Systemline Guide 1

Systemline
Subject to alteration
Introduction

1. Load-bearing frame structure 2
1.0. Foundation 3
1.0.1. Foundation plan and data supply 3
1.0.2. Anchoring steel elements 3
1.1. Standard frame structure (LS) 6
1.2. Lindab welded frame structure 8
1.3. Lindab trussed frame structure 10
1.4. Craned hall building 12
1.4.1. Crane runway separaed from the building frames 12
1.4.2. Crane runway on frame column 12
1.5. Special solutions 14
1.6. Dilatation of the hall building 18
1.7. Spatial rigidity 18
1.7.1. Longitudinal bracings 19
1.7.1.1. Standard longitudinal bracing 19
1.7.1.2. Bracing frame 19
1.7.1.3. Bracing with masonry construction 20
1.7.2. Wind-bracing 20
1.7.3. Bracing of trussed primary frames or beams 20
1.8. Corrosion protection 21
1.9. Fire protection 21
2. Secondary load-bearing elements 22
2.1. Roff purlins and wall girts 22
2.1.1. Material, geometry, sizes 22
2.1.2. Static systems, static design 23
2.1.3. Constructional aspects 27
2.1.3.1. The design of supports 27
2.1.3.2. Longitudinal splice of thin-walled beams 28
2.1.3.3. Lateral support 29
2.1.3.4. Connections of thin-walled beams 30
2.2. High profile slab systems 31
2.2.1. Material, types, size range 33
2.2.2. Static system, dimensioning 34
2.2.3. Constructional aspects, rules 37
2.3. Wall cassettes 43
2.3.1. Materials, types/models, size ranges 43
2.3.2. Static systems, structural design 43
2.3.3. Constructional aspects, rules 45
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3.0 Roof and wall cladding 46
3.1. Roof cladding systems 43
3.1.1. Metal sheet for roof covering 43
3.1.1.1. General description of profile sheets 43
3.1.1.2. Types of Profiled sheets 47
3.1.1.2.1. LTP20 trapezoidal sheet 48
3.1.1.2.2. LLP20 trapezoidal sheet 50
3.1.1.2.3. LTP45 trapezoidal sheet 51
3.1.1.2.4. LTP80 trapezoidal corugated sheet 53
3.1.1.2.5. SIN trapezoidal corugated sheet 55
3.1.1.2.6. LPA tile effect sheet 56
3.1.1.3. PLX flat sheet 57
3.1.1.4. Sandwich-panel for roofs 57
3.1.2. Heat insulated roof 59
3.1.2.1. LindabEcoroof - Assembled sandwich-panel 61
3.1.2.1.1. Building physics requirements 61
3.1.2.1.2. Order of layers and the materials needed 64
3.1.2.1.3. LindabToproof - Tiled assembled sandwich roof 74
3.1.2.1.4. LindabQualiroof - Assembled sandwich with folded upper sheet 75
3.1.2.1.5. LindabBuiltroof - High-profile assembled sandwich roof system 76
3.1.2.1.6. LindabCasetroof - Wall Casette assembled roof system 77
3.1.2.2. LindabFlatroof - Composition (soft) roofing system 78
3.1.2.2.2. The construction and materials of the roof structure 79
3.1.2.2.3. Special rules and principles for constructional design 81
3.1.2.3. LindabSandroof - Sandwich-panel for roofs 82
3.1.2.3.1. Thermal engineering parameters 82
3.1.2.3.3. Constructional aspects 83
3.1.2.4. Heat insulated horizontal false ceiling 86
3.1.2.4.2. Constructional design 87
3.1.3 Single-shell roof with no heat insulation 88
3.1.3.1. Building physics requirements 88
3.1.3.2. Structural design 88
3.1.4. Design of roof penetrations and openings 90
3.1.4.1. Dimension of the penetrations 90
3.1.4.2. Constructional aspects 91
3.1.4.3. Edging of penetrations cut through roofs covered with corrugated sheet 93
3.1.5. Drainage of precipitation from the roof 95
3.1.5.1. Selection of the size of eaves gutter components based on
MSZ 04-134 (Hungarian Standard) 95
3.1.5.2. The system of eaves gutters 97
Systemline
1. Load bearing frame structure
3.1.5.3. Aspects of designing valley gutters in case of roofs
made of trapezoidal sheets 99
3.1.6. Skylight systems 101
3.1.6.1. Transparent trapezoidal corrugated strip 101
3.1.6.2. Dome-light 105
3.1.6.3. LindabTopline barrel vault skylight strip 108
3.1.7. Lightning protection 110
3.1.8. Roof safety system 114
3.1.9. Insertion of rupture roof in the Lindab structure 117
Hall Cladding - Walls
3.2. Wall cladding systems 119
3.2.1. General description of wall cladding profiles 121
3.2.1.1. Technical parameters of the wall trapezoidal profiles 122
3.2.1.1.1. LVP-20 trapezoidal sheet 122
3.2.1.1.2. SIN corrugated sheet 124
3.2.1.1.3. LLP-20 trapezoidal sheet 125
3.2.1.1.4. LV-30 trapezoidal sheet 126
3.2.1.1.5. LVV-30 trapezoidal sheet 127
3.2.1.1.6. LVP-45 trapezoidal sheet 128
3.2.1.2. Sandwich-panel for walls - Lindabwall 130
3.2.1.3. Fixing and fastening 132
3.2.2.1. LindabEcowall - Assembled sandwich wall system 133
3.2.2.1.2. Materials and constructional setup of the
assembled sandwich-panel wall 133
3.2.2.2. LindabCassetwall - Assembled wall system with wall casettes 139
3.2.2.3. LindabSandwall - Sandwich (composite) panel wall system 141
3.2.2.3.1. Thermal engineering parameters 141
3.2.2.3.2. Constructional setup 141
3.2.2.4. LindabQualiwall - Assembled wall system covered with trays 145
3.2.2.5. LindabTradwall - Wall system with traditional brick cladding 147
3.3. Fastening techniques 148
3.4. Transport, storage and installation of the Lindab cladding elements 154
3.5. Acoustics 156
3.5.1. Insertion of doors and windows 157
3.5.1.1. Windows 157
3.5.1.2. Doors 162
3.5.1.3. Industrial gates 162

LITERATURE 163
1
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Introduction
In 1992, the Hungarian subsidiary of Lindab Ltd. began to market its light structure hall system
whose favourable properties quickly won popularity among the building contractors and their
clients. In accordance with the continuously changing and increasing demand of the users, we
have developed further the products capabilities and now we can offer a multitude of different
versions, extending the popular standard solution.
The present book is an enlarged version of the Application Technology Guide issued in 2000
and is intended to illustrate the results of our most recent development efforts and the technical
parameters of our hall systems, presented in three main chapters:
1. Primary Load-bearing frame structure
2. Secondary load-bearing structure
3. Roof and wall claddings
Our product variety satisfies the demand of every client wishing to build or to have built
factory halls, service and auxiliary buildings, sport halls, cold storage facilities or buildings for
agricultural use. In addition to the standard types, an innumerable variety can be created by
means of multi-bay solution, applying intermediate floors or crane.
The main components of the system are approved by MI (Hungarian Quality Controlling
Institute) technical application certificate:
LINDAB primary steel frame structure A-993/1992
LINDAB built-up sandwich roof structure M-98/1993
LINDAB built-up sandwich wall structure M-103/1995
LINDAB profiled transparent sheets M-271/1998
ISO 9001 and 14001 quality assurance system ensures the high quality of our products and
manufacturing processes.
This Application Guide offers useful assistance for designers, builders and contractors in each
phase of the implementation of the hall buildings. Lindab Ltd. is ready to support his clients
with very wide range of services:
making price offer (preliminary quotation) based on sketch drawing,
preparing static documentation needed for building permit process (when ordered),
supply of reaction forces of the structure for foundation design (when ordered),
preparing erecting plans fort primary and secondary structures, layout plans for roof
and wall claddings in case of ordered hall buildings,
offering solutions for building constructional and architectural details,
giving engineering consultancy in the office or on site,
providing design tools for static and structural dimensioning (hard copy or CD-ROM)
utilizing our designer and builder partnership network
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Calculation tools
Calculation and design of the primary steel structure is completely supported by computer
programs (Finite Element Analysis software, CAD/CAM programs). The use of sophisticated
calculation methods in accordance with the respective international standards guarantees the
perfect quality of the design process and the designed structure, as well.
Applied standards
ENV 1991 Eurocode 1 Basis of design and actions on structures.
ENV 1993 Eurocode 3 Design of steel structures
MSZ 15021 Structural design of load-bearing structures of buildings.
Actions and loads on superstructures
MSZ 15024 Structural design of steel load-bearing structures.
Base values and safety factors (MSZ15021)
Dead weight kN/m
2
K
e
= 1.2
Snow load 0,80 kN/m
2
K
e
= 1.4 1.75
Wind pressure kN/m
2
K
e
= 1.2
Applied materials, welding
Primary frames: - IPE, HEA hot-rolled members (S235)
- welded plated I-sections (S235 or S355)
Secondaries (purlins, girts): - certified, cold formed LINDAB Z and C profiles.
Sheets: - certified, coated, cold formed LINDAB trapezoidal sheets
Connections: - for primaries: metric bolts of class 10.9 or 8.8 (DIN 6914-16)
- for primary-to-secondary: metric bolts of class 5.6 (DIN 601)
- for secondary-to-secondary: 5.6 metric bolts or self-drilling
screws
The structural materials meet the respective requirements; the materials purchased from
Hungarian suppliers meet the specification in the Hungarian Standard MSZ EN 10113-1:1995
Steel used to manufacture welded structures. Welds are made by gas protected electric arc
welding and meet the requirements specified in MSZ 6442 Technical requirements for welds
and structural elements.
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1.0 Foundation
1.0.1. Foundation plan and data supply
The foundation plan is prepared by outer static designer engineer or company. The design is
based on:
soil mechanics conditions,
foundation data supplied by LINDAB,
which latter specifies the reaction forces from the superstructure; the types and arrangement
of the anchoring steel fittings to be embedded in the concrete foundation. According to these
conditions, efforts should be made to select the optimal foundation technique (e.g. base
foundation, strip foundation, plate foundation, pier foundation etc.).
1.0.2. Anchoring steel elements
The frame column-bases are anchored into the foundation by means of pre-fabricated steel
elements designed for primary structure (Figure 1).
Major types:
- Hinged base connection: - IPE anchoring elements
- base plate with 2 or 4 anchoring bolts
- Fixed base connection: - base plate with anchoring bolts 4 up to 12
- Endwall post base: - base plate with 2 anchoring bolts
Positioning: (Figure 2)
temporarily fixed, by a wooden wedge, in a pocket left in the foundation body, then
filled with C16 grade concrete, or
fixed to the reinforcement in the concrete base.
Permissible general tolerances during the positioning (depending on the global geometry) are:
in the direction of frame span: 10 mm
between 2 general (non-braced) frames: 10 mm
between 2 braced frames: 2 mm
total longitudinal length 5 mm
level difference between adjacent column bases 5 mm
If the upper visible part of the anchor element should be covered for aesthetic or floor-isolation
reasons, it can be sunk below the level of the halls floor level. In that case, the nominal eave
height should be increased by cca. 100 mm.
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Figure 1: Major types of anchoring steel elements

Axis of
endwall post
P / 92
Axis of frame
Column, outer
plane
Axis of frame
Axis of raster
Axis of raster
Axis of raster
Axis of raster
Axis of raster
Axis of raster
Anchoring element of endwall post I. Anchoring element of endwall post II.
Anchoring of Frame Column
standard type I.
Column fastening,
embedded type
Anchoring of Frame
Column; xed or hinged
type
Threaded shank
Base plate
Axis of raster
Frame,
outer plane
Anchoring of Frame Column
standard type II.
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Figure 2: Positioning of anchoring steel elements in concrete foundation
Anchoring element
Anchoring element of endwall post
Span
Span
S
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m
1.1. Standard frame structure (LS)
The main component of the frame is a double-hinged steel structure whose basic section is
of IPE hot-rolled I-section, haunched at the frame corners. The height and the length of the
haunch depend on the internal forces (bending moment diagram). The member joints are
made of end-plated and bolted connections.
High grade 8.8 or 10.9 steel bolts are used to connect the structural elements. The frame
columns are hinged at the base for both horizontal directions. On the frame corners a special
adjustable eave console is used, made of hollow section (Figure 3).
Figure 3: Standard frame structure
Application parameters:
Span: sz = 10.0 25.0 m
Eave height: m = 3.0 8.0 m
Frame spacing: t = 5.0 7.0 m
Optimum frame spacing t
0
= 6.0 m
Roof slope: = 6 30
Optimum roof slope:
0
= 16
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The endwall frame represents double roles: carries the vertical loads as the internal ones and,
in the same time, also the horizontal loads acting perpendicularly to the endwall. Therefore
it corresponds to the design of the facade, as well. The spacing of endwall posts (internal
columns) is flexible, however should be adjusted to load-bearing capacity of the secondary
wall-beams and to the dimensions of the openings. The upper connection of the endwall post
can be designed to load-bearing or movable in the vertical directions, that influences the static
behaviour of the endwall (Figure 4).
Figure 4: Endwall posts with vertically sliding top connection
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M
01
G1
0,00
-0,20
G2 G2
01
G1
Application parameters:

Span: sz =25,0 60,0 m Optimum frame spacing: t
0
= 6,0 m
Eave-height: m = 5,0 12,0 m Roof slope: = 2 30
Frame spacing: t = 5,0 7,0 m Optimum roof slope:
0
= 6 10

1.2. Lindab welded frame structure
The main component of the frame structure is a steel frame with rigid frame corners, with hinged
or fixed bases, depending on the soil conditions and the frame geometry. The cross-sections
of the frame are welded, plated I-girder, the height is changing along the length according to
the internal forces. The frame connections are rigid, end-plated and bolted. Usually high grade
8.8 or even 10.9 metric bolts are used to connect the structural elements. Solutions for eave
consoles and endwall frames are similar to those presented at Standard Frame structures in
Chapter 1.1. (Figure 5).

Figure 5a: LH welded frame structure

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1.3. Lindab trussed frame structure

In this case the roof beam of the frame is of a truss girder, whose upper and lower chords are
made of hot-rolled HEA or HEB sections, the vertical posts and diagonals are made of hollow
sections. In case of larger spans, also the diagonals can be of hot-rolled HEA or IPE section
(Figure 7).
The frame columns of the frame are made of large HEA or HEB profiles which is connected to
the trussed roof beam by hinged or fixed way. In order to reduce the foundation costs, hinged
connection is, in general, applied on the column base. In case of taller buildings, from static
and therefore financial point of view, use of fixed column bases is more common.
Figure 6: Frame with trussed arch beam
The trussed arched roof beam is a special version of the trussed main frames. Up to 20 m span,
the arched upper chord is made of hot-rolled hollow sections with radius minimum 50m (R
50 m). In case of spans larger than 20, the upper chord is made of HEA sections from straight
segments, that are connected to each other by butt welds or end-plated bolted connections.
The bottom chord and the diagonals are made of hollow sections or, at larger spans, of HEA
sections. The columns made of HEA sections
connect to the arch by hinges; the column
bases are generally fixed (Figure 6).
HEA
HEA
0,00
SZ
H
1
H
2
Application parameters
Span: W =20,5-45,0 m
Eave height: m = 3,0-7,0 m
Frame spacing: t = 4,0-6,0 m
Optimum frame spacing: t
0
= 6,0 m
Roof slope: = 2
o
- 10
o
Optimum roof slope:
0
= 5,71 (10%)
W
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1.4. Craned hall building
1.4.1. Crane runway separated from the building frames
In this case the load-bearing steel skeleton of the standard hall building is completely
independent from the crane supporting structures; the building is not designed to carry the
crane loads. Therefore, the crane runway is supported by fixed columns erected separately
from the load-bearing structure of the hall building.
1.4.2. Crane runway on frame column
In this case the load-bearing frame structure of the building, in addition to the normal loads
(such as dead, service, snow, wind load), is designed to support the crane bridge, as well. The
crane manufacturer should provide all the relevant data that is necessary to design the frames;
these are the exact geometric data (clearance space, track distance) and the load capacity of
the crane bridge (Figure 9).
The frame columns and the crane cantilevers console are generally made of hot-rolled HEA
sections, or welded plated I-sections. The cantilevers are connected to the column by bolts or
welding.
The column-to-beam connection is rigid at the corners; while the column base is generally
hinged at low eave height and low crane load, otherwise fixed (Figure 8).
0,00
Figure 8: Eave and base detail of a craned frame
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1.5. Special solutions

As to meet any client demand, we offer an almost unlimited variety of custom-tailored designs,
in addition to the above presented options. A brief summary of the most frequently applied
special versions is given below.
- Applying intermediate column results in a more favourable static solution over cca. 25-
30m width and, in consequence, cost savings, where it does not cause functional problem
(Figure 10).
I A B C D E II
+5,72
5,72
1000
1000
+4,20
+5,40
6800 1800 1800 6800 1000
1000 17200
+3,00
95,70
G2
0,00
-0,20
5
5
0
0
G1 G1
01 01
G3
50300
02
G4 G4
+7,815
G3
G2
Figure 10: LH welded frame with intermediate column
Figure 11: Frame structure with internal high skylight structural part
- The use of a hall frame combined with skylight structure enhances the functional and
aesthetic value of the hall building. It is useful for the function of educational facility or
office building, where a central longitudinal corridor is necessary.
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- Machines, equipment or transporting track ways can be installed on a platform (strong

middle floor) connected to internal frame columns, in order to improve the utilization of the
side spaces available for cold storage facilities or warehouses (Figure 12).
- Each standard and custom-tailored frame structure can be equipped with canopy roof beam,
in order to protect the space in front of the door or entrance from the effects of weather
conditions or to create small open storage areas along the buildings facade (Figure 13).
Figure 12: Frame structure combined with intermediate platform (middle floor)
- It is quite common to build frame structure with mono-pitch roof where an extension of an
existing hall building is required; or the new building is erected at the boundary of the estate.
On the other hand, mono-pitch roof can improve the architectural/aesthetic impression of
the building.
- At very complex buildings, where for architectural/aesthetic and/or functional reasons it is
hard or impossible to use 2D plane frame structure joined and braced together, the whole
hall building structure can be designed as a general spatial structure with independent
fixed columns, roof beams (often spatial trusses), lintel beams etc. For example, when an
office building capped with a roof of intricate geometry joins integrally to a workshop or
warehouse of standard structure (car salon + repair shop).
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95,70
IPE240
IPE240 IPE240
IPE240 IPE240
IPE240
IPE240
IPE300
IPE300
IPE300 IPE300 IPE300
IPE360
5
5
0
0
-0,20
0,00
+2,90 +2,90
+7,815
30300
- When many functions should be provided in different places of the same building, it is
very economical to build two-storey structure by adding an intermediate floor, over a part
or the whole of the hall. Connecting office section and other facilities for the working staff
(changing room, toilets, etc.) to a larger plant or workshop space can be mentioned as the
most frequent example (Figure 14).
Figure 14/b: Spatial view of a middle floor structure for office rooms
Figure 14/a: Two-storey frame structure
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LVP 20
LTP 135
LVP 45 Dn
1.6. Dilatation of the hall building
It is proposed to apply longitudinal dilatation joint each 50 to 60m long section of the hall
building structure, in order to avoid high overstresses due to the thermal motions. This matter
can be solved by using a double frame at the dilatation joint; adjusting all the structural
elements (claddings, purlins, foundation) for this role.
1.7. Spatial rigidity
The load-bearing capacity against the longitudinal horizontal loading actions (wind) and the
global rigidity of hall frame structures is ensured by braced fields in every 5-6 frame bays. The
bracing field is consisting of windbracing in the roof and wall bracing, together with the primary
and the secondary structures, i.e. purlins and the braced main frames (Figure 16).
- The architectural appearance of the facade
can be modified by using parapet wall at the
eaves (Figure 15).
Figure 15: Parapet wall
Figure 16: General arrangement of braced fields
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1.7.1. Longitudinal bracings

1.7.1.1. Standard longitudinal bracing
The standard solution to connect two adjacent frame beams and columns is using diagonal steel
tension rods with high grade (St 50-2). The steel rod is welded to the frames through gusset
plates; while site connection is realised by using a double-threaded nut element (Figure 17).
1.7.1.2. Bracing frame
When the design of the facade does not allow
for the use of standard solution in the wall; a
portal bracing frame should be applied.
If the opening in the braced field occupies
the whole wall space, both the columns and
the beams of the portal frame are made of
hot-rolled IPE section, with moment-
resistant frame corners. This solution is
rather material consuming and requires
more mounting skills and efforts from the
builders than the standard X-bracings
(Figure 18/a).
Figure 18: Types of longitudinal bracing
portal frames
IPE frame beam
IPE frame column
b./ Bracing portal frame made of truss
a./ Bracing portal frame made of I-sections
trussed beam
made of hollow
steel section
IPE column
Figure 17: Tension rods as bracing elements
longitudinal wall
bracing with
portal frame
standard
longitudinal wall
bracing made by
tension rods
If the opening in the braced field permits to
design, the beam of the portal bracing can
be realised by lattice truss girder, which is
a more favourable and economic solution
(Figure 18/b).
20
Systemline

1.7.1.3 Bracing with masonry construction
This method can be applied when masonry brick walls are designed for external wall covering,
because in this case the in-plane stiffness of the brick wall can be utilised for bracing the frame
structure. It is important to know that erecting the brick wall only lime-free cement grout should
be used where contact is possible to steel structure (corrosion problem).
1.7.2. Wind-bracing
The chords of the wind-brace are represented by the upper flange of the primary frame beam.
The truss posts are realised by means of roof purlins and wall girts. The purlins placing in
wind-brace have compression forces beside other usual actions, therefore often need stronger
sections, e.g double Z-sections connected together with spacer (Figure 19). The X-formed
diagonals of the wind-brace are steel tension rods (phase 1.7.1.1). Their final position can be
adjusted by threaded nut elements.
Figure 19: Doubled purlins in wind-brace as composed truss members
1.7.3 Bracing of trussed primary frames or beams
It is important to mention that in case of truss roof beams the out-of-stability of the trusses
should be provided not only on upper but the lower chord member, as well. This role is
generally played by longitudinal bracing truss girders within the width.
2
0
0
200
1
5
0 1
5
0
21
Systemline
1.8. Corrosion protection

The steel structure of the LINDAB hall buildings is protected by a multi-layer corrosion protective painting. The
surface of each steel member and fitting is prepared by sand blasting to have K0 grade surface quality. After
the structural manufacturing processes, two painting layers are applied to the surface in a painting shop (1
layer zinc-chromate primer and 1 layer covering paint layer). Total thickness of the two layers is 80 microns.
Shipping the structures to the site, some paint cans are also transported to facilitate repair or elimination of the
minor damages/scratches suffered during the transport and installation phase.
When only the middle zinc-chromate layer is painted in the shop, then the final protective layer is painted on
site, it results in better and more uniform quality but costs more, because of more painting time.
Upon request, the primary frame structures can be protected by 60 m hot-dip galvanized surface. For
galvanized constructions, under normal ambient conditions, 25 years of corrosion protection is guaranteed.
1.9. Fire protection
The fire resistance rate in time (T
H
) of the normal steel frame structure is 15 minutes (0.25h) without any fire
protective materials. The steel material itself is classified as non-combustible.
The frame structure can be used under the following circumstances according to Hungarian Standards
(MSZ 595):
- in buildings of Class IV or V of fire resistance,
- in industrial facilities used for activities classified to A or B fire hazard category,
- in industrial, warehousing or agricultural facilities rated to Class III of fire resistance, up to 500 MJ/m
2
specific
heat release,
- in school gymnasiums or other halls used for physical training, equipped with no public enclosures made
of combustible materials and having capacity for less than 500 spectators.
If higher fire resistance capability is required, fire protective paint (e.g. HENSOTHERM) should be applied to
the surfaces of the frame structure.
- T
H
=0.5h fire protective painting in shop or on site;
- T
H
=1.0h fire protective painting in shop preferably.
In case of even higher fire resistance requirements it is more economic to apply other methods than painting.
The most popular solution is using fire retardant boards around the steel structural members, if the plate
thickness in the steel cross-section is not less than 5mm. The fire resistance time depends on the number and
thickness of the applied retardant board (e.g. RIDURIT).
The resistance time
T
H
(hour)
Protection on 3 sides Protection on 4 sides
0,5 15 15
0,75 20 20
1,0 20 20
1,5 25 30
2,0 40 45
2,5 45 50
3,0 45 55
Thickness of fire-retardant boards (mm)
Systemline
22
2.0 Secondary load-bearing elements
2.1. Roof purlins and wall girts
The system of steel roof purlins and wall girts of the LINDAB hall buildings, completed with
mounted sheet panels, consist of thin-walled Z and C sections which transmit the load on
the roof shells and wall claddings to the primary load bearing structures, i.e. the main frames.
These sections can be used as components of the bracing system of the global structure and,
therefore, they can serve also a supplementary function (i.e. providing support to the compression
members of the main beams).
With the use of the appropriate connecting pieces, the system can be applied also to primary
structures made of reinforced concrete or timber constructions.
2.1.1. Material, geometry, sizes
- Material properties
Hot-dip galvanized steel sheets (quality: EN 10147, FeE 350 G) are used as raw material.
Yield point (Ry) 350 MPa
Tensile strength (Rm) 420 MPa
Modulus of elasticity (E) 210000 MPa
- Section geometric
The asymmetric shape of the section makes possible the overlapping connection of the beams.
As a result, the high bending momentum over the support is carried by doubled section (Figure
20).
2. Secondary load-bearing elements
B+6
H
B
1
6
1
6
41
C Cl
1
8
1
8
45
Figure 20: Overlapping connection of Z and C beam sections
H = 100,120, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350
Sheet thickness: 1.0 to 3.0 mm
The C sections can be connected to each other by inserting special CI components.
Systemline
23
2. 3. 1.
b. a.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
1. Both flanges are laterally supported.
2. Compression flange is supported, tension
flange is unsupported.
3. Tension flange is supported, compression
flange is unsupported
a.) for gravity loading
b.) for uplift load
2.1.2. Static systems, static design
Assuming equal spans and uniformly distributed load on the whole length of the beam, the
thin-walled Z and C sections can be designed by means of design tables (span vs. load tables)
shown in the Design Guide for beams made of Z and C sections.
The tables specify the load-bearing capacity
of the beam according to static models and
various lateral supporting conditions of the
beam (Figure 21), for the two limit state:
- ultimate limit state
- serviceability limit state
With the use of the special static calculation
software (DIMroof v2.0) developed by Lindab
and Budapest Technical University, light
gauge beams can be designed with more
various parameters (changing spans,
di fferent l oadi ng types, e.g. l i nearl y
distributed or concentrated loads, and axial
tension force).
The deflection limit to be satisfied depends
on the applied code. Eurocode does not
provide exact value, the National Annexes
should clarify the limits in each country. The
Hungarian Standard (MSZ) prescribes the
following values for deflection limit (e
H
),
where L means the span of the beam:
roof and floor beams in general:
e
H
= L / 200
beams as structural elements of global
bracing:
e
H
= L / 300
beams in temporary building; or at lower
requirements:
e
H
= L / 150
Technical parameters of most common light
gauge thin-walled beams
Figure 21: Static model
Systemline
24
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Systemline
25
Nomination Sys Static system
t
1
Thickness of the intermediate purlin
t
2
Thickness of the end purlin
L Span (m)
Type Type of limit state
1. Ultimate limit state, both flange supported
2. Ultimate limit state, both flange supported; gravity load
3. Ultimate limit state, both flange supported; uplift load
4. Serviceability limit state, L/200 deflection limit
5. Serviceability limit state, L/300 deflection limit
The attached table contains an abstract from the load-bearing capacities (kN/m) for light gauge
LINDAB purlin beams (Z150 and Z200), for the most frequently used static system (standard
overlapped no. 5); for uniformly distributed loads.
Z 150 Z 200
sys t
1
t
2
type L
5.20 5.60 6.00 6.40 6.80 7.20 5.20 5.60 6.00 6.40 6.80 7.20
5 1.00 1.00 1 1.17 1.01 0.88 0.77 0.68 0.61 1.49 1.28 1.12 0.98 0.87 0.78
2 1.17 1.01 0.88 0.77 0.68 0.61 1.37 1.21 1.08 0.97 0.87 0.78
3 0.61 0.53 0.46 0.41 0.36 0.32 0.95 0.82 0.72 0.63 0.56 0.50
4 0.92 0.73 0.60 0.49 0.41 0.35 2.39 1.92 1.56 1.28 1.07 0.90
5 0.61 0.49 0.40 0.33 0.27 0.23 1.60 1.28 1.04 0.86 0.71 0.60
5 1.00 1.20 1 1.70 1.47 1.28 1.12 1.00 0.89 2.18 1.93 1.68 1.48 1.31 1.17
2 1.53 1.32 1.15 1.01 0.90 0.80 1.84 1.63 1.45 1.30 1.17 1.06
3 0.77 0.66 0.58 0.51 0.45 0.40 1.48 1.27 1.11 0.98 0.86 0.77
4 1.11 0.89 0.72 0.60 0.50 0.42 2.91 2.33 1.89 1.56 1.30 1.09
5 0.74 0.59 0.48 0.40 0.33 0.28 1.94 1.55 1.26 1.04 0.87 0.73
5 1.00 1.50 1 2.28 2.02 1.79 1.61 1.45 1.31 2.35 2.10 1.88 1.70 1.54 1.41
2 1.75 1.54 1.36 1.20 1.06 0.95 1.96 1.74 1.55 1.40 1.26 1.15
3 0.95 0.82 0.71 0.62 0.55 0.49 2.12 1.82 1.59 1.40 1.24 1.10
4 1.39 1.11 0.91 0.75 0.62 0.52 3.64 2.92 2.37 1.95 1.63 1.37
5 0.93 0.74 0.60 0.50 0.42 0.35 2.43 1.95 1.58 1.30 1.09 0.92
5 1.20 1.20 1 1.70 1.47 1.28 1.12 1.00 0.89 2.24 1.93 1.68 1.48 1.31 1.17
2 1.70 1.47 1.28 1.12 1.00 0.89 2.24 1.93 1.68 1.48 1.31 1.17
3 0.77 0.66 0.58 0.51 0.45 0.40 1.48 1.27 1.11 0.98 0.86 0.77
4 1.11 0.89 0.72 0.60 0.50 0.42 2.91 2.33 1.89 1.56 1.30 1.09
5 0.74 0.59 0.48 0.40 0.33 0.28 1.94 1.55 1.26 1.04 0.87 0.73
5 1.20 1.50 1 2.53 2.18 1.90 1.67 1.48 1.32 3.56 3.07 2.67 2.35 2.08 1.86
2 2.38 2.06 1.79 1.57 1.39 1.24 3.22 2.84 2.52 2.26 2.03 1.84
3 0.95 0.82 0.71 0.62 0.55 0.49 2.30 1.98 1.73 1.52 1.35 1.20
4 1.39 1.11 0.91 0.75 0.62 0.52 3.64 2.92 2.37 1.95 1.63 1.37
5 0.93 0.74 0.60 0.50 0.42 0.35 2.43 1.95 1.58 1.30 1.09 0.92
Systemline
26
More detailed specification and data for static design can be found in the 2
nd
reviewed issue of
the Static Design Guide for Z and C sections published by LINDAB.
.
5 1.20 2.00 1 3.55 3.12 2.77 2.44 2.16 1.93 3.83 3.40 3.04 2.74 2.48 2.26
2 2.81 2.42 2.11 1.86 1.64 1.47 3.31 2.93 2.61 2.34 2.11 1.92
3 1.17 1.01 0.88 0.77 0.68 0.61 3.17 2.74 2.38 2.09 1.86 1.66
4 1.86 1.49 1.21 1.00 0.83 0.70 4.89 3.91 3.18 2.62 2.19 1.84
5 1.24 1.00 0.81 0.67 0.56 0.47 3.26 2.61 2.12 1.75 1.46 1.23
5 1.50 1.50 1 2.53 2.18 1.90 1.67 1.48 1.32 3.56 3.07 2.67 2.35 2.08 1.86
2 2.53 2.18 1.90 1.67 1.48 1.32 3.56 3.07 2.67 2.35 2.08 1.86
3 0.95 0.82 0.71 0.62 0.55 0.49 2.30 1.98 1.73 1.52 1.35 1.20
4 1.39 1.11 0.91 0.75 0.62 0.52 3.64 2.92 2.37 1.95 1.63 1.37
5 0.93 0.74 0.60 0.50 0.42 0.35 2.43 1.95 1.58 1.30 1.09 0.92
5 1.50 2.00 1 3.70 3.19 2.78 2.44 2.16 1.93 6.21 5.35 4.66 4.10 3.63 3.24
2 3.69 3.18 2.77 2.44 2.16 1.93 5.95 5.26 4.66 4.10 3.63 3.24
3 1.17 1.01 0.88 0.77 0.68 0.61 3.17 2.74 2.38 2.09 1.86 1.66
4 1.86 1.49 1.21 1.00 0.83 0.70 4.89 3.91 3.18 2.62 2.19 1.84
5 1.24 1.00 0.81 0.67 0.56 0.47 3.26 2.61 2.12 1.75 1.46 1.23
5 1.50 2.50 1 4.64 4.00 3.48 3.06 2.71 2.42 6.64 5.87 5.24 4.70 4.24 3.85
2 4.37 3.77 3.29 2.89 2.56 2.28 5.95 5.26 4.68 4.19 3.77 3.41
3 1.33 1.15 1.00 0.88 0.78 0.70 3.83 3.31 2.88 2.53 2.24 2.00
4 2.33 1.87 1.52 1.25 1.04 0.88 6.12 4.90 3.98 3.28 2.74 2.31
5 1.55 1.24 1.01 0.83 0.70 0.59 4.08 3.27 2.66 2.19 1.82 1.54
5 2.00 2.00 1 3.70 3.19 2.78 2.44 2.16 1.93 6.21 5.35 4.66 4.10 3.63 3.24
2 3.70 3.19 2.78 2.44 2.16 1.93 6.21 5.35 4.66 4.10 3.63 3.24
3 1.17 1.01 0.88 0.77 0.68 0.61 3.17 2.74 2.38 2.09 1.86 1.66
4 1.86 1.49 1.21 1.00 0.83 0.70 4.89 3.91 3.18 2.62 2.19 1.84
5 1.24 1.00 0.81 0.67 0.56 0.47 3.26 2.61 2.12 1.75 1.46 1.23
5 2.00 2.50 1 4.64 4.00 3.48 3.06 2.71 2.42 8.77 7.56 6.59 5.79 5.13 4.57
2 4.64 4.00 3.48 3.06 2.71 2.42 8.77 7.56 6.59 5.79 5.13 4.57
3 1.33 1.15 1.00 0.88 0.78 0.70 3.83 3.31 2.88 2.53 2.24 2.00
4 2.33 1.87 1.52 1.25 1.04 0.88 6.12 4.90 3.98 3.28 2.74 2.31
5 1.55 1.24 1.01 0.83 0.70 0.59 4.08 3.27 2.66 2.19 1.82 1.54
5 2.50 2.50 1 4.64 4.00 3.48 3.06 2.71 2.42 8.77 7.56 6.59 5.79 5.13 4.57
2 4.64 4.00 3.48 3.06 2.71 2.42 8.77 7.56 6.59 5.79 5.13 4.57
3 1.33 1.15 1.00 0.88 0.78 0.70 3.83 3.31 2.88 2.53 2.24 2.00
4 2.33 1.87 1.52 1.25 1.04 0.88 6.12 4.90 3.98 3.28 2.74 2.31
5 1.55 1.24 1.01 0.83 0.70 0.59 4.08 3.27 2.66 2.19 1.82 1.54
Z 150 Z 200
sys t
1
t
2
type L
5.20 5.60 6.00 6.40 6.80 7.20 5.20 5.60 6.00 6.40 6.80 7.20
Systemline
27
2.1.3. Constructional aspects
2.1.3.1. The design of supports
The supports of the purlins should resist against reaction forces in the direction of the webs, and
perpendicularly to the webs, and as the purlins can perform as bracing element, should carry
axial forces, as well. Furthermore, continuous supporting of the web can avoid distortional and
local deformations.
The supporting elements (consoles) are generally made of steel U channel sections. The
elements can be welded directly to the top of steel structures or, in case of reinforced concrete
structures, to pre-inserted flat steel. In case of laminated and glued timber structures, a
connecting steel piece can be bolted to the wood (Figure 22).
The transmission of forces applying in the plane of the roof panel towards the supports can be
provided by applying more screws over the support (i.e. by using 6 screws).
M10*35
min:5,6
1 + 2 x 2 + 1 = 6
a)
Figure 22: Design of purlin supporting element:
(a) on reinforced concrete pillar; (b) on laminated timber girder.
b)
Systemline
28
2.1.3.2. Longitudinal splice of thin-walled beams
- On smaller spans continuous beam over more supports can be used without site splices,
from one assembly unit (below production and transportation limit: 12.0-13.0m).
- In case of normal (cca. 6.0m) or higher (7.0-8.0m) continuous beam is constructed by
overlapping splices over the supports, thus one purlin line is consisting of more assembly
unit (Figure 23). Most optimum solution is the so-called standard overlap system with Z-
profiles (static model no. 5 on Figure 21).
Z at the end field: 1.2 L + gable overhang
in the intermediate field: 1.2 L
supplementary element: 0.8 L
C at the end field: 0.9 L + gable overhang
in the intermediate field: 1.0 L
supplementary element: min. 0.2 L + 150 mm
(standard length = 1,600 mm)
Figure 23: Structural system applying overlapped splices of Z and C beams
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Systemline
29
2.1.3.3. Lateral supports
If the prescribed fastening methods are used, the trapezoidal corrugated sheets shall
continuously provide the lateral support of the LINDAB Z and C beams. Added concentrated
supports may be needed at specific points along the length of the beam in the following cases:
against lateral-torsional buckling during assembly & installation,
against bending in the roof plane (about weak axis of the beams) in case of higher roof slopes
( > 22
)
against lateral movement of the free flange (against distortional buckling).
These extra supports shall be designed and dimensioned with regard to the applied structural
elements (Figure 24).
In special cases, purlins can be fixed only through the bottom flange without supporting element
(console). In such cases, the position of the purlins over the support (top flange of primary beam)
shall be retained by placing steel bars in the axis of the primary frames (Figure 25).
suspension rod rod for the suspension & lateral supporting
the free flange
Figure 25: Purlin directly fastened onto the top of primary beam
Figure 24: Types of lateral support
Systemline
30
2.1.3.4. Connections of thin-walled beams
The individual elements of the Z C profiled light gauge purlin system are connected to the
primary girders by metric bolts (M10-M12-M14); while to each other by metric bolts as well
(M10-M12) or by self-drilling screws (LD3 or LD6). For metric bolts the necessary holes are can
be prepared on site (by drilling or punching) or, in accordance with the production design
drawings, in the manufacturing shop (pre-punching).
Holes on site The thin-walled beams can be drilled or punched easily. This method is
not too sensitive to site inaccuracies during the assembly phase, however,
results in cost increases due to more labor time on site.
Holes in plant The erection costs can be reduced; however, the method requires high
grade of site precision. The product design must be prepared with taking
into account the production limitations of the manufacturer, in respect to
the number and the location of the bolt-holes.
At present, the beams can be produced observing the bolt-hole specification shown in the
following table:
Bolt hole (mm) Height of the beam (mm)
Circular Hole 100 120 150 200 250 300 350
12 + + + + + + +
14 + + + +
18 + + + + + + +
Oval Hole
10x15 + + +
12x20 + + +
14x25 + + + + + + +
18x25 + + +
minimum distance between the holes and the end of the beams: 50 mm
holes are available for webs only, for flanges there is no possibility to pre-punch
max. number of holes: 36 holes/beam. More holes may be pre-punched only after having
specific agreements with LINDAB.
Systemline
31
2.2. High profiled slab systems
High profiles are those steel trapezoidal sheets that have higher depth and thickness than
cladding sheets. These structural elements have high load-bearing capacity, therefore they are
suitable to carry the loads directly to the primary frames.
There are 2 main application areas for use of high profiles:
1., Roof slab of hall building structures which perform the function of the purlin system. If the
roof slope is 3
< < 5
, the roof cladding system is composition (soft) roofing with the traditional
bitumen or PVC-type water tight top layer. In case of 6
, with the necessary inclusion of

distance spacers and heat insulation, the common trapezoidal sheets can be used for roof
covering as mounted sandwich roof (Figure 26).
1., Plastic foil
2., Spacer (Z steel profile or
wooden batten)
3., Primary beam
4., Thermal insulation
5., LINDAB trapezoidal sheet
Order of layers for
trapezoidal roof sheets:
Order of layers for
composition (soft)
roofing:
Figure 26: Types of high profiled roof slab structural systems
6
3< < 5
1., Water sealing (bitumen
or PVC)
2., Thermal insulation
3., Vapor barrier foil
4., LINDAB high profile
5., Primary beam
Systemline
32
2. When integrated in intermediate floor structure, it is used as built-in formwork. After
having installed statically dimensioned reinforcement and completed the concrete floor, a cost-
efficient and attractive floor structure can be created (Figure 27).
Detail drawing of the floor
structure:
Cross-Section of a floor structure with 2 kN/m
2
load-bearing capacity
Figure 27: Structural design of intermediate floor structure
- glued floorboards
- finishing, 4 mm estrich gypsum layer
- C12 concrete load-bearing floor slab, 40 to 150 mm thick
- LTP 115 high profiled trapezoidal sheet
- IPE 160-240 secondary floor girder (spacing cca. 2.5-3.0m)
secondary floor beam
edge strip
top: 8/20 mesh reinforcement
8/25 mesh reinforcement
concrete
fixed (screwed or pop
riveted) to floor beam
at every 50 cm
secondary floor beam
Systemline
33
2.2.1. Material, types, size range
Surface protected (coated) steel strips are corrugated on a shaping rolling mill, to provide
trapezoidal ribs running parallel with length of the sheet.
Type of surface protection: hot-dip galvanized + plastic film coated steel sheet.
Thickness of the zinc coat: 275 g/m
2
Plastic film coat: 15 m thick polyester
Quality of the steel strip: S280GD+Z
Sheet thickness range: 0,75; 0,88 1,00; 1,25 mm
Max. transportation length:
LTP 100, LTP 115 13.000 mm
LTP 135, LTP 150: 19.000 mm
Min. production length: 1.500 mm
Profile types Lv (mm) Weight (kg/m
2
)
LTP 100 0.75 8.92
0.88 10.47
1.00 11.90
1.25 14.88
LTP 115 0.75 8.92
0.88 10.47
1.00 11.89
1.25 14.87
LTP 135 0.75 9.50
0.88 11.14
1.00 12.66
1.25 15.83
LTP 150 0.75 10.51
0.88 12.34
1.00 14.02
1.25 17.52
coloured
side
2. side
covering width = 930
covering width = 840
1. side
2. side
1. side
2. side
1. side
Systemline
34
Static Design Tables for High Profiled Trapezoidal Sheets
Line 1: Allowable load (kN/m
2
)
without deflection limit
2
)
with deflection limit: L/200
2
) with
deflection limit: L/300
2.2.2. Static system, dimensioning
The high-profile floor sheet acts as a simple supported or continuous beam when carrying the
loads and transmitting them to the supporting floor beam. The ultimate load bearing capacity
data can be retrieved from the design tables, in the function of static model, (equal) span(s) and
thickness. The following table shows an example for the load bearing capacity of high profiles,
by increasing the span, by one meter. More detailed data are given in the Design Guide for
LINDAB Trapezoidal Sheet.
With the use of the special static calculation software (DIMroof v2.0) developed by Lindab and
Budapest Technical University, high profiles can be designed with more various parameters
(more static model, e.g. overlaps over the supports; changing spans; different loading types,
e.g. linearly distributed or concentrated loads, and axial tension force).
Deflection limitations applicable to high profiles:
- for composition (soft) roofing l /300
- for trapezoidal sandwich roofing l /150
4.00
2.38
2.13
1.42
3.47
2.39
1.60
4.47
2.63
1.76
6.12
3.26
2.18
5.00
1.52
1.09
0.73
2.22
1.23
0.82
2.86
1.35
0.90
3.92
1.67
1.11
6.00
1.06
0.63
0.42
1.54
0.71
0.47
1.99
0.78
0.52
2.72
0.97
0.64
7.00
0.78
0.40
0.26
1.13
0.45
0.30
1.46
0.49
0.33
2.00
0.61
0.41
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
K
t
t
m
a
s
z

t
a
r
t
LTP100 LTP115
S
o
r
0.75
0.88
1.00
1.25
Anyag-
vastagsg
[mm] 3.00
3.48
3.48
2.96
4.77
4.77
2.07
5.46
5.46
4.01
6.87
6.87
5.05
3.25
2.97
2.97
2.33
4.07
4.07
1.63
4.65
4.65
3.15
5.86
5.86
3.97
3.50
2.56
2.56
1.87
3.51
3.51
1.30
4.01
4.01
2.52
5.05
5.05
3.18
4.00
1.96
1.96
1.25
2.68
2.68
0.87
3.07
3.07
1.69
3.87
3.87
2.13
Thickness
(mm) L
i
n
e
S
i
n
g
l
e

s
p
a
n

b
e
a
m
Systemline
35
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
LTP100 LTP115
S
o
r
0.75
0.88
1.00
1.25
Anyag-
vastagsg
[mm] 3.00
3.08
3.08
3.08
4.16
4.16
4.16
4.76
4.76
4.76
6.00
6.00
6.00
3.25
2.73
2.73
2.73
3.68
3.68
3.68
4.21
4.21
4.21
5.31
5.31
5.31
3.50
2.44
2.44
2.44
3.28
3.28
3.28
3.75
3.75
3.75
4.73
4.73
4.73
4.00
1.96
1.96
1.96
2.66
2.66
2.66
3.04
3.04
3.04
3.83
3.83
3.83
H
r
o
m
t
m
a
s
z

t
a
r
t
4.00
2.61
2.61
2.61
3.39
3.39
3.39
4.25
4.25
4.23
6.55
6.55
5.25
5.00
1.80
1.80
1.75
2.33
2.33
1.97
2.89
2.89
2.17
4.44
4.03
2.69
6.00
1.25
1.25
1.01
1.69
1.69
1.14
2.08
1.88
1.25
3.16
2.33
1.55
7.00
0.92
0.92
0.64
1.28
1.08
0.72
1.57
1.18
0.79
2.32
1.47
0.98
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
LTP100 LTP115
S
o
r
0.75
0.88
1.00
1.25
Anyag-
vastagsg
[mm] 3.00
3.48
3.48
3.48
4.77
4.77
4.77
5.46
5.46
5.46
6.87
6.87
6.87
3.25
2.97
2.97
2.97
4.07
4.07
4.07
4.65
4.65
4.65
5.86
5.86
5.86
3.50
2.56
2.56
2.56
3.51
3.51
3.51
4.01
4.01
4.01
5.05
5.05
5.05
4.00
1.96
1.96
1.96
2.68
2.68
2.68
3.07
3.07
3.07
3.87
3.87
3.87
4.00
2.81
2.81
2.72
4.00
4.00
3.06
4.92
4.92
3.36
7.10
6.25
4.17
5.00
1.80
1.80
1.39
2.56
2.35
1.56
3.28
2.58
1.72
4.55
3.20
2.13
6.00
1.25
1.21
0.81
1.78
1.36
0.91
2.28
1.49
1.00
3.16
1.85
1.23
7.00
0.95
0.76
0.51
1.31
0.86
0.57
1.67
0.94
0.63
2.32
1.17
0.78
N
g
y
t
m
a
s
z

t
a
r
t
Thickness
(mm) L
i
n
e
T
r
i
p
l
e

s
p
a
n

b
e
a
m
Thickness
(mm) L
i
n
e
D
o
u
b
l
e

s
p
a
n

b
e
a
m
Systemline
36
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
K
t
t
m
a
s
z

t
a
r
t
LTP135 LTP150
S
o
r
0.75
0.88
1.00
1.25
Anyag-
vastagsg
[mm] 4.00
3.29
3.29
3.17
5.23
5.23
3.75
6.76
6.42
4.28
8.65
8.10
5.39
5.00
2.28
2.28
1.62
3.39
2.87
1.92
4.33
3.30
2.19
5.53
4.15
2.76
6.00
1.58
1.40
0.94
2.35
1.67
1.11
3.01
1.90
1.27
3.84
2.40
1.60
7.00
1.16
0.88
0.59
1.73
1.05
0.70
2.21
1.20
0.80
2.82
1.50
1.01
4.00
2.41
2.41
2.29
3.38
3.38
2.71
4.39
4.39
3.10
6.09
5.87
3.91
5.00
1.84
1.76
1.17
2.33
2.08
1.39
2.83
2.38
1.59
3.89
3.01
2.00
6.00
1.28
1.08
0.68
1.62
1.21
0.80
1.96
1.38
0.92
2.70
1.74
1.16
7.00
0.94
0.64
0.43
1.19
0.76
0.51
1.44
0.87
0.58
1.99
1.10
0.73
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
0.75
0.88
1.00
1.25
3.31
3.31
3.31
4.98
4.98
4.98
6.43
6.43
6.43
8.65
8.65
8.65
2.36
2.36
2.36
3.45
3.45
3.45
4.40
4.40
4.40
5.68
5.68
5.68
1.68
1.68
1.68
2.44
2.44
2.44
3.12
3.12
3.06
4.09
4.09
3.85
1.26
1.26
1.26
1.83
1.83
1.68
2.34
2.34
1.93
3.11
3.11
2.42
H
r
o
m
t
m
a
s
z

t
a
r
t
2.43
2.43
2.43
3.26
3.26
3.26
4.02
4.02
4.02
5.65
5.65
5.65
1.69
1.69
1.69
2.26
2.26
2.26
2.77
2.77
2.77
3.85
3.85
3.85
1.24
1.24
1.24
1.62
1.62
1.62
1.96
1.96
1.96
2.70
2.70
2.70
0.94
0.94
0.94
1.19
1.19
1.19
1.44
1.44
1.39
1.99
1.99
1.76
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
0.75
0.88
1.00
1.25
3.31
3.31
3.31
5.24
5.24
5.24
6.76
6.76
6.76
8.65
8.65
8.65
2.36
2.36
2.36
3.45
3.45
3.45
4.40
4.40
4.14
5.80
5.80
5.21
1.69
1.69
1.69
2.44
2.44
2.10
3.14
3.14
2.40
4.32
4.32
3.02
1.32
1.32
1.12
1.90
1.90
1.32
2.44
2.27
1.51
3.33
2.85
1.90
2.88
2.88
2.88
3.64
3.64
3.64
4.41
4.41
4.41
6.09
6.09
6.09
1.84
1.84
1.84
2.33
2.33
2.33
2.83
2.83
2.83
3.89
3.89
3.84
1.28
1.28
1.28
1.62
1.62
1.54
1.96
1.96
1.76
2.70
2.70
2.22
0.94
0.94
0.82
1.19
1.19
0.97
1.44
1.44
1.11
1.99
1.99
1.40
N
g
y
t
m
a
s
z
t
a
r
t
Thickness
(mm) L
i
n
e
S
i
n
g
l
e

s
p
a
n

b
e
a
m
D
o
u
b
l
e

s
p
a
n

b
e
a
m
T
r
i
p
l
e

s
p
a
n

b
e
a
m
Systemline
37
2.2.3. Constructional aspects, rules
The theoretical layout of high profiled sheets is illustrated on Figure 28.
The longitudinal edge of each panel must join to the edge of another panel or to an edge
stiffening bent sheet, or to an edge supporting structural element.
Length of longitudinal overlapping: 50 to 150 mm
Width of supports: 160 mm (80-200mm)
Figure 28: Axonometric view of high profiled sheet slab
lower flange
lower flange
stiffener
effective covering width
fixing elements
(stud, screw, rivet etc.)
web
web stiffener
longitudinal edge
bent up
stiffener
width
panel width
longitudinal
overlapping
upper
flange
upper flange stiffener
longitudinal splice
connection
fixing element of longitudinal connection
overlapping of
transversal
connection
transversal
connection
nominal sheet
thickness (zinc-
coated steel core)
edge
stiffener
profile height
sheet panel
plane longitudinal
edge
rivet, screw
l
e
n
g
t
h

o
f

s
h
e
e
t

p
a
n
e
l
fixing element at the support
support width
s
p
a
n
supporting beam/
girder/purlin
Systemline
38
Depending on the supporting structure the following fixing components are proposed:
- Steel beams (where v is the plate thickness):
v 6 mm LD6 self-drilling screw
6 < v 12 mm LD12 self-drilling screw
v > 12 mm power stud (spike)
- Reinforced concrete beam:
dowel, spike, power stud or, in case of the approach illustrated on Figure 29, LD6 self-
drilling screw
- Timber beam: LW-T self-drilling screw
Table 1 gives guidance concerning the number and the distribution of the fixing components.
Static design can be performed regarding the options shown in Table 2, for tensile and/or shear forces.
The fixing of the panels can be placed in the fields, along the longitudinal or transversal
connections, or along both the longitudinal and transversal connections.
Distance between fixing elements:
- longitudinal connection: 50 mm e
L
666 mm but min. 4 components between two supports
- edge stiffener sheet: 50 mm e
R
333 mm
- edge support beam: 50 mm e
R
666 mm
Distance measured from the edge of the sheet panel:
- longitudinal edge: e 10 mm
1.5 d
- transversal edge: e 20 mm
2.0 d
where d is the diameter of bolt hole
62
20*3
8
9
2
4
1
0
9
62
2
4
20*3
3
50*18 50*18 3
Figure 29: Axonometric view of fixing examples of high profiles
Systemline
39
1. sz. tblzat
Number and distribution of fixing
components
Method of fastening
on each supporting beam flange
on every second
supporting beam flange
based on shear
resistance calculations
on every second
supporting beam flange
based on shear resistance
calculations
Table 1.
Systemline
40
Table 1 (continued)
- in general, max. distance: e
R
= 666 mm
- based on shear resistance
calculations
R
= 333 mm
- based on shear resistance calculations
- based on calculations e
R
= 50 mm
L
= 666 mm
- in high shearing region: e
L
= 50 mm
1. high profiled trapezoidal sheet
2. fixing element
3. edge stiffener with bent-up edge
4. stiffener for the end of cantilever
5. edge support
Cantilevered beam
Cantilever stiffener
Edge support
Number and distribution of fixing
components
Method of fastening
Edge stiffener
Longitudinal connection
Systemline
41
Alkalmazsi eset F
z
0,9 F
z
0,7F
z
F =0
z, i
F
z, r
0,35F
z
mm
a
75
75
b =150mm
g
0,5 F
z
0,7F
z
e
t
N
b
G
t <1,25mm
N
e>
4
150mm<b 250mm
g
t <1,25mm
N
t
N
b
G
b
G
t
N
t
N
a
t <1,25mm
N
<5mm
4
3
2
1
F
Z
= x F
Z
F
Z
= allowable load at the connection
F
Z
= allowable load in general
Table 2
Table 3
rgzits
nyr terhels
hz terhels
a b c
d
a. fixing inside the
field
b. fixing at longitudinal
overlapping
c. fixing at transversal
overlapping
d. fixing at longitudinal
and transversal
overlapping
Type of application
Method
of fixing
Shear
loads
Tensile
loads
Systemline
42
3d
20mm
4d
40mm
10d
4d
40mm
10d
30mm
2
0
0
m
m
3
0
m
m
>
4
d
1
,
5
d
=10mm
=200mm
=2d
=15mm
=1,5d
=10mm
2
0
0
m
m
1
0
m
m
2d 1,5d
15mm 10mm
d10mm
d
d
1
0
m
m
F
g e r in c
25%
F
b o r d a
5%
Figure 30: Detail of longitudinal connection of high profiles
Systemline
43
2.3. Wall cassettes
The wall cassettes are secondary load-bearing structural elements that transmit the external
load (wind pressure) acting on the wall cladding directly to the primary frames. Joining together
properly, they constitute a secondary system with high load-bearing capacity on larger spans
(4.0 to 8.0m).
Main application fields are:
internal cladding of hall buildings (e.g. manufacturing plant, warehouse, shopping center,
market house)
partition walls and roof structures
perforated noise-reducing walls.
2.3.1. Materials, types/models, size ranges
The wall cassettes are made of hot-dip galvanized steel sheets (yield point: min. 320 N/mm
2
)
rolled on profile shaping mill.
Surface protection: 275 g/m
2
zinc coat + 15 m thick polyester, RAL 9002
Max. transportation length: 18,500 mm
Min. production length: 2,000 mm
2.3.2. Static system, structural design
The wall cassettes act as simple supported or continuous beam when carrying the loads and
transmitting them to the supporting floor beam. The ultimate load bearing capacity data can be
retrieved from the design tables, in the function of static model, (equal) span(s) and thickness.
The support width is generally around 100 mm, at the least. The wider the support width is, the
higher the load bearing capacity is (because of higher resistance against crippling).
The following table gives load bearing capacities, by increasing the spans gradually, by one
meter in each case. More detailed data are given in the Design Guide for Wall Cassettes.
.
1237
1444
1640
1910
2150
2380
2247
2054
2750
1,053
1,246
1,424
1,112
1,316
1,504
1,136
1,344
1,535
l. eff
[mm
4
/mm]
A
[mm
2
/mm]
Systemline
44
Line 1: without deflection limit
Line 2: with deflection limit L/150
3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 4.00
5.00
6.00 7.00 8.00
1 2.15 1.21 0.77 0.54 0.39 1.54 0.98 0.68 0.50 0.38 1.70 1.09 0.76 0.56 0.43
2 2.15 1.21 0.77 0.54 0.39 1.54 0.98 0.68 0.50 0.38 1.70 1.09 0.76 0.56 0.43
3 2.15 1.21 0.77 0.46 0.29 1.54 0.98 0.68 0.45 0.30 1.70 1.09 0.76 0.53 0.35
4 2.15 1.04 0.53 0.31 0.19 1.54 0.82 0.48 0.30 0.20 1.70 0.97 0.56 0.35 0.24
1 2.83 1.59 1.02 0.71 0.52 2.04 1.31 0.91 0.67 0.51 2.26 1.45 1.01 0.74 0.57
2 2.83 1.59 1.02 0.71 0.45 2.04 1.31 0.91 0.67 0.45 2.26 1.45 1.01 0.74 0.53
3 2.83 1.59 0.93 0.54 0.34 2.04 1.31 0.80 0.51 0.34 2.26 1.45 0.93 0.59 0.39
4 2.83 1.21 0.62 0.36 0.23 1.81 0.92 0.54 0.34 0.23 2.10 1.08 0.62 0.39 0.26
1 3.46 1.95 1.25 0.87 0.64 2.51 1.61 1.12 0.82 0.63 2.79 1.79 1.24 0.91 0.70
2 3.46 1.95 1.25 0.82 0.51 2.51 1.61 1.12 0.75 0.50 2.79 1.79 1.24 0.86 0.58
3 3.46 1.95 1.06 0.61 0.39 2.51 1.54 0.89 0.56 0.37 2.79 1.77 1.03 0.65 0.43
4 3.27 1.38 0.71 0.41 0.26 2.00 1.02 0.59 0.37 0.25 2.31 1.18 0.68 0.43 0.29
1 2.15 1.25 0.80 0.55 0.41 1.54 0.98 0.68 0.50 0.38 1.59 1.09 0.76 0.56 0.43
2 2.15 1.25 0.80 0.55 0.41 1.54 0.98 0.68 0.50 0.38 1.59 1.09 0.76 0.56 0.43
3 2.15 1.25 0.80 0.55 0.41 1.54 0.98 0.68 0.50 0.38 1.59 1.09 0.76 0.56 0.43
4 2.15 1.25 0.80 0.55 0.41 1.54 0.98 0.68 0.50 0.38 1.59 1.09 0.76 0.56 0.43
1 2.85 1.71 1.10 0.76 0.56 2.04 1.34 0.93 0.69 0.53 2.17 1.45 1.01 0.75 0.57
2 2.85 1.71 1.10 0.76 0.56 2.04 1.34 0.93 0.69 0.53 2.17 1.45 1.01 0.75 0.57
3 2.85 1.71 1.10 0.76 0.56 2.04 1.34 0.93 0.69 0.53 2.17 1.45 1.01 0.75 0.57
4 2.85 1.71 1.10 0.76 0.54 2.04 1.34 0.93 0.69 0.53 2.17 1.45 1.01 0.75 0.57
1 3.60 2.15 1.37 0.95 0.70 2.51 1.68 1.18 0.86 0.66 2.70 1.79 1.24 0.93 0.72
2 3.60 2.15 1.37 0.95 0.70 2.51 1.68 1.18 0.86 0.66 2.70 1.79 1.24 0.93 0.72
3 3.60 2.15 1.37 0.95 0.70 2.51 1.68 1.18 0.86 0.66 2.70 1.79 1.24 0.93 0.72
4 3.60 2.15 1.37 0.95 0.62 2.51 1.68 1.18 0.86 0.60 2.70 1.79 1.24 0.93 0.70
1 2.47 1.55 1.00 0.69 0.51 1.60 1.15 0.84 0.62 0.47 1.70 1.09 0.81 0.65 0.51
2 2.47 1.55 1.00 0.69 0.51 1.60 1.15 0.84 0.62 0.47 1.70 1.09 0.81 0.65 0.51
3 2.47 1.55 1.00 0.69 0.51 1.60 1.15 0.84 0.62 0.47 1.70 1.09 0.81 0.65 0.51
4 2.47 1.55 1.00 0.59 0.37 1.60 1.15 0.84 0.57 0.38 1.70 1.09 0.81 0.65 0.45
1 3.43 2.14 1.37 0.95 0.70 2.22 1.60 1.17 0.86 0.66 2.26 1.45 1.11 0.89 0.72
2 3.43 2.14 1.37 0.95 0.70 2.22 1.60 1.17 0.86 0.66 2.26 1.45 1.11 0.89 0.72
3 3.43 2.14 1.37 0.95 0.65 2.22 1.60 1.17 0.86 0.65 2.26 1.45 1.11 0.89 0.72
4 3.43 2.14 1.19 0.69 0.43 2.22 1.60 1.02 0.65 0.43 2.26 1.45 1.11 0.75 0.50
1 4.32 2.68 1.72 1.19 0.88 2.79 2.01 1.47 1.08 0.83 2.79 1.79 1.39 1.11 0.91
2 4.32 2.68 1.72 1.19 0.88 2.79 2.01 1.47 1.08 0.83 2.79 1.79 1.39 1.11 0.91
3 4.32 2.68 1.72 1.17 0.74 2.79 2.01 1.47 1.07 0.72 2.79 1.79 1.39 1.11 0.83
4 4.32 2.64 1.35 0.78 0.49 2.79 1.96 1.13 0.71 0.48 2.79 1.79 1.31 0.83 0.55
LFK 100/600 LFK 120/600 LFK 130/600
L - tmaszkz (m)
T
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i
c
k
n
e
s
s
(
m
m
)
L
i
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e
S
i
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g
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s
p
a
n

b
e
a
m
D
o
u
b
l
e

s
p
a
n

b
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a
m
T
r
i
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s
p
a
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b
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a
m
L-span
Systemline
45
2.3.3. Constructional aspects, rules
The flanges of the wall cassettes substitute for the wall girts, thus
they can be laid horizontally to support the vertical load-bearing
wall cladding and to be fastened directly on the primary columns
made of steel or reinforced concrete (Figure 31).
The wall cassette should be fastened on each support with min. 3 fixing elements
which can be either:
- in case of reinforced concrete structure: power stud
spike or
dowel+anchor bolt
- in case of steel beams: self-drilling screw or
power stud
The static design of the fixing elements must be based upon the reaction forces
acting at the supports.
The wall cassettes should be connected through their flanges with by self-drilling
screws (LL2 or LD3) or rivets. Lateral buckling of the flanges is avoided by means
of adequately fixed external wall cladding sheets. Further details of this application
can be seen in Item 3.2.2.2.
Figure 31: Positioning and fixing wall
cassettes on primary columns
M SZ A B
LFK mm mm
100/600 99 600 19 35
120/600 119 600 39 85
130/600 129 600 49 85
W

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1. Load bearing frame structure

1. Load bearing frame structure

1. Load bearing frame structure

1. Load bearing frame structure

1.3. Lindab trussed frame structure

1. Load bearing frame structure

1. Load bearing frame structure

1.5. Special solutions

- Machines, equipment or transporting track ways can be installed on a platform (strong

1.7.1. Longitudinal bracings

1. Load bearing frame structure

1.8. Corrosion protection

, with the necessary inclusion of

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