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1
A
CHAPTER 3 :
TRANSFORMATIONS III
revision
TRANSLATION
A translation is a transformation that takes place when all points
in a plane are moved in the same direction through the same distance

Object A moves in the same
direction for the same distance
in the same plane
A A
DESCRIBING TRANSLATION
x
y
A translation means a movement of x units

parallel to the x-axis and a movement of y units
parallel to the y-axis


The translation shown in the diagram 1

is
4
2
A A
DIAGRAM 1
x
y
y
x
0 1 2 3 4 5
5

4

3

2


1



A
A
m
n
m
If the object A (x , y) is
moved under

a translation

then its image will be
A (x + m , y + n)



n
Coordinate of image, A
= (1 + 3 , 3 + 1)
= (4 , 4)
(1 , 3)
(4 , 4)
DESCRIBING TRANSLATION
A
A
4
3
The point A is the image of
point A under a translation
4
3
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DESCRIBING TRANSLATION
A
A
4
-5
The point A is the image of
point A under a translation
4
-5
DESCRIBING TRANSLATION
A
A
-5
5
The point A is the image of
point A under a translation
-5
5
DESCRIBING TRANSLATION
A
A
The point A is the image of
point A under a translation
-5
-5
0
DESCRIBING TRANSLATION
A
-5
-2
The A is the image of
A under a translation
-5
-2
A
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y
x
0 1 2 3 4 5
5

4

3

2


1



A B
C
A B
C
3
1
3
1
Triangle ABC
is the image of
triangle ABC under

a translation
revision
TRANSLATION
Properties of Translation
The object and its image are identical in shape, size and orientation
All points in the object change their positions to those of the image
Every point is moved in the same direction for the same distance
All lines in the image, if any, are parallel and equal in length to those
of the object
IMPORTANT TIPS
Find the translation that maps the point (2 , 4) onto the point (0 , 1)
Translation =
0
1
2
4
-
-2
-3
=
Image Object
To find a translation under these conditions,
subtract the coordinates of the object from
the coordinates of its image.

Launching..
REFLECTION REFLECTION
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CHAPTER 3 :
TRANSFORMATIONS III
revision
REFLECTION
Reflection is a form of transformation in which all points in a plane are
laterally inverted in a line called the line of reflection or the axis of
reflection

All points in object A are reflected
in the axis of reflection
A A
Axis of reflection
CHAPTER 3 :
TRANSFORMATIONS III
revision
REFLECTION
The coordinates of an image can be determined if the coordinates
of the object are provided

A
x
y
1 2 3 0
1
2
3
-1 -2 -3
With reference to the diagram, find
the coordinates of the image of
point A(3,2) under a reflection in
y-axis,
CHAPTER 3 :
TRANSFORMATIONS III
solution
A
x
y
1 2 3 0
1
2
3
-1 -2 -3
The perpendicular distance of the
object and its image from the axis
of reflection is equal
A
The coordinates of the image of
point A is (-3,2)
y
x
5

4

3

2


1



A
B
C
B
C
Figure ABC is the
image of figure ABC
under a reflection in
the line x = 2

x = 2
0 1 2 3 4 5
DESCRIBING REFLECTION
example
When an object and its
image under a certain
reflection are given,
the reflection can be
described
A
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x
y
0
4
3
2
1
1 2 3 4 -1 -2 -3 -4
A B
DESCRIBING REFLECTION
The point B is the image of point A
under a reflection in the y-axis
x
y
0
4
3
2
1
1 2 3 4 -1 -2 -3 -4
DESCRIBING REFLECTION
The B is the image of A
under a reflection in the y-axis
B
A
A (2,6)
A (6,2)
Determining The Coordinates of An Object and Its Image
under A Reflection in A Given Line
Find the coordinates of the image of point A
(2,6) under a reflection in the line y = x
y = x
y = x Q(3,6)
Q(6,3)
Find the coordinates of the image of point Q (3,6)
under a reflection in the line y = x
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Determining The Coordinates of An Object and Its Image
under A Reflection in A Given Line
Find the coordinates of the image of point A
(-2,6) under a reflection in the line y =-x
A (-2,6)
A (-6,2)
y = -x
revision
REFLECTION
Properties of Reflection
The object and image are identical in shape and size
The axis of reflection acts as the axis of symmetry between the objects
and its image
All points in the axis of reflection remain in their respective positions
The image is laterally inverted

Launching..
ROTATION ROTATION
CHAPTER 3 :
TRANSFORMATIONS III
revision
ROTATION
Rotation is a form of transformation in which all points in a plane
are rotated through an angle in a certain direction about a point
The point is called the centre of rotation while the angle is referred to
as the angle of rotation
ROTATION
0
A
A
In the diagram, point A is rotated
clockwise through an angle of 90
0
about the point 0

Centre of rotation
Angle of rotation
Direction of rotation
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A
B
C
Determining the image, centre, angle
and direction of rotation
O
The image of an object
can be determined if the
centre, angle and direction
of rotation are provided.
EXAMPLE
The diagram 2 shows a
triangle ABC.
Determine the image
under a clockwise
rotation of 90
0
about
the point O.
DIAGRAM 2
Determining the image, centre, angle
and direction of rotation
The image of an object
can be determined if the
centre, angle and direction
of rotation are provided.
EXAMPLE
The diagram 2 shows a
triangle ABC.
Determine the image
under a clockwise
rotation of 90
0
about
the point O.
A
B
C
A
B
C
solution
(1) Join the point A to point O with dashed line
(2) Construct a straight line that passes through
point O perpendicular to the line OA
O
(3) Set the radius of a pair of compasses to the
length of OA .Taking point O as the centre, draw a
small arc to cut the perpendicular line, drawn in
(2), at point A
(4) Repeat steps (1), (2) and (3) with the points B
and C to determine their respective images
marked as point B and C
(5) Joint the points A, B and C with straight lines
Therefore, the triangle ABC shown in the diagram above
is the image of triangle ABC under a clockwise rotation of 90
0
about the point O.

y
x 0 1 2 3 4 5
5

4

3

2


1



A
B
C
Determining the coordinates of the
image or the object under a rotation
The coordinates of an image
can be determined if the
coordinates of its object
are known
EXAMPLE
The vertices of a triangle
ABC are A(1,3), B(2,3) and
C(2,5). Draw the image of
triangle ABC under a clock
wise rotation of 90
0
about
the point D. State the
vertices in the image of
triangle ABC.
D

y
x 0 1 2 3 4 5
5

4

3

2


1



A
B
C
A
B
C
solution
D
Therefore, the
vertices in the image
of triangle ABC are
A(2,2), B(2,1) and
C(4,1)
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A
A
B
Determine The Image of An Object under A Rotation
Point A is rotated anticlockwise through
90
0
about the point B. Determine the
image of point A.
image
A
A
B
Determine The Image of An Object under A Rotation
Point A is rotated clockwise through
90
0
about the point B. Determine the
image of point A.
image
A
A
B
Determine The Image of An Object under A Rotation
Point A is rotated clockwise through
90
0
about the point B. Determine the
image of point A.
image
Q(3,6)
Q(6,3)
Point Q is rotated anticlockwise through
90
0
about the point B. Determine the
image of point Q.
B
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y
x
0
4
2
2 4 6
-2
-4
-2 -4
K
The transformation R represents a 90 anticlockwise rotation about
the center (3, 2). State the coordinates of the image of the point K
under the transformation R.
K(4,-2)
If the object and its image under a rotation are given, the centre, angle and direction
of the rotation can be determined.
In the Diagram 2, ABC is the image
of ABC under the rotation through
90
0
clockwise. Determine the centre of
rotation
A
B
C
A
B
C
DIAGRAM 2
A
B
C
A
B
C
solution
(1) Construct the perpendicular bisector
of line AA
(2) Construct the perpendicular bisector
of line CC
(3) The point of intersection between the
two perpendicular bisectors is
the centre of rotation
Centre of rotation
A
B
C
A
B
C
If the object and its image under a rotation are given, the centre, angle and direction
of the rotation can be determined.
A
B
C
A
B
C
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A
B
C
A
B
C
If the object and its image under a rotation are given, the centre, angle and direction
of the rotation can be determined.
Centre of rotation
A
B
C
A
B
C
A
B
C
A
B
C
Centre of rotation
If the object and its image under a rotation are given, the centre, angle and direction
of the rotation can be determined.
A
B
C
A
B
C
Centre of rotation
If the object and its image under a rotation are given, the centre, angle and direction
of the rotation can be determined.
A B
C
A
B
C
Centre of rotation
If the object and its image under a rotation are given, the centre, angle and direction
of the rotation can be determined.
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A
A
centre of rotation
Determining The Centre of
Rotation
In the Diagram 4, point A is the image
of point A under the rotation through
90
0
anti clockwise. Determine the
centre of rotation.
DIAGRAM 4
Q(3,6)
Q(6,3)
In the Diagram, point Q is the image
of point Q under the rotation through
90
0
anticlockwise. Determine the centre of rotation.
Q(3,6)
Q(6,3)
Centre
In the Diagram, point Q is the image
of point Q under the rotation through
90
0
anticlockwise. Determine the centre of rotation.
Determining The Centre of
Rotation
In the Diagram 5,
point Q is the image
of point Q under the
rotation through
90
0
anti clockwise.
Determine the
centre of rotation.
DIAGRAM 5
Q Q
centre of rotation
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Determining The Centre of Rotation
In the Diagram 6,
point T is the image
of point T under the
rotation through
90
0
clockwise.
Determine the
centre of rotation.
DIAGRAM 6
T T
centre of rotation
Determining The Centre of Rotation
In the Diagram 7,
point U is the image
of point U under the
rotation through
90
0
clockwise.
Determine the
centre of rotation.
DIAGRAM 7
U U
centre of rotation
Determining The Centre of
Rotation
In the Diagram 8, point
W is the image
of point W under the
rotation through
90
0
clockwise.
Determine the centre
of rotation.
DIAGRAM 8
W W
centre of rotation
x
y
2 4 6 8 10 12 14
2
4
6
8
10
O
C
A
G
P
R Q
Triangle ACG is the image of triangle PQR under
a rotation. Determine the centre of rotation.
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x
y
2 4 6 8 10 12 14
2
4
6
8
10
O
C
A
G
P
R Q
P
C
Triangle ACG is the image of triangle PQR under
a rotation. Determine the centre of rotation.
(7, 0)
y
x
O
4
2
2 4 6
-2
-4
-2 -4
A
B
C
D
H
E F
G
Trapezium EFGH is the image of trapezium ABCD
under a rotation. Determine the centre of rotation.
y
x
O
4
2
2 4 6
-2
-4
-2 -4
A
B
C
D
H
E F
G
Trapezium EFGH is the image of trapezium ABCD
under a rotation. Determine the centre of rotation.
A
E
(1, 1)
A B
C
D
P
Q
R
S
2
4
6
8
0 2 4 6
Trapezium ABCD is the image of trapezium PQRS
under a rotation. Determine the centre of rotation.
y
x
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A B
C
D
P
Q
R
S
2
4
6
8
0 2 4 6
Trapezium ABCD is the image of trapezium PQRS
under a rotation. Determine the centre of rotation.
P
D
(1, 3)
y
x
A
A
centre of rotation
Determining The Centre of Rotation
In the Diagram 4, point A is the image
of point A under the rotation through
90
0
anti clockwise. Determine the
centre of rotation.
DIAGRAM 4
Q(3,6)
Q(6,3)
Centre
In the Diagram, point Q is the image
of point Q under the rotation through
90
0
anticlockwise. Determine the centre of rotation.
Determining The Centre of Rotation
In the Diagram 5,
point Q is the image
of point Q under the
rotation through
90
0
anti clockwise.
Determine the
centre of rotation.
DIAGRAM 5
Q Q
centre of rotation
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Determining The Centre of Rotation
In the Diagram 6,
point T is the image
of point T under the
rotation through
90
0
clockwise.
Determine the
centre of rotation.
DIAGRAM 6
T T
centre of rotation
Determining The Centre of Rotation
In the Diagram 7,
point U is the image
of point U under the
rotation through
90
0
clockwise.
Determine the
centre of rotation.
DIAGRAM 7
U U
centre of rotation
Determining The Centre of Rotation
In the Diagram 8, point
W is the image
of point W under the
rotation through
90
0
clockwise.
Determine the centre
of rotation.
DIAGRAM 8
W W
centre of rotation
Q(3,6)
Q(6,3)
In the Diagram, point Q is the image
of point Q under the rotation through
90
0
anticlockwise. Determine the centre of rotation.
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Q(3,6)
Q(6,3)
Centre
In the Diagram, point Q is the image
of point Q under the rotation through
90
0
anticlockwise. Determine the centre of rotation.
DESCRIBING ROTATION
O
P
Q
The point Q is the image of point P
under the rotation of 90
0
clockwise
about point O
O
P
Q
The point Q is the image of point P
under a rotation of 180
0

about point O
O
Triangle ABC is the image of triangle ABC
under a rotation of 90
0
clockwise
about point O
A
A
B
C
B
C
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Launching..
ENLARGEMENT ENLARGEMENT
CHAPTER 3 :
TRANSFORMATIONS III
revision
ENLARGEMENT
Enlargement is a form of transformation involving invariant point
called the centre of enlargement
ENLARGEMENT
O
A
A
B
C
B
C
Under an enlargement,
all points on a plane,
except the centre of
enlargement, will move
from the centre of
enlargement according
to a certain ratio known
as the scale factor

For instance,
CHAPTER 3 :
TRANSFORMATIONS III
revision
ENLARGEMENT
Under enlargement with centre O and scale factor k , ABC is
mapped onto ABC.
O
A
A
B
C
B
C
The scale factor, k
= OA = OB = OC
OA OB OC

revision
ENLARGEMENT
Scale Factor
Scale Factor
= Distance of a point on the image from the centre of enlargement
Distance of the corresponding point on the object from the centre
of enlargement

Scale Factor
= Length of one side of the image
Length of the corresponding side of the object
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O
L
Q
K
M
P
R
EXAMPLE
In the following diagram, PQR is the image of KLM under an
enlargement with centre O. Calculate the scale factor.
10 cm 20cm
METHOD 1
Scale factor = OR
OM
= (20 + 10) cm
10
= 30 = 3
10
METHOD 2
Scale factor = PR
KM
= 9 cm
3
= 3

PROPERTIES OF ENLARGEMENT
The object and its image are similar
Every side of the object is parallel to the corresponding side of its image
If A is the image for A and P is the centre of enlargement, then
the scale factor k = PA
PA
If the scale factor > 1, then the image is bigger than the object
If the scale factor < 1, then the image is smaller than the object
If the scale factor < 1, then the image is smaller than the object
If the scale factor = 1, then all points on the plane remain in their respective
positions
PROPERTIES OF ENLARGEMENT
Scale Factor, k > 1
The image is bigger than the object
Scale Factor, k < 1
The image is smaller than the object
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0 < k < 1
k = - 1 k < - 1
Scale Factor, k <0
B
O
DESCRIBING ENLARGEMENT
B
Square B is the image of square A
under an enlargement with centre
at point O and a scale factor of 2
A
y
x
0 1 2 3 4 5
5

4

3

2


1



A B
C
A B
C
Triangle ABC is the
image of triangle ABC
under an enlargement
with centre (1,2) and a
scale factor 2


k > 0, k > 1
DESCRIBING ENLARGEMENT
y
x
0 1 2 3 4 5
5

4

3

2


1



A B
C
A B
C
Triangle ABC is the
image of triangle ABC
under an enlargement
with centre (1,2) and a
scale factor 1
2


k > 0, k< 1
DESCRIBING ENLARGEMENT
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y
x
0 1 2 3 4 5
5

4

3

2


1



A B
C
A B
C
k < 0, k = -1
DESCRIBING ENLARGEMENT
Triangle ABC is the
image of triangle ABC
under an enlargement
with centre (3,4) and a
scale factor -1


y
x
5

4

3

2


1



A B
C
A
B
C
0 1 2 3 4 5
DESCRIBING ENLARGEMENT
k < 0, k < -1
Triangle ABC is the
image of triangle ABC
under an enlargement
with centre (4,3)
and a scale factor -2


y
x
0 1 2 3 4 5
5

4

3

2


1



A B
C
A B
C
Determining The Centre of Enlargement
Triangle ABC is the
image of triangle ABC


Join the points of the
object to the
corresponding points
of the image
Extend these lines until
they intersect one
another at the centre of
enlargement, O
O

P Q Q
S
S
R
R
AREA OF THE IMAGE
= K
2
x Area of The Object
By Counting
Area of PQRS = 24 units
2
In the diagram above, PQRS is the image of
PQRS under an enlargement with centre P and
scale factor 2
Area of PQRS = 6 units
2
AREA OF THE IMAGE
= K
2
x Area of The Object
= 2
2
x 6 units
2
= 24 units
2

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COMBINATION OF TWO TRANSFORMATIONS
Suppose P and Q represent two transformations
PQ means transformation Q is carried out first, followed
by transformation P
QP means transformation P is carried out first, followed
by transformation Q
y
x
0 1 2 3 4 5
5

4

3

2


1



A B
C
A B
C
3
1
Triangle ABC
is the image of
triangle ABC under
the combined
transformation QP
EXAMPLE
A B
C
P is a translation
3
1
Q is a reflection in the
line x = 3
X = 3
Draw the image of
triangle ABC under
the combined
transformation QP

y
x
0 1 2 3 4 5
5

4

3

2


1



A
B
C
A
B
C
1
2
A
B
C
Triangle ABC
is the image of
triangle ABC under
the combined
transformation PQ
P is a translation
1
2
Q is a clockwise rotation
of 90
0
about the centre
(1,2)
Draw the image of
triangle ABC under
the combined
transformation PQ
EXAMPLE


y
x
0 1 2 3 4 5
5

4

3

2


1



A B
C
A B
C
C
A B
2
-1
P is a translation
2
-1
Q is an enlargement of scale
factor 2 with centre (1,2)
Triangle ABC
is the image of
triangle ABC under
the combined
transformation QP
Draw the image of
triangle ABC under
the combined
transformation QP
EXAMPLE
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-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10
y
x
L
P
N
D A
C B
M
8

6

4

2

E F
G
H

J
K
DIAGRAM 7
Diagram 7 shows trapeziums ABCD,
ABEF, GHJK, and LMNP on a
Cartesian plane
(a) Transformation R is a reflection
about the line y = 3.
Transformation T is the
translation


-2
4
No. 13
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10
y
x
8

6

4

2

G
H

J
H

H

y=3
13 (a) (i)
K
( 7,0 )

P2
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10
y
x
L
P
N
D A
C B
M
8

6

4

2

E F
G
H

J
K
DIAGRAM 7


State the coordinates of the
image of point H under the
following transformations
(i) RT (ii) TR
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-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10
y
x
8

6

4

2

G
K
H
J
y=3
H
H
13 (a) (ii) ( 7,8 )
P2
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10
y
x
L
P
N
D A
C B
M
8

6

4

2

E F
G
H

J
K
DIAGRAM 7


(b) ABEF is the image of ABCD
under transformation V and
GHJK is
the image of ABEF under
transformation W. Describe in
full
(i) transformation V.
(ii) a single transformation
which is equivalent to
transformation WV.
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10
y
x
8

6

4

2

D A
C
B
E F E F
13 (b) (i) Reflection in the line AB
P2
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10
y
x
8

6

4

2

D A
C B
E
F
G
K
H
J
13(b) (i)
Rotation of 90
0
anticlockwise
about point (6,5)


P3
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24
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10
y
x
8

6

4

2

C
E
F
K
13(b) (i)
Rotation of 90
0
anticlockwise
about point (6,5)


P3
D
B
H
J
A G
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10
y
x
L
P
N
D A
C B
M
8

6

4

2

E F
G
H

J
K
DIAGRAM 7


(c) LMNP is the image of ABCD
under an enlargement.
(i) State the coordinates of the
centre of the enlargement.
(ii) Given that the area of
LMNP is 325.8 cm
2
,
calculate the area of ABCD.


-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10
y
x
L
P
N
D A
C B
13 (c) (i)
( 6,2 )
( ii ) 325.8 = 36.2
3
2


P1

K1 N1
M
8

6

4

2

13. ( a ) ( i ) ( 7,0 )
( ii ) ( 7,8 )
( b ) ( i) Reflection in the line AB
( ii ) Rotation of 90
0
anticlockwise
about (6,5)
( c ) ( i ) ( 6,2 )
( ii ) 325.8 = 36.2
3
2


P2

P2

P2


P3

P1


K1 N1
24/6/2013
25
x
y
2 4 6 8 10 12 14
2
4
6
8
10
0
F
13. (a) Diagram 5 shows the point K on a Cartesian plane.
DIAGRAM 5
Transformation S is a translation .

Transformation T is a reflection in the x = 9.

(i) State the coordinates of the image of point F under
transformation S.

(ii) State the coordinates of image of point F under
transformation TS. [3 marks]

2
5
x
y
2 4 6 8 10 12 14
2
4
6
8
10
0
F
solution
F(12,7)
(a) (i) (12,7)
x = 9
F(6,7)
(ii) (6,7)
P1
P2
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26
x
y
E
2 4 6 8 10 12 14
2
4
6
8
10
O
F
C
A
G
P
R Q
DIAGRAM 6
(b) Diagram 6 shows three triangle PQR, ACG and EFG
on a Cartesian plane.
Triangle ACG is the image of triangle PQR under
transformation V.
Trapezium EFG is the image of triangle ACG under
transformation W.

(i) Describe in full transformation :
(a) V
(b) W
[6 marks]
(ii) Given that the area of triangle EFG represents a region
of area 72 unit
2
.Calculate the area, in unit
2
, of the region
represented by triangle PQR.
[3 marks]
x
y
E
2 4 6 8 10 12 14
2
4
6
8
10
O
F
C
A
G
P
R Q
solution
13. (i) (a) V = Rotation through 90
0
clockwise about
the point (7,0)
x
y
E
2 4 6 8 10 12 14
2
4
6
8
10
O
F
C
A
G
P
R Q
solution
13. (i) (a) V = Rotation through 90
0
clockwise about
the point (7,0)
24/6/2013
27
x
y
E
2 4 6 8 10 12 14
2
4
6
8
10
O
F
C
A
G
P
R Q
DIAGRAM 6
(b) W = An enlargement with centre G and
a scale factor of 3
6
2
Scale factor = 6 = 3
2
x
y
E
2 4 6 8 10 12 14
2
4
6
8
10
O
F
C
A
G
P
R Q
DIAGRAM 6
(ii) 3
2
x Area of PQR = 72
Area of PQR = 8 unit
2
solution
13. (i) (a) V = Rotation through 90
0
clockwise about
the point (7,0)
(b) W = An enlargement with centre G and
a scale factor of 3
(ii) 3
2
x Area of PQR = 72
Area of PQR = 8 unit
2
P3
P3
K1
N1