/J :::; 16x20 320mm, asshownin figure.
66
l",mm,_...,
,Ii of Support
Availablelengthfromcentreofsupport.Lo
Widthofsupport ]
4
[
2 endcover 3 +l6
: : : ; [ ~ -30-3x20]+16X20
Lo =[150- 30- 60]+320
Lo 380mm
:. Embedment length of 20 mm f/J bars
from inner face of support
Width ofsupport ]
[ 2 +4
=300+380
2
:::; 530mm> Ld Le., 302.08mm, ItisO.K.
3
Conditionfordevelopmentlength=I.3M! T >L
V +-'-Q- a
Where,M =O.87f.A [d_IvAn]
1 yst .p.b
Jek
(
20)2
Where. Astt 2x1r:X -'-:::;628.32mm
2
4
.
.. M [ 250x628.32]
1 =0.87x250x628.32 500
20x300
=136659.6[500- 26.18]
:::; 64752052Nmm
67
l.3M1 T >L
V +'-tl- d
(
20)2
Where, Astl =2xJrx-- 628.32mm
2
4
.
. . 1.3M1 +T >L
V '-tl- d
1.3x64752052+380
120x
701.48+380=1081.48mm>906.25mmLe., Let
Hence,thecheckisOK
Q.19. A RCC beam 250 mm x 500 mm (effective) is reinforced with 4 bars of 20 mm
diameter. Two legged 8 mm tjJ stirrupsare @ 200 mm clc. Estimate the ultimate
(design) shear strength of the support section if the grade of steel for main
reinforcementandstirrupsisFe415andconcreteusedisM20.
Ans. DataGiven :
Widthofthebeam,b:;:: 250mm
Effectivedepthofbeam,d:;:: 500mm
2
Areaoftensilereinforcement, ASI 4x Jr( 20) 1256.64mm
2
4
Cross-sectionalareaofstirrupslegseffectivein shear, A =2xJr(8)2
l00.53mm2
Sy 4
clcspacingofstirrups:;:: 200mm
Characteristicstrengthofsteelused, fy:;:: 415N/mm2
Percentageoftensilesteel, p 100A., lOOx1256.64 1%
t bd 250x500
CorrespondingtoPt:;:: 1%andM20gradeofconcrete,
'fc =0.62NImm
2
Shearresisting byconcrete:;:: Tc b.d
=0.62x250x500=77500N
...(1)
Shearresistedbyverticalstirrups, V 0.
87
/
y
A.y.d
us Sv'
0.87x415xlO0.53x500 90741N
200 ... (2)
Totalshearstrengthofthesection:;::(1)+(2)
=77500+90741 =168241 N ... (3)
ForM20gradeofconcrete,thevalueof Tc(max.)
68
Tc(max.) :;:: 2.8N/mm2
Maximumlimitforthestrengthofsupportsection:;:: T ( ) X bX d
c max.
=2.8x250X500:;:: 350000N
Ultimateshearstrengthofsupportsection:;::Leastof(3) and(4)
:;:: 168241 N
... (4)
Q.20. Discussthe method ofprovidingshearreinforcementintheformofbentupbars
alongwithstirrups?
Ans.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
/
Bentup-bar
WidthofSupport
.- Compressor
Reinforcement
Tension
-., ..-Reinforcement
In case of simply supported beams, the bending moment is maximum at centre and
graduallyreducestozeroatthesupports.
Tensilereinforcement(longitudinal bars) can be bentupnearthe supportwheretheyare
nolongerrequiredtoresistthe bendingmoment. Barscan be bentupatthesamecross
sectionoratdifferentcrosssectionsalongthelengthofthebeam.
Combination of vertical stirrups and bent up bars is generally used in case of heavily
loaded beams. Both bent up bars and vertical stirrups are used for resisting the shear
forcesorstresses.
Thebentupbarsareinclinedatanangle a (generallytakenas45tothehorizontal)
As perIS :456 2000, Clause40.4, where bentupbarsareprovided, theircontribution
towards shear resistanceshall notbemorethanhalfthatofthetotalshearreinforcement
(Le., Vus ), where Vus = Tc andsheartakenbybentupbarsiscalculatedas
2
Vu (forbentupbar) 0.87/y Asv sina
where, Vu (forbentupbar):;:: Sheartakenbybentupbarandislimitedto Vus
2
69
... . ~ ..... ~ ..... ~ . ~ ..... ~ ~ = = ~
fy = Characteristic strength of the steel used for shear reinforcement and shall not be
morethan415 N/mm2
Asv =Areaofbentupbars
a =Anglebetweenbentupbarsandtheaxisofmember,butnotlessthan 45.
70
CHAPTER 3: DESIGN OF COMPRESSION MEMBERS
Section - A
Multiple Choice Type Questions:
1. When the ratio of effective length of column- to its least lateral dimension does not
exceeds12, itistermedas:
a. Longcolumn
b. Shortcolumn
c. Verticalcolumn
d. Strut
2. Thediameteroflongitudinalbarsofacolumnshouldneverbelessthan:
a. 6mm
b. 12mm
c. Smm
d. 10mm
3. The lateral ties in a reinforced concrete rectangularcolumn underaxial compression are
usedto:
a. Avoidbuckling
b. Provideadequateshearcapacity
c. Provideadequateconfinementtoconcrete
d. Noneoftheabove
4. Theminimumpercentageofsteelusedin R.C.C. Columnis:
a. O.S%
b. 2.5%
c. 6.0%
d.. Noneoftheabove
5. In a rectangular column, loaded eccentrically, there is no tension itthe eccentricitye is
lessthan, (width ofcolumn=d):
a. d/2
b. d/3
c. d/4
d. d/6
6. Laplengthorsplicelengthoflongitudinalbarsin acolumnshouldbe:
a. Notlessthan24xdiameterofsmallerbar
b. Notmorethan24xdiameterofsmallerbar
c. Notlessthan30xdiameterofthelargerbar
d. Notmorethan30xdiameterofthelargerbar
71
: 1
I
.i
!
~
7. Thepitchoflateralties in acolumn should notbe morethan:
a. 300mm
b. 4xdiameteroflongitudinalbars
c. 6mm
d. 2xleastlateraldimensionofcompression members
8. Minimumnumberoflongitudinalbarsin CircularColumn are:
a. 4
b. 5
c. 6
d. 8
9. Minimumcover, whichshouldbeprovidedtocolumnis:
a. 25mm
b. 30mm
c. 40mm
d. 50mm
10. Thevalueofeffectivelengthofacolumnwhichisfixed at boththe.endsis:
a. 0.65 xunsupportedlengthofcolumn
b. 0.80 xunsupportedlengthofcolumn
c. 1.00 xunsupportedlengthofcolumn
d. 1.20 xunsupportedlengthofcolumn
11. The momentofresistancefactorforM150gradeconcreteis
a. 10
b. 8.5
c. 7.4
d. 6.0
12.
The slenderness ratio of
length
a.
breadth
b. length
width
length
c.
diameter
length
d.
a reinforced cement concrete column is generally taken as
least lateral dimension
72
13. As perIS:456recommendation,theareaoflongitudinal reinforcementin acolumn
a. Shall not be lessthan 0.8% and shall not be more than 8% of the gross cross-
sectionalareaofthecolumn
b. Shall notbe lessthan 0.5% andshallnotbe morethan3% ofthe gross-sectional
areaofthecolumn
c. Shall not be less than 0.01%and shalfnotbe more than 2% ofthe grosscross-
sectionalareaofthecolumn
d. Shall notbelessthan 0.05%and shall notbe morethan 2%ofthe grosscross-
sectionalareaofthecolumn
14. Themaximumareaofreinforcementsectionin RCCcolumnsislimitedto8%because
a. Excessinforcementwillcausebuckling
b. Excessreinforcementwill unnecessarilyincreasethecostdisproportionately
c. Excessreinforcementwillcausedifficultyinconcertingparticularlyramming.
d. Excessreinforcementwillcausetoomuchcongestion
15. In RCC columns with spiral reinforcement, minimum number of longitudinal bars in
contactwiththespiralshallbelessthan
a. 3
b. 4
c. 5
d. 6
16. TheIS 456 recommendationforminimum reinforcement in acolumnshallnotapplyifthe
ratiooflengthtoleastradiusofgyrationislessthan
a. 20
b. 18
c. 16
d. 12
17. InaRCCcolumnthediameterofthe longitudinalbarsusedis25cm.thecolumndiameter
is650mm. the minimumcoverofconcreteclearoflongitudinalbarsshouldbe
a. 12.5mm
b. 25mm
c. 40mm
d. 50mm
73
r ~
I
18.
In a Reecolumn when alaphastobeprovidedtomakethe barsequaltothefull length
I
ofthecolumn,thelapbetweenthebars, inanycase,shouldnotbelessthan
a. 4timesthediameterofbars
b. 8timesthediameterofbars
c. 12timesthediameterofbars
d. 24timesthediameterofbars
19. In a Ree column, the transverse reinforcement provided should have diameter
equivalenttoone-fourthofthediameterofthemainrodsbutinanycasenotlessthan
a. 3mm
b. 5mm
c. 12mm
d. 20mm
20. InaReecolumn,thepitchofthetiesshall
a. betheleastlateraldimensionofthecolumn
b. be16diameterofthesmallestlongitudinalbar
c. be48diameteroftransversereinforcement
d. notmorethananyofthe(a), (b)and(c) above
21. A column is considered as a long column if its slenderness ratio (effective length/least
radiusofgyration)exceeds
a. 12
b. 20
c. 24
d. 30
22. AReecolumn having 180mmaslateraldimension, in which longitudinal barsof 12mm,
diametershavebeenused,theminimumcoverrequiredwouldbe
a. 12
b. 18
c. 25
d. 30
23. Theratioofcostofsteeltothecostofcement,onweightbasisisintherange
a. 2t03
b. 3to5
c. 7t010
d. 15to20
74
,
'r
24.
The effective length of a column continuing through two or more storeys, properly
restrained atbothendsinpositionanddirection,istakenas
a. 2L
b. 1.5L
c. L
d. 0.75L
KEY:
1. (b) 2. (b) 3. (a) 4. (a) 5. (d) 6. (a)
7. (a) 8. (c) 9. (c) 10. (a) 11. (b) 12. (d)
13. (a) 14. (d) 15. (d) 16. (e) 17. (c) 18. (e)
19. (b) 20. (d) 21. (a) 22. (c) 23. (c) 24. (d)
.75
, ,
~
I
SECTION-B
TrueI FalseTypeQuestions:
SECTIONC
ShortAnswerTypeQuestions:
Q1. Stateanyfourassumptionsmadeforlimitstateofcollapsein compression.
Ans. Followingassumptionsaremadeinthelimitstateofcollapseincompression.
1. Planesectionsnormaltotheaxis remainplaneafterbending.
2. The maximum strain in concrete at the outermostcompression fibre is taken as
0.0035inbending.
3. Therelationshipbetweenstress-straindistributionin concreteisconsideredtobe
parabolic.
4. Thetensilestrengthofconcreteisignored.
Q2. Definetheterm:a)Columnsb)Strutsc)Pedestal.
Ans. a) Column:- Acolumn maybe definedas amembercarryingdirectaxial loadwhich
causes compressive stresses of such magnitude that these stresses largely
controlitsdesign.
b) Strut:- Compressionmemberswhich are inclinedin naturelike membersoftruss
aretermedasstruts.
c) Pedestal:- Those member whose effective length is less than three times the
leastlateraldimension are called pedestal and maybe casted with plain cement
concrete.
Q3. Howcolumnsareclassifieddependinguponthematerialsusedin construction?
Ans. Columnscanbeclassifiesas under:
1. Dependinguponmaterialsusedinconstruclion :
a) TimberColumns:Timberisusedasconstructionmaterialfortheconstructionof
houses. Wooden columns are generally named as posts and generally used
whereload intensityisless.
b) Steel Columns: In steelstructure,thevertical memberscarryingaxial loadsare
generally termed as stanchions. The load carrying capacity of steel columns is
higherascomparedtotimber.
RolledsteelsectionslikeISHB,ISMBareusedascolumns.
c) Masonry Columns : When columns are made with the help of brick masonry
thentheyareknown aspillarsorpiers.
77
......:..JJ
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
.7.
8.
9.
10.
KEY:
1.
6.
The vertical members whose effective length is more than three times the least lateral
dimensionarecalledcolumns.
A long column can carry lesser load as compared toa short column ofthe same cross
sectionalarea.
Theeffectivelengthofacolumnwith oneendfixedandoneendfreeis0.65l
Transverse reinforcementdoesnotcontributetothestrengthofacolumn
Theminimumnumberofbarsin rectangularcolumnis6.
Theminimumpercentageofsteelinacolumnis0.8%
Thediameterofbarusedaslateraltiemayvaryfrom10mmto25mm
Eccentricloadedcolumnarepreferredthanaxiallyloadedcolumns.
Thelengthwhichtakespartin bucklingistermedaseffectivelengthofcolumn.
As per IS recommendations, spacing of longitudinal bars measured along the periphery
ofthecolumnshallnotexceed300mm.
T 2. T 3. F 4. F 5. F
T 7. F 8. F 9. T 10. T
76,
i
---- _._-------
Q4. Givetheeffe<7.tive lengthofthecolumnfordifferentendconditionsasperIS456?
Ans. Effectivelengthofcolumn asperIS:456-2000:
r--:-D-e-gr-e-e-o-:f--=E;;-n-d;---:R=-es--:t-ra-;in---::07f'-;:S'-""y=m::'-;:b=o:ll-- Theoretical Recomr11el1d
CompressionMember Value of ed Value of
Effective Effective
Length Length
Effectively held in position and
restrained against rotation at
both ends (i.e., both ends are
!
i
\.
0.65/ L 0.5/ L
fixed).
Effectively held in position at
,""
both ends, restrained against
!
rotation atone end(i.e., fixed at
l
0.80/ L \ 0.7/L oneendandhingedatthe other
end).
Effectively held in position at
both ends, but not restrained
against rotation (Le., both ends 1.00/ L
I 1.001L
are hinged.)
Effectively held in position and
restrained against rotation at
one end, and at the other end
partially retrained against
rotation butnotheldinposition. 1.00 IL 1.20/ L
Q5. Whatisthefunctionoflongitudinalreinforcementincolumns?
Ans. Ithasthefollowingfunctions
1. It helps the concrete in taking up the compression jointly, which in turn reduces
the sizeofcolumn.
2. It provides ductility to the column and reduces the chances of brittle failure.
Ductile detailing of columns reduces the chances of collapse against
earthquakes.
78
3. It reproduces the effect of shrinkage and creep. Creep and shrinkage are the
properties which tend to increase the stresses in longitudinal steel but on the
otherhand reducesthestressesin concrete.
Q6. Explaindifferenttypesofreinforcementprovidedin columns.
Ans. Therearetwotypesofreinforcementprovidedincolums:
1. Longitudinal reinforcement :- Longitudinal reinforcement is also known as main
steel.lthelpsthe concrete in taking upthe compressionjointly, which in turn reduces
thesizeofcolumn;!tprovidesstrengthtothecolumn.
2. Transverse reinforcement : Reinforcement which is provided in transverse
directiontothe longitudinal steel is known as transverse reinforcement. Areinforced
concrete compression member shall have transverse or helical reinforcement so
disposed that every longitudinal bar nearest to the compression face has effective
lateralsupportagainstbuckling.
Q7. Whatisthefunction ofprovidingtransversereinforcementin column?
Ans. Function oftransversereinforcement:
1. Ithelpsin confiningthe concreteand helpsintakingcircumferentialtension.
2. Itholdsthemain bars in position.
3. Itpreventsbucklingoflongitudinalsteel.
4. Itpreventslongitudinalsplitting ofconcrete.
QS. How transverse reinforcement is provided in columns? Also give the uses of
helicalreinforcementcolumns..
Ans. Thetransversereinforcementmaybeprovidedincolumnsas :
,
a) Lateralties(Le., LinksorRings)
b) Helicalreinforcement(Spirals)
UsesofHelical ReinforcedColumns:
1. The columns with helical reinforcement are more effective in providing lateral
restraintandalso resistsomecompressiveload.ThusthechancesofBucklingof
longitudinal steel, longitudinal splitting of concrete and diagonal tension gets
reduced.
2. Spiral reinforcement increases the ductility and toughness of the reinforced
column and henceare usefulin earthquakeproneareas.
Qg. GivetheISSpecificationforhelicalreinforcementregardingitsdiameterand pitch.
Ans. I.S.SpecificationsforHelical(spiral) reinforcement:
i) Diameterofbarsforhelicalreinforcementshould begreaterthatthefollowings:
a) 6mm
79
~
I
i
b) ..!.. timesthediameteroflargestlongitudinalbar:
4
ii) Pitch:
Pitch of helical reinforcement shall neither be less than 25 mm, norless than 3
timesthediameterofsteelbarformingthehelix.
Pitch >75mm
1
>- xdiameterofcore
6
Pitch <25mm
<3xdiameterofhelixbar
Q10. Whatareshortand longcolumns?
Ans. ShortColumn:Acolumnis consideredasshortwhenboththeslendernessratios (Le., in
xandydirection)arelessthanequalto12.
Long Column : A column is considered to be long when either orboth the slenderness
ratiosaremorethan12.
Q11. Differenciatebetweenshortandlongcolumns.
Ans.
2. Inaccurateconstructionpractices.
3. Inaccurateloadingofcolumns..
80
Sr. No. Description I ShortColumn ILongColumn
1
..-
1. Slendernessration= ::; 12 >12
EffectivelengthofcolumnI
Leastlateraldimension
2. Buckling Less
More
3. Loadcarrying More
Lessas compared
capacity
I
to short
Q12. Whythecolumnishavingsomeeccentricity?
Ans. The ideal condition of axial loading hardly ever exist. In general practice, a truly axially
loaded column is rarely found. There is always certain inherent minimum eccentricity in
thecolumnsduetothefollowingreasons.
1. Lateraldeflectionofthecolumn.
SECTIOND
Lonq AnwerTypequestions:
Q1. Whataretheassumptionsmadeforlimitstateofcollapseincompression?
Ans. Assumptionsforthe LimitStateofCollapsein Compression (As perclause 39and38.1).
Followingassumptionare madeforthelimitstateofcollapseincompression.
1. Planesectionsnormaltothe axisremainplaneafterbending.
2. The maximum strain in concrete atthe outermostcompression fibre is taken as
0.0035inbending.
3. Therelationship between stress-straindistribution in concrete is consideredtobe
parabolic.
Maximum compressive strength in concrete is assumed as 0.67 times the characteristic
strength.Thepartialsafetyfactor Ym =1.5 shallbeappliedin additiontothisLe.
Maximumcompressivestress 0.67/ck =0.447ick =0.45/
1.5
ck
Where ,fck characteristiccompressivestrengthofconcrete(N/mm2)
1. Thetensilestrengthofconcreteisignored.
2. Thestresses in the reinforcementarederivedfrom the stress-straincurve forthe type of
steelused.
3. Fordesignpurposes,thepartialsafetyfactor Ym =1.5 shallbeapplied.
4. Themaximumcompressivestraininconcretein axialcompressionistaken as0.002
5. The maximum compressive strain at the highly compressed extreme fibre in concrete
subjected to axial compression andbendinQ- andwhen there is notension onthe section
shall be0.0035minus0.75timesthestrainattheleastcompressedextremefibre.
Q2. Definetheterm columns. Whataredifferenttypesofcolumnsdependingupon the
materialsusedin construction?
Ans. A column is an important component of RCC structures. It is a vertical compression
member used to transfer the loads of the structures such as super-structures, building,
factoryfloors, balconies,floorsofframedstructuresetc.tothefoundation.
In RCC framed construction, column playavital role in supporting the beams which in
turn supportwalls and slabs. It should be realized thatfailure ofanyotherpart (Le., slab
orbeam) orastructuremaycause alocalizeddamage,where asfailure ofacolumn may
lead to collapse ofthe structure. Therefore, the design ofcolumn should receive special
importance.
81
Definition:
Columnis definedasverticalcompression member,theeffectivelengthofwhichexceeds
threetimestheleastlateraldimension.
OR
A column . may be defined as a member carrying direct axial load which causes
compressivestressesofsuchmagnitudethatthesestresseslargelycontrolitsdesign.
Compressionmemberswhichareinclinedinnature(likemembersoftruss) aretermedas
struts. Those member who effective length is less than three times the least lateral
dimensionarecalledpedestalandmaybecastedwithplaincementconcrete.
ClassificationofColumn:Columnscanbeclassifiesasunder:
1. Dependingupon materialsusedinconstruction:
a) TimberColumns:Timberisusedasconstructionmaterialfortheconstruction of
houses. Wooden columns are
whereloadintensityis less.
Longitudinal
Reinforcement .H"'Ttt-,ll
...t-T'"Tl"I"1o....__ LatoralTies
(a)CircularColumnwith (b)CircularColumnwith (c)SquareColumnwith
LateralTies(Rings) helicalreinforcement LateralTies
b) SteelColumns:In steelstructure, the vertical memberscarrying axialloadsare
generally termed as stanchions. The load carrying capacity of steel columns is
higherascomparedtotimber.
RolledsteelsectionslikeISHB, ISMBareusedascolumns.
c)
Masonry Columns : When columns are made with the help of brick masonry
thentheyareknownas pillarsorpiers.
.A
r
R.
.. 41
..
r-- Metalor
'..
CementPipe
..
r
SectionalElevation
. L
D-J...Joist SectlonaiElevation
ID- LongitudinalReinforcement
SectionalPlan ....
...
..
CompositeColumn
SectionalPlan
ColumnConcreteFilledType
82
generally named as posts and generally used
LateralTies
Longitudinal Longitudinal
Reinforcement Reinforcement
Spiralof
Reinforcement
; \
03. What is effective length of column? Give the effective length of the column for
differentendconditionsasperIS456?
Ans. Effective length of column : The clear distance (height ) between the two ends of
columnisknownasactual lengthand is designatedas'I':
Thelengthofthecolumnwhichtakespartinbuckling (outwardbending), when subjected
toexternal loading,isknownaseffectivelength. Effectivelengthisdesignatedas Jeff .
Theeffectivelengthofthecolumnisnotnecessarilyitsactua'llength. Itdependsuponthe
end conditions of the column, "Hence, Effective length (I .) may be defined as the
eif
unsupportedlengthofthecolumnwhich is likelytobuckleandisdependentupontheend
conditions.
Table gives the value of I
eff
Of a column is terms of unsupported length (I) of various
endconditionsasperIS:456-2000
Table:effectivelengthofcolumnasperIS:456-2000
GDegree of End Restrain of Symbol Recomme- Theoretical-
Value of ICompression Member nded
Effective Value of
Length Effective
...,",
-7
,..."
1.00/ L
Length
Effectively held in position and
restrained againstrotation at both
ends (i.e" bothendsarefixed).
0.5/ L 0.65/ L
I
j"--' --c-------
Effectivelyheldinposition atboth
"
ends, restrained against rotation
at one end (Le., fixed a t one end
!
andhingedattheotherend). I. 0.7/ L 0.80/ L
\"
'."'''
j"------.,
,,.,,..,,
ends, but not restrained against
rotation (Le., both ends are
Effectivelyheld in position atboth
f
1.00/ L
hinged.) (
.
'\
i
83
. i
J
--
Effectively held in position and
r""j
restrained against rotation at one
end, and attheotherendpartially
t
"
retrained against rotation but not
/
heldinposition.
....
f
1.00/ L 1.20/ L
r
. I,
Effectively held in position and
restrainedagainstrotation atone I
..
end, andattheotherend partially (.....
."
restrained againstrotation but not
,./.'
heldinposition.
1.50 I L
'/
I
Effectively held in position at one
end but not restrained against ,1
!
.",,,.,'t
rotation, and at the other end
restrained against rotation but not f
heldin position
! 2.00I L 2.00 I L
/
Effectively held in position and
restrained against rotation at one
end but not held in position nor
2.00 I L
restrained against rotation at the ,.wL 2.00I L
other end (Le., fixed at one end
andfree attheotherend.
Q4.
Whataredifferenttypesofreinforcementprovided incolumns? GivethefUnction
oflongitudinalreinforcementincolumns?
Ans. ReinforcementinColumns:Steelreinforcementincolumnsconsistsoftwotypes.
a. Longitudinalreinforcement
b. Transversereinforcement
a. Longitudinal :- Longitudinal reinforcement is also known as main
steel. Ithasthefollowingfunctions:
1. It helps the concrete in taking upthe compression jointly, which in turn reduces
thesizeofcolumn.
2.
It provides ductility to the column and reduces the chances of brittle failure.
Ductile detailing of columns reduces the chances of collapse against
earthquakes.
84
3. It reduces the effect of shrinkage ad creep. Creep and shrinkage are the
properties which tend to increase the stresses in longitudinal steel but on the
otherreducesthestressesinconcrete.
4. Main steel helps in resisting tension which maydevelop dueto bending caused
bythetransverseloads,eccentricloadsandmoments.
5. Itprovidesstrengthtothecolumn.
Q5. GivetheIS456-2000specificationforlongitudinalsteel.
Ans. I.S.456-2000SpecificationsforLongitudinalSteel :-
a) The cross sectional area of longitudinal reinforcement, shall not be less than 0.8
percentandnotmorethan6 percentofthegrosscrosssectionalareaoftheColumn.
b) Note: 1. Use of6 percent reinforcement may involve practical difficulties in placing
andcompactingofconcrete,hencelowerpercentageupto4%.
2. When the bars from the columns below have to be lapped with those in the column
underconsideration,thepercentageofsteelshall usuallynotexceed4percent.
b) Ifanycolumn thathasalargercross-sectionalareathan thatrequiredto supportthe
load, the minimum percentage of steel shall be based upon the area of concrete
requiredtoresistthedirectstressesandnotupontheactualarea.
c) The minimum number of longitudinal bars provided in a column shall be four in
rectangularcolumnsandsixincircularcolumns.
d) The diameter ofthe bar, used as longitudinal reinforcement, shalf not be less than
12mm.
e) Areinforcedconcretecolumnhavinghelical reinforcementshallhaveatleastsixbars
oflongitudinalreinforcementwithinthehelicalreinforcement.
f) In a helically reinforced column, the longitudinal bars shall be in contact with the
helicalreinforcementandequidistantarounditsinnercircumference.
g) Spacing of longitudinal bars measured along the periphery of the column shall not
exceed300mm
SpaCIng
*300m
m
-
.,
..
-
4
fck 20NImm
2
(ForM20concrete)
fy =415NImm
2
(ForFe415steel)
91
d
Grossareaofcircularcolumn, A
196349.S4mm
2
g
Netareaofconcrete, Ac == Ag - Asc
=196349.54- 2945.2
Ac =193404.34mm
2
Checkthecolumnforshortorlong
Slendernessratio, Ie! =3280=6.56<12
D SOD
Hence,theabovecolumnisashortcolumn.
Checkthecolumnforminimumeccentricity, I
min
1 D 4100 500
e, =-+-=--+-
mm 500 30 500 30
8.2+16.66== 24.86mm<20mm
Also, 0.05D=0.05x:'500==25mm>e
mln
,
Therefore,theloadcarryingcapacityofshortaxiallyloadedcolumn isgivenbytheformula:
Pu ==OAfckA+0.67fyAse
==OAx20x193404.34+0.67x415x2945.2
== 1S47234.7+818912.86
= 2366147.6N
:.Ultimateloadcarryingcapacity, P
u
2366.15kN Ans.
Allowablesafeload=1577kN
015. A RCC circular'columnof450 mm in diameterisaxiallyloaded."rhe unsupported
lengthofcolumn is4.0 m and iseffectivelyheldin positionatbothends, butnot
restrained against rotation (i.e, both ends are hinged). The area of longitudinal
reinforcement is 2945 mm
2
The grade ofconcrete and steel is M 20 and Fe 415
respectivelyDetermine.
i) theultimateloadcarryingcapacityofthecolumnand
ii) Allowablesafeload.
Ans.
DataGiven:Diameterofthecolumn, 0 == 450mm
Unsupported(actual}length~ thecolumn, 1= lx ~ ly =4.0m=4000mm
End Condition Applicable : Effectively held in position butnot restrained against rotation
(Le., both endsarehinged).
Effectivelengthofcolumn, left=1== 4.0=4000mm
Areaoflongitudinalreinforcement, A
sc
=2945mm
2
fck 20Nlmm
2
(ForM20concrete)
92
fy =415NImm
2
(ForFe415steel)
i} Ultimateloadcarryingcapacityofthecolumn,
Grossareaofcircularcolumn, A JZ'(4S0)2 =lS9043mm2
g 4
Netareaofconcrete,Ac== Ag- Asc
=159043- 2945
Ac == 156098mm
2
.
Checkforslendernessratio
l,jJ 4000=8.9<12
D 450
Hencethecolumnisshortcolumn
Checktheminimumeccentricity, emin.
, 1 D
e, -+-
min, 500 30
4000 450
e, =--+-
mm, 500 30
Or <23mm<20mm e
mln
.
Also ernin. <0.05D
Le., 0.05x450 22.5mm<23mm
As emin. Is less than 0.05 0, therefore, the load carrying capacity of the axially loaded
shortcolumnisgivenbythefollowingformula:
Pu =OAfckAc+0.67fvAsc
=OAx20x156098+0.67x415x2945
= 1248784+818857.25
UltimateloadPu :=: 2067641.3Nor2067.64kN Ans.
i) Allowablesafe load
Allowablesafeload
:=:
Ultimateload == p. =2067,64=1378.43kNAns.
Partialsafetyfactors 1.5 1.5
93
CHAPTER 4: DESIGN OF SLABS
SECTION A
Multiple Choice Type Questions:
1. Shapeoftheslabis:
a. Square
b. Rectangular
c. Circular
d. Alloftheabove
2. Whencomparedwithonewayslab,thethicknessofslabincaseoftwowayslabis:
a. Less
b. More
c. Equal
d. Noneoftheabove
3. Fordeflectioncontrol,theratioofspantodepthforasimplysupportedonewayslabis:
a. 7
b. 20
c. '26
d. 35
4. Minimum area of reinforcement in either direction of slab using tor steel should not be
lessthan:
a. 0.12%bD
b. 0.15%bD
c. 0.18%bD
d." 0.20%bD
5. Distributionsteelin onewayslabis providedto:
a. Distributethe load
b. Takethetemperaturestresses
c. Taketheshrinkagestresses
d. Alloftheabove
6. Mainsteelisprovidedin aslabto:
a. Distributetheload
b. Resistthebending
c. Takethetemperaturestresses
d. Allofthe above
94
7. In caseofonewayslab, mainsteelisprovidedalongthe:
a. Shorterspan
b. Longerspan
c. Bothway
d. Noneoftheabove
8. Minimumdiameterofbarused in slabis:
a. 8mm
b. 10mm
c. 12mm
d. Noneoftheabove
9. Whenthelengthofslabislessthan2timesthewidth, thenitisknownas:
a. Onewayslab
b. Twowayslab
c. Threewayslab
d. Noneoftheabove
10. Intwowayslab,withcornershelddown,thetorsionsteelis providedat:
a. Top
b. Bottom
c. Middle
d. Both(a) and(b)
KEY:
1. (d) 2. (a) 3. (b) 4. (a) 5. (d)
6. (b) 7. (a) 8. (a) 9. (b) 10. (d)
95
SECTION-B
TrueI FalseTypeQUestions:
1. The vertical members whose effective length is more than three times the least lateral
dimensionarecalledcolumns.
2. A long column can carry lesser load as compared to a short column ofthe same cross
sectionalarea.
3. Theeffectivelengthofacolumn withone endfixedandoneendfreeis0.65I
4. Transversereinforcementdoesnotcontributetothestrengthofacolumn
5. Theminimumnumberofbarsinrectangularcolumnis6.
6. The minimumpercentageofsteelin acolumnis0.80/0
7. Thediameterofbarusedaslateraltiemayvaryfrom 10mmto25mm
8. Eccentricloadedcolumn arepreferredthanaxiallyloadedcolumns.
9. Thelengthwhichtakespartinbucklingistermedaseffectivelengthofcolumn.
10. As per IS recommendations, spacing of longitudinal bars measured along the periphery
ofthecolumnshallnotexceeds300mm.
KEY:
1. T 2. T 3. F 4. F 5. F
6. T 7. F 8. F 9. T 10. T
96
SECTION-C
ShortAnswerTypeQuestions:
Q1. WhatarethedifferentClassificationofslabs?
Ans. Slabscanbeclassifiedintovariouscategoriesasmentionedhereunder.
1. Dependingupontheirshape:
Rectangular,square, circular,triangular, etc.
2.
Dependinguponratioof longspantoshortspan:
a) Onewayslab;When Long span> 2
Short span
b)
Twowayslab;When Long span
--"-''-- <2
Short span
3.
Dependinguponthedifferentboundaryconditions:
a) Free Edge.......................
b) Simplysupported .. E ....
c) Builtin111111111
Q2. Whatareonewayslabs?
Ans. Slabs which have ratio of longer span to shorter span greater than or equal to 2 are
called as one way slabs. Such slabs are also categorized as edge supported slabs (Le.,
Slab supported on two edges/side walls).This type of slab spans in one direction i.e.,
perpendicular to the supporting edges. That way they are also termed one way slabs.
The bending in such slabs also takes place in one direction (Le., perpendicular to
supports).
Q3. Describethetypesofreinforcementinonewayslabs.
Ans. Therearetwotypesofreinforcementprovidedin onewayslabs:
1. MainSteel:
Mainsteel isprovidedalong(parallelto) shorterspan.Thepurposeofthissteelisto
97
DistributionSteel
LongSpan
"I I"
a) takeuptheloads
b) toresistbending
c) tosupportthedistributionsteel.
2. DistributionSteel:
Distribution steel is provided in a direction perpendicular to the direction of main steel
(Le., along longerspan). The distribution bars are notprovided with hooks (Standard U
Shaped)evenifmildsteelisused.
The distribution steel must be tied above the main steel, otherwise the lever arm
(distance between C,G's of compressive and tensile areas) will decrease and thus
resultingin reductionofmomentofresistance.
Momentofresistance=CompressiveortensileforcexLeverarm
WhyDistributionSteelisknownas"stressreinforcement"?Whatisthepurposeof
providingDistributionSteel?
Distribution Steel is known as "stress reinforcement" because It helps in resisting
Q4.
Ans.
shrinkageandtemperaturestresses.
PurposeofProvidingDistributionSteel :
1. Itkeepsthemainreinforcementin position.
2. The most important purpose of providil"!g distribution steel is to distribute the
concentratedloadcomingovertheslab.
Giveany5differencesbetweenonewayandtwowayslabs.
Ans.
Q5.
TwowaySlab OnewaySlab
<2
ItemDescription S.No.
1.
Ratioof Longspan
Shortspan
2.
Alongboththespans BendingofSlab Alongshorterspan
Provided along both Main Steel Provided along
shorterspan
3.
thespans
Less ThicknessofSlab More 4.
Less Quantity of Steel
More 5.
required
Q6. GivetheISspecificationsfortheeffectivespaninthefollowingcases:
a) simplysupportedslab
b) Cantilever
Ans. Effectivespanforvariousendsupportingconditionsareasfollows:
98
a) Forsimplysupportedslabs:
Theeffectivespanofasimplysupportedslabistakenastheleastamong
i) distancebetweencentretocentreofsupports.
ii) Cleardistancebetweenthesupportsplustheeffectivedepthofslab.
b) Cantilever:
The effective length of cantilever shall be taken as its length to the face of the
support plus half the effective depth, except where it forms the end of a
continuousbeamwherethelengthtothecentreofthesupportshallbetaken.
Q7. Whataretheverticaldeflectionlimitsforslabs?
Ans. Forslabs, thevertical deflectionlimits maybesatisfied provided the span todepth ratios
arenotgreaterthanthevaluesobtainedasbelow:
a) Forspansupto10m
CantileverSlabs 7
SimplySupported 20
ContinuousSlabs 26
b) For spans above 10 m, the values in (a) maybe multiplied by in meters,
Span
exceptforcantileversinwhichcalculationsfordeflectionshouldbe made.
Q8. WhataretheISrecommendationsforthecover- to-reinforcementinslabs?
Ans. The provisions for providing concrete cover, excluding plaster or other decorative
finishes, to the reinforcement depends upon the exposure conditions and fire safety.
Reinforcement shall have concrete cover and the thickness of such cover (excluding
plaster) shallbeasfollows:
\
a) The reinforcement shall have a minimum clear cover of 20 mm or diameter of
suchbarwhich everis greater.
b) At each end of reinforcing bar(end cover) notlessthan 25 mm and in no case
shouldbelessthantwicethediameterofbars.
c) When exposed to harmful chemical attacks the increase may be permitted but
notmorethan75mm.
Q9. Writeshortnoteona)Overlappingb)Loadingonslabs.
Ans. A) Overlapping: Not more than 50% of the bars be spliced at one point. The
overlapping of bars must not be in the region of maximum bending moments.
Splicelengthmaybethegreatervalueamong 30 orLd
B) Loading on slabs: Slabs are generally designed to carry transverse loads
comingoverit. Thetotal loadon slabconsistsofthecombinationsof:
1. DeadLoad(D.L.)alsoknownasselfweightofslab.
2. Externaldeadloadsi.e.,weightofpartitions,finishing,etc.
99
,
3. Live.load (L.L.) The other types of loads on structural slab can be snow load,
windload,seismicloadsetc.
Q10. Whataretwowayslabs?Howwillyouclassifythetwowayslab?
Ans. When ratio oflongerspantoshorterspan ofaslab, supported on four sides, is lessthan
2, thenitisknown asatwowayslab.
In twowayslabs,thetotal load isdividedon both the spans insteadofone as in case of
one way slab. Therefore, the main reinforcement is provided in both the direction. That
meansnodistributionsteelisprovided.
Theslabsspanningintwodirectionscanbeclassifiedintwocategories. :
i) Simplysupportedslabs
ii) RestrainedSlabs
Q11. Whatarethevariousendconditionsforrestrainedslab?
Ans. Variousendrestrainedconditions:
1. InteriorPanels(withallfouredgescontinuous)
2. Oneshortedgediscontinuous(Butotherthreeedgesarecontinuous)
3. Onelongedgediscontinuous(Butotherthreeedgescontinuous)
4. Twoadjacentedgesdiscontinupus(Othertwoedgesarecontinuous)
5. Twoshortedgesdiscontinuous(othertwolongedgescontinuous)
6. Twolongedgesdiscontinuous(twoshortedgescontinuous)
7. Threeedgesarediscontinuous(onelongedgeiscontinuous)
8. Threeedgesdiscontinuous(oneshortedgeiscontinuous)
9. Fouredgesdiscontinuous.
Q12. Whatwillbetheminimumdiameterofbarusedintheconstructionofslabs?
Ans: Slabconsistsofthreetypeofreinforcements, which include, Mainsteel, Distributionsteel
andstirrups.Therequirementofdiameterofbarforthesetypeofsteelisasperfollows:
1. Mainsteel: Minimumdiameterofbar8mm
2. Distributionsteel:Minimumdiameterofbar8mm
3. Stirrups: Minimumdiameterofbar6mm
100
SECTIOND
Long AnswerTypeQuestions:
Q1. Whatareslabs?Classifythem.
Ans. Slabs are plane structural members whose mickness is quite small as compared to its
other dimensions. Slabs are mostly used as floors and rO?f coverings.Slabs can be of
variousshapessuch as circular, rectangular, square and triangularin abuilding, storage
tanks, etc. Slabs supportmainlytransverse loads and transferthem to end supports by
bendingactioninoneofdirections.
The slabs are generallydesigned like beams but on the assumption thattheyconsist of
number of beams (strips) of breadth one metre. For designing the slabs, the bending
moments and shear forces are calculated in the same way as it is done in case of
rectangular beams. The load perunit area will be considered as load per unit length of
theimaginarybeamhavingunitwidthand span (I).
Classificationofslabs
Slabscanbeclassifiedintovariouscategoriesasmentionedhereunder.
1. Dependingupontheirshape:
Rectangular,square,circular,triangular, etc.
2. Dependinguponratiooflongspantoshortspan:
a) Onewayslab;When Longspan>2
Shortspan
b) Twowayslab;When Longspan <2
Shortspan
3. Dependinguponthedifferentboundaryconditions:
a) Free Edge ..........
b) Simplysupported 7i...
c) Builtin//1//1///
DO
Fig.Slabswith Differentboundaryconditions.
Q2. What are one way slabs? Also describe the types of reinforcement in one way
slabs.
Ans. Slabs which have ratio oflongerspan to shorterspan greaterthan orequal to arecalled
as one way slabs. Such slabs are also categorized as edge supported slab (Le., Slab
supportedontwoedges/sidewalls).
101
I'"
This type of.slab spans in one direction Le., perpendiculartothe supporting edges. That
waythey are alsotermed one way slabs. The bending in such slabs alsotakes place in
one direction (Le., perpendiculartosupports).Thatiswhythe main reinforcementisalso
providedalongshorterspananddistributionsteelalonglongerspanasshowninFig.
LongSpan
WalllBeam
Iiol
Fig.SlabSpanningAlongOneDirection Slab)
TypesofReinforcementin onewayslabs:
Therearetwotypesofreinforcementprovidedinonewayslabs:
1. MainSteel:
Mainsteelisprovidedalong(parallelto)shorterspan.Thepurposeofthissteelisto
a) takeuptheloads
b) to resistbending
c) tosupportthedistributionsteel.
. Generally alternative main bars are bent up at 117 distance from the centre of supports
whichmeanshalfthenumberofbarsarestraightbarsandhalfbarsarebentupbars.
2. DistributionSteel:
Distribution steel is provided in a direction perpendicular to the direction of main steel
(Le., along longer span). The distribution bars are not provided with hooks (Standard U
Shaped) even ifmildsteelisused.
The distribution steel must be tied above the main steel, otherwise the lever arm
(distance between C,G's of compressive and tensile areas) will decrease and thus
resultinginreductionofmomentofresistance.
Momentofresistance=CompressiveortensileforcexLeverarm
Itis clearlyseenfrom theaboverelationthatmomentof resistanceisdirectlyproportional
toleverarm.
PurposeofProvidingDistributionSteel:
1. Itkeepsthemainreinforcementin position.
2. The most important purpose of providing distribution steel is to distribute the
concentratedloadcomingovertheslab.
3. It helps in resisting shrinkage and temperature stresses and that's why itis also
knownas"stressreinforcement."
102
Q3. Whataretwowayslabs?Differentiatebetweenonewayandtwowayslabs.
Ans. When ratio of longerspan to shorterspan ofaslab, supported on four sides, islessthan
2,thenitisknownasatwowayslab.
Intwowayslabs, thetotal load is dividedon boththe spansinsteadof one asin case of
one wayslab. Therefore, the main reinforcement is provided in both the direction. That
meansnodistributionsteelisprovided.
Providingmainsteel alongboth spansreducesthe shearforce, bendingand deflection in
slabs. Therefore resulting in slabs of smaller thickness with less quantity of steel
reinforcement.
Hence,twowayslabsareconsideredto beeconomical.
Comparisonbetweenonewayslabandtwowayslab.
S.No.
1.
Ratioof
2.
3.
MainSteel
4.
5.
6.
required
.7.
Q4. GivetheISspecificationsfortheeffectivespaninthefollowingcases:
a) simplysupportedslab
b) continuousslabs
c) Cantilever
. Ans. Effective Span : Proper assessment'of the effective span is very important because it
playsavital role incalculatingthe bendingmoment. Bendingmomentvariesas asquare
ofeffectivelength.
Effectivespanforvariousendsupportingconditionsareasfollows:
a) Forsimplysupportedslabs:
103
ItemDescription OnewaySlab TwowaySlab
Long span 2':2 <2
Short span
Alongshorter Alongboth the
BendingofSlab
span spans
Providedalong Providedalongboth
shorterspan thespans
Providedalong Nodistributionsteel
DistributionSteel
longerspanand requiredandthe
abovethemain mainsteelis
steel. providedalongboth
spans.
ThicknessofSlab
More \ Less
QuantityofSteel
More Less
CostofSlab
,
.More ILess(I.e. I
_____---LI_--'-__ ___
Theeffective-spanofasimplysupportedslabistakenastheleastamong
i) distancebetweencentretocentreofsupports.
ii) Cleardistancebetweenthesupportsplustheeffectivedepthofslab.
RCCSIab
EffectiveSpan(t) -----
Supports 1..........-----:.- ClearSpan(L}I-----....
..._.:...:...::.....-------- TotalSpan,-----------...:-=-....... \...
b) ForContinuousSlab:
In caseofcontinuousslabs, ifthewidthofthesupportislessthan 1 oftheclearspan,
12
theeffectivespanshallbecalculatedbyfollowingtheproceduregivenin(a) above.
In case the supports are widerthan ofthe clearspan or600 mm which everis less,
12
theeffectivespanshallbetaken as under;
i) Forend spanwithoneendfixed andthe otherend continuousorforintermediate
spans,theeffectivespan shallbetheclearspanbetweenthesupports.
ii) Forend span with one end freeand othercontinuous, theeffectivespan maybe
taken equal toclearspan plushalfthe effectivedepth offthe slab, orclearspan
plushalfthewidthofthediscontinuoussupport,whicheverisless.
c) Cantilever:
The effective length of cantilever shall be taken as its length to the face ofthe support
plus halfthe effective depth except where itforms the end of acontinuous beam where
thelengthtothecentreofthesupportshall betaken.
05. GivetheISrecommendationsforthedeflectioncontrolinslabs.
Ans. The deflection ofstructureorpartthere ofshall notadversely affectthe appearance and
efficiency of the structure orfinishes or partitions. For slabs, the vertical deflection limits
may be satisfied provided the span to depth ratios are not greater than the,values
obtainedasbelow:
a) Forspansupto10m
CantileverSlabs 7
SimplySupported. 20
ContinuousSlabs 26
b) For spans above 10m,the values in (a) may be multiplied by in meters,
Span
exceptforcantileversinwhichcalculationsfordeflectionshouldbemade.
104
c)
Depending on the areaand type ofsteel fortension reinforcement, the values in
(a) or(b) shallbemodifiedasperFig.
o 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2.0 0.4 2.8 3.0
2.0
1\ \ \ \ \
1\
\
1"-
\
-"-
"- f',
.......
t--..
1.6
!\. "I'...
......
'" --
-
f8'O.145
f'.
r--
I-- - l-
I-
I'-
Note: - , salvice
4
, .' mj
o.
PercentageTensionReinforcement
15=0.58tv Area ofcrosssectionol$!oolrequired
Area 01 ClOSS' eection ofsteelprOlrided
1.5
1,.4
If
1.3
...
1.2
1.1
V
1.0
o
-
, ,
L
/'"
V
./
V
!
P
to-
0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00
,PercentageTensionReinforcement
1.00
1/
0.95
/
0.90
!
If
L
0.85
/
lO.80
0.75
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
RatioofWebwidth
toFlangewidth
SolidSlabs:
(i) For slabs spanning in two directions, the shorter of the two slabs shall be used for
calculatingslabto effectivedepthratios.
(ii) For the special case of two way slabs of small spans (upto 3.5m) with mild steel
reinforcement, the shorter span to overall depth ratios given below may generally be
105
r
I
I
assumed to satisfy vertical deflection limits (without using the check for deflection
control)forloadingclassupto3000N/m
2
Forsimplysupportedslabs=35
Continuousslabs =40
But for HYSD (high yield strength deformed bars of Fe 415 grade), the values given
aboveshallbemultipliedby0.8
Note(iii)Permissibleshearstressinslab(AsperIS:456-2000,Clause40.2.1.1)
Forsolidslabs, permissibleshearstressinconcreteshallbe k.T thevalueofkisgivenbelow:
c
ave,,,,, depthof,'ab 300on"ore 275 2so 2:!51200
175
1150
(D)mm I I Less
~ I u e of k_-=-=-- 1.00----tT05 1.10 1 1 ~ 5 If2- 1.2ST'f.30
Q6. DiscusstheISrecommendationsforthereinforcementinslabs.
Ans. i) Minimumareaofreinforcement:
The area of reinforcement in either direction in slabs shall not be less than
0.12% of the gross cross-sectional area of the slab i.e.. , O.12bQ_ For HYSD
100
steel 0.15% of the gross cross-sectional areaof the slab i.e.,0.15bD - Formild
100
steel
(ii) Maximul')1diameterofsteelbar:
As per IS specifications, the maximum diameter of the reinforcing barin a slab
shouldnotexceed ! timestheoverallthicknessoftheslab.
8
(iii) Covertoreinforcement:
Theprovisionsforprovidingconcretecover, excluding plasterorotherdecorative
finishes, to the reinforcement depends upon the exposure conditions and fire
safety. Reinforcementshallhaveconcretercoverandthethicknessofsuchcover
(excludingplaster)shallbeasfollows:
a) The reinforcement shall have a minimum clear cover of 20 mm or
diameterof-suchbarwhicheverisgreater.
b) Ateachendofreinforcing bar(endcover) notlessthan25mmand in no
caseshouldnotbelessthantwicethediameterofbars.
c) When exposed to harmful chemical attacks the increase may be
permittedbutnotmorethan75mm.
iv) Spacingofreinforcement:
a) Minimumspacingbetweenindividualbars:
106
v) Theminimumhorizontaldistancebetweentwoparallelmainreinforcingbarsshall
hot be less than the diameter of the bar or 5 mm more than the nominal
maximumsizeofcoarseaggregateusedintheconcrete,whicheverismore
Note: In case of unequal diameter bars, the diameter of larger bar is considered for
calculations.
vi) In case if it is desiredto provide main bars in two ormore layers (one overthe
other), the minimum vertical clear distance between anytwo layers of the bars
shall normally be 15 mm or 3. timesthe nominal maximum size ofaggregate or
3
themaximumsizeofthebarwhicheverisgreater.
a) Maximumdistancebetweenbarsintension:
i) The centretocentre distance (pitch) of the main tensile bars in slab should not
exceed three times the effective depth of the slab or 300 mm whichever is
smaller.
ii) Thepitchofthebars providedtoactas distributionbarorbars,providedtoguard
againsttemperature orshrinkage in slabs, shall notexceed5 timesthe effective
depthofslabor450mmwhicheverissmaller.
iii) Curtailmentofmainbars:
The main reinforcement bars may be curtained orbent-up, beyond a particular
point atwhich itis no longer required to resist bending. Theoretical cutoff point
may be calculated as mentioned in design of beams. And then actual point of
curtailmentmaybeascertained.
iv) Splicingofreinforcement(Overlapping) ~
Notmorethan 50% ofthe bars be spliced atone point. The overlappingofbars
must notbe in the region ofmaximum bending moments. Splice length maybe
thegreatervalueamong 30! orLd
vi) Loadingon Slabs:
Slabs are generally designed to carrytransverse loadscoming over it. The total
loadonslabconsistsofthecombinationsof:
1. DeadLoad(D.L.) alsoknownasselfweightofslab.
2. Externaldeadloadsi.e.,weightofpartitions,finishing, etc.
3. Live load (L.L.) The othertypes ofloads on structural slab can be snow
load,wind load, seismicloadsetc.
Note: UnitweightofRCC=25000N/m
3
(ifnotmentioned)
UnitweightofPCC=24000N/m
3
(ifnotmentioned)
Unitweightoflimeconcrete=19200N/m
3
(ifnotmentioned)
107
Q7. Givethestepbystepprocedureforthedesignofonewayslab.
Ans. DataGiven':
1. ExternalD.L. andL.L.
2. Clearoreffectivespanofslab.
3. Gradeofconcreteandsteelused.
StepwiseProcedure:
Step1 Dividetheslabintostripsof1mwidthandthestripwill bedesignedasbeamAssume 1m
widthoftheslab (Le., b= 1m). Thedesignforthis 1m stripwill be appliedto all other1 m
strips.
Step2 Assumeeffectivedepth :
Tocalculatetheselfweightofslab,overalldepth(D)oftheslabisrequired.
D= d+ effectivecover
Where, d=Effectivedepth andd=EjfectieSpan EjfectieSpan
, to'-""----'-
25 30
EffectiveCovermaybeassumed=20mmto30mm
Step3.Findtheeffectivespan
Findeffectivebearing/wallthickness
i) Forspansupto3.5m, bearing 200mm
ii) Forspansupto5.5m, bearing 300mm
iii) Forspansupto7.0m, bearing=400mm
Effectivespanisleastofthefollowings
i) L+!bearing+!bearing
2 2
ii) 1=L+d
Where l=Effectivespan
L Clearspan
d=Effectivedepth
Step4 Calculatethefactoredlead(wuJ ontheslab
TotalFactoredload(wu)=1.5xw
Where, w=D.L.+L.L.+Finishingload.
Step5 Calculatefactoredmaximumbendingmoment(MuJ
Mu=
(Where,Wu =Factoredloadperunitlength)
8
Step6 Designslabasbalanced.section.
Forabalancedsection, Mu=Mu{lim)
Where, Mu(lim) =0.148jckbd2 (ForFe250steel)
(ForFe415steel)
0.138fck
bd2
(ForFe500steel)
0.133fck
bd2
108
Note: Determine the value of d from the above equation and if the value of d (calculated) is
morethan d (assumed)then revisethedesign. Byincreasingthe effectivedepthin step 2
andagainrepeatsteps3, 4, 5, 6tillthed(calculated)islessthand(assumed).
Step7 Calculatetheareaofmainsteel(AsJ
Mu 0.87f A [d fyASl J
y $1 +b
Jck
Normallybarsofdiameter8mm, 10mmand 12mmareusedasmainbars.
Checkforminimumareaofsteelrequired:
Minimumareaofsteel 0.12hD ForHYSDsteel(Fe415grade)
100
0.15bD
100 formildsteel(Fe250grade)
Step8 Calculatespacingofmainbars
c/cspacingofmainsteel= Areaojonebarxb
Ast
c/cspacingshouldnotbelessthan
i) 3timeseffectivedepth(Le. ,3d)
ii) 300mm.
Assumingthatalternatebarsarebentupatdistanceof0.10Lfromthefaceofsupport
Step9 Determinetheareaofdistributionsteel:
Areaofdistributionsteel =O.12bD ForHYSDsteel(Le. Fe415and Fe500grade)
And
100
0.15bD
Formildsteel(Le. Fe250grade)
100
Findc/cspacingofdistributionbars Axb
Where AlP Areaofonebar
B=Width 1m=100mm
As! == Areaofsteelintension
Calculatedspacingshouldbelessthan
i) 5timeseffectivedepthslab(Le., 5b)
ii) 450mm.
Step10ApplyCheckforShear
Mostlythe slabs are safe in shear because alternative bars (Le. half the steel) are bent
up. Find 'l"v' 'l"c' 'l"c(max.) and assuming that alternative bars are bent up Le., half the
steelisreachingsupports.
109
Conditions:
1:v <1:c(max,)
1:c <1:c(max,)
Noshearreinforcementis required
Shearreinforcementis required
Step11. Apply check for development length
Ld 1.03
M1
+4
V
Step 12.Apply check for deflection (Limit State of Serviceability)
Findthevalueof fsc andfindcorrespondingmodificationfactors kt,kc,kj
(
i) >(ii
d max dJProvided
Q8. Design the reinforcement details of a simply supported slab resting on masonry
walltothefollowingrequirements:
i) Clearspan=3.00m
ii) Liveload=2.5kN/m2
iii) UsM20concreteandFe 415steel.Assumeanyothermissingdata,
Ans.: ClearspanL:::!. 3.0m=3000mm
2
LiveloadL.L.=2.5 kN/m =2500N/m21ck == 20N/mm
2
fCk =20NI mm
2
fy == 415 N/mm
2
.
Step1 Assuming 1mwidthofslabLe., b=1m== 1000mm.
Step2 Assumeeffectivedepthofslabb= SpantoSpan
25 30
Assumingeffectivecovertoreinforcement =30mm
.
.
. Effectivedepth,d= 3000""120mm
25
D d+effectivecover
=120+30== 150mm
Step3. Findeffectivelength (leastofthefollowings)
Assumingbearingof200mmoneachend
1=L+.!. Bearingfrom bothsides
2
110
_3000 200 200
- +-+
2 2
=3200mm==3.2m
l=L+d
== 3000+120=3120=3.12m
.
.. Effectivelengthofslab (I) =3.12m
Step4 Finddesign(factored)Load(wu)
Selfweight(Dol.)ofslab=bxDxUnitwightofRCC
[UnitweightofRCC=
= 1.0x0.150x2500
=3750N/m
L.L.onSlab =2.5kN/m2 =2,5x1=2.5kN/m
== 2500N/m
Wu=1.5(2500+3750)
Totalfactored loadWu =9375N/m
Step5 Findfactored maximumbendingmoment(Mu)
M =W)2
u 8
9375x(3.12)2
==
8
=11407.5Nm
Mu=11407.5x 10
3
Nmm
Step6 FindM
ulim
2
M"(lim) =0.138f
ck
bd
MU(lim) =0.138x20xlOOOxd
2
=2760d
2
ForBalancedsection
Mu ==Mu(liffi)
11407.5X10
3
=2760d
2
d
2760
d 64.28mm<120mm(assumedvalue)
HencedepthassumedisOK(Le., d==120 mmand D=150mm)
Step7 Calculatetheareaofmainsteelrequired :
Mu:=0.87fyAst[d_fyAst ]
fckb
111
415xA"
11407.5xlO!==0.87x415xN'
[
120
11407.5x10
3
361.05A
s
J120-0.021AS/]
2
11407.5xl0
3
:::: 43326A -7.58Ast
sr
43326A
s,
+11407.5x103==0
A,/- 5715.83A
s1
+1504947::::0
5715.83.,)(5715.83)- 4x1x1504947
As, 2
5715.835162.45
::::--------
2
5715.83+5162 5715.83-5162.45
::::
2 2
== 5439,176.10
2
TakevalueofAs! :::: 276.10mm (Considering-vevalue)
i.e., Areaofsteelpermeterwidthofslab=276.10mm2
Checkforminimumareasteel required
Minimumareaofsteel _0.126D
- 100
== 0.12x1000x150 180mm2
100
2 2
Steelprovided(276.70mm minimumsteelrequired (180mm )
Henceitis OK.
StepS Calculatespacingofmainbars
Assuming of main bar 10mm
Areaofone bar == J'l"(10)2 78.54mm
2
4
c/c spacing:::: 78.54x1000::::283.84mm
Ast 276.70
Letthec/c spacing=280mmC/C
Itshouldbelessthan
i) 3d :::: 3x120:::: 360 mm
ii) 300mm
Hence, spacingsatisfytheabovementionedcriteria
.
. . clearspacing between bars== 280- 10=270mm
Itshould be morethan
i) Diameterofbar:::: 10mm
ii) Nominalsizeofaggregate+5mm:::: 15+5:::: 20mm
Provide10mm <I> steel @ 280mmc/c]
112
Step9 Calculatetheareaofdistributionsteel
Areaofdistributionsteel 0.12bD
100
0.12x1000x150
100
2
Areaofdistributionsteel::::180mm
Providing8mm barsasdistributionsteel
Areaofonebar(of8mm ), A = JZ"(8)2 50.26mm2
4
c/cl spacing of8mm bars:::: xb
Areaojdistributionsteel
50.26x1000
180
= 279.22mm"-"275mm
Itshouldbe lessthan
i) 5d :::: 5x120:::: 600mm
ii) 450mm
Henceitis OK.Provide8mm distributionbars @ 275mmc/c
Step10Checkforshear
Thecritical sectionforshearis atadistanced, i.e., 120mm from innerface ofsupportor
220mm (120+ 220mm) from centreofsupport.
FactoredS.F. atcriticalsection, V
u
2
-wx
u,
= 9375x3.l2-9375x0.220
2
:::: 14625-2062.5
Vu == 12625.5N
NominalShearFor.ce,
V
t' ==_u
v bd
t' = 12562.5 ==0.lONlmm
2
v 1000x120
Maximumshearstressin concrete, t'c(max.) =2.8NImm
2
[ForM20concrete}
p:::: 100As lOOx140 =0.12%
bd 1000x120
A =l[78.SX1000]=140mm
2
'2 280
Forp:::: 0.12%and M20concrete,thevalueof t'c
113
1: =0.28 N/mm2
c
Forsolidslabs 1: ::;; 0.28xk (k=1.30fordepthofslab<150)
c
0.28x130 0.36
Conditionsforshearconsiderations
1. 1:
c
<1:
c
(max)
0.10N/mm2<2.8N/mm2 HenceitisOK.
2.
1:
c
< 1:
c
(max)
0.36N/mm2<2.8N/mm2 Henceitis OK.
3.
1:
c
<1:
c
(max)
0.10N/mm2<0.36N/mm2 HenceitisOK.
.
.
. NO extra shear reinforcement is required, the slab is safe in shear because half the
numberofbarsarebentup.
Step 11 Check fordevelopment length
L <I.3M1 T
d- V +'-1)
Where, Ld == 0.87fill=0.87x415xlO
4Tbd 4x1.92
[ForM20and Fe415, 1:bd =1.6x1.2: 1.92N/mm2 FromTable]
L
d
::;; 470.12mm
M1 Momentof resistanceprovidedby10mm fjJ bars @ 280mmc/c
M =O.87xf xA [d_fyAS/I] W)2
1 y st! f b 8
ck
Where, A =Areaof onebaroflOmmxb::;; 78.5=280mm2::;;280 mm
2
I
----J----- .
I
I
I I
I
I I
I
I
I
I
I
".
'--8 mrn<I> 0260mmc/c
BottomPlan(DottedWn....ShowBent-upPortionotBars)
(b)
_________________ _________
,,_________ ____________________
Bar Benc:lingAf'angarnem
(C) .
DetailsofReln'e>.rce........1 InOn...._aySlab
121
Q10. Howwillyouclassifythetwoway slab?Discusssimplysupportedslabindetails.
.
Ans. Theslabsspanningintwodirectionscanbeclassifiedintwo categories. :
I. Simplysupportedslabs
II. RestrainedSlabs
Fortwowayslabs, <2where, 1y and I." =Effectivespansin longerandshorterspans
.
respectively.
Simplysupportedslabs(Withcornersnothelddown)
When simply supported slabs are subjected to external loads, they have tendency to lift
atcornersduetotorsional momentin the slab. Thefactored maximum bending moments
perunitwidthincaseofasimplysupportedslabaregivenby:
Mux=axw);
Mil)'
Where, M and M = Factoredmaximumbendingmomentsatmidspan
ax uy
stripsunitwidthspanningIx andIy respectively.
ax and a
y
=Bendingmomentcoefficients
Wu =Totaldesign(Factored) load(u.d.l.)perunitarea.
Ix =Effectivespanofshorterspan
ly =Effectivespanoflongerspan
Table : Bending moment coefficients for slabs spanning in two directions at right angle, simply
supportedonfoursided.
1.0 0.062 .0.062 I
1.1 0.074 i 0.061
i1.2
.0.084 1
0
.
059
a. Bendingmoment
b. Shearforce
c. Torsionalmoment
d. Noneoftheabove
8.
Abuildingframeisastructure,which is:
a. Staticallydeterminate
b. Staticallyindeterminate
c. Both (a)and (b)
d. Noneoftheabove
9.
isthetypeofsubstituteframe.
a. Threespan structurewithtwostoreycolumns
b. Substituteframeforwall columns
c. Substituteframefortwopanelwidebuilding
d. Allofthe above
10.
Themostgeneraltypeofsubstituteframewithirregularspacingofcolumnsis:
a. Threespan structurewithtwostoreycolumns
b. Substituteframeforwallcolumns
c. Substituteframefortwopanelwidebuilding
d. All oftheabove
11. Abuildingframeis a:
a. One dimensionalstructure
b. Twodimensionalstructure
c. Threedimensionalstructure
d. All oftheabove
12.
Ratiooftherigidityofthebeamtothatofthe column is:
a. Largerin upperfloorsthan in lowerfloors
b. Largerin lowerfloorsthaninupperfloors
c. Samein lowerand upperfloors
d. Noneoftheabove
13.
ThevalueofPositiveBendingMomentin e ~ m s increaseswith:
a. Decreaseoftherigidity
b. Increaseofthe rigidity
c. Both(a)and (b)
d. Noneoftheabove
130
14. The bendingmomentsin the beamsandcolumnsofasUbstitute frame maybe computed
by method.
a. Slope- deflectionmethod
b. Momentdistributionmethod
c. Buildingframeformula
d. Alloftheabove
I
I
\
15. Whichmethod resultsintoomanyequationstobesolvedsimultaneously?
a. Slope- deflection method
b. Momentdistributionmethod
c. BUildingframeformula
d. Kani'smethod
16. Themethodusedfortheanalysisofbuildingframessubjectedtolateralforcesis:
a. Portal method
b. Cantilevermethod
c. Factormethod
d. All oftheabove
17. Point of contraflexure in each memberlies at its mid - span ormid - heightisassumed
in:
a. Portal method
b. Cantilevermethod
c. Factormethod
d. Alloftheabove
18. Which method is more accurate and is more
variousmembersaredifferent?
a. Portal method
b. Cantilevermethod
c. Factormethod
d. All oftheabove
19. Thefixed end momentiscalculatedusingexpression:
a. wt}/8
b. wL
2
/12
c. wL2/24
d. Noneoftheabove
131
useful when the moments of inertia of
20. Forcolumnswhicharefixedatthebase,thecolumnfactoristakenas:
a. 1.00
b. 1.50
c. 2.00
d. Noneoftheabove
Key:
1. (c) 2. (d) 3. (c) 4. (c) 5. (d) 6. (a)
7. (b) 8. (b) 9. (d) 10. (a) 11. (c) 12. (a)
13. (a) 14. (d) 15. (a) 16. (d) 17. (c) 18. (c)
19. (b) 20. (a)
132
SECTION B
True IFalse Type Questions:
1. Portalframesarealsousedin stiffeninglargespanbridgegirdersorasviaducts.
2. Portal frames essentially consist of vertical member and top member which may be
horizontal,curvedorpitched.
3. Theframeishavingrollersupportatthebase.
4. Therewillbeaswayinportalframeittheloadingissymmetrical.
5. Amulti-storeyed,multi-panelledframeisacomplicatedstaticallyindeterminatestructure.
6. Abuildingframeissubjectedtoboththeverticalaswellashorizontalloads.
7. Thehorizontalloadsconsistofwindforcesand earthquakeforces.
8. The ability of multi-storey buildings to resist wind and other lateral forces depend upon
the rigidityofconnectionbetweenthebeamsandcolumns.
9. In case of portal method, horizontal shear taken by each interior column is half the
horizontalsheartakenbyeachexteriorcolu(l1n.
10. Bendingmomentislargerinupperstoreysandsmallerinlowerstoreys.
Key:
1. T 2. T 3. F 4. F 5. T
6. T 7. T 8. T 9. F 10. T
133
l
SECTION-C
ShortAnswerTypeQuestions:
Q1. Whatarethevariousmethodsfortheanalysisofportalframes?
Ans. A portal frame is subjected tovertical loads from its roof etc. as well as horizontal loads
dueto wind. The loads coming on thecolumns as well as roof can be easilyfound. The
analysisoftheportalframesfordeterminingthebendingmomentandshearforce maybe
donebythefollowing methods.:
1. Slope-deflectionmethod
2. Momentdistributionmethod
3. Strainenergymethod
4. Kani'smethod
Q2. WriteashortnoteonBuildingFrames.
Ans. A building frame maycontain a numberof bays, and may have several storeys. A multi-
storeyed, multi-paneled frame is a complicated statically indeterminate structure. It
consists of a numberofbeamsandcolumns built monolithically, forming a network. The
floors and the walls are supported on beamswhich transmit the loadsto thecolumns. A
building frame is subjected to both the vertical as well as horizontal loads. The vertical
loads consists of the dead weight of structural components such as beams, slabs,
columnsetc., and live load.Thehorizontal loadsconsistofthe wind forces and the earth
quakeforces.
The bending moment at the end of anyone span of the continuous beam cannot be
transferred to the beam in the.next spanwithout subjecting the columns to bending.
Instead of transmitting the bending moment in full to the beam in the next span, part of
the momentistransferredtothecolumnsabove andbelowthebeam,andthebalanceto
thebeam.
Q3. Whataresubstituteframes?
Ans. The analysis of multi-storeyed multi-paneled building frame is very cumbersome, since
the frame contains a number of continuous beams and columns. The moments in any
beam or column are mainly due to the loads on spans very close to it.Due to this, a
simple methodof analysis, accurateenough for practical purpose, is used byanalyzinga
small portion of the frame, called 'substitute frame' rather than analysis of the whole
frame.
Q4. Whatarethedifferentendconditionsusedforsubstituteframes?
Ans. The restraining effect of anyone member, upon other members forming a joining
dependsalsoupontheconditionexistingon theotherend ofthe restraining member.
Theotherendmayhave threeconditions:
134
i) freetoturn(Le. hinged),
(ii) partiallyrestrained,or
(iii) rigidlyfixed.
The restraining effect is largestforthe rigidly fixed conditions ofthe end and smallestfor
free end. It should be noted that the restraining effect of a fixed member is one third
largerthanthe restrainingeffectif itwerefreetoturn.
QS.
Howthebeamsshouldbeloadedformaximumbendingmoments?
Ans.
Thebeamsshouldbeloadedwithliveloadsasfollowsformaximumeffects:
i) Formaximumpositive B.M. Atthe mid-pointCofaspan AB, the loadsshould be
placedonthespanandonalternativespans.
ii) Formaximum negative B.M.Atthemid-pointCofaspanAB,thespanABshould
be unloaded while load should be placed on spans adjacent to the span under
consideration.
iii) FormaximumnegativeB.M. AtthesupportA, loadsshouldbeplacedonthetwo
spansadjacenttothesupport..
Whenthe spans ofbeams are not equal, substitute frames should be selected in which
thelargestspanformsthe centrespanandalsoframes in whichthesmallestspanforms
thecentrespan.
Q6.
Writeashortnoteonanalysisofframessubjectedtohorizontalforces.
Aris.
A building frame is subjected to horizontal forces due to wind pressure and seismic
effects. These horizontalforcescauseaxialforces in columns and bending momentin all
the members ofthe frame. Building frame is a highly indeterminate structure. Each cut
beam will thus have three unknown reaction components: moment (M), shear (F) and
axial thrust (H). Each column with its cut' beams will act as a cantilever, which is a
staticallydeterminatestructure.
Following approximate methods are commonly used for the analysis of building frames
subjectedtolateralforces. :
1. Portalmethod.
2. Cantilev.ermethod.
3. Factormethod.
Q7. Whataretheassumptionsmadeinportalmethod?
Ans.
Theportalmethodisbasedon thefollowingtwoimportantassumptions:
i) thepOints ofcontraflexurein allthememberslieattheirmid-points.
ii) Horizontal shear taken by each interior column is double the horizontal shear
taken byeachofexteriorcolumn.
135
Q8. Whatareportalframes?
Ans: Frames.are widely used in the construction of large sheds for industrial buildings. They
arealsousedinstiffening largespanbridgegirdersorasviaducts.
Aportalframe essentiallyconsists ofvertical members(called columns) andtopmember
which may be horizontal, curved or pitched. The vertical and top members are rigidly
joined.Theframes maybe fixed orhinged atthe base. The portal frames are spaced at
suitabledistance,andsupporttheroofwhich mayconsistofeitheracontinuousslab,ora
beam-slabsystem.
Q9. Whataretheassumptionsmadeincantilevermethod?
Ans. Thecantilevermethodisbasedonthefollowingassumptions:
i) Pointsofcontraflexurein eachmemberliesatitsmid-spanormid-height.
ii) The direct stresses (axial stress) in the columns, due to horizontal forces, are
directly, proportional to their distance from the centroidal vertical axis of the
frame.
Q10. Whataredifferenttypesofsubstituteframes?
Ans. Underordinaryconditions,thefollowing fourtypesofsubstitutestructuresareconsidered
sufficient:
a) three-spanstructurewithtwostoreycolumns
b) substituteframeforwall columns
c) substituteframefortwopanelwidebuilding
d) substituteframeforone panelwidebuilding
136
SECTION- 0
LongAnswerTypeQuestions:
Q1. Whatare Portal Frames? Whatarethevarious methodsfor the analysisofportal
frames?
Ans: Frames are widely used in the construction of large sheds for industrial buildings. They
arealsousedinstiffeninglargespanbridgegirdersorasviaducts.
A portal frame essentiallyconsistsofvertical members(called columns) andtopmember
which may be horizontal, curved or pitched. The vertical and top members are rigidly
joined. Theframes maybefixed orhinged atthe base. The portal frames are spacedat
suitabledistance,andsupporttheroofwhich mayconsistofeitheracontinuousslab, ora
beam-slabsystem. Fig.showvariousforms ofportalframes.
nO
p
ee) (d)
Figure:Portal Frames
\
AnalysisofPortalFrames:-
A portal frame is subjected to vertical loads from its roof etc. as well as horizontal loads dueto
wind. The loads coming on the columnsas well as roof can be easilyfound. The analysis ofthe
portalframes for determiningthe bending momentand shearforce maybe donebythefollowing
methods. :
1. Slope-deflection method
2. Momentdistributionmethod
3. Strainenergymethod
4. Kani'smethod
Q2. WriteashortnoteonBuildingFrames.
Ans. A building frame maycontain a numberof bays, and mayhaveseveral storeys. Amulti-
storeyed, multi-paneled frame is a complicated statically indeterminate structure. It
consists ofanumberofbeams and columnsbuiltmonolithically, forming anetwork. The
137
: ;1
:Ii
.;,Ji
1
floors andthe walls aresupported on beams which transmittheloadsto thecolumns. A
building f.rame is subjected to both the vertical as well as horizontal loads. The vertical
loads consists of the dead weight of structural components such as beams, slabs,
columnsetc., and liveload. The horizontal loadsconsistofthe wind forces and the earth
quake forces. The ability of multi-storey-buildings to resist wind and other lateral forces
depends upon the rigidity of connections between the beams and columns. When the .
connections of beams and columns are fully rigid, the structure as awhole is capable of
resistingthe lateralforcesactingon thestructure.
In ordinaryreinforced concreteskeletonbuildings, acontinuousbeam isrigidlyconnected
with columns. Due to this, the moments in the beam depend not only upon the number
and lengthofspanscomposingthebeam itself, butalso upon the rigidity ofcolumns with
which itisconnected. Thebending momentatthe end ofanyonespanofthecontinuous
beam cannotbetransferred to the beam in the nextspan without subjecting thecolumns
to bending. Instead of transmitting the bending moment in full to the beam in the next
span, partofthe moment is transferred tothe columns above and belowthe beam, and
the balance to the beam. Due to this, the effect of loading on one span upon the other
spans is much lowerthan in ordinarycontinuous beams which are notconnected tothe
columns.
Q3. WhatareSUbstituteframes?Whatareitsdifferenttypes?
Ans. The analysis of multi-storeyed multi-paneled building frame is very cumbersome, since
theframecontainsa numberofcontinuousbeamsandcolumns., theeffectofloadingon
otherspansismuchsmaller. The momentsin any beam orcolumn are mainlyduetothe
loads on spansveryclose to it. Loads on distant spans do nothave appreciable effect.
Duetothis, a simple method ofanalysis, accurate enough for practical purpose, is used
byanalyzingasmall portionoftheframe, called 'substituteframe' ratherthan analysis of
thewholeframe.
It has been found by exact analysisthatthe momentscarried from floortofloor, through
columns, are very small in comparison to the beam moments. In other words, the
moments in one floor have negligible effect on the moments of the floors above and
belowit. Therefore, a substitute frame consists of onefloor, connectedaboveand below
with theirfarendeitherhingedorfixedorrestrained.
Fig. (a) shows a building frame consisting of five storey'sand three bays. Fig. (b) shows
the substituteframe fordetermining bending momentsin the secondfloor. Generally, it is
sufficientto considertwo'adjacentspanson each side ofjointconsidered. Thesubstitute
framegivestheresultswhich aresafeforallpracticalpurpose.
138
IItOOP' ~ e
v
4"'"U)OIIIt ... C.
IV
:10 ....... .....-
a.. c ....
-.
tit
c. "..."...-
II
,tot "LOOIt e.
'-
.... "SCMlNT .. ,
~ s
,.J ACT"... '1ItAMC
0"
0
A
a.
A
A
C.......TtTU'I"E fI1It....
TypesofSubstituteframes
Underordinaryconditions, the following fourtypes ofsubstitutestructuresareconsidered
sufficient:
a) three-spanstructurewithtwostoreycolumns
b) substituteframeforwallcolumns
c) substituteframefortwopanelwide building
d) substituteframeforonepanelwidebuilding
Q4.
Whatarethedifferentendconditionsusedforsubstituteframes?
Ans.
The restraining effect of anyone member, upon other members forming a joining
dependsalso upontheconditionexistingontheotherendoftherestraining member.The
otherend may havethree conditions: (i) free toturn (Le. hinged), (ij) partially restrained,
or (iii) rigidly fixed. The restraining effect is largest for the rigidly fixed conditions of the
end and smallest for free end. It should be noted that the restraining effect of a fixed
memberisonethird largerthanthe restraining effectif itwerefree toturn. The rigidityof
any memberisexpressed by the ratio IlL where I is momentof inertial and Iis its length
(for beam) or height (for column). If the loaded member has rigidity IlL, and the
restraining memberhas rigidity 111L 1 then this restraining memberisconsidered as fixed
139
)}
.I
at the other end if 11 1 is equal to or greater than 10. The end of a member is
-+-
II I
considered as partly restrained when it runs into another joint composed of several
member, a condition which is often found in concrete skeleton structure. No restraint
exists if !J. +1=0. The outerends ofthe memberof the substitute frame are sometimes
II I
taken as hinged (except for columns fixed in the ground). This gives severest condition
for a particular reaction under investigation. The moments obtained by assuming the
ends hinged gives the moments nearest to the value obtained from full frame analysis
and compensates to some extent for the error caused due to neglecting loads on
membersofdistantspan.
05. Howtheanalysisforverticalloadsisdonein caseofbeams?
Ans. A building frame is a three dimensional structure consisting ofa numberof bays in two
directions at right angles to each other. A building structure may be assumed to be
consisting of two sets of plane frames crossing each other at right angles. The vertical
members (Le., columns) are common to both these sets of frames. Each set of frames
areanalysedseparately. Since momentsin thevertical membersoccurin twoplanes, the
stress in columns should befound formomentsacting in twoplanes simultaneouslyand
thecorrespondingvertical loads.
a) Maximumbendingmomentsinbeams
The magnitude of bending moments in beams and columns respectively depend upon
theirrelative rigidity. Generally,thebeamsaremadeofthesamedimensionsin allfloors.
While the dimensions of column vary from storey to storey. Columns have smallest
dimensionsatthetopandlargestdimensionsatthe bottom. Due to this reason, the ratio
of the rigidity of the beam to that of the column is larger in the upper floors than in the
lowerfloors. The positive bending moments in the beams increase with decreaseofthe
rigidityofthe columns, whilethe negativeB.M. in them increaseswith the increaseinthe
rigidity of the columns. Due to this, the positive S.M. are largest in the upper storeys
wherethecolumnsareleastrigid andthenegativebendingmomentsaremaximuminthe
lowerstoreyswherethecolumnsarerigid.
In ordertofind the maximum momentsin agivenspan ofthebeam, thesubstituteframe
is so selected that span underinvestigation formsthe centre span. This substitute frame
maybe movedfrom floortofloor. However, sincethe beams in allfloorsare madeofthe
samedimensionsandprovidedwithsameamountofsteel, onlyone substituteframemay
besufficientwhen placedin apositioninthestructureforwhichthebendingmomentsare
thelargest.Thebeamsshouldbeloadedwith liveloadsasfollowsformaximumeffects:
i) FormaximumpositiveS.M. atthe mid-pointCofaspan AS, the loadsshould be
placedon thespanandon alternatespans.
140
ii) Formaximumnegative B.M. atthe mid-pointCofaspanAS,the span AS should
be unloaded while load should be placed on spans adjacent to the span under
consideration.
iii) Formaximum negative S.M. atthe supportA, loads should be placed onthe two
spansadjacenttothesupport.
When the spans of beams are notequal, substitute frames should be selected in which
the largestspan formsthe centre span and alsoframes in which the smallestspan forms
the centre span. Several trial computations maybe necessaryto gettheframe forwhich
thebendingmomentsaremaximum.
Thebendingmomentsduetodeadloadsarefound separately.Thebendingmomentsfor
deadandliveloadsarethenadded, andthebeamisdesigned.
06. Howtheanalysisforvertical loadsisdonein caseofcolumns?
Ans. Thebending moments in columns increasewith increasein theirrigidity. Hencetheyare
largest in the lower storeys, and smallest in the upper storeys. The maximum
compressive stresses in columns is found by combining maximum vertical loads with
maximum bending moments. The maximum tensile stresses in columns is found by
combiningthe maximumbending momentwith minimumverticalloads.
A c B
(0) LOADING FOR MAX. +Me
A B
(b'LOADING FOR MAX.-Mc
A
[C ) LOAOfNG FOR MAX.- M,t\
141
----
Thoughthe bendingmomentis smallestinthe upperfloors, itseffectis much largersince
the dimensions of the columns are the smallest there and also the vertical loads are
much smallerthan in lowerstoreys. Also the possibility of tensile stresses in columns is
much largerinupperstoreysthan in lowerstoreys.
The maximum momentsin columnsoccurwhen alternativespansare loadedasshownin
Fig. (a), (b). The corresponding axial loads are found. The column is designed to resist
thestressesprovidedbyeverycombinationofaxialloadandthecorrespondingmoment.
A
l
(0 J
(b)
07. Howframeisanalysedwhensubjectedtohorizontalforces?
Ans. A building frame is subjected to horizontal forces due to wind pressure and seismic
effects. These horizontalforces causeaxial forces in columns and bending momentin all
the members of the frame. As is known, building frame is a highly indeterminate
structure.Thedegreeofindeterminacyofabuilding(Fig.) isfoundbyprovidingacutnear
mid-span of each beam. Each cut beam will thus have three unknown reaction
components: moment ~ ) , shear(F) and axi.al thrust(H). Each column with itscutbeams
willactas acantilever, which is astaticallydeterminatestructure.
142
~ r - - - - - - - - . - - _______
....... _.__.. _-
-1----
(0' lb)
Thus if nis the numberof beams in abent, the degree of indeterminacywill be 3n. For
the buifding bent shown in Fig., there are eight beams and hence the bent is statically
indeterminate upto 20
th
degree. An ordinary 20 storey building with 20 storeys and 5
stacks ofcolumns has 80 beams, thus havingthedegreeof indeterminacyof240. Dueto
this reason, suitable assumptions are made so that the frame subjected to horizontal
forces can be analysed by using simple prinCiples of mechanics. Following approximate
methods are commonly used for the analysis of building frames subjected to lateral
forces. :
1. Portalmethod.
2. Cantilevermethod.
3. Factormethod.
08. Discusstheportalmethodfortheanalysisofframesubjectedtohorizontalforces?
Ans. For the purpose of analysis it is assumed that the horizontal forces are acting on the
joints.Theportal method is basedonthefollowingtwo importantassumptions:
i) thepointsofcontraflexurein all thememberslieattheirmid-points.
ii) Horizontal shear taken by each interior column is double the horizontal shear
taken byeachofexteriorcolumn.
Fig. shows athreestoreybuildingframewith three spans Let P1, P2, P3 be the external
horizontal forces acting at the jOints of the wall columns. Under the action of the
horizontalforces, theframe will deflect.Thepointofcontraflexurewill lieatthe middle of
each member. Onlyhorizontalshears will actatthese points ofcontraflexure, since B.M.
willbezeroatthesepoints.
143
AI
a, D,
P;+
'.
p
TOP STOREY
Consider the top storey having vertical members A1A
2
, B
1
B
2
, C
1
C
2
and 0
1
0
2
, The
horizontal shear for the outer columns A1A2 and 0
1
0
2
will be P each while that for the
inner columns B1B2 and C
1
C
2
will be 2P each, as marked.
The value of P is given by
P1=P + 2P + 2P + P
P=
6 1
Similarly, consider the second storey, where the exterior columns and 0
2
0
3
have
shear O. The value of shear 0 is found by :
P1+ P2= 0+20 + 20 + 0
0= !:.(P. + P.)
6 1 2
Similarly, for the bottom storey, the shear R is given by
P1 + P2+ P3 = R + 2R + 2R + R
R=l
6
Knowing the horizontal shears at the points of contraflexure, the bending moments in the
columns can be easily found.
Let us consider the floor A
2
B
2
C
2
0
2
between third and second storey. The shear acting at
the point of contraflexure are as shown in Fig. The joint A2 is subjected a clockwise
moment of Phl2 at A2 in column A
1
A
2
, and to a clockwise moment equal to Oh/2 at A2 in
column The beam A2B2 is thus required to resist a clockwise moment of m=(P + 0)
hl2 at A
2
. similarly, at joint B, there will be a clockwise moment equal to (2P + 20) h/2.
But there are two beams to resist this. Hence clockwise moment in each beam will be (P
+ 0) hl2. Thus the ends of each beam receive the same clockwise moment of (P + 0)hl2,
with the result that points of contraflexure will lie in the middle of the beams.
144
I
I
-... L L tool
ISs 10;
,s. tC, ,0,
,
I
I
I I
I
P
The m acting at each end of the beams A
2
B
2
, B
2
C
2
,C
2
0
2
, give rise to vertical
reactIons In columns. If L is the span of these beams, each beam will impose an upward
pull of 2m/L on windward column and a push of 2m/Lon leeward column connected to
the beam, for each span. The vertical reactions will neutralize for any intermediate
column, provided span of beams on either side are equal. Only the end columns will
experience vertical reactions. The windward column will have an upward pull of 2m/L and
the leeward column will have a downward push of 2m/L.
Q9.
Discuss the cantilever method for the analysis of portal frames.
Ans.
The cantilever method is based on the following assumptions:
PA MI 8 e
0
L
1
_
I
t
b
, p' E
G
H
"--LI
\
!
L2
t
h
,-
1
I
p.
J
L
.".ft
1 .".l:
i) Pointsofcontraflexureineach memberliesatitsmid-spanormid-height.
ii) The direct stresses (axial stress) in the columns, due to horizontal forces, are directly,
proportionaltotheirdistancefromthecentroidalverticalaxisoftheframe.
Fig. (a) shows a building frame subjected to horizontal forces. Fig. (b) shows the top
storey, up to the points of contraflexure of columns. The reactions at the points of
contraflexurewill bedirectandshearforcesonly. LetV
1
, V
2
,Vs andV
4
betheaxialforces
in the columns AE, BF, CG and DH, having areas of cross-sections ah a2, as and a4
respectively.
Fromstatics,wehave
P Hl +H2+Hs+H4 ..(i)
Fromassumption(2), wehave
v21a2 =V3
1a
3=V4 1a4 ..(ii)
Where Xl'X
2
,X:l and x
4
are the centroidal distance of the columns form the vertical
centroidalaxisoftheframe.
Bytaking momentsaboutthe point of intersection ofthe vertical centroidal axis and the
topbeam,weget
(Hl+H2+Hs+H4) !!:.::: +V
2
X
2
+V3X3 +V
4
X
4
2
Or
...(iii)
From(ii)and(iii), axialforcesV1, V2, VsandV4canbedetermined.
Inordertodeter\TIineH1, takemomentsaboutthepointof
A
M,
B
n Mt
t
WI!I!P-.I!!fIIIo
...........
A
P
L. j t2...J
Hz
HI
..L i WIIlII--
tal
contraflexureMlinbeamAB[Fig. (a, b)]
Hh
12
146
,fa) I
M1 isshowninFig. (a)
Similarly,taking momentsaboutpOintofcontraflexureM2 in beam BC,
+
2 2 2 2 2
.
+ +V
2
)
..
(HI+H
2
)= 2
h
SinceHl isknownfrom(a), H2 canbedetermined. Ina similarmanner, HsandH4 can be
determined.
Q10.
Analyse the building frame, subjected to horizontal forces, as shown in fig. Use
portalmethod.
y
r
tIO '__-_-_-_---_-_-.-;or-__;.c____.......::,o 1
__----__
H :a"'"
LAl
...Lt)'S......... Ll'5111 ---.,
\
Ans.
1. Horizontalshears
Letthe horizontal shearsin the exteriorcolumns be P and in the interiorcolumns be2P
for the top storey. Similarly, for the bottom storey, let the shears be Rand 2R for the
exteriorandinteriorcolumns.
Forthetopstorey,wehave
P+2P +2P+P 120
.
.. P 120 20kN
6
Forthebottomstorey, wehave
R+2R+2R+R::: 120+180
R 300=50kN
6
2.
Momentattheendsofcolumns
Forthetopstorey,
147
Ii,
....
MEA== MAE:z: MHD == MDH ==Px!!.=20x 3.5=35kN-m
2 2
MFB=MBF =MGC =MCG ==2Px!!:=20x3.5 =70kN-m
2
Forthebottom storey.
M1E =MEl =M
LH
==MRL =RX!!.==50x 3.5=87.5kN -m
2 2
,
h
,!
MJF =M
FJ
=M
KG
=M
GK
=2Rx-=50x3.5=175kN-m
2
3. Momentsattheendsofbeams
Firstfloorbeams:
MEF == MEA+MEl=35+87.5== 122.5kN-m
SI'ml'larly, m
EF
=m
FG
-= mRG == 122.5kN m,sincethepointofcontraflexure m
GF
=m
GR
liesatthemiddleofeachspan.
Ingeneral, m (P+ R)i: =(20+50)x3.5=122.5' sincethe pointof
2 2
Roofbeams:
3 5
=20x . =35kN-m
2
4. Shearinbeams
Sincenoexternalverticalforceisactingonthebeam, shearFisgivenby
F= +11Lz,
L
Wherem1 andm2 arethe momentsatendsofthebeamsofspanL.
Thus, F = + =35kN
EF 7
FFE 35
==F =
FFG GF 3.5
_ F 122.5+122.5.=49kN
FGR - RG 2
35+35
F/iB=FBA
7
35+35
F
BC
=FCB =20kN
3.5
35+35
FCD =F
DC
= == 14kN
5
148
5. Axialforceincolumns
Theaxialforceinthecolumnswillbeasunder:
Column AE=shearinbeamAB=10 l'
Column EI =axialforce inAE+shearin EF
== 10+35=45
Column DH =shearin beamDC=14KN J,
Column HL=axialforceinDH+shearinHG
== 14+49=63
Sincethespansarenotequal, interiorcolumnswillalsohaveaxialforces.
Column BF=F8A - F8c =10- 20:::-lO(i.e. t)
Column FJ-= (-10)+(F
pE
-F
pG
)
=(-10)+(35-70)=- 45(Le. 1')
Alternatively,axialforce inBF
== 2m'_ 2m' =2x35_ 2x35=-lOkN
4 4 7 3.5
And axialforceincolumn FJ=(_1)+(2m_2m]
.4
=(-10)+(2X122.5 2X122.5)=-45(1')
7 3.5
2m' 2m'
Axialforceincolumn CG
=2x35_ 2x35=6
3.5 5
Axialforce incolumn OK =6+( - J
=6+(2X122.5 2X122.5)=27J,
3.5 5
CheckTotalaxialforceatthebase Ii
:
I'
=-45(1')-45(1')+27(i)+63(i)
=zero
149
Chapter6: LimitAnalysisandDesignofStaticallyIndeterminate
Str.uctures & DesignofMiscellaneousStructures
SectionA
MultipleChoiceTypeQuestions:
1. Beamsofvery largedepthareused instructureslike:
a. Building
b. Bunkers
c. Tanks
d. Alloftheabove
2. Thebehaviourofdeepbeams is:
a. Differentfrom ashallowbeam
b. Same asashallowbeams
c. DifferentfromSlab
d. Sameasaslab.
3. Asimplysupportedbeammaybeclassifiedasdeepbeam, ifthe ratio ofliDis:
a. Lessthanorequalto2
b. Lessthanorequalto2.5
c. Lessthanorequalto3.0
d. Noneoftheabove
4. Whichtypeofreinforcement, deepbeamconsistsof?
a. Positivereinforcement
b. Vertical reinforcement
c. Sidefacereinforcement
d. All oftheabove
5. If forces are applied to adeep beam in such awaythat hanging action is required, then
provide:
a. Positivereinforcement
b. Vertical reinforcement
c. Sideface reinforcement
d. Noneoftheabove
6. Sidefacereinforcementisrequired whenthedepthofbeam exceeds:
a. 300mm
b. 450 mm
c. 750 mm
d. Noneoftheabove
150
7.
Which typeoffootingis providedforcolumnsincaseofsinglestoryedportalframe?
a. IsolatedFooting
b. Combined Footing
c. RaftFoundation
d. Noneofthe above
8.
Thebeamwhichissupportedon morethantwosupportsis:
a. Simplysupportedbeam
b. Cantileverbeam
c. Continuousbeam
d. Fixed beam
9.
ThevalueofB.M.duetodeadloadatthemiddleendofthe span iscalculatedby:
a. wll8
b. wr/10
c. wr/12
d. Noneoftheabove
10.
Rigidjointedreinforcedconcreteframesaremostlyusedfor: structuresetc.
a. Multistoreyedbuildings
b. Multilevelparkingstructuresetc.
c. Industrialstructures
d. Alloftheabove
KEY:
1. (d) 2. (a) 3. (a) 4. (d) 5. (b)
6. (b) 7. (a) 8. (c) 9. (c) 10. (d)
151
,
-r
~
SECTION- B
TrueI FalseTybeQuestions:
1.
TheStressdistributionacrossthe sectionofdeepbeamislinear.
2.
Planesectionbeforebendingremainsplaneafterbendingisvalid in deepbeam also.
3.
Rigidjointedframedstructuremaybesinglestoreyedormultistoreyed.
4.
The portal frame may be analysed by any of the standard methods like the moment
distribution method, slope deflection method, strain energy method, Column analogy
methodetc.
5.
The ultimate bearing pressure on concrete should not be exceeded the allowable
pressure.
6.
Thespacingofverticalreinforcementshallnotexceedfivetimesthewidthofthebeam.
Whentheratiooftheclearspantotheoveralldepthisgreaterthan one,thesteelshall be
7.
evenlydistributedoveradepthof0.8 D.
8.
The beamgenerallyfailsduetoinadequatereinforcementtowardsthesupports.
9. Theeffectivespan 1shallbetakenasthedistancebetweenthefaceofsupports
10. Abeamiscontinuousdeepbeamiftheratioof ~ islessthanorequalto2.5
D
KEY:
5. T
1. F 2. T 3. T 4. T
6. F 7. F 8. T 9. F 10. T
i
! .
152
SECTION-C
ShortAnswerTypeQuestions:
Q1. WhatarethecharacteristicSofdeepbeams?
Ans. Thestressdistributionacrossthesectionofdeepbeamis,non-linear.
Abeam maybeclassifiedasadeepbeamdependingontheration ~ givenbelow:
D
Simplysupportedbeam: I ~ 2
D
Continuousbeam:D ~ 2.5
Where, D=Overalldepthofthebeamsection
1 Effectivespan
Theeffectivespan1shall betakenasthelesserofthefollowing:
i) Centretocentredistancebetweensupports
ii) 1.15timestheclearspan.
Q2. Namedifferenttypesofreinforcementin deepbeams?
Ans. Thedifferenttypesofreinforcementindeepbeamsare:
1. PositiveReinforcement
2. Vertical Reinforcement
3. SidefaceReinforcement
4. Minimumsidefacereinforcement
5. Shearreinforcement
6. NegativeReinforcement
Q3. Writeashortnoteon positivereinforcement.
Ans.
Positive Reinforcement is the tensile reinforcement required to resist positive bending
.momentinanyspanofadeepbeam. It
a) shallextendwithoutcurtailmentbetweenthesupports.
b) Shall be embedded beyond the face of each support, so that at the face of the
support it shall have a development length not less than 0.8 times the
developmentlengthforthedesignstressinthe reinforcement.
c) Shall be placed within a zone of depth equal to (0.25D-0.251)adjacent to the
tensionfaceofthebeam.
153
,
'r
--
--
Q4. Whataretheminimum percentageofsideface requirementsfordifferenttypes of
bars?
Ans.
rTypeofbar
Minimumpercentageofsidefacereinforcement
Verticalreinforcement
Horizontalreinforcement
Bar of diameter not larger
than 16mm in diameter and
with a characteristics
strength of 415 N/mm2 or 0.12% 0.2%
greater.
othertypesofbars.
0.15% 0.25%
Welded wire fabric notlarger :0.12%
0.20%
than 16mmindiameter
i
i
QS. WhatisSingleStoreyedportalframe?
Ans. Thisframe consists of abeam builtmonolithicallywith the columns. These portal frames
with roof slabs can be provided for spans upto 12m. The frames may be provided at a
spacing of 3 m to 4 m. Isolated footings are provided for the columns. The depth of
beamsmaybefrom one-twelfthtoone-sixteenthofthespan.Widthofbeammaybeone-
thirdtoone-halfthedepthofthebeam.
The portal frame may be analysed by any of the standard methods like the moment
distribution method, slope deflection method, strain energy method, column analogy
methodetc.
Q6. WhataredifferenttypesofSingleStoreyedPortalframes?
Ans. Rigid jointed reinforced concrete frames are mostly used for multi storeyed buildings
industrial structures, multilevel parking structuresetc. Rigid jointedframed structure may
be singlestoreyed ormultistoreyed. They maybe singleorofmanyspa.ns. Figureshows
some oftheforms ofrigidjointedframes in use.
nm_i _
r1
"""",-';;';";'__==n
-
154
Q7. Howleverarmforadeepbeamshouldbeselected?
Ans. Theleverarmaforadeepbeam shall betakenasfollows:
i) Simplysupportedbeams
a)
D
b)
When I <1is between 1and2, a 0.2(l+2D)
D
ii) Continuousbeams
a) When .<,a=0.5l
D
b) When . isbetween1and2.5,a=0.2(I+5D)
D
Q8. WriteshortnoteonNegativeReinforcement.
Ans. Negativereinforcement:
a) Termination of reinforcement. The tensile reinforcement required to resist
negative bending moment over a deep beam shall satisfy the conditions
mentionedbelow.
b) Distribution. When the ratio ofthe clear span to overall depth is in the range 1.0
to 2.5, tensile reinforcement over a support of a deep beam shall be placed in
twozonescomprising.
1. a zone of depth 0.2 Dadjacent to the tension face, which contains -0.5J
timesthe negativereinforcement.
2. Azone measuring0.3Don eitherside ofthe mid depth ofthe beam, which shall
contain,the remainderofthetensionsteel,evenlydistributed.
When the ratio of the clearspan to the overall depth is less than unity, the steel shall be
evenlydistributedoveradepthof0.8Dmeasuredfromthetensionface.
Q9. Whatisverticalreinforcementandsidefacereinforcement?
Ans. Verticalreinforcement: Ifforces are appliedtoadeepbeam in such awaythathanging
action is required, bars or suspension stirrups shall be provided to carry all the forces
concemed.
Side face reinforcement: Side face reinforcements shall be provided vertically and
horizontally.The spacing ofsuch reinforcementshall not exceedthreetimesthe width of
thebeam. Itshallnotalsoexceed450mm.
155
------- ---- ---
Q10. WhatarethedifferentstepsinvolvedinthedesignofCorbel?
Ans. Stepsinvolvedindesignofcorbel:
Step1. Dimensioningthecorbel
Step2. Determinationofleverarmdepth
Step3. Resolutionofforces
Step4. Calculateareaof mainsteel
Step5. Checkminimumandmaximumpercentageofsteel
Step6. Area of horizontal shear steel Asu should be at least one-half the area of main
tensionsteel
, I
i
" ,
I
, I
"
156
..
SECTION- 0
LongAnswertypeQuestions:
Q1. Whatarethecharacteristicsofdeepbeams?
Ans. Sometimes beams ofvery largedepth are used in structures like buildings, bunkersand
tanks. A beam of large depth behavesdifferentlyfrom ashallowbeam. Forinstancethe
stress distribution across the section of deep beam is non-linear. As a deep beam
deformstheassumptionthatplanesectionsbeforebendingremain planeafterbending is
notvalid. A beam may be classified as a deepbeam depending on the ration given
D
below:
Simplysupportedbeam : 52
D
Continuousbeam 52.5
D
Where, D=Overalldepthofthebeamsection
1=Effectivespan
Theeffectivespan 1 shallbetakenasthelesserofthe following:
i) Centretocentredistancebetweensupports
ii) 1.15timestheclearspan.
Fig. showsafailureof adeepbeam (notethedevelopmentofcracks). Afterthefailure of
concretethetensioninthereinforcementispracticallyuniformalongthe span. Thebeam
generallyfailsduetoinadequatereinforcementtowardsthesupports.
Leverarm.Theleverarmaforadeepbeamshallbetakenasfollows:
i) Simplysupportedbeams
a) When
D
b) When isbetween 1and2, a=0.2(I +2D)
D
_._-'.._--'..-------
157
I
Q10. WhatarethedifferentstepsinvolvedinthedesignofCorbel?
Ans. Stepsinvolvedin designofcorbel:
Step1. Dimensioningthecorbel
Step2. Determinationofleverarmdepth
Step3. Resolutionofforces
Step4. Calculateareaofmainsteel
Step5. Checkminimumandmaximumpercentageofsteel
Step6. Area of horizontal shear steel Asu should be at least one-half the area of main
tensionsteel
156
SECTION- D
LongAnswertype Questions:
Q1. Whatarethecharacteristicsofdeepbeams?
Ans. Sometimes beams ofvery large depth are used in structures like buildings, bunkersand
tanks. Abeam of large depth behavesdifferentlyfrom a shallow beam. For instancethe
stress distribution across the section of deep beam is non-linear. As a deep beam
deformstheassumptionthatplanesectionsbeforebending remain plane afterbendingis
notvalid. Abeam may be classified as a deep beam depending on the ration I given
D
below:
Simplysupportedbeam : :::;2
D
Continuousbeami :::; 2.5
D
Where, D=Overalldepthofthebeamsection
1=Effectivespan
Theeffectivespan 1 shall betakenasthelesserof following:
i) Centreto centredistancebetweensupports
ii) 1.15timestheclearspan.
Fig. showsafailureofadeepbeam (notethedevelopmentofcracks). Afterthefailureof
concretethetensionin thereinforcementis practicallyuniform alongthespan. The beam
generallyfails duetoinadequatereinforcementtowardsthesupports.
Leverarm.The leveFarm aforadeepbeamshall betaken asfollows:
i) Simplysupportedbeams
a) When
D
b) When I isbetween1and2, a=0.2(l +2D)
D
157
,
-r
ii) Continuousbeams
Minimumsidefacereinforcement.
I
a) When -<1,a=0.51
D
b) When ~ isbetween1and2.5, a::: 0.2(1+50)
D
Q2. Discussaboutreinforcementindeepbeams?
Ans. Reinforcementinadeepbeam
(i) Positive reinforcement. The tensile reinforcement required to resist positive
bendingmomentinanyspanofadeepbeam.
a. shallextendwithoutcurtailmentbetweenthesupports.
b. Shall be embedded beyond the face ofeach support, so that atthe face ofthe
support it shall have a development length not less than 0.8 times the
developmentlengthforthedesignstressinthereinforcement.
c. Shall be placed within a zone ofdepth equal to (0.250-0.0251) adjacentto the
tensionfaceofthebeam.
(ii) Negative reinforcement. The tensile reinforcement required to resist negative
bendingmomentoveradeepbeamshallsatisfytheconditionsmentionedbelow.
Termination ofReinforcement. Halfthe reinforcement may beterminated ata
distanceof0.50 fromthefaceofsupport.
DistributionReinforcement.Whenthe ratiooftheclearspantooverall depthis
intherange 1.0to2.5,tensilereinforcementoverasupportofadeepbeamshall
be placedin twozonescompriSing.
(a) Azone of depth 0.2 0 adjacentto the tension face, which contains a.s(~ - a . s
"D
timesthenegativereinforcement.
(b) Azone measuring0.3 0 on eithersideofthemiddepth ofthebeam,which shall
contain, theremainderofthetensionsteel, evenlydistributed.
When the ratio ofthe clearspan totheoverall depth is lessthan unity, thesteel
shallbeevenlydistributedoveradepthof0.80 measuredfromthetensionface.
(iii) Vertical reinforcement. Itforces areappliedtoa deepbeamin such a waythat
hangingaction is required, barsorsuspension stirrupsshall be providedto carry
alltheforcesconcerned.
(iv) Side face reinforcement. Side'face reinforcements shall be provided vertically
and horizontally.Thespacing ofsuch reinforcement shall notexceedthreetimes
the width of the beam. It shall not also exceed 450 mm. The minimum
percentagesofverticalsideface reinforcementsaregiveninthetablebelow.
158
Typeofbar
Minimumpercentageofsidefacereinforcement
Verticalreinforcement Horizontal
reinforcement
Bar of diameter not larger
than 16mm in diameter and
with a characteristics
strength of 415 N/mm2 or 0.12% 0.2%
greater
Othertypesofbars. 0.15% 0.25%
Weldedwire fabric notlarger
than 16mmin diameter
.0.12%
I.
0.20%
Shearreinforcement. A deep beam providedwith reinforcement as described above is
takentosatisfytheprOVisionsforshear
Q3. Howtheinitialdimensioningofcorbelsincarriedout?
Ans. TheinitialdimensioningofthebracketiscarriedoutformthefollowingprinCiples:
1. Theultimatebearingpressureon concreteshouldnotbeexceededtheallowable
pressure. The following arethe values generally recommended : (BS 8110 (85)
Clause5.2.3.4)
av::: a=distanceofloadfromthefaceofthesupport
b::: breadthofthecorbel
d=effectivedepthofthecorbelatthefaceofthesupport
z = lever arm distance (distance of the centre of compression from the centre of the
tensionsteel)
Fu= appliedvertical load
Ft=tensionin thehorizontaldirectionduetoFv
Fe= compressiondevelopedinconcreteasstrutactiontosupportFv
Usingtriangleofforces, weget
F; =Fv(alz) (1)
F (a
2
+Z2)/2
V
Fe ==.....L - - - = ~ - (2)
Z
Asexpressionforthecompressiveforce, Fecanalsobeobtainedfromthestrengthofthe
concrete which is in compression. Letx =heightofthecompression concrete atthe root
159
i
of the corbel from the bottom side Assuming that the resultant compression passes
throughthedepth 0.45x, theexpressionfortheleverarmcanbewrittenas
Hence z:::(d- 0.45x)
x=2.2(d-z)
As the area perpendicular to the force Fe over which the compression is built up is
xcospanexpressionforFe canbewrittenas
Fe :::O.4fckb(XCOSp)
Substitutingfor xandcosf3 weobtain
a
(3)
Fc 0.88fckb(d- z) 2 2 112
(a +z)
EquatingEqs.(2) and(3),weobtain
O.88fckbd(l- zld)az:::Fu(a
2
+Z2)
Byputting
Fv
(4)
k,aId r
0.88fckbd
Fromrelations(4) to(5), weobtaintheequation
(5)
Q4. Howtheanalysis offorcesarecarriedoutincorbels?
Ans. a
v
::;; a== distanceofloadfromthefaceofthesupport
b breadthofthecorbel
d::;; effectivedepthofthecorbelatthefaceofthesupport
z == lever arm distance (distance of the centre of compression from the centre of the
tensionsteel)
Fu== appliedverticalload
Ft=tensioninthehorizontaldirectionduetoFv
Fe::;; compressiondevelopedinconcreteasstrutactiontosupportFv
Usingtriangleofforces, weget
F; =FJalz) (1)
F(a
2
+ 2)1/2
F = v z (2)
c
z
Asexpressionforthecompressiveforce, Fccanalsobeobtainedfromthestrengthofthe
concretewhichisin compression.Let
160
x :;; height of the compression concrete at the root of the corbel from the bottom side
Assumingthatthe resultantcompression passesthrough the depth 0.45x, theexpression
fortheleverarmcanbewrittenas
Hence z=(d-0.45x)
x=2.2(d- z)
As the area perpendicular to the force Fe over which the compression is built up is
xcospanexpressionforFe canbewrittenas
Fe:::O.4fckb(XCOSp)
Substitutingfor xandcospweobtain
a
(3)
Fe =0.88f
c
kb(d- z) 2 2 112
(a +z)
EquatingEqs.(21.2)and(21.3),weobtain
0.88fckbd(1 zId)az::: Fu(a
2
+Z2)
Byputting
Fv
(4)
---=kald=r
0.88fckbd '
From relations(3)to(4), weobtaintheequation
(5)
=0
.Two calumn 811.ml'l""1O ba .
. pI!lOIIiJ........ tile'.ccrb!>ltop OISlance IM>tween _9edge
. .
and In.lllecf bar to bea mInimum
:':.:.:: Qt. 0.76. CO\IEN'. wtlfchever
.,1
----(p
f
g
:I
--:
l!
'15
1
I
J
S .. cHcn se
161
!
I'
Reinforcement drawing of corbels when using 18mm diameter or more as main tensile
reinforcement (1. main tensile bars 2. Horizontal links, total areaofwhich should not be
less 0.25 of area of main tensile reinforcement;3 Compression bars, total area of
whichshouldnotbelessthan1000mm
2
/metre widthofcorbel; 4. Extrabinders)
The values of z/d for given values of old and F)(fckbd)can be calculated from Eq. (5)
Alternatively, the value of old and z/d can be obtained from Chartforgiven values of old
and
ick
bd
ick
Once z is known the value of x F E can be easily calculated as shown in Example
, , v s
Alternatively, a graphical solution based on the aboe principles can be used to give the
necessaryvalues
aId
Fig.(1) Illustrationofz/dvaluesfordesignofcorbels.
05. Givethedesignprocedureofcorbels?
Ans. Step1.Dimensioningthecorbel
a) Breadth of bearing plate. Assuming a design bearing pressure of 0.81ck'
determinethelengthofbearingplate.
b) Depth ofbracketat support. As thedesign valueforshearnearsupports can be
much largerthan the normalvalue in Table 13 IS 456 butnotmorethan 'Tcmax'
Calculatethe effectivedepthdattherootandatthefaceofthebracket:
d =Fl1: b D=d + cover + '"
v c 'Y
162
c) Check the dimensions for criterion for corbel. The value of aid should be
preferablylessthan 0.6, butnotmorethan1.0
As aconservative estimate, one mayassume thatthe load is acting atthe outeredge of
theplate.
Step2. Determination of lever arm depth. Determine z, the lever arm depth, by using design
chart. Alsocalculate x =2.22d (1-z/d)'andcheckifitisgreaterthan the limitingvalue of
x
Step3. Resolutionofforces. ThevaluesofF
t
and Fecanbecalculatedfrom
F; =F.(alz)
TheBS codealsorequiresthatFt shouldbeatleast1/2Fv obtainedfrom equation (1)
Step4. Calculateareaofmainsteel. Stressinsteel Is shouldcorrespondtothe strain
ex=s,{d x xJ
Here, assuming c
e
;;: 0.0035, find Is corresponding to the value of C Steel may not
s
reachyieldstress.
AS! =F;lf
s
Ifthereisanyadditionalhorizontalforcethen
A F;+Fh
st F
S
Step5. Check minimum and maximum percentage of steel. Ast should not be greater than 1.3
percentand not lessthan 0.4percentofbd. If itexceedsthe maximumallowed, increase
thedepth and redesign..
Step6. Area of horizontal shear steelAsu be at least one-half the area of main tension
steel,Ash I.e.
Asu (112)A.t
Provide it as loops in the upper two -third part of the total depth of the corbel at the
support.
Step7. Check the. section for shear. Knowing the percentage of steel, the exact value of
allowableshear1: 1: (2dla.) isknown, andthesectioncan be checkedforsafety.
m c
Step8. Detailthe steel. Accordingtostandardpractice.
163
-xi
..--".."
4.
a.6. Designacorbeltocarryafactoredloadof500 kN atadistanceof200 mmfromthe
face of. a 300x300mm column. Assume that grade 30 concrete is used for
construction.
SP16
Fig.3
5.
6.
IS456
Table 13 7.
8.
Ref. Step. Calculations Output
Text
Section
IS 456
Table19
Dimensioning ofcorbel
Bearinglength=sizeofcolumn=300mm
Assumingbearingplate,
Bearingstrength 0.8i
ek
=0.8x30=24N1mm
2
Widthofplate=500xl0
3
69mm
3020x24
As corbel is an isolated member,
calculatedwidth by20mm (69+20)=89
Estimationofdepthd
increase the
Temax =3.5,Assume3N1 mm
2
d 500xl0
3
300x3
D=d+cover+J/2=555+40+10=605mm
Depthattheface=D/2 =300mm
Adopt
90x300
plate
Text
Eq. (5)
Text
ChartFig.
(1)
2
3.
Checkforstrutaction
aid=200/555 =0.36<0.6
Determinationofleverarm
(Z/d)2 _(-r-\Z/d) +(_k_\a/d)2=0
r+kJ r+kJ
k=F10.881. bd= 500x10
3
=0.114
v ck 0.88x30x300x555
aid= r=0.36
Substituting, weget
(zld)2-0.76(zld)+0.0312=0
Hence, (zld)0.72
Tocheckbychart, itisnecessarythat
Tocheckbychart, itis necessarythat
UIlek = Fv(fekbd)= 0.88k= 0.1
Foraid=0.36, zld=0.72
Z=0.72x555=400mm
(d - z) =0.45
(d - z) =0.45x
Hence x= (555- 400)=345mm
0.45
=345=0.62> limitforsteel
d 555 d
(x/d limit for Fe 250=0.531 and Fe 450=0.479)
Adequate steel should be used in compression also.
The support steel for the main steel and shear steel
cansatisfythiscondition.
Acts as
corbel
z/d
checked
Resolution offorces
F =500xa=500x200=250kN
I z 400
F ;(!F =500=250kN
I 2 v 2
Areaoftension steel
A =F,+Fn
st is
0.0035(d-x) 0.0035x21O 0.0021
C
s
= x 345
Fe250reachesyield.
AsforFE 250 = = 250xl0
3
0.87fy 0.87x250
=149mm
2
Fe415doesnotreachyieldstrain0.0038
2
is=330N1mm at C
s
=0.0021
3
Ast = 250x10 =758mm
2
Use4 rods of16mmdia.
330
Checkforminimumandmaximumsteel
100Ast=804xlOO= 0.48>0.4 but<1.3%
bd 300x555 '
Areaofshearsteel
(M
" ) 1 804
Inlmum A =- A =- =402mm
2
sv 2 sl 2
Provie 4 Nos. 10 mm links (each of 2 legs) in the
uppertwo-thirddepth.
Spacing = 2x555=92.5
3x4
\
Shearcapcityofsection
'fc for0.48percentsteel=0.49N/mm
2
.
Theshearcapacityofconcreteis
2.72x300x555=453kN
1000
Shearcapacityofsteel 0.87fyAsd
Su
=(0.87X415XI57
X
555)
92.5xlOOO
=340kN
TotalShearcapacity = (340+453)kN
=793kN >500kN
Detailssteel accordinqtostandardpractice.
Tension
steel
4T16
(804
2
mm )
4 T 10
links
(628
2
mm )
Design
issafe
165
164
Q7. Designasimplysupporteddeepbeamtothefollowingrequirements.
ClearSpan =4.20m
Bearingateachend =450mm
Overalldepth =3500mm
Widthofbeam =250mm
Superimposedload =225kNim
UseM20concreteandFe415steel.
Ans. Effectivespanofthebeam.Thisistakenasthelesserofthefollowing:
i) Centretocentreofbearings
4.20+0.45
=4.65
ii) 1. 15xclear span
= 1.15x4.20
=7.83m
Effectivespan =4.650m
\
\
3500
mm
..
f200mm
Ratio 4.65==1.33m
D 3.50
Deadloadofthebeam
0.25x3.50x25=21.875kNIm
Superimposedload .=225kN/m
Totalload =246.875kN.m
Maximumbendingmoment=M== we 246.875X4.65
2
67.257kN1m
8 8
Leverarm
== a==0.2(1+1.5D)== 0.2(4650+1.5x3500)== 1980mm
166
Areaofreinforcement
A. == B._M_.__
667.257x10
6
1466mm
2
t safestressxleverann 230x1980
Provide8barsof16mm tjJ (1608mm
2
)
This reinforcement should be provided.within a zone of depth (0.25- 0.051) from the
bottomface.
Embedmentlengthofbarsintothesupport
=0.8x developmentlength
== 0.8xsafestressinthebarxbar diameter
4 xbondstress
==0.8x230x14==644mm
4x1
Sidefacereinforcement
Percentageofverticalsteel =0.12%
Verticalsteelpermlength
0.12x250XIOOO 300mm
2
100
Spacingof8mm tjJ bars == 50x1oo0 166mm
300
Provide8mmtjJbars @300mmclcneareachface
Horizontalreinforcement
Percentageofhorizontalsteel =0.2%
Horizontalsteelpermheight
= 0.2x250xlOOO==500mm
2
100
Spacingof10mmtjJ bars - 80xlOOO 100 I
- mrrtc c
800
Provide8mmtjJbars@200mmclcnearface.
H' talsideface
. reinforcement10mm,.@ .
.r on=n
c/c .
,.
,
...
"
',' '
Vertieal side
face
8 mrn.@300mm
c/c
r-4bars-16mm.+
--r
640mm
---.....
'- 4 barS"- 16",m '"
ro-
... ' 4200",",
. '
. .
167
Q8. A simply supported deep beam 300 mm wide, 4200 mm deep, and has a clear span
of 6 I'!leter. The beam carries a superimposed load of 300 kN/m. The beam has a
bearing of 450 mm at each end. Design the beam with M 20 concrete and Fe 415
...
-
450
6000mm
mm
"""--
450
mm
.............
I I
I I
I I
I I
-
steel.
Ans. Effective span of the beam. Thisistakenasthelesserofthefollowing:
(i) Centretocentredistancebetweenbearings
6+0.45=6.45m
(ii) 1.15xclearspan =1.15x6=6.90m
. .
.
Effectivespan =I=6.45m
Ratio I =6.45 1.54
D 4.20
Deadloadofthe beam =0.30x4.20x25 31.5kN/m
Superimposed load 300kN/m
Totalload =31.5+300=331.5kN/m.
wl
2
331.5X 6.45
2
Maximumbendingmoment== M
1723.904kN1m
8 8
Leverarm
a=0.2(1+ 1.5 D) =0.2( 6450+ 1.5 x4200) =2550 mm
.
6
.. 1723.904x10 29393.3mm2
AS! 230x2550
Provide12barsof16mmdiameter(3132mm
2
).
This reinf9rcement should be provided within azoneofdepth (0.25 D- 0.05 I) from the
bottomfreei.e., 0.25 x 4200-0.05 x 6420) =727.5 mm fromthebottomface
Embedmentlengthofbarsintothesupport
stressinthebarX bardiameter
= 0.8x
4x bondstress
= 0.8x730x16 736mm.
4xl
Sideface reinforcement
Verticalsteelpermetrelength =0.12x300xl000 == 360mm
2
100
168
4200
mm
-
r--
Spacingof8 mm diameterbars== 50x1000 138mmsay130mm.
. %0
Provide8 mm fjJ bars @ 260mmclcneareachface
Horizontalsteelpermetreheight= 0.2 =300x1000:;::600mm
2
100
I
~ m +(8 260mmtIc
~ ~ - - - - ~ - ~ - - - ~ - - - - - - - -
.
r - r T T T - - ~ - - - - ~ - - - - - - - - - -
l.-.-+-------------
t-t-:-------.-----
I
I
I
8mm@
160mm
e/c
I
l.
I
I
169
work. This provides rigidity to the connections of members. By this arrangement the
Spacing of 8 mm diameter bars = 50 x
1
000 = 83 mm
bending moments for the members of the structure are reduced. Earthquake loads and
600
other horizontal loads due to wind etc. are evenly distributed to the whole structure. This
Provide 8 mm bars @ 160 mm clc near each face.
makes the structure not only safe but economical.
Rigid jointed reinforced concrete frames are mostly used for multi storeyed buildings
0.10. What is Single Storeyed portal frame? What are its different types?
industrial structures, multilevel parking structures etc. Rigid jointed framed structure may
Ans. This frame consists of a beam built monolithically with the columns. These portal frames
be single storeyed or multi storeyed. They may be single or of many spans. Figure shows
with roof slabs can be provided for spans upto 12m. The frames may be provided at a
some of the forms of rigid jointed frames in use.
spacing of 3 m to 4 m. Isolated footings are provided for the columns. The depth of .
i beams may be from one-twelfth to one-sixteenth of the span. Width of beam may be one-
0.11. Discuss the method of analyzing continuous slab?
i
i third to one-half the depth of the beam.
Ans. Suppose a slab is supported at the ends and also at intermediate points on beams, the
The portal frame may be analysed by any of the standard methods like the moment
maximum sagging and hogging moments to which the slab is subjected to, due to a
distribution method, slope deflection method, strain energy method, Column analogy
uniformly distributed load can be computed approximately by the following methods.
Let the factored load intensity on the slab be Wu per square meter.
12 10
W [2
=+_u_
10
W [2
=__u_
10
W [2
=+_u_
12
171
method etc.
Slnsl' Bay
DO
00
_ .L...
- ....
1..
Gable
Structurally a building may consist of load bearing walls and floors. The floor slabs may
be supported on beams which in turn may be supported on walls or columns. But, for a
multi storeyed structure a building frame either of steel or of reinforced concrete is made.
This frame is designed for all the vertical and horizontal loads transmitted to it. The
openings between the columns, where necessary will be filled with thin brick walls. A
frame of this type will consist of columns and beams built monolithically forming a net
170
First Method:
Consider a one meter wide strip of the slab.
10
Maximum. sagging moment for the end span
Maximum hogging moment over penultimate support
Maximum sagging moment for interior spans
Maximumhoggingmomentoverinteriorsupportsotherthan penultimatesupports
we
=__u_
12
Secondmethod(suggestedbyI.S.Code)
2
Let Wd =Intensityoffactoreddeadloadpermetre
W1 =Intensityoffactoredliveloadpermetre
2
Bendingmomentduetodeadloadandliveloadmaybetakenasgiveninthetablebelow.
At. middle of Over penultimate Over
endspan
At middle of
support interiorspan interior
support
w[2 B.M. due to _ W,/2 W [2
wzz
+_u_ __u_ +_u_
deadload
12 12
10 16
B.M. due to w[2 wl2 _w.z
2
wf
__u_ +_u_ +_u_
liveload
9
10 9 12
The values of the bending moments given above are reasonably satisfactory when the
followingconditionsaresatisfied.
i) Theslabiscontinuousoverthreeormorespans
ii) Thespansdonotdifferbymorethan 15percentofthe longerspan.
B.M. attheendsupportofaslab. When aslabis builtintoamasonrywallwhichdevelops
only partial restraint, the member shall be designed to resist a negative moment at the
faceofthesupport, equalto wf where wu isthetotaldesignloadintensityandI isthe
24
effectivespan.
172
Figureshowsthegeneralarrangementofreinforcementinacontinuousslab.
D
I I
/--""'"IJo1
:4(1_-- I -....;.,;.:. .::---
, I
d .... .... ___ , ....
I 1
be: I;',-...___
I I a
I :::' ..,e :: J (=1 .... 9
tfII._..J::!-__-- -....;;.--- c::J...------------...,; h ...... I
6j f 1 1
I I I
I I I I
.L+.-...
e+:__ .... J;...*.J..a..e_---....1., 'h'1--Y L.....
ti +.t-----c... .... b"___ ___ ..
J _ft""rr
______---, ..
I _. ... ....J
1
I I'
__.__...
I
GeneralArrangementofReinforcement
Bottom Plan
I
\
173