AN IMPROVED MODEL FOR THE MICROWAVE

BRIGHTNESS TEMPERATURE SEEN FROM SPACE

OVER CALM OCEAN
by
Your name here
A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
MASTER OF SCIECE
in
E!ECTRICA! E"IEERI"
#I$ERSITY OF %#ERTO RICO
MAYA"&E' CAM%#S
())*
Appro+ed by,
--------------------------------
Sandra !. Cru/0%ol1 %h2
Member1 "raduate Committee
------------------
2ate
--------------------------------
Sandra !. Cru/0%ol1 %h2
Member1 "raduate Committee
------------------
2ate
--------------------------------
Sandra !. Cru/0%ol1 %h2
%resident1 "raduate Committee
------------------
2ate
--------------------------------
Sandra !. Cru/0%ol1 %h2
Representati+e of "raduate Studies
------------------
2ate
--------------------------------
Sandra !. Cru/0%ol1 %h2
Chairperson of the 2epartment
------------------
2ate
This thesis 3as auto0formatted by 2r. Sandra Cru/0%ol1 please use to ease your life.
ABSTRACT
This thesis 3as formatted so that you only type on top of it your material and it should redo
the Table of 4ontents automati4ally by the 4ommand on the Menu, Insert>Reference>Index
and Tables. IM%ORTAT, 3hen pasting material to this file be sure to use
Edit>Paste_Special> Unformatted_Text1 so that the format gi+en by this file is not
4hanged. 5hen pasting figures1 be sure to use Paste_special>Picture(JP!6 to ma7e the
si/e of your thesis file as mu4h as 8) times smaller than using 9ust %aste1 3hi4h usually
utili/ed the :M% format for figure1 ma7ing your file huge and not portable. The figures
should be inserted using Insert>References>Caption>("i#ure61 and typing the 4aption of
the figure. In some +ersions of 5ord; you 4an s7ip the Reference part. The tables should
be inserted using Insert>References>Caption>(Table6. 5ord; should automati4ally
in4rease the figure number and add the 4hapter number to it. The equations are also set so
that you do Insert>References>Caption>($uation6 and the equation number in4reases
automati4ally. You 4an delete the 3ord Equation later1 if you prefer to display only the
equation number. "ood lu47< =ope this sa+es you a lot of 3or7 and time. SC%
This 3or7 presents models that predi4t e>tin4tion rates due to atmospheri4 gases for ?* "=/
and @* "=/ radars as a fun4tion of ele+ation angle. The minimum dete4table radar
refle4ti+ity AdBZ
emin
6 is 4omputed for both 3a+elengths using radiosonde and mi4ro3a+e
radiometer measurements. In general1 sensiti+ity de4reases 3ith ele+ation angle mostly
be4ause 3ater +apor and their 4orresponding highest e>tin4tion rates propagate through the
lo3er portion of the atmosphere.
ii
This thesis 3as auto0formatted by 2r. Sandra Cru/0%ol1 please use to ease your life.
RSU%&
Este traba9o presenta un modelo que predi4e la ra/Bn de e>tin4iBn para seCales de ?? y @*
"=/ debido a los gases atmosfDri4os en fun4iBn del Engulo de ele+a4iBn. Se 4omputo la
mFnima refle4ti+idad dete4table por el radar AdBZ
emin
6 para ambas fre4uen4ias usando medidas
de radiosonda y radiBmetro de mi4roondas. En general la sensiti+idad de4re4e 4on el Engulo
de ele+a4iBn debido prin4ipalmente a que el +apor de agua y su 4orrespondiente alta
e>tin4iBn su4eden en la por4iBn ba9a de la atmBsfera.
.
iii
This thesis 3as auto0formatted by 2r. Sandra Cru/0%ol1 please use to ease your life.
To my family . . .
i+
This thesis 3as auto0formatted by 2r. Sandra Cru/0%ol1 please use to ease your life.
AC'&()*+!%&TS
2uring the de+elopment of my graduate studies in the #ni+ersity of %uerto Ri4o se+eral
persons and institutions 4ollaborated dire4tly and indire4tly 3ith my resear4h. 5ithout their
support it 3ould be impossible for me to finish my 3or7. That is 3hy I 3ish to dedi4ate this
se4tion to re4ogni/e their support.
I 3ant to start e>pressing a sin4ere a47no3ledgement to my ad+isor1 2r. Sandra Cru/0%ol
be4ause she ga+e me the opportunity to resear4h under her guidan4e and super+ision. I
re4ei+ed moti+ationG en4ouragement and support form her during all my studies. 5ith her1 I
ha+e learned 3riting papers for 4onferen4es and sharing my ideas to the publi4. I also 3ant
to than7 the e>ample1 moti+ation1 inspiration and support I re4ei+ed from 2r. HosD Colom.
From these t3o persons1 I am 4ompletely grateful. Spe4ial than7s I o3e 2r. Stephen M.
Se7els7y for the opportunity of resear4hing under his super+ision1 his support1 guidan4e1 and
transmitted 7no3ledge for the 4ompletion of my 3or7.
The "rant from SF EIA @@0II)I8 pro+ided the funding and the resour4es for the
de+elopment of this resear4h. At last1 but the most important I 3ould li7e to than7 my
family1 for their un4onditional support1 inspiration and lo+e.
+
This thesis 3as auto0formatted by 2r. Sandra Cru/0%ol1 please use to ease your life.
Table of Contents
ABSTRACT,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,II
RSU%& ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,III
AC'&()*+!%&TS,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,-
TAB* (" C(&T&TS,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,-I
TAB* *IST,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,-II
"I!UR *IST,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,-III
. I&TR(+UCTI(&,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,/
).8 MOTI$ATIO..................................................................................................................................................(
).( !ITERAT#RE RE$IE5.....................................................................................................................................?
).? S#MMARY OF FO!!O5I" C=A%TERS..........................................................................................................*
. T0(RTICA* BAC'!R(U&+,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,1
8.8 RA2IATI$E TRASFER EJ#ATIOS .............................................................................................................K
8.( SCA EJ#ATIOS........................................................................................................................................88
8.? RA2AR SYSTEM C=ARACTERISTIC A2 MCTEL EL%ERIMET !AYO#T...................................................8K
/ %ICR()A- AT%(SP0RIC ABS(RPTI(& %(+*,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,.2
(.8 ATMOS%=ERIC A:SOR%TIO........................................................................................................................8M
(.( E5 MO2E! RETRIE$E2 %ARAMETERS......................................................................................................()
(.? :ACNSCATTERI" 5IT= 22SCAT.............................................................................................................((
3 C(&C*USI(&S A&+ "UTUR )(R',,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,/4
5 APP&+I6 A, I+* C(+S "(R +B7%I&,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,/2
APP&+I6 B PR(!RA%S "(R BU**T A&+ +)R,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,3.
A%%E2IL :8 I2! %RO"RAM FOR REFRACTIO I2EL.................................................................................?8
.........................................................................................................................................................................?8
+i
This thesis 3as auto0formatted by 2r. Sandra Cru/0%ol1 please use to ease your life.
Table *ist
Tables Pa#e
TAB* /,.CPRS PARA%TRS,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,.8
TAB* /,/CPRS (PRATI(&A* %(+*S,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,..
TAB* /,3 %A& -A*US (" T0 R!I(&S "(R CPRS +ATA C(**CT+ A&+ +B7%I&
SI%U*AT+,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,.1
+ii
This thesis 3as auto0formatted by 2r. Sandra Cru/0%ol1 please use to ease your life.
"i#ure *ist
"i#ures Pa#e
"I!UR /,. PASSI- R%(T S&SI&! )IT0 UP)AR+9*(('I&! RA+I(%TR,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,:
"I!UR /,/ %A& SPCI"IC 0U%I+IT; PR("I*,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,<
"I!UR /,3 PR("I* (" 6TI&CTI(& RATS (9933 !07 A&+ =<4 !07>PR("I* ("
6TI&CTI(& RATS (9933 !07 A&+ =<4 !07>,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,.8
"I!UR /,5 %I&I%U% +TCTAB* SI!&A* "(R A SI&!* 7&IT0 PU*S AT +I""R&T
%(+S (" RA+AR PU*S )I+T0,(A> %(+ .? @ /88&SA (B> %(+ /? @ 488&SA (C> %(+ 3?
@ .A888&S,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,..
"I!UR /,4 "*()C0ART "(R T0 I+* R(UTI& US+ "(R CA*CU*ATI&! T0 +B7%I&
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,.3
"I!UR /,1 %&I%U% +TCTAB* +B7 I& %(+ . ( @ /88 &S>A (A> 33 !07A (B> <4 !07,,,,.3
"I!UR /,: %I&I%U% +TCTAB* +B7 I& %(+ I& %(+ / (@ 488 &S>A (A> 33 !07A (B> <4
!07,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,.5
"I!UR /,2 T0 P*(T (& (A> +PICTS T0 RA+AR R"*CTI-IT; %ASUR+ AT <4!07
)IT0 CPRS A&+ P*(T (& +ATA AT SA% TI% T0A& CPRS +ATA )AS C(**CT+ AT
<4!07,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,.5
"I!UR /,< 0I** RATI( C(%PARIS(& BT)& -ARI(US AT%(SP0RIC %(+*S
S0()I&! A!R%&T (" T0 C0(S& )ATR -AP(R ABS(RPTI(& *I& S0AP )IT0
T0 RA+I(%TR +ATA, (S T6T "(R 6P*A&ATI(& (" %(+*SB ACR(&;%S>,,,,,,,,,,,.4
"I!UR 3,.8 BU**T A&+ BU**T R(STTS )IT0 +I""R&T A&!*S (" JU&CTI(&, , ,/8
"I!UR 3,.. )I&+ SP+ %(+* R*ATI&! 8 T( )I&+ SP+ "(R T0 %C)
A*!(RIT0% AS CA*IBRAT+ "(R T(P6 A*TI%TR,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,/.
"I!UR 3,./ %T0(+(*(!; US+ T( CRAT A BU**T "(R%+ B; A& ARRA; (" &
+IP(*S SPARAT+ B;A (A> !&RA* PR(CSSA (B> BU**T 3+9-I)A A&+ (C> BU**T
R(STT )IT0 3 BU**TS,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,//
"I!UR 3,.3 BAC'SCATTRI&! (.8 *(!B> (" +I""R&T I&+6S (" R"RACTI(&A (A>
BAC'SCATTRI&! I& +B T( 33!07 )IT0 14/ +IP(*S ARRA;A (B> BAC'SCATTRI&! I&
+B T( <4!07 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,/3
+iii
This thesis 3as auto0formatted by 2r. Sandra Cru/0%ol1 please use to ease your life.
"I!UR 3,.5 -ARIATI(& (" T0 &U%BR (" RA(B PR("I*S US+ +P&+I&! (& T0
*I%ITS I& SPAC A&+ TI% SPARATI(& I%P(S+ (& T0 +ATA,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,/5
i>
. I&TR(+UCTI(&
Nno3ledge of the state of the o4ean plays a +ital role in 3eather and o4ean 3a+e fore4asting
models O5ilheit1 8@I@aP as 3ell as in o4ean04ir4ulation models O2obson et al.1 8@MIP. One
approa4h to measuring the state of the o4ean is by remote sensing of the o4eanQs surfa4e
emission. Mi4ro3a+e radiometers on satellites 4an 4ompletely 4o+er the earthQs o4eans.
Satellite radiometry offers numerous ad+antages o+er ship and buoy data. Some of these
ad+antages in4lude the +ast 4o+erage of global seas1 in4luding lo4ations 3here radiosonde or
buoys 4annot be afforded1 relati+ely lo3 po3er 4onsumption1 no maintenan4e and 4ontinuous
operation under a 3ide range of 3eather 4onditions.
Measurements of the mi4ro3a+e brightness seen from the sea are used in the retrie+al of
physi4al parameters su4h as 3ind speed1 4loud liquid 3ater and path delay. A suitable model
for these measurements in4ludes 4ontributions from atmospheri4 emission1 mainly 3ater
+apor and o>ygen1 and from o4ean emission.
8,. %otiCation
The need to impro+e the 4alibration of e>isting models for atmospheri4 and o4ean emission is
moti+ated by se+eral 4urrent and up4oming satellite remote sensing missions. In the 4ase of
TMR1 an impro+ed atmospheri4 model 3ould enhan4e the in+ersion algorithm used to
retrie+e path delay information. Another 4ase is the HASO satellite1 a 9oint ASARCES
radiometer and altimeter s4heduled to be laun4hed in ())) OH%!1 8@@MP. For HASO1
absolute 4alibration is performed by o44asionally loo7ing at 4alm 3ater. This type of
(
4alibration redu4es the 4ost in hard3are1 4omple>ity1 si/e and po3er. =o3e+er1 the quality
of the 4alibration depends strongly on the a44ura4y of a model for the 4alm 3ater emission.
In 4ontrast1 for the TMR an absolute 4alibration is performed using hot and 4old referen4es
4arried by the satellite ORuf et al.1 8@@*P.
In this do4ument1 a se4tion is de+oted to ea4h of these models. In %art I1 the de+elopment of
an impro+ed mi4ro3a+e atmospheri4 absorption model is presented. %art II is dedi4ated to
o4ean mi4ro3a+e emission. In both 4ases1 a model is de+eloped and iterati+ely ad9usted to
fit a 4arefully 4alibrated set of measurements.
8,/ *iterature ReCieD
Seasat 3as the first satellite designed for remote sensing of the EarthSs o4eans. It 3as
laun4hed in 8@IM by the ational Aeronauti4 and Spa4e Administration AASA6. The
mission 3as designed to demonstrate the feasibility of global satellite monitoring of
o4eanographi4 phenomena and to help determine the requirements for an operational o4ean
remote sensing satellite system. It in4luded the S4anning Multi4hannel Mi4ro3a+e
Radiometer ASMMR6 3hi4h measured +erti4al and hori/ontal linearly polari/ed brightness
temperatures at K.K1 8).I1 8M1 (8 and ?I "=/. The SMMR 3as used to retrie+e surfa4e 3ind
speed1 o4ean surfa4e temperature1 atmospheri4 3ater +apor 4ontent1 rain rate1 and i4e
4o+erage. #nfortunately1 the mission only lasted appro>imately 8)) days due to a failure of
the +ehi4leSs ele4tri4 po3er system O9o7u et al.18@M)P.
1 4loud 3ater 4ontent1 and o4ean surfa4e 3ind speeds O=ollinger et al.1 8@@)P.
?
In 8@@8 the European Spa4e Agen4y laun4hed The ERS08 satellite. The primary mission of
ERS08 3as to perform remote sensing of the EarthSs o4eans1 i4e 4aps1 and 4oastal regions by
pro+iding global measurements of 3ind speed and dire4tion1 3a+e height1 surfa4e
temperatures1 surfa4e altitude1 4loud 4o+er1 and atmospheri4 3ater +apor le+els. The mission
in4luded a nadir +ie3ing radiometer operating at (?.M and ?K.* "=/ and 4o0aligned 3ith the
altimeter to pro+ide range 4orre4tions 3ith ( 4m a44ura4y O"Tnther et al.1 8@@?P.
In 8@@M the #S a+y laun4hed the "EOSAT Follo3 On A"FO61 designed to pro+ide real0
time o4ean topography data. It in4ludes a radar altimeter 3ith ?.* 4m height measurement
pre4ision. In addition1 a dual frequen4y A(( and ?I "=/6 3ater +apor radiometer is in4luded
to pro+ide path delay 4orre4tion 3ith an a44ura4y of 8.@ 4m ORuf et al.1 8@@KP.
Sekelsky et al. O8@@M1 8@@@P used simulations from the i4e 4rystals ba47s4attering at +arious
millimeter 3a+elengths using the 22A models on the +ersion *U of 22SCAT1 using a more
realisti4 density model 3here i4e density is not 4onstant1 as in pre+ious studies1 but de4reases
3ith the parti4lesQ diameter. They 4al4ulated the dual03a+elength ratio A25R6. Their
findings also agree 3ith pre+ious studies 3here the shape and orientation are the prin4ipal
4auses of error on the 25R estimates and other produ4ts.
#n4ertainties in the impro+ed model for atmospheri4 emission are signifi4antly impro+ed
o+er pre+ious published models. The line0strength and 3idth parametersS un4ertainties are
redu4ed to 8V and 8.KV1 respe4ti+ely. The o+erall un4ertainty in the ne3 absorption model
is 4onser+ati+ely estimated to be ?V in the +i4inity of (("=/ and approa4hing MV at ?(
"=/. The RMS differen4e bet3een modeled and measured thermal emission by the
W
atmosphere1 in terms of the brightness temperature1 is redu4ed by (?V1 from 8.?K N to 8.)*
N1 4ompared to one of the most 4urrently used atmospheri4 models.
The modified o4ean diele4tri4 models e>hibit signifi4ant impro+ements in the estimate of
T:. Of the t3o1 the modified Ellison et al.O8@IIP model e>hibits superior o+erall
performan4e1 in4luding the lo3est bias at both frequen4ies1 3hi4h is a +ery important
attribute indi4ati+e of the a44ura4y of the model. Its frequen4y dependen4e 3as de4reased to
).?)N1 3hi4h 3ill allo3 for more reliable e>trapolation to higher frequen4ies. In addition1
this modified model has the lo3est dependen4e on sea surfa4e temperature and the lo3est
RMS differen4e for both 8M"=/ and ?I"=/. Consequently1 this is the model that 3e
re4ommend for future remote sensing appli4ations in+ol+ing mi4ro3a+e emissions from the
o4ean emissi+ity of the o4ean. The a+erage error in the modified emissi+ity model1 o+er the
range 8M0W) "=/1 is found to be ).?IV1 3hi4h in terms of brightness temperatures1 translates
into a model error of appro>imately 8N.
8,3 SummarE of "olloDin# CFapters
5e first de+elop the ne4essary ba47ground theory in Chapter 8. Chapter ( deals 3ith the
model theory1 e>periments and data analysis related to the atmospheri4 absorption model.
The third 4hapter presents the model theory1 data1 statement of the problem1 and analysis for
the o4ean emission model. Con4lusions are presented in Chapter W.
*
. T0(RTICA* BAC'!R(U&+
.,. RadiatiCe Transfer $uations
1.1.1 Equations relating humidity profiles and microwave radiometer data to
attenuation
The atmosphere re4ei+es most of its energy by means of solar ele4tromagneti4 radiation.
Some of this energy is absorbed by the atmosphere and some rea4hes the surfa4e of the Earth
3here it 4an also be absorbed or it 4an be refle4ted. Energy absorption implies a rise in
thermal energy and1 therefore1 temperature of the ob9e4t. Any ob9e4t 3ith a temperature
abo+e absolute /ero emits ele4tromagneti4 radiation. Ele4tromagneti4 emission implies a
de4rease in the ob9e4tQs temperature. These pro4esses1 i.e. absorption and emission1
altogether help 4reate a balan4e bet3een the energy absorbed by the Earth and its atmosphere
and the energy emitted by them. The study of these energy transformation pro4esses is 4alled
radiati+e transfer.
The %lan47 fun4tion for spe4tral brightness des4ribes the radiation spe4trum of a bla47body
at thermal equilibrium. It is gi+en by

,
_

8
8 (
6 A
R (
?
kT hf f
e c
hf
T B /,.
#sing the Rosen7ran/Qs model for gaseous attenuation due to o>ygen1 K
!
"#$% and a modified
!iebeQs model for gaseous attenuation due to 3ater +apor1 K
wv
"l$% for e+ery layer Asee Fig.
(.86 and for ea4h radar frequen4y1 ?? "=/ and @* "=/ O&ru'()ol1 8@@MG Keihm% et al. ())(P
K
total gaseous attenuation 3ere 4al4ulated. The equation for K
wv
"l6 is O&ru'()ol% 8@@MP. It is
gi+en by shape and 4ontinuum terms.
"i#ure /,. PassiCe remote sensin# DitF upDard9looGin# radiometer
In this equations 3e delete the 3ord $uation automati4ally inserted by 5ord; and 3e
formatted the te>t to the Right. You 4an lea+e the 3ord Equation if you li7e. All the body
te>t is formatted as X9ustifiedY so that the margins are e+en..
( ) ( )

8 8W? . ( * . ?
)8)@ . ) e ) & T
wv * *
/,/
( ) ( ) 1
1
]
1

+ +
+

( ( (
8 8

f f f f
f
T
' '
'
S /,3
( )
* . 8) ( I ? M
8) *I . ? 8) 8? . 8
wv dry wv & &
) ) ) & T

+ /,5
The absorption model for the 3ater +apor resonan4e line is a44omplished by the addition of
three parameters1 gi+en by &
*
Z 8.)KW% &
+
Z 8.)KK1 and &
&
Z 8.(?W. These are the parameters
for s4aling the line strength1 the line 3idth and the 4ontinuum1 respe4ti+ely. =ere f is the
I
radar frequen4y in "=/1 f
'
is the 3ater +apor resonant frequen4y1 ((.(?* "=/1 is the
in+erse temperature1 )
wv
is the 3ater +apor partial pressure1 and )
dry
is the differen4e bet3een
total pressure1 )1 and the 3ater +apor pressure1 )
wv
. Their respe4ti+e equations are,
t
?))

/,4
I((? . )
sh
)
wv

/,1
wv dry
) ) )
/,:
3here sh is the spe4ifi4 humidity1 t is the air temperature in Nel+in. The 3idth parameter11
is defined as,
( )
8 . 8 K . )
M . W ))(IMW . )
wv dry +
) ) & +
/,2
The o>ygen absorption model is defined as,
( ) ( )

,
_

??
8
( ?
(
odd n
n
n
dry

f *
f
f
T S
c )
K

/,<
3here c,).*)?W > 8)
8(
1 S"T$ is the line strength O-osenkran'1 8@@?P
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) 8 8 ))KM@*( . ) (
)
S
+

n n
e T S T S /,.8
1.1.! +ater vapor profile and 'enith attenuation statistics at .. and /0 12'
Maritime Continent Island Thunderstorm E>periment 3as held during the Australian summer
monsoon. Thunderstorms de+elop in an en+ironment 3ith lo3 shear and high moisture. The
M
data obtained by the radiosonde 3ere 4orroborated 3ith radiometer data. Colle4ting the
radiosonde measurements e+ery day during the e>periment1 gaseous attenuation1 spe4ifi4
humidity and 4umulati+e attenuation profiles 3ere 4al4ulated for the 4omplete e>periment.
The a+erage profile is sho3n in Figure (.(.
"i#ure /,/ %ean specific FumiditE profile
"aseous attenuation mean for ?? "=/ is ).88 d:RNm and ).IW d:RNm for @* "=/ Asee Fig.
(.?6.
@
"i#ure /,3 Profile of extinction rates (9933 !0H and =<4 !0H>Profile of extinction rates
(9933 !0H and =<4 !0H>
Equation A(.8)6 4ontains all the quantities needed to 4ompute the response of a satellite0based
mi4ro3a+e radiometer to 4hanges in atmospheri4 and surfa4e +ariables.
The ?? "=/ signal has more pea7 po3er than the @* "=/ signal Asee Table (.86 to
4ompensate for its smaller gain A3ide band3idth6.
TA:!E (.8C%RS %arameters
)
band
'a band
Frequen4y A"=/6 @* ??
%ea7 po3er A756 8.* 8()
A+erage po3er A56 8* 8()
%ulse 3idth Ans6 *)) ())
"ain 8)
*.M
8)
W.M?
Range gate spa4ing Am6 I* ?)
%ulse repetition freq. A7=/6 8) *
oise figure Ad:6 8? 88
:and3idth AM=/6 ( *
:eam 3idth Adeg6 ).8M ).*)
Thus1 the @* "=/ signal has a 4omparable performan4e and has similar +alues of minimum
dete4table signal to the ?? "=/ signal1 obtaining similar resolution and noise immunity for
both signals for a single pulse in /enith angle. This is sho3n in Figure (.*. The other
modesQ parameters are sho3n in the Table (.(
8)
Aa6 Ab6 A46
"i#ure /,5 %inimum detectable si#nal for a sin#le HenitF pulse at different modes of
radar pulse DidtF,(a> %ode .? @ /88nsA (b> %ode /? @ 488nsA (c> %ode 3? @ .A888ns,
TA:!E (.(C%RS Operational Models
% % %
%ulse 3idth Ans6 ()) *)) 81)))
+ :and. %ulse Repetition
Frequen4y A7=/6
8)1))) 8)1))) 8)1)))
Ka :and. %ulse Repetition
Frequen4y A7=/6
(1*)) 81))) *))
:and3idth AM=/6 * ( 8
:ut 3hen the radar s4ans and many pulses are sent1 the radar performan4e does not beha+e in
the same 3ay as 3hen as sending a single pulse in /enith angle. So 3e need to analy/e the
performan4e of s4anning radar
.,/ Scan $uations
The one03ay path loss1 3
g
1 depends on the frequen4y being used. For frequen4ies 3here the
path loss degrades the signal strongly1 higher po3er 3as used to minimi/e this effe4t.
88
After obtaining the atmospheri4 attenuation for e+ery layer Asee Fig. (.861 3e found the
4umulati+e gaseous attenuation. This one is 4al4ulated for a fi>ed angle and for e+ery range
gate in 3hi4h the radar operates. A matri> of radius times angles 3as used to sa+e the
pro9e4ted attenuation. Then the 4umulati+e attenuation for spe4ifi4 angle and radius 3as
4omputed as,
se4 6 1 ) A se4 6 1 ) A se4 6 1 ) A
6 6A 8 A
2
& 45 s
2
s s 6) a
e e T T e T T T

+ + + /,..
Finally 3ith the 4umulati+e attenuation for e+ery radius at a spe4ifi4 angle1 the total path
loss1 l% 4an be 4al4ulated. To implement all this pro4edure 3e used I2! program. I2! is a
language 4apable to pro4ess great amount of data1 and a flo3 diagram in Figure (.K sho3s
the algorithm implemented in this 3or7.
8(
"i#ure /,4 "loDcFart for tFe I+* routine used for calculatin# tFe dB7emin
"raphs from 4al4ulations of the d:'
emin
3hen the radar operates in modes 81 (1 and ?1 for
e+ery radio and ea4h angle at ?? and @* "=/ are plotted in Figures (.I1 (.M1 and (.@. The
delta bet3een t3o lines of the 4ontour is ( d:. The lightest bar 4olors represent larger
minimum refle4ti+ity +alues that 4an be dete4ted by the radar1 i.e. less signal 4an be dete4ted
in those areas.
Aa6 Ab6
"i#ure /,1 %nimum detectable dB7e in mode . ( @ /88 ns>A (a> 33 !0HA (b> <4 !0H
8?
Aa6 Ab6
"i#ure /,: %inimum detectable dB7e in mode in mode / (@ 488 ns>A (a> 33 !0HA (b> <4
!0H
Aa6
"i#ure /,2 TFe plot on (a> depicts tFe radar reflectiCitE measured at <4!0H DitF CPRS
and plot on data at same time tFan CPRS data Das collected at <4!0H.
8W
The radar begins to dete4t the 4loud from a radius of 8? 7m and from an angle bet3een M and
IK degrees. To the 5 band1 the 4loud loo7s mu4h smaller than the one sho3n by the Na
band. These data +alidate the simulation and 4onfirm the effe4t of the attenuation of the 5
band in angles smaller than *) degrees Asee Fig. (.88a6. Figures (.8) and (.88 sho3 three
regions1 these are the d:'
emin
that represent the C%RS data. 5e 4an see here that the radar
re4ei+ed a greater refle4ti+ity than the minimum estimated refle4ti+ity. 5e 4an see that this is
also true for the @* "=/ signal.
These results strongly suggest that $$5 is the preferred 4hoi4e for +apor absorption line
shape at (( "=/. ote that the same finding 3as obtained by =ill O8@MKP 3hen the ratio test
3as applied to the original :e47er and Autler O8@WKP laboratory data.
"i#ure /,< 0ill ratio comparison betDeen Carious atmospFeric models sFoDin#
a#reement of tFe cFosen Dater Capor absorption line sFape DitF tFe radiometer data,
(See text for explanation of modelsB acronEms>,
8*
The other regions beha+e in the same 3ay. All the refle4ti+ity mean +alues are 3ithin the
limits of the mean d:'
emin
simulated for both1 the ?? "=/ as for the @* "=/. The other
mean +alues are listed in Table (.?.
TAB* /,3 %ean Calues of tFe re#ions for CPRS data collected and dB7
emin
simulated
R
e
#
i
o
n

.
R R
e
#
i
o
n

3
Mean d:'
emin
??"=/ Ad:6 -27.9162 -28.8563 -29.1437
Mean Refle4ti+ity at ??"=/ Ad:6 3.718391 7.22807 -2.63717
Mean d:'
emin
@*"=/ Ad:6 -12.9728 -17.7505 -23.7513
Mean Refle4ti+ity at @*"=/ Ad:6 -8.31193 -7.19231 -3.61205
.,3 Radar SEstem CFaracteristic and %CT6 xperiment
*aEout
1...1 7aritime &ontinent Thunderstorm E8periment "7&TE9$
The MCTEL e>periment 3as performed in the orth Coast of Australia1 and in the :athurst
and Mel+ille Islands. The prin4ipal ob9e4ti+e of this e>periment 3as to better understand the
physi4al pro4esses1 su4h as humidity balan4e o+er tropi4al islands on a maritime 4ontinent.
For this reason1 the e>periment 3as held bet3een o+ember 8?th and 2e4ember 8)th1 8@@*G
season on 3hi4h the transition phases o44urs bet3een the dry and 3et seasons. The data of
8K
this e>periment 3ere 4olle4ted 3ith different sensors. One set 3as 4olle4ted by means of the
Cloud %rofiling Radar System AC%RS6. This one 4olle4ted data on the Na frequen4y band
A??.8( "=/6 and 5 frequen4y band A@W.@( "=/6. 2ata from the 5 frequen4y band1 @*
"=/1 also 3as 4olle4ted by the Airborne Cloud Radar. The OAA radar 4olle4ted data on
the S frequen4y band1 at (.M "=/.
1...! -adar 2ardware of &loud )rofiling -adar System "&)-S$
The C%RS is a dual0frequen4y polarimetri4 2oppler radar system that 3or7s 3ith t3o sub0
systems at ?? and @* "=/. This 3as fully de+eloped by the #ni+ersity of Massa4husettsQ
Mi4ro3a+e Remote Sensing !aboratory AMIRS!6.
Table (.8 sho3s the C%RS parameter. The C%RS has a programmable stru4ture that allo3s
3or7ing in different modes of s4anning. It has a high0speed $LI0bus0based data a4quisition
and digital signal pro4essing A2S%6 system. A radome prote4ts the system from atmospheri4
effe4ts. :oth the ?? and @* "=/ sub0systems simultaneously transmit and re4ei+e by means
of a single aperture and not produ4ing pointing errors bet3een both frequen4ies. Table (.8
sho3s other typi4al 4hara4teristi4s of the C%RS operation. The C%RS 3or7s in three
different operational modes1 4hanging the pulse 3idth and by 4onsequen4e the pulse
repetition frequen4y and the band3idth 4hange. These +alues are sho3n in (. (. The C%RS
measures 4an obtain the refle4ti+ity AZ
e
61 mean fall +elo4ity Au6 linear depolari/ation ratio
A!2R61 +elo4ity spe4tral 3idth "
v
61 and the full 2oppler spe4trum AS"v$6 O:irda% 8@@IG
*ohmeire1 et al. 8@@IP.
8I
/ %icroDaCe AtmospFeric Absorption %odel
An impro+ed model for the absorption of the atmosphere near the (( "=/ 3ater +apor line is
presented. The $an0$le4705eiss7opf line shape is used 3ith a simple parameteri/ed +ersion
of the model from !iebe for the 3ater +apor absorption spe4tra and a s4aling of the model
from Rosen7ran/ for the ()0?( "=/ o>ygen absorption. Radiometri4 brightness temperature
measurements from t3o sites of 4ontrasting 4limatologi4al properties [ San 2iego1 CA and
5est %alm :ea4h1 F! [ 3ere used as ground truth for 4omparison 3ith in situ radiosonde
deri+ed brightness temperatures. The retrie+al of the ne3 modelQs four parameters1 related
to 3ater +apor line strength1 line 3idth and 4ontinuum absorption1 and far03ing o>ygen
absorption1 3as performed using the e3ton0Raphson in+ersion method.
/,. AtmospFeric Absorption
$arious shapes of the bullet rosettes are obser+ed Asee Fig. ?.86. The angles among the
bullets 3ithin the rosette are random bet3een I)\ and @)\. Ea4h bullet has a longitude
relation O2eymsfield1 8@I(P1 * Amm61 +ersus 3ide1 w Amm61 At3i4e times the apothem6 for
temperatures bet3een ]8M\ and ]() \C gi+en by
8M
;
T
&
T
&
T
&
T
&
T
&
T
&
T
&
T
&
T
&
T
&
T
&
T
&
T
&
T
&
T
&
T
&
B
*
B
+
B
&
B
9
B
*
B
+
B
&
B
9
B
*
B
+
B
&
B
9
Bn
*
Bn
+
Bn
&
Bn
9

1
]
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

8 8 8 8
( ( ( (
? ? ? ?

3,./
and the "ross !ine shape is gi+en by O1ross1 8@**P

'

< +
> +

6 4onditions )Aunstable S R for 6 S R 8M 8 A

6 4onditions )Astable S R for S R I 8
6 4onditions Aneutral ) S R for 8
6 S R A
(* . ?
* ' * '
* ' * '
* '
* '
u
u

3,.3
Although 22A 4an des4ribe any geometry1 it is limited by a minimum distan4e d that should
e>ist bet3een dipoles. This distan4e should be in+ersely proportional to any stru4tural
longitude on the target and to the 3a+elength. %re+ious studies O4raine and :latau1 8@@WP
sum up the t3o 4riteria in equation ?.K.
8@
"i#ure 3,.8 Bullet and Bullet Rosettes DitF different an#les of Iunction
In this 3ay the equations 3ere determined for the bul7 density1 <1 of the bullet1 4onsidering
the solid i4e density as ).@ g 4m
0?
and using the +olume of i4e in indi+idual 4rystals
O2eymsfield1 8@I(P
As the 5ienerQs theorem states Oguchi% 8@M?P1 the 4omple> inde> of refra4tion1 m1 depends
of the bul7 density 3hen dealing 3ith dry i4e parti4les,
!n is proportional to the shape of the lines
,
( ) ( )
*
= f f
f f
= f f
f f
n
n n n
n n
n n n
n n

+
+
+

+

1
]
1
1

A 6 A 6
(
(
(
(
$uation 3,.5
The pressure0broadened line half03idth is1
[ ]

n dry 2
w ) ) + ) ))8 88
M
(
. .
.
$uation 3,.4
The O( resonant lines are +ery 4lose to ea4h other and troposphere pressures are high enough
A ^ 8)) mbars6 to 4ause the lines to broaden and o+erlap. This is 4alled 4ollisional
broadening and is ta7en into a44ount through the interferen4e parameter.
/,/ &eD %odel RetrieCed Parameters
The final retrie+ed parameters1 C!1 C51 CC and CL1 are sho3n in Table (.8. As the table
indi4ates1 the nominal parameters used in the !MIR@? model are ? to I per4ent lo3er.
Figures (.Ia04 depi4t plots of the brightness temperature for three 4limatologi4al 4onditions.
Ea4h graph has a plot 4orresponding to the !MIR@? and ne3 models. Also sho3n are the
radiometer measured brightnesses. The ne3 estimated parameters sho3 better agreement
()
3ith the 5$R data. !MIR@? model as the referen4e Atherefore1 by definition the !MIR@?
model is . In these figures 3e ha+e in4luded the !@? model 3hi4h1 as e>plained abo+e1 is
similar to !MIR@? e>4ept that it has a higher 3ater +apor line
Although 22A 4an des4ribe any geometry1 it is limited by a minimum distan4e d that should
e>ist bet3een dipoles. This distan4e should be in+ersely proportional to any stru4tural
longitude on the target and to the 3a+elength. %re+ious studies O4raine and :latau1 8@@WP
sum up the t3o 4riteria in equation ?.K.

"i#ure 3,.. )ind speed model relatin#
8
to Dind speed for tFe %C) al#oritFm as
calibrated for Topex altimeter,
!.!.1 Bullet and Bullet -osettes Tool>o8 for 44S&3T )rogram
5e de+eloped t3o toolbo>es for 22SCAT 3here 3e implemented the most 4ommon shapes
of the 4irrus i4e 4rystals1 i.e. the bullet and bullet rosettes. #sing a single 22SCAT
en+ironment by means of the ddscat.par file O4raine and :latau1 ()))P1 3e spe4ified 3hi4h
(8
one of the geometries 3e 3anted to use and parameters su4h as si/e1 diele4tri4 4onstant of the
material1 and in general all the parameters related to the target to be analy/ed.
Aa6

Ab6 A46
"i#ure 3,./ Methodology used to 4reate a bullet formed by an array of dipoles separated
by1 Aa6 "eneral pro4ess1 Ab6 bullet ?20+ie31 and A46 :ullet rosette 3ith ? bullets.
/,3 BacGscatterin# DitF ++SCAT
On4e the bullet toolbo> 3as 4reated in 22SCAT1 3e pro4eeded to use it to simulate the
4rystalQs ba47s4attering at ?? and @* "=/. Figure ?.W sho3s the ba47s4attering for one bullet
((
4rystal of different si/es using se+eral models for inde> of refra4tion and 4rystal density. The
figure sho3s the sensiti+ity of the ba47s4attering to the inde> of refra4tion1 sho3ing the
ne4essity of 4onsidering the inde> of refra4tion for ea4h si/e and density of the i4e 4rystal1
and not assuming a 4onstant density for all the bullets si/es.
Aa6 Ab6
"i#ure 3,.3 BacGscatterin# (.8 lo#b> of different indexes of refractionA (a> BacGscatterin# in dB to
33!0H DitF 14/ dipoles arraEA (b> BacGscatterin# in dB to <4!0H ,
It 4an also be seen that the ba47s4attering obtained 3hen +arying the inde> of refra4tion
a44ording to the parti4le si/e is not signifi4antly different to the results obtained 3hen using
4onstant inde>es of refra4tion for different parti4le si/es.
"i+en that one of the ob9e4ti+es is to analy/e the 25R1 3e designed an interfa4e bet3een
22SCAT and I2! program. 5e de+eloped a routine that iterati+ely 4olle4ts data from I2!
su4h as the inde> of refra4tion1 m% 3hi4h is 4omputed a44ording to the parti4les si/e and the
inde> of refra4tion of the solid i4e1 n
i
1 and sa+ing m in 22SCAT to 4ompute the
(?
ba47s4attering and again this +alue is sa+ed in I2! to obtain the 4+-. The 4+- is defined
as OSekelsky1 et al. 8@@@P
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )

,
_

1
]
1

+
+

1
]
1

+
+
)
KI . ?
(
( W
)
KI . ?
(
( W
)
)
1 1
1 1
log 8)
d4 e 4 4 K
d4 e 4 4 K
4+-
4
4
h > l # h
4
4
l > h # l

3,.1
3here
l
and
h
are the +alues of the smaller 3a+elength and greater respe4ti+ely1 K
#
is an
dimensionless quantity that depends on the inde> of refra4tion and on the density. For i4e 3e
used ).8IK for both frequen4ies OSekeslky1 et al. 8@@@P.
"i#ure 3,.5 -ariation of tFe number of raob profiles used dependin# on tFe limits in space and time
separation imposed on tFe data
(W
3 C(&C*USI(&S A&+ "UTUR )(R'
Re4ent 3or7 to determine the sea 3ater diele4tri4 4oeffi4ient 3as based on laboratory
measurements of sea 3ater samples from different parts of the o4ean. Although these
measurements should render good understanding of the emission from a 4alm o4ean surfa4e1
their a44ura4y in pro+iding +alues of the o4ean still needed to be e>amined. Our present
in+estigation of the spe4ular sea emission seen from spa4e pro+ides field +erifi4ation of the
sea 3ater spe4ular emissi+ity o+er broader regions of the o4eans. In this 3or71 3e
in+estigate and ad9ust t3o o4ean diele4tri4 models using 3ell 4alibrated radiometer data from
the TO%ELR%oseidon satellite mission1 paying parti4ular attention to redu4ing the o+erall
bias of the estimated brightness. In addition1 3e e+aluate the performan4e of se+eral models
for their dependen4e on salinity and sea temperature.
The modified models e>hibit signifi4ant impro+ements in the estimate of T:. Of the t3o
modified models1 ModE e>hibits superior o+erall performan4e. It has the lo3est bias at both
frequen4ies A).8K and ).8WN1 respe4ti+ely61 3hi4h is indi4ati+e of the a44ura4y of the model.
Its frequen4y dependen4e 3as de4reased from 0(.? to ).?)N. In addition1 ModE has the
lo3est dependen4e on sea surfa4e temperature and the lo3est RMS differen4e of (.*MN and
?.*(N for 8M"=/ and ?I"=/1 respe4ti+ely. For these reasons1 3e re4ommend this model for
future remote sensing appli4ations in+ol+ing mi4ro3a+e emissions from the o4ean.
(*
R"R&CS
Altshuler1 E. E. and R. A. Marr1 XA 4omparison of e>perimental and theoreti4al +alues of
atmospheri4 absorption at the longer millimeter 3a+elengths1Y #EEE Trans. 3ntennas
)ropagat.% +ol. ?K1 no. 8)1 pp. 8WI808WM)1 O4t. 8@MM.
Aydin1 N. and C. Tang1 XMillimeter 3a+e radar s4attering from model i4e 4rystal
distributions1Y #EEE Trans. 1eosci. -emote Sens.% +ol. ?*1 pp. 8W)08WK1 8@@I a.
Cru/0%ol1 S. !.1 C. S. Ruf and S. H. Neihm1 XImpro+ed ()0?( "=/ Atmospheri4 Absorption
Model1Y -adio Sci.1 +ol. ??1 no. *1 pp. 8?8@08???1 8@@M.
2raine1 :. T. and %. H. Flatau1 X2is4rete0dipole appro>imation for s4attering 4al4ulations1Y ;.
pt. Soc. 3m. 31 +ol. 881 pp. 8W@808W@@1 8@@W.
2o+ia71 R. H.and 2. S. 'rni41 4oppler -adar and +eather >servations1 Se4ond edition1
A4ademi4 %ress1 San 2iego1 8@@?.
E+ans1 N. F. and H. $i+e7anandan1 XMultiparameter radar and mi4ro3a+e radiati+e transfer
modeling of nonspheri4al atmospheri4 i4e parti4les1Y #EEE Trans. 1eosci. -emote Sensing.%
+ol. (M1 pp. W(?0W?I1 Huly 8@@)
Neihm1 S. H.1 C. Ruf1 $. 'lotni47i and :. =aines1 XTMR 2rift Analysis1Y Het %ropulsion
!aboratory1 Internal Report1 O4tober K1 8@@I.
Nlein1 !. A.1 and C. T. S3ift1 XAn Impro+ed Model for the 2iele4tri4 4onstant of Sea 5ater
at Mi4ro3a+e Frequen4ies1Y IEEE Trans. on Antennas %ropagation1 $ol. A%0(*1 o. 81 8@II.
=ogan1 R. H. and A. H. Illing3orth1 XThe potential of spa4eborne dual03a+elength radar to
ma7e global measurements of 4irrus 4louds1Y ;. 3tmos. ceanic Technol.1 +ol. 8K1 *8M0*?8.
8@@@
Neihm1 S. H.1 Y. :ar0Ser+er1 and H. C. !il9egren1 X5$R0"%S Comparison Measurement and
Calibration of the ()0?( "=/ Tropospheri4 5ater $apor Absorption ModelY1 IEEE Trans.
Geosci. Remote Sensing. 2002, 40, No. 6, pp. 1199-1210
(K
!hermitte1 R.1 XA @* "=/ 2oppler radar of 4loud obser+ations1Y ;. 3tmos. cean. Technol.1
+ol. W1 pp. ?K0WM1 8@MI.
!i1 !.1 S.M. Se7els7y1 S.C. Reising1 C.T. S3ift1 S.!. 2urden1 ".A. Sado3y1 S.H. 2inardo1
F.N. !i A. =uffman1 ".!. Stephens 2.M. :abb1 and =.5. Rosenberger1 XRetrie+al of
Atmospheri4 Attenuation #sing Combined "round0based and Airborne @* "=/ Cloud Radar
Measurements1Y ;. 3tmos. ceanic Technol.1 +ol. 8M1 8?W*08?*?. ())8
Matroso+1 S. Y. XRadar refle4ti+ity in sno3fall1Y #EEE. Trans. 1eosci. -emote. Sens.1 +ol.
?)1 pp. W*W0WK81 8@@(.
Ogu4hi1 T. XEle4tromagneti4 3a+e propagation and s4attering in rain and other
hydrometeors1Y )roc. #EEE% +ol. I81 pp. 8)(@08)IM1 8@M?
Ray1 %. S.1 X:roadband 4omple> refra4ti+e indi4es of i4e and 3ater1Y 3ppl. pt.% +ol. 881 pp.
8M?K08MWW1 8@I(
Rosen7ran/1 %. 5.1 ?3>sorption of 7icrowaves >y 3tmospheric 1ases@% #nA 3tmospheric
-emote Sensing >y 7icrowave -adiometry1 Chapter (1 Ed. :y Hansen1 5iley1 e3 Yor71
8@@?.
Se7els7y1 S. M.1 XMulti0frequen4y radar 2oppler Spe4trum Measurements of Cirrus Clouds1Y
1eoscience and -emote Sensing Symposium. #13-SS BC1.1 +ol. (A K@I ]K@@ ())8.
#lbri4h1 C. 5.1 Xatural +ariations in the analyti4al form of the raindrop si/e distribution1Y ;.
&limate 3ppl. 7eteor.% +ol. ((1 pp. 8IKW08II*1 8@M?.
5ilheit1 T.T.1 XThe Effe4t of 5ind on the Mi4ro3a+e Emission From the O4eanQs Surfa4e at
?I "=/1Y H. "eophys. Res.1 $ol. MW1 o. CM1 pp. (WW0(W@1 8@I@.
(I
5 APP&+I6 A, I+* C(+S "(R +B7
%I&
G________d:'emin %rogram________
G________MAI %RO"RAM_________
!oadCT1 *
sondefilenameZS4,R9orgem+gRprog0idlR2ataAustraliaRRadiosondeRsonde.@*88(I.)(*M)).4dfS
m3rfilenameZS4,R9orgem+gRprog0idlR2ataAustraliaRRadiometerRm3r.@*88(I.))))().4dfS
G__Fun4tion to read mi4ro3a+e0radiometer data
get-m3r-4dfdata1 m3rfilename1 $A%4m1 !IJ4m1 2E5flag1 t-begin`1 `
date`1uni>-time1se4-into-#TCday
G__Fun4tion to read radiosonde data
get-sonde-4dfdata1 sondefilename1 tdry1 sh1 rh1 dp1 h1 pres1 `
3spd1 deg1 t-begin`1 date`1uni>-time1se4-into-#TCday
G__Fun4tion to read Radar data
Radar1/-mas7-range-??1/-mas7-range-@*
GG________________________________________________________________________________
h Z hR8))). Galtitude ONmP
pres Z presR).8 Gpressure ONpas4alesP
G a e>trapol le debe entrar h en ANm6 y pres en AN%as4ales6
e>trapol-general1/-mas7-range-??1h1tdry1pres1sh1altura1temperatura1presion1humedad-espe4ifi4a
altura Z altura_8))).Galtitude OmP
presion Z presion_).8 Gpressure O mbarsP
tdry Z temperatura Gtemperature Odeg CP
sh Z humedad-espe4ifi4a Gspe4ifi4 humidity Ogma0?P
pres Z presion
h Z altura
Gomit radiosonde data abo+e ?* 7m to speed up pro4essing
altZ?)))).
hlimitZma>A3hereAh !T alt66
tdryZtdryA),hlimit6 b shZshA),hlimit6
hZhA),hlimit6 b presZpresA),hlimit6
Gsetup regular height grid for profiles
(M
num-elemZ*))
delZaltRnum-elem
h-prof Z findgenAnum-elem6 _ del G )0?*7m
tdry Z ITER%O!Atdry1 h1 h-prof6 G regrid profiles
sh Z ITER%O!Ash1 h1 h-prof6 ^ ).
pres Z ITER%O!Apres1 h1 h-prof6
h Z h-prof
G 4ompare radiosonde and m3r data
!Z)
FOR iZ)1n-elementsAh60( 2O !Z!cshAi6_AhAic860hAi66
!Z).))8_! G mm of 3ater +apor in 4olumn from radiosonde profile
! Z !_).8 G 4m of +apor ... 4ompare to $ap4m from mi4ro3a+e radiometer
G probably 3ill not be e>a4tly the same sin4e different meas. lo4ations
G if m3r data +alid then use to 4orre4t radiosonde humidity profiles
ind> Z 3hereAde3flag !T 86 G filter out flagged data
sh Z sh_meanAA+ap4mAind>666R! G s4ale radiosonde profile by m3r total
prS=ZfltarrA(1n-elementsAsh6R(6
FOR parZ)1An-elementsAsh6R(608 2O :E"I
prS=A)1par6ZshApar_(6
prS=A81par6ZhApar_(6R8))).
E2FOR
for the gases atten. S!C% Hune ())8
%RO atten-humidity-liebe1 sh1tdry1pres1fi1 h1 A"ASEO#S1Agas-liebe1 N"ASEO#S
-groundAn1rg6 Z e>tin4tion rate at ground le+el Od:7ma08P
heightZhR8))). G h esta en metros 1 height esta en 7ilometros
rangesamples Z si/eAheight6
rangesamples Z rangesamplesA86
A=(O-liebeAi1 96 Z TOTA!AN=(O-liebeAi1 ),96_A:SAAheightA8,9c860AheightA),9666 ^ ).66
E2FOR
E2FOR
A=(O-liebeA_1rangesamples 08 6 Z A=(O-liebeA_1rangesamples 0( 6
%RO s4anning-ne3(1 sh1tdry1pres1fi1 h1 A"ASEO#S1Agas-liebe1 N"ASEO#S1!F81!F)1ATNF81ATNF)
ATNF8A/eta1altura6ZTOTA!AN"ASEO#S-EJ#If8A/eta1),altura6_A:SAAAproye44ion-radioA/eta18,alturac860
proye44ion-radioA/eta1),altura66RsinAanglesA/eta6 _ <piR8M)66 ^ ).66
ATNF)A/eta1altura6ZtotalAN"ASEO#S-EJ#If)A/eta1),altura6_absAAAproye44ion-radioA/eta18,alturac860
proye44ion-radioA/eta1),altura66RsinAanglesA/eta6 _ <piR8M)66 ^ ).66
db/)Zimgpolre4Adb/)1 ).1 @8.1 ).1 W).1 ).1 (*.1 .)?1 ).1 (*.1 .)?6
o4u@*ZintarrAn-elementsAyma>61()6
%osition Z O).81 ).@1 ).@1 ).@*P1 ColorZ<%.:a47ground
(@
stop
E2
?)
APP&+I6 B PR(!RA%S "(R BU**T A&+ +)R
APP&+I6 B. I+* PR(!RA% "(R R"RACTI(& I&+6
G____I2! %RO"RAM___
G___ Refra4tion Inde>
nZ()) G
inde>Z4omple>arrA(1n6
2ZfltarrAn6
aeffZfltarrAn6
pZfltarrAn6
fiZfltarrAn6
for iZ)1 n08 2O :E"I
2Ai6ZAic86_8E0( G2OmmP
pAi6Z).IM_2Ai6aA0).))?M6 G=eymsfield density relationship bullet
piZ).@8K G piOg_4ma0?P
fiAi6ZpAi6Rpi
niZO4omple>A8.IM*1 ).)))(?*614omple>A8.IMW1 ).)))8)6P G ??"=/ 1 @*"=/ paper Ray 8@I(
fZfiAi6
for 7Z)1 n-elementsAni608 2O :E"I
nZniA76
inde>A71i6ZA(.cAna(6c(._f_Ana(0866RA(.cAna(6cf_A80na(66
end
aeffAi6Z8ec?_2Ai6R( GOumP
E2
E2