ArunachalPradesh

Area 83,743sq.km

Capital Itanagar
Principal
Languages
Monpa,Miji,Aka,Sherdukpen,Nyishi,Apatani,Tagin,HillMiri,Adi,DigaruMismi,Idu
Mishmi,Khamti,MijuMishmi,Nocte,TangsaandWancho.

COUNCILOFMINISTERS

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Dorjee
Khandu
Departmentsnot
assignedtoany
CabinetMinisters.
2212456
2212173
2212439
2211467(F)
2214306
2100078
9436040032

Nabam
Tuki
PublicWorks
Department&
Urban
Development
2211246(F)
2212607
2245531
2212606
2212606
9436040043

Tanga
Byaling
HealthandFamily
Welfare,
Food&Civil
Supply,
LegalMetrology,
Cooperation
2212953 2291261 9436040025
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Jarbom
Gamlin
Parliamentary
Affairs,
Power
(Electrical),Tourism
2213112 2212452 9436040098

Takar
Marde
Rural
Developmentand
Panchayat

Bosiram
Sairam
Education

Chowna
Mein
PublicHealth
Engineering,
AnimalHusbandry
&Veterinary
Department
2212671

2213088
2212036
9436040040

Kalikho
Pul
RuralWorks
Departmentand
Tax&
Excise,Fisheries
,Law,Legislative&
Justice
2212385 2211287
9436040010
9436040208
TakoDabiHome 2212455 2291210 9436040030
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Setong
Sena
Financeand
Lottery,Geology&
Mining
,Information,
PublicRelations&
Printing,Trade&
Commerce

Atum
Welly
WRD,Civil
Aviation
2212948
2214041
2351675 9436041508

Hongchun
Ngandam
Horticulture
Population:2008est.:1,200,000),extremenortheasternIndia.
Arunachal Pradesh attained its statehood on 20th February 1987. It is situated in the North
EasternpartofIndiawith83743sq.kmsarea andhasalonginternationalborderwithBhutan
to the west (160 km), China to the north and northeast (1,080 km) and Myanmar to the east
(440km).ItstretchesfromsnowcappedmountainsinthenorthtotheplainsofBrahmaputra
valleyinthesouth.Arunachalisthelargeststateareawiseinthenortheastregion,evenlarger
than Assam which is the most populous.

Itissituated betweenlatitude2630'N and2930'Nandlongitude9130'Eand9730'E.

Itanagar is the capital of Arunachal Pradesh and located at an altitude of 530 meters above
MSL.ItisnamedafterItafortmeaningfortofbricksbuiltin14thcenturyA.D.

1
Populationof
State(2001Census)
1,091,117
Males 573,951
Females 517,166
2 LiteratePersons 487,796
3 LiteracyRate 54.74%
4 SexRatio 901femalesto1000males
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5 MemberofParliament
RajyaSabha 1
LokSabha 2
6. Memberof
LegislativeAssembly
60
7 EducationalInstitutions
University 1
EngineeringInstitute 1
Polytechnic 1

IndustrialTraining
Institute
3

ForesterTraining
School
1

Farmer'sTraining
Centre
1

Horticulture&Forest
College
1
Colleges 7

HigherSecondary
Schools
68
HighSchools 103
MiddleSchools 329
PrimarySchool 1280
PrePrimarySchools 137
8 MajorHealthCentres
GeneralHospitals 3
DistrictHospitals 11
9
PlacesofHistorical&Tourist
Interest

Bhismaknagar,Malinithan,ParashuramKund,
Itanagar,TawangMonastery,NamdaphaWildlife
Sanctury,TippiOrchidCentre,Akashiganga.
10 StateBird Hornbill
11 StateAnimal Mithun(BosFrontails)
12 StateFlower RhynchostylisRetusa(Foxtailorchid)
13 MajorTribes 20
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Adi,Nyishi(includingBANGRU&PUROIK),Apatani,Bugun,Galo,Hrusso,Koro,Meyor,
Monpa, Tagin, Mishmi (including IDU, TAROAN & KAMMAN), Sajolang, Sartang, Tai
Khamti (including KHAMYANG), Tangshang (including MUKLOM, LONCHANG, TUTSA,
TIKHAK, HAWOI, LONGRI, MUNGREY, MUSHAUNG, LUNGPHI, JOGLAI, NGAIMONG,
PONTHAI, KHALAK, LUNGHAI, HALLEY, CHELLIM, SHECHU, SHIANGWAL, RERA,
SHIANGTEE, DOHE, MOITAL, HATSENG, GAJEE, GAJA, KOCHONG, LOWCHANG, LAKI,
GALLON,CHAMCHANG,RINGKHU,SHOHRA,BOWNGTAI,RONGRANG etc.ofChanglang
district and NOCTE, WANCHOO and TUTSA of Tirap district), Yobin, Singpho,
Sherdukpen,Khamba,Memba.
14 HighestPeakinthe
State
Kangte(7090mts.MSL),inWestKamengDistrict.
15 ImportantMinerals

Dolomite, Graphite, Coal, Quartzite, Limestone, Crude Oil, Natural Gas, Yello Ochre,
Marble.
16 OtherNaturalPotential
Abundantforestresourcesandhydropowerpotential.
17 ImportantWildLife
Animals
Mithun,Elephant,Tiger,Leopard,WhiteBrowedGibbon,RedPanthers,MuskDeer.
Birds

Hornbill, White Winged Duck, Green Pigeon, Sclater Monal, Bengal Florican,
Temminick'sTragopan.
18

Important
Festivals
Mopin, Solung, Nyokum, Lossar, SiDonyi, Booriboot, Dree,
Reh,SipongYong,Chaloloku,Kshyatsowai,Tamladu,Sarok,
Nichido,Sangken,Mopin,Oriahetc..
19 NationalParks Namdapha,Mouling.
20 MainRivers
Siang,Kameng,Subansiri,Kamla,Siyum,Dibang,Lohit,NoaDihing,Kamlang,Tirap.
21 No.ofDistricts 16

Tawang, West Kameng, East Kameng, Papumpare, Lower Subansiri, Upper Subansiri,
East Siang, West Siang, Upper Siang, Dibang Valley, Lower Dibang Valley, Lohit,
Changlang,Tirap,KurungKumey,Anjaw.
22 DistrictHeadquarters

Tawang,Bomdila,Seppa,Yupia,Ziro,Daporijo,Pasighat,Along,Yingkiong,Anini,Roing,
Tezu,Changlang,Khonsa,LayingYangte,Hawai
23 No.ofSubDivisions 36
24 No.ofBlocks 57
25 No.ofCircles 149
26 MajorTowns

Itanagar,Naharlagun,Tawang,Bomdila,Rupa,Bhalukpong,Seppa,Ziro,Daporijo,Along,
Pasighat,Yingkiong,Roing,Tezu,Namsai,Khonsa.

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BorderedbyBhutan,theTibetAutonomousRegionofChina,andMyanmarandNagalandandAssam
states,itoccupies32,333sqmi(83,743sqkm);itscapitalisItanagar.KnownundertheBritishIndian
governmentastheNorthEastFrontierAgency,theregionbecameArunachalPradeshunionterritoryin
1972andwasgrantedstatehoodin1987.Chinadoesnotrecognizetheboundary(theMcMahonLine)
betweenitandArunachalPradesh.ThestateincorporatesmajorrangesoftheHimalayafoothillsand
hasaruggedterrain.ThepopulationconsistsofmanyethnicgroupswhospeakdialectsoftheTibeto
Burmanlanguages.
Amountainousareaintheextremenortheasternpartofthecountry,itisborderedbythekingdomof
Bhutantothewest,theTibetAutonomousRegionofChinatothenorth,Myanmar(Burma)andthe
IndianstateofNagalandtothesouthandsoutheast,andtheIndianstateofAssamtothesouthand
southwest.ThecapitalisItanagar.
ArunachalPradesh,meaningLandoftheRisingSun,longhasbeenarecognizedregionoftheIndian
subcontinent,receivingmentioninsuchancientHinduliteratureastheKalikapuranaandtheepic
poemsMahabharataandRamayana.FormerlyknownastheNorthEastFrontierAgency(fromthe
Britishcolonialera),theareabecametheIndianunionterritoryofArunachalPradeshin1972,andin
1987itbecameanIndianstate.Theregion,however,hasbeenthesubjectofanongoingsovereignty
disputebetweenIndiaandChina.Area32,333squaremiles(83,743squarekm).Pop.(2008est.)
1,200,000.
Land
MostofArunachalPradeshsterrainconsistsofdeepvalleysflankedbyhighlandplateausandridges
thatrisetothepeaksoftheGreatHimalayas.Thestateencompassesthreebroadphysiographicregions.
Farthestsouthisaseriesoffoothills,similarintypetotheSiwalikRange(anarrowsubHimalayanbelt
stretchingacrossmuchofnorthernIndia),thatascendfromtheAssamplainstoelevationsof1,000to
3,300feet(300to1,000metres).ThesehillsriserapidlynorthwardtotheLesserHimalayas,wheresome
ridgesandspursreach10,000feet(3,000metres).Farthernorth,alongtheTibetanborder,liethemain
rangesoftheGreatHimalayas,whereKangto,thehighestpeakinthestate,dominatesthelandscapeat
morethan23,000feet(7,000metres).
Drainage
ThemajorriversofthestatearetheBrahmaputraanditstributariestheDibang[Sikang],Lohit,
Subansiri,Kameng,andTirap.TheBrahmaputra(knownastheTsangpointheTibetAutonomousRegion
ofChinaandastheDihang[Siang]inArunachalPradesh)flowseastwardfromMansarovarLakeinTibet
beforedippingsouththroughtheHimalayasintonorthcentralArunachalPradesh.Theriverthenwinds
itswaysouthwardacrossthelengthofthestate,cuttinganarrow,steepsidedgorgeintothe
mountainousterrain.TheBrahmaputrafinallyemergesontothenorthernedgeoftheAssamplainsa
fingerofwhichextendsintosoutheasternArunachalPradeshnearthetownofPasighat.Itisjoinedby
theDibangandtheLohitriversafewmilesbeyondPasighat,justsouthoftheAssamArunachalPradesh
border.WestoftheBrahmaputra,theSubansiriistheonlytributarytocrossthemainHimalayanranges.
TheKamengandotherriversintheareariseonthesouthernflanksofthemountains.TheTirapRiver
drainsthesoutheasternpartofthestate.
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Climate
TheclimateofArunachalPradeshvarieswithtopographyandelevation.Thefoothillzoneissubtropical
andhasahotandhumidclimate;inthelowervalleys,summertemperaturesinJune,July,andAugust
typicallyriseintothemid90sF(mid30sC),whilewinterhightemperaturesinDecember,January,and
Februaryusuallyreachthemid50sF(about13C).Averagetemperaturesdecreaseaselevations
increaseinthemountains.Annualrainfallinthestateaveragesabout130inches(3,300mm),falling
mostlybetweenAprilandSeptember;inthecentreofthestate,however,thisfigureapproaches160
inches(4,100mm).
Plantandanimallife
ArunachalPradeshsdiverseterrain,climate,andsoilsarereflectedinitsfaunaandflora.Abouttwo
thirdsofthestateisforested,withawidebeltofswampyrainforestlyingalongthefoothills.Forestsof
tropicalevergreensandsubtropicalpines(aswellassubtropicalmixedbroadleavedandpineforests)
arefoundinlowerelevations.Withincreasingelevation,thesewoodlandsgivewaytomixedand
coniferoustemperateforests.Subalpineandalpinevegetation,withrhododendronspredominating,
appearsonthehigherslopes.Agreatvarietyofmedicinalplants,includingginsengandyew,alsogrow
inArunachalPradesh,andtheyareusedbymuchofthepopulationforthetreatmentandcureof
variousailments.
Animallifeincludestigers,cloudedandsnowleopards,elephants,wildbuffalo,serowandgoralgoats,
manyspeciesofdeer,andprimatessuchashoolockgibbons,slowlorises,macaques,andcapped
langurs.Highelevationanimalsincludebharals(wildsheep),blackbears,andredpandas.Theraremusk
deerandtakin(Budorcastaxicolor)alsoarefoundinthestate.Moreover,ArunachalPradeshhasan
abundanceoffish,manyvarietiesofsnakes,andhundredsofspeciesofbirds.
People
ArunachalPradeshishometodozensofdistinctethnicgroups,mostofwhichareofAsiaticoriginand
areinsomewaysrelatedtothepeoplesofTibetandtheMyanmarhillregion.Roughlytwothirdsofthe
statespeoplearedesignatedofficiallyasScheduledTribes,atermthatgenerallyappliestoindigenous
peopleswhofalloutsideoftheprevailingIndiansocialstructure.InwesternArunachalPradeshtheNissi
(NishiorDafla),Sherdukpen,Aka,Monpa,ApaTani,andHillMiriareamongthemaintribes.TheAdi,
whoconstitutethelargesttribalgroupinthestate,liveinthecentralregion.TheMishmiinhabitthe
northeasternhills,andtheWancho,Nocte,andTangsaareconcentratedinthesoutheasterndistrictof
Tirap.Throughoutthestate,thetribalpeoplesgenerallysharesimilarrurallifestylesandoccupations;
manyaresubsistencefarmerswhosupplementtheirdietbyhunting,fishing,andgatheringforest
products.Dispersedvillagesandisolatedfarmsteadsaretypicalfeaturesofthelandscape.Asidefrom
theScheduledTribes,muchoftheremainderofthepopulationofArunachalPradeshconsistsof
immigrantsfromBangladesh,aswellasfromAssam,Nagaland,andotherstatesofIndia.
Thetribalgroupsspeakabout50languagesanddialects,mostbelongingtotheTibetoBurmanbranch
oftheSinoTibetanlanguagefamily.Theyareoftenmutuallyunintelligible;thus,AssameseandHindi,
bothofwhichareIndoAryanlanguages,aswellasEnglishareusedaslinguafrancasintheregion.Each
ofthetribesfollowsitsownsocial,cultural,andreligiouspractices,andmostareendogamous(marrying
withinthegroup).Manyofthegroupspracticelocalreligionsthatinvolveinteractionwithvariousspirits
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anddeitiesofnature.Ritualsacrificeiscommon,andadomesticatedgaur(wildox),locallyknownasa
mithun,isespeciallyvaluedasasacrificialanimal.SomeresidentsofArunachalPradeshpractice
Hinduism,especiallythosenearthelowlandsapproachingtheborderwithAssam.TibetanBuddhismis
foundamonggroupsneartheTibetanborder,andsometribesalongtheMyanmarborderpracticethe
SoutheastAsiancounterpartofthisreligion,TheravadaBuddhism.
Agricultureandforestry
MorethanhalfofthepopulationofArunachalPradeshisengagedinagriculture,butonlyaverysmall
portionofthelandisundercultivation.Althoughsettledagriculture,includingwetricefarming,has
expandedconsiderablysincethelate20thcentury,manyofthehillpeoplescontinuetopracticeshifting
agriculture(jhum),wherebylandisclearedbyburningthevegetation,iscultivatedforseveralyears,and
thenisabandonedinfavourofanothersitewhentheproductivityofthesoildeclines.Rice,corn
(maize),millet,andbuckwheatareamongthechiefcropsgrownbythismethod.Majorcommercial
cropsincludeoilseeds,potatoes,ginger,sugarcane,andvegetables.
Mithunsarewidelykept,andyaksareimportantinthehigherelevations.TheMonpaherdsheep.Some
groupsalsoraisefishthroughaquaculture.
ArunachalPradesh,withitsabundanceofforestcover,oncederivedasignificantportionofitsgross
stateproductfromloggingandforestry.Productionhasdroppeddramaticallysincethe1970s,however,
largelyinresponsetoenvironmentallegislation.Intheearly21stcentury,forestrysupportedjustafew
localindustriesofsmallormoderatesize.
Resourcesandpower
ArunachalPradeshhassignificant,thoughlargelyunutilized,resourcepotential.Amongitsresourcesfor
generatingenergyarerivers,coal,andpetroleum;mostofthestatespowerisprovidedbyhydroelectric
plants.Inadditiontohydrocarbons,othermineralresourcesofArunachalPradeshincludedolomite,
quartzite,limestone,andmarble.
Manufacturing
Thestatesmanufacturingsectorconsistsprimarilyofmediumandsmallscaleindustries.Basketry,
weaving,andcarpetsarethemainhandicraftmanufactures.Smallerscaleindustriesincludericeandoil
milling,fruitprocessing,manufactureofforestbasedproducts,andsteelfabrication.Sericulture(raw
silkproduction)alsoisimportant,andthestateproducesmanyvarietiesofsilkyarns.Industrial
expansionhasbeenencouragedbythestateseconomicdevelopmentpolicies,andindustrialestates
havebeenestablishedatItanagar,Naharlagun(formerlyOldItanagar),Pasighat,andDeomali.
Transportation
Thestatesruggedterrainmakestransportandcommunicationsextremelydifficult.Withfewpaved
roadsandnorailwaysinArunachalPradesh,linkswiththerestofIndiaarelimited.However,therelong
hasbeenanactivetradenetworkwithintheregion,connectingvillagesatdifferentelevationsandeven
crossingtheHimalayanpassesintoTibet.
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MostofthemajortransportationcentresservingArunachalPradeshareintheneighbouringstateof
Assam;amongthesearethenearestairport,nearLilabari,andthenearestrailheadisinHarmuty.State
ownedandprivatecompaniesoperateregularbusservicefromItanagartovarioustownsofAssam,
includingGuwahati,Tezpur,Dibrugarh,Tinsukia,andJorhat.ServicealsoisavailabletoShillongin
Meghalaya.
Constitutionalframework
ArunachalPradeshisaconstituentunitoftheRepublicofIndia,and,assuch,thestructureofits
government,likethatofmostIndianstates,isdefinedbythenationalconstitutionof1950.The
governor,appointedbyIndiaspresident,isheadofstateandisaidedbyanelectedchiefminister,a
CouncilofMinisters,andaunicameralLegislativeAssembly(VidhanSabha).
Atthelocallevel,thestatecomprisesmorethanonedozendistricts.Ingeneral,thesedistrictsare
parceledintoanumberofsubdivisions,whichencompassseveralblocks,towns,circles,andvillages.
Villagesarethesmallestadministrativeunits.
ArunachalPradeshdoesnothaveitsownhighcourt.Rather,thestatefallsunderthejurisdictionofthe
highcourtinGuwahati,Assam.TohandlecasesfromArunachalPradeshmoreeffectively,however,a
permanentbenchoftheGuwahatiHighCourthasbeenestablishedatItanagar,withachiefjustice
appointedbythechiefjusticeinAssam.AnycasefromArunachalPradeshmaybereferredtoGuwahati,
shouldthechiefjusticeinItanagardeemitnecessary.
Healthandwelfare
InadditiontothefewgeneralhospitalsspreadamongthelargertownsofArunachalPradesh,nearly
everydistricthasitsownhospital.Inmoreremoteareas,healthservicesareprovidedbycommunity
healthcentresandsubcentres.Separatefacilitiesspecializeinhomeopathicmedicine.Althoughthe
ruralcharacterofArunachalPradeshhasremainedanobstacletothegrowthofthestateshospitaland
healthcarenetwork,theexpansionofpublicwaterworksandtheextensionofelectricitytothevillages
havehelpedtoimproveruralhealth.Bytheearly21stcentury,morethanthreefourthsofthevillages
hadadrinkingwatersupplyandabouthalfwereelectrified.
Malaria,denguefever,andtuberculosisareamongthemajorhealththreatstothepopulationof
ArunachalPradesh.Thestategovernmenthasparticipatedinthecountrysleprosyeradicationprogram,
aswellasinnationalprogramstocontrolvectorbornediseases(suchasmalaria,denguefever,and
Japaneseencephalitis).Tuberculosisremainsamajorconcerninthestate,withhospitalfacilities
specificallydesignatedastuberculosistreatmentcentres.
Education
Despitethepresenceofnumerousprimary,middle,andsecondaryschools,theliteracyratein
ArunachalPradeshcontinuedtorankamongthelowestinIndiaintheearly21stcentury.Therearea
numberofpostsecondaryinstitutions,includingArunachalUniversityatItanagar,whichwasfoundedin
1984.Thestatealsohasspecializedcollegesfocusingonsuchfieldsaseducation,engineering,industry,
andforestryandagriculture.
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Culturallife
TribalpeoplesinArunachalPradeshweardistinctivegarmentsandheaddress.Theartofweavingis
especiallyimportant,andtextiledesignsareuniquetoeachgroup.Dancesareanintegralpartof
communitylife.Losar,Mopin,andSolungaremajortribalfestivals.Atsuchfestivals,villagersoftendrink
milletorricebeer,aswellastea.
Culturalinstitutions
ArunachalPradeshhasanarrayofnotableculturalinstitutions,whichtogetherunderscorethestates
religiousandculturaldiversity.Thestatemuseum,whichhousesanethnographiccollectionconsisting
oflocalarchaeologicalfinds,musicalinstruments,weavings,carvings,andotherexamplesofmaterial
culture,islocatedinthecapital,Itanagar.AlsoinItanagararethegovernorsresidenceanda
picturesqueBuddhisttemple,eachcrowningoneofthecitystwoprominentpeaks.AChristianrevival
churchandtemplesdedicatedtotheHindudeitiesofKaliandShivaarelocatedinnearbyNaharlagun.
Bomdila,inthesnowcladHimalayanrangesofthestateswesternsegment,hasmanyBuddhist
monasteriesandhermitages,whileTawang,inthefarnorthwesternextremityofArunachalPradesh,is
famousforits17thcenturyMahayanaBuddhistmonasterywithgoldletteredBuddhistscriptures.
Parasuramkund,ontheLohitRiverinthestateseasternregion,isaplaceofHindupilgrimagewhere
sinscanbewashedawayinthelocalwaters.Malinithan,incentralArunachalPradesh,isan
archaeologicalsiteandalsoaplaceofgreatsanctity.
Recreation
ArunachalPradeshoffersnumerousparks,gardens,wildlifesanctuaries,andothernaturalsettingsfor
outdoorrecreation.BhalukpungandTipi,bothinthesouthwest,andBomdilaallarenotedfortheir
abundantflora,especiallyorchids.NamdaphaNationalPark,nearDibrugarhonthesouthcentral
border,hasawildlifesanctuaryinhabitedbytigersandleopards.InNaharlagunthebotanicalgardenat
PoloParksitsatoparidgeoverlookingthetown.Otherplacesvaluedfortheiruniquesceneryand
naturalenvironmentareZiro,setinalevelledvalleyofwestcentralArunachalPradeshandcoveredon
allsidesbypineclad,stoopinghills,andGangaLakejustoutsideofItanagar.
History
In191213theBritishIndiangovernmentmadeagreementswiththeindigenouspeoplesofthe
HimalayasofnortheasternIndiatosetuptheBaliparafrontiertractinthewest,theSadiyafrontiertract
intheeast,andtheAborandMishmihillsandtheTirapfrontiertractinthesouth.Togetherthesetracts
becametheNorthEastFrontierAgency,whichisnowArunachalPradesh.Thenorthernboundaryofthe
territory(nowofthestate)determinedatthattimebecameknownastheMcMahonLine;itisabout
550miles(885km)longandhasbeenalastingpointofcontentionbetweenIndiaandChina.
TheboundarytakesitsnamefromSirHenryMcMahon,secretaryintheIndianforeigndepartmentand
representativeofGreatBritainattheconferenceheldin191213inSimla(nowcalledShimla,inthe
stateofHimachalPradesh)tosettlefrontierandothermattersrelatingtoTibet.TotheBritish,theline
markedthegeographic,ethnic,andadministrativeboundarybetweenthetworegions,anddelegates
fromGreatBritain,China,andTibetagreedthatthefrontierbetweenTibetandnortheasternIndia
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indeedshouldfollowthecrestofthehighHimalayas.Twodayslater,however,theChineserepublican
governmentdisavoweditsdelegateandrefusedtosignaconvention.
AftertheindependenceofIndiain1947,Chinamadeclaimstopracticallythewholeareacoveredbythe
districtsofEastandWestKameng,LowerandUpperSubansiri,EastandWestSiang,andLohit,arguing
thattheMcMahonLinehadneverbeenacceptedbyChinaandwastheresultofBritishaggression.In
letterstotheIndianprimeminister,JawaharlalNehru,theChineseprimeminister,ZhouEnlai,quoteda
mapinthe1929editionofEncyclopdiaBritannicashowingthedisputedterritoryasChinese,withthe
boundaryfollowingthealignmentofChinesemaps.SomeChinesemapsbefore1935showedtheNorth
EastFrontierAgency(ArunachalPradesh)aspartofIndiaandsincethenaspartofTibet.TheSurveyof
India(1883)showedthedisputedtribalareasasdefactoadministeredbyBritishIndia.Britishand
Indianmapssince1914haveusuallyfollowedtheMcMahonLine.IftheChineseclaimswereallowed,
theIndianChineseborderwouldfollowroughlythemarginoftheAssamplain,afrontieralmost
impossibletodefend.Followingthisdispute,ChinesetroopscrossedtheMcMahonLineonAugust26,
1959,andcapturedanIndianoutpostatLongju,afewmilessouthoftheline.Theyabandonedthis
outpostin1961,butinOctober1962theyagaincrossedtheline,thistimeinforce.Afterfirststriking
towardtheTanglharidgeandTawangneartheborderwithBhutan,theChineselaterextendedtheir
attackalongthewholefrontier.Deepinroadsweremadeatanumberofpoints.LatertheChinese
agreedtowithdrawapproximatelytotheMcMahonLine,andin1963theyreturnedIndianprisonersof
war.

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