Databases and Evolution of Database Technology

20/05/2013
1
Department: Computer Science.
Unit Name: Database Management Systems
Unit Code: CSC 304
Lecturer: Obuhuma James
Database Mgt. Systems: Obuhuma James
Databases and the Evolution of
Database Technology
Reference:

Connolly, T. M. and Begg, C. E., Database Systems: A Practical Approach to Design,
Implementation, and Management, 5
th
Edition, Addison Wesley: 2010.
Database Systems
Introduction
Data management, which focuses on data collection, storage and
retrieval, constitutes a core activity for any organisation.

To generate relevant information efficiently you need quick access to
data (raw facts) from which the required information is produced.

Efficient data management requires the use of a computer database.
A database is a shared, integrated computer structure that houses a
collection of: -
End user data i.e. raw facts of interest to the user.

Meta data i.e. data about data through which the data is integrated.
The Meta data provides a description of the data characteristics and
the set of relationships that link the data found within the database.
The database resembles a very well organized electronic filing
cabinet in which powerful software referred to as DBMS helps
manage the cabinets contents.
File Oriented Approach
The earliest business computer systems were used to process
business records and produce information.

They were generally faster and more accurate than
equivalent manual systems.

These systems stored groups of records in separate files,
and so they were called file processing systems.

In a typical file processing systems, each department has its
own files, designed specifically for those applications.

The department itself working with the data processing staff,
sets policies or standards for the format and maintenance of
its files.
Programs are dependent on the files and vice-versa; that is,
when the physical format of the file is changed, the program has
also to be changed.

Although the traditional file oriented approach to information
processing is still widely used, it does have some very important
disadvantages.
Consider a saving bank enterprise that keeps information
about all customers and savings accounts in permanent
system files at the bank.

The bank will need a number of applications e.g.:-
A program to debit or credit an account
A program to add a new account
A program to find the balance of an account
A program to generate monthly statements
Any new program would be added as per the banks
requirements

Such a typical filing /processing system has the limitation
of more and more files and application programs being
added to the system at any time.
20/05/2013
2
Limitations of File-Based Systems

1. Separation and Isolation of data.
2. Duplication of Data.
3. Data dependency.
4. Incomplete file formats.
5. Fixed queries/proliferation of applications.
6. Security problems.

These difficulties among others have prompted
the development of DBMS.

Database Approach
A database is a shared collection of logically
related data and its description designed to meet
the information needs of an organisation.

Unlike the file system with may separate and
unrelated files, Databases consist of logically
related data store in a single data repository.

The problems inherent in file systems make
using the database system very desirable and
therefore, the database represents a change in
the way the end user data are stored accessed
and arranged.

Database Approach
All the previously mentioned limitations of the file-
based approach can be attributed to two factors:-

1. The definition of data is embedded in the
application programs, rather than being stored
separately and independently.

2. There is no control over the access and
manipulation of data beyond that imposed by
the application programs.

Database Approach
Difference between a file-based and Database Approach
Database Approach:
Types of Database Systems
1. Single User database systems
This is a database system that supports one user at a time
such that if user A is using the database, users B & C must
wait until user A completes his/her database work.
If a single user database runs on a personal computer its
called a desktop database.

2. Multi-user database
This is a database that supports multiple users at the same
time for relatively small number e.g. 50 users in a
department the database is referred to as a workgroup
database. While one, which supports many departments
is called an enterprise database.
Database Approach:
Types of Database Systems
3. Centralized Database system
This is a database system that supports a database located
at a single site.

4. Distributed database system
This is a database system that supports a database
distributed across several different sites.

5. Transactional DBMS/Production DBMS
This is a database system that supports immediate response
transaction e.g. sale of a product.

6. Decision Support DBMS
It focuses primarily on the production of information required
to make a tactical or strategic decision at middle and high
management levels.
20/05/2013
3
Database Approach:
Database Management System (DBMS)
A DBMS is a software system that enables users to define,
create, maintain and control access to the database.

The DBMS is the software that interacts with the users
application programs and the database.
Database Approach:
A DBMS is a piece of software that is designed to make
the preceding tasks easier.

By storing data in a DBMS, rather than as a collection
of operating systems, we can use the DBMS's features
to manage the data in a robust and efficient manner.

As the volume of data and the number of users grow -
hundreds of gigabytes of data and thousands of users
are common in current corporate databases - DBMS
support becomes indispensable.
Database Approach:
Typically, a DBMS provides the following facilities:-
It allows user to define the database, usually through a
Data Definition Language (DLL).

It allows users to insert, update, delete and retrieve data
from the database, usually through a Data Manipulation
Language (DML).

It provides controlled access to the database, usually
through:-
A security system.
An integrity system.
A concurrency system.
A recovery control system.
A user-accessible catalog.
Database Approach:
(Database) Application Programs
Application program - A computer program that interacts
with the database by issuing an appropriate request
(typically an SQL) to the DBMS.

Users interact with the database through a number of
application programs that are used to create and
maintain the database and to generate information.

These programs can be conventional batch applications or
more typically nowadays, online applications.

The application program may be written in a programming
language or in higher-level fourth-generation language.

Database Approach:
Views
DBMS provides another facility known as a view
mechanism, which allows each user to have his/her own
view of the database.

A view is in essence, some subset of the database.

Other benefits of views include:-
1. Views provide a level of security.
2. Views provide a mechanism to customize the
appearance of the database.
3. A view can present a consistent, unchanging picture of
the structure of the database.
Database Approach:
Components of the DBMS Environment
The term database system refers to an organisation of
components that define and regulate the collection, storage,
management and use of data within a database environment.

The database system is composed of 5 major parts:-
1. Hardware - This identifies all the systems physical
devices e.g. the composition peripherals, storage devices etc.

2. Software - These are a collection of programs used by the
computers within the database system.
OS - manages all hardware components and makes it possible
for all other and software to run on the composition.
The DBMS - manages the database within the database system
e.g. Oracle, DB2, Ms Access etc.
Applications programs and utilities to access and manipulate
data in the DBMS.
20/05/2013
4
Database Approach:
Components of the DBMS Environment
3. Procedures - These are instructions and rules that govern
the design and use of the database system. They enforce
standards by which business is conducted within the
organisation an with customers. Procedures also ensure that
there is an organized way to monitor and audit both the data
that enter the database and the information that is generated
through the use of such data.

4. Data - This covers the collection for facts stored in the
database and since data is the raw material from which
information is generated the determination of what data is to be
stored into the database and how the data is to be organized is
a vital part of the database designer jobs.

5. People The people involved in the system. Discussed in
the next slides.
Database Approach:
Roles in the Database Environment
1. Data and Database Administrator.
2. Database Designers.
3. Application Developers.
4. End-Users.

Students to discuss the roles in details

Advantages of DBMS
1. Control of data redundancy.
2. Data consistency.
3. More information from the same amount of data.
4. Sharing of data.
5. Improved data integrity.
6. Improved security.
7. Enforcement of standards.
8. Economy of scale.
9. Balance of conflicting requirements.
10. Improved data accessibility and responsiveness.
11. Increased productivity.
12. Improved maintenance through data independence.
13. Increased concurrency.
14. Improved backup and recovery services.
Disadvantages of DBMS
1. Complexity.
2. Size.
3. Cost of DBMS.
4. Additional hardware costs.
5. Cost of conversion.
6. Performance.
7. Greater impact of a failure.
Historical Development of Database Systems
Historical Development of Database Systems
Students to explore the Historical Developments in
Database Systems by analysing the salient features at
each stage.

Databases and Evolution of Database Technology

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Исходное описание:

Оригинальное название

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Databases and Evolution of Database Technology

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

20/05/2013

Вам также может понравиться